Different Species of Mosquitoes in Selected

Places in Partido Area

Atrero, Kier John Michael T., Chen, Crystal Mae B., Sola, Jerome Salvador D.,

Villareal, Angelica G.

A Research Proposal Presented to the Committee on Oral Examination

Senior High School Department of San Rafael National

High School, Tigaon Camarines Sur

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in Practical Research 1

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

2018
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study

Of all disease-transmitting insects, the mosquito is the greatest menace,

spreading malaria, dengue and yellow fever, which together are responsible for

several millions of deaths and hundreds of millions of cases every year.

Mosquitoes also transmit lymphatic filariasis and Japanese encephalitis, which

impose a great threat to the tropical areas of the following places: Africa, India,

South-East Asia, the Pacific Islands and South and Central America. (World

Health Organization, 2016)

Mosquito borne diseases are some of the world’s leading causes of death

for a number of reasons. The diseases that mosquitoes spread throughout the

globe have been responsible for killing tens of millions of people in history. Even

today, mosquitoes are known to be the world’s deadliest animal due to the

number of kills the insects garner annually. According to the World Health

Organization (2016), about 2.7 million people are killed every year by mosquito-

borne diseases. Malaria alone affects 200 million, of which an estimated 600,000

die. Mosquitoes also carry dengue fever, yellow fever and encephalitis which are

endemic in 91 countries, with 40% of the world's population at risk. (Illinois, 2017)

The sheer number of mosquitoes adds to the long list of risks and threats

the said animals pose to humans. Unlike many other dangerous creatures,

mosquitoes can be found in nearly every single parts of the globe at various
times of the year, and at peak breeding season they outnumber every other

animal except ants and termites.

According to the National Pest Management Association (2018), since

mosquitoes can lay eggs, there should always be important steps taken and

implemented in order to prevent mosquito breeding grounds around houses. This

is to ensure the safety of people from mosquito borne diseases. There are a

number of ways to avoid such diseases; one method is to contact a mosquito

management group for advice on the topic of mosquito control. Disposing of old

tires, buckets, flower pots and other containers is also an effective technique.

With that being said, the researchers aim to identify, evaluate, and assess

the different species of mosquitoes that are found among select communities of

the Partido area. The study also aims to locate potential breeding sites of

mosquitoes in the locality.

Statement of the Problem

This study focuses on the different species of mosquitoes in selected

places in Partido area. Specifically, it sought to answer the following problems:

1. What are the different species of mosquitoes present in selected

places in Partido area?

2. Where are the possible breeding sites of the different species of

mosquito in selected places in the Partido area?

3. What are the differences among the different species of mosquitoes

in selected places in Partido area?

4. What are the possible effects the different species of mosquitoes

have to the community?

Objectives

This study aims to achieve the following objectives:

1. To determine the different species of mosquitoes in selected places

in Partido area.

2. To identify the possible breeding sites of the different species of

mosquito in selected places in Partido area.

3. To determine the differences among the different species of mosquito

in selected places in Partido area.

4. To explain the possible effects the different species of mosquito have

to the community in selected places in Partido area.

Assumption

This study is based on the following assumptions:

1. There are different species of mosquitoes present in selected places in

Partido area.

2. There are clear differences of the different species of mosquitoes to be

found in the selected places in Partido area.

3. There are plentiful mosquito breeding sites in the selected places in

Partido area.

4. There are visible effects caused by the different species of mosquito in

selected places in Partido area.

Scope and Delimitation

The study is descriptive in nature and aims to characterize the different

species of mosquitoes present in selected places in the Partido area, particularly

in the municipalities of Tigaon, Goa, San Jose and Lagonoy. The barangays the

researchers will collect samples from are Brgy. Burabod and Brgy. San Francisco

in Lagonoy, Brgy. Camagong and Brgy. San Juan in San Jose, Brgy. La Purisima

and Brgy. Gimaga in Goa, and Brgy. Poblacion and Brgy. Caraycayon in Tigaon.

The researchers will identify and compare the characteristics among the different

varieties of mosquitoes in rural and urban places of said municipalities and limits

its coverage in the selected areas only.

