PAUL R. SMITH * THOMAS J. VAN LAAN PIPING AND PIPE SUPPORT SYSTEMS Siciicth,Piping and Pipe Support Systems Design and Engineering Paul R. Smith, P.E. Thomas J. Van Laan, P.E. McGraw-Hill, Inc, New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Liston London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Dethi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo TorontoABOUT THE AUTHORS. Paut Ricuarp Smrrx, a Registered Professional Engineer in Massachusetts and New York, has conducted through his own firm, PRS Energy In- dustries, Inc., more than 100 workshops on piping design for both professional and technically orient- ed lay audiences. He has designed piping and sup- port systems for more than ten nuclear power plants in the United States. His experience also extends to the international arena. As a technical expert for Ebasco Services, he audited a large manufacturer of piping in Europe, and coordinated American and European piping designs for a nu- clear power facility. ee Tromas J. VAN LAAN, a Registered Professional Engineer in New York and Connecticut, is presi- dent of Tetracom Services, a firm specializing in computer-aided engineering. He has wotked for Ebasco Services, Inc., and Bechtel Power Corp. as project lead in the fields of pipe stress, pipe sup- ports, and mechanical engineering. He also has worked for Auton/Intercomp, providing engineer- ing support for the marketing of Dynaflex, a com- puterized pipe-stress program. In addition, he has conducted seminars in pipe stress for PRS Energy Industries, Inc.Piping and’ Pipe Support Systems ~atte ime Res ns Sine met fae This book is dedicated to those who gave us the support necessary to complete our work: Ruth Dreessen, Belinda Hunter-Taylor, Wade Larson, and Genevieve Smith.Contents, | Preface xi i Acknowledgments xv Chapter 1. Piping Systems and Power Plant Evolution 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Historical Overview of Piping System Engineering 5 ] 1.3 Overview of Thermoelectric Power Plants 7 } 1.4 Commercial Nuclear Reactor: Overview 12 ] Chanter 2. Codes, Standards, and Regulations 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 History of Applicable Documents (Codes, Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guides) 18 2.3 Overview of Applicable Documents Relating to Piping 21 2.3.1 American Institute of Stee! Construction at | 2.3.2 American National Standards Institute 22 2.3.3 Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry 23 | 2.3.4 American Society of Mechanical Engineers: 23 2.3.5 Jurisdictional Boundaries 27 2.3.6 American Society for Testing and Materials 23 2.3.7 Uniform Boiler and Pressure Vessel Laws Society 29 2.3.8 National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors 30 2.3.9 American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers 30 2.3.10 Pipe Fabrication Institute 30 2.3.11 Occupational Safety and Health Administration 30 2.3.12 American Welding Society ci) | 2.3.13 BuildingCodes 3t 2.3.14 Nuclear Regulatory Commission 31 2.3.15 Technical Publications 35 ] 2.3.16 Intemational Standards 36 2.3.17 International Atomic Energy Agency 36 2.3.18 Atomic Industrial Forum 37 2.3.19 Institute of Nuclear Power Operations 7 I 2.3.20 National Fire Protection Association a7 2.3.21. American Nuclear Society 37 ] 2.4 Role of the Quality Assurance Organization Within the Nuclear industry 38 vilviii Contents - Chapter 3. Technical Piping Documentation 40 3.1. Introduction 40 3.2 Flow Diagrams, Line List, and Design Specifications 42 3.3. Piping Layout 46 3.4 Piping Design Drawings 49 3.5 Composite Drawings and Scale Models 52 3.6 Piping isometric Drawings 53 3.7 Stress Isometrics 55 3.8 In-Service inspection Drawings 58 Chapter 4, Overview of Pipe Stress Riquirements 61 4.1 Introduction 6 4.2 Theoretical Basis for Piping Codes 62 4.2.1 Failure Theories 62 42.2 Stress Categories 63 42.3 Stress Limits 64 4.24 Fatigue 66 4.3. Occasional Loads and Service Levels 68 4.4 B31 Committee Projects 69 11 B31.1 Power Piping Code 70 31.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping Code 72 B31.7 Nuclear Power Piping Code 76 31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Code 7 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section Iil, Subsection NB 78 4.4.6 ASME Boller and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I!!, ‘Subsections NC and ND 82 Chapter 5. Piping Design Loads 85 5.1. Introduction 85 5.2 Sustained Loads 87 5.2.1 Sustained Loads—Weight 87 5.2.2 Sustained Loads—Pressure 98 5.3 Occasional Loads 102 5.3.1 Occasional Loads—Wind 103 5.3.2 Occasional Loads—Relief Valve Discharge 109 5.3.3 Occasional Loads—Seismic 112 5.3.4 Vibration : 127 5.4 Expansion Loads 128 541 rmination of Thermal Loads and Stresses 128 5.4.2 Determination of Thermal Movements 134 5.5 Load Combination 150 5.6 Computer Calculations 150 Chapter 6. Pipe Support Hardware 151 6.1 Introduction 151 6.2 Weight Supports 153 6.2.1 Rigid Supports 153, 6.2.2 Variable-Spring Supports, 161 6.2.3 Constant-Spring Supports’ 164Contents ix 6.3 Rigid Restraints 163 6.4 Snubbers 182 65 Sway Braces 186 6.6 Baseplates 187 6.7 Multiple-Pipe Restraint Frames: 189 Chapter 7. Piping Support Design Process 191 | 7.1 Introduction 191 7.2 Preparation of Information and Data Required for Pipe Support Design 193. 7 7.3 Selection of Pipe Support Locations 195 ] 7.4 Marking Support on Isometrics 199 - 7.5 Pipe Stress Analysis 200 sar 7.6 Determination of Support Design Loads 202 7.7 Pipe Support: Conceptual Design 203 | 7.8 Pi upport: Detail Design 205 - 7.9 Detail Design Drawing and Bill of Materials 208 7.10 Checking 208 ] 7.11 Fabrication, Installation, and Verification of As-Built ‘Configuration 210 | Chapter 8. Manual Caiculation Methods 2i1 1 Introduction an 1 8.2 Strength of Materials 212 i 8.2.1 Stress-Strain Relationship 212 8.22 Axial Stresses 213 8.2.3 Bending Stresses 218 | 8.24 Shear Stress 220 8.2.5 Deflection 222 83 Support Analysis 225 | 8.3.1 Local Stress Evaluation 225 8.3.2 Evaluation of Vendors’ Hardware: 232 | 8.3.3 Structural Analysis of Support Stee! 232 8.3.4 Evaluation of Structural Attachments 240 | 84 Sample Problems : 253 ] Chapter 9. Computer Applications for Design and Analysis 273 9.1 Introduction 273 9.1.1 Introduction to the Computer 274 | 9.1.2 Input/Output Devices 277 9.1.3 Central Processing Unit 280 1 9.2 Computer-Aided Design and Drafting 281 | 9.3 Computer-Aided Engineering 285 9.3.1 Introduction 285 7 9.3.2 Input Methods for Computer-Aided Engineering 291 9.3.3 Sample Structural Analysis Problem 318, = 9.3.4 Sample Pipe Stress Problem 326 | Index 327 —aad) Preface This text covers the design and analysis of piping systems. Although the topic has been approached with special attention to the support of these systems (primarily owing to a perceived lack of material on the subject), the full scope of this book includes power, industrial, and chemical appli- cations, and goes beyond the piping system to show the role of piping design criteria in the setting of the plant as a whole. The intention has been to explore the theoretical basis behind, and the regulatory require- ments governing, piping and support design and analysis, as well as to present a practical view of the subject for the engineer working in the field. : Although the fields of piping and support engineering have a long tra- dition, they have undergone significant change within the last few dec- ades. Increasing desires to optimize safety and economic considerations, as well as new forms of technology, have led to major changes in piping engineering. To protect the public (especially in the nuclear and chemical industries), numerous international, federal, state, and local regulations have been enacted since the late 1960s. In response, various professional groups have established codes and standards governing piping design. ‘The increasing concern for safety has forced the development of new design criteria aimed at ensuring the integrity of piping and its supports under unusual loading conditions, such as those imposed by earthquakes, pipe ruptures, or in-line equipment loads. The traditional approaches to piping design were inadequate to meet these new demands; thus new ana- lytical tools were required and have been developed during the last few years, usually as an extension of the growing power of computers. In such cases, the art of piping design has become a task for the computer-aided engineer. 7 The authors recognize both the value of the traditional methods and the inevitability of engineering progress. For normal operating conditions, design loads are usually low in magnitude and may require only simple hardware for support. Circumstances such as these may usually be ade- quately addressed by traditional design methods, which the text therefore systematically and completely presents. In addition, this book discusses