| PEARSON Education Electrie Machines Theory, Operation, Applications, Agfusument, ang Control Sige isa Cae ihe reap iia pescaeena ete seh earn eee melee mre cates)Magnetics, Electromagnetic Forces, Generated Voltage, and Energy Conversion 1.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter starts with a brief review of electromagnetism and magnetic circuits, which are normally included in a basic circuits or physics course. This review is followed by a discussion of the development of the mechanical forces that are caused by the interaction of magnetic fields and that form the basis for all motor action. Faraday’s law provides the basis from which all magnetically induced voltages are derived. The relationship between applied torque and countertorque is developed and visualized through the application of Lenz’s law and the “flux bunching” rule, 1.2. MAGNETIC FIELD ‘A magnetic field is a condition resulting from electric charges in motion. The mag- netic field of a permanent magnet is attributed to the uncompensated spinning of elec- trons about their own axis within the atomic structure of the material and to the par- allel alignment of these electrons with similar uncompensated electron spins in the adjacent atoms. Groups of adjacent atoms with parallel magnetic spins are called domains. The magnetic field surrounding a current-carrying conductor is caused by the movement of electric charges in the form of an clectric current. For convenience in visualization and analysis, magnetic fields are represented on diagrams by closed loops. These loops, called magnetic flux lines, have been assigned a specific direction that is related to the polarity of a magnet, or the direction of current in a coil or a conductor. . ‘The direction of the magnetic field around a current can be determined by the right-hand rule: Grasp the conductor with the right hand, with the thumb pointing in the direction of conventional current, and the fingers will curl in the direction of the magnetic field. This can be visualized in Figure 1.1(a).21 Chapter 1 FIGURE 1.1 o Direction of magnetic flux: (a) around a current-carrying, conductor; (6 in coll) about a magnet. cE @ ) In asimilar manner, to determine the direction of the magnetic field generated by a current through a coil of wire, grasp the coil with the right hand, with the fingers curled in the direction of the current, and the thumb will point in the direction of the magnetic field. This can be visualized in Figure 1.1(b). ‘The direction of the magnetic field supplied by a magnet is out from the north pole and into the south pole, but is south-to-north within the magnet, as shown in Figure 1.1(c). 1.3 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT DEFINED ‘Each magnetic circuit shown in Figure 1.2 is an arrangement of ferromagnetic materi- als called a care that forms a path to contain and guide the magnetic flux in a specific direction. The core shape shown in Figure 1.2(a) is used in transformers. Figure 1.2(b)