Significance of the Study

This study may benefit the following people/institutions:

Community- The study will help increase public awareness of mosquito

breeding sites and will help promote community action against the spread of

mosquito-borne diseases.

Department of Health– This will help the institution assess the different

possible diseases that may arise in particular areas due to the different species

of mosquitoes. Thus, the information garnered from the study will help the said

institution plan and resolve issues effectively.

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)- The local,

ground-based data collected by the GLOBE app about mosquito habitats will

help NASA provide information that support satellite-based research of

environmental conditions which in turn, support outbreaks of mosquitoes.

Students– The findings of this study may help students learn the

differences among each of the different genera of mosquitoes and will also help

in identifying the location of the breeding sites of said different species.

Future Researchers- The study may serve as a source of information

and data for other future researchers who want to conduct a study with a related

and connected topic.

.
 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Mosquito

According to Top Best Services (2018) ,A mosquito is a small flying insect

that is best known for biting the skin of people and animals to draw blood. The

first speciess mosquitoes appearing 30 million years ago, which is they have

enough time to develop the ability of locating hosts for biting, that is why

mosquitoes have been around for a long time.

According to an article entitled classification and identification of

mosquitoes of New Mexico (2014), mosquitoes are insects belonging to the

order Diptera, the true flies. Like all true flies, they have two wings, but unlike

other flies, their wings have scales, they have long many segmented antennae

and their mouthparts (in female mosquitoes) form a long piercing-sucking

proboscis. Males differ from females by having feathery antennae and

mouthparts not suitable for piercing skin. Nectar is their principal food source.

Their itchy, irritating bites and nearly ubiquitous can ruin a hike in the

wood, camping, backyard flower gardening and wandering around at places

that can have possible mosquitoes. They have the ability to sense murderous

intentions, taking flight and disappearing milliseconds before a fatal swat. And

in our bedrooms, the persistent, whiny hum of their buzzing wings can wake the

soundest of sleepers. Few of the animal on planet Earth like mosquitoes are

one of our dislike animal. It is because of their dangerous impacts in the

community, society and in the world (“Mosquitoes”, 2018).

According to a website about Mosquito Anatomy (2008), mosquitoes are

relatively small insects, measuring an average of just more than 6 mm long and

weighing about 2.5 milligrams. They’re divided into three basic parts: the head,

thorax and abdomen. The head is crammed with sensory equipment that help the

mosquitoes find and feed on people and animals. The thorax, or what you might

think of as the torso, is connected to the head. A pair of wings and a pair

of halteres, small wing-like organs used for steering, sprout from the thorax. The

legs also come out of the thorax, six in all, with tiny claws at the end of each to

help the mosquitoes stay attached to surfaces. The abdomen hangs from the

thorax and serves as the mosquitoes’ stomach and lungs.

According to the study of Caitlyn Reyes (2018), the mosquito is one of the

deadliest animals worldwide, according to the World Health Organization. They

transmit diseases such as malaria, dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, West Nile

virus, and zika. They’re responsible for millions of deaths each year, and the

strategies to control outbreaks are limited, even in the United States. When

Laura C. Harrington, Entomology, was a graduate student doing fieldwork in

Thailand, she experienced the danger and suffering first-hand, contracting

malaria and dengue. The malaria made her so delirious she thought she was

being euthanized, a fevered hallucination that referenced her job in a veterinary

clinic as an undergraduate. She was hospitalized for both infections, traveling

many miles from northern Thailand to Bangkok to get treatment for dengue.
Classifications of Mosquitoes

According to the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (n.d.), three

genera of mosquitoes are needed to be identified because they contain species

that can transmit pathogens to humans and cause the diseases. Anopheles

mosquito larvae are found in a wide variety of habitats. Many species of

Anopheles prefer open-water pools with little vegetation, but others have adapted

to other habitats. Anopheles species lay individual eggs supported by floats on

the water surface or on moist soil immediately adjacent to fluctuating water

bodies.

Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are container breeding mosquitoes.