Advances in HEAT TRANSFER Volume Editor / Serial Associate Editor George A. Greene Deparment of Advanced Technology Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York Serial Editors James P, Hartnett ‘Thomas F. Irvine, Jr. Energy Resources Center Deparment of Mechanical Enginering Univers of Minos at Chicago State University of New York at Stony Brook Chicago, ino ‘Stony Brook, New York Serial Associate Editor Young I. Cho Deparoment of Mechanical Engineering Drexel Universi Philadelphia, Pennivania Volume 29 @ ACADEMIC PRESS ‘San Diego Boston New York London Sydney Tokyo Toronto‘This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 1997 by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved, No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any ‘means electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording. oF any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. “The appearance of the cade atthe bottom of the first page ofa chap indicates the Publisher's consent that copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent i given on the condition, however, thatthe copier pay the stated per copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Ine. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923), for copying beyond that permited by Sections 107 or 108 ofthe U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, of for resale Copy fees for pre-1997 chapters are as shown on the title pages, if no fee code ‘appears on the tile page, the copy fe isthe same as for current chapters. (0965-2717 /97 $25.00 {his book Academic Press 525 B Stree, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA, hp: /wor-apnet.com ‘Academic Prss Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NWI 7DX, UK up: /worw.hbak-co.uk/ap/ International Standard Serial Number: 0065-2717 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-020029-5 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 97 98 9 00012 BOOK TES 4321CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors contributions begin. Micuact D. AtteN (215), Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185. MARSHALL BERMAN (59), Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185. V. K. Dur (1), Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095. D. F. FLETCHER (129), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia. Joun H. S. Lee (59), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada. Maxrin M. Pitcx (215), Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185. T. G, Tueoranous (129), Departments of Chemical and Mechanical Engineering, Center for Risk Studies and Safety, University of Cali- fornia, Santa Barbara, California 93106. Davi C. WiutiaMs (215), Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185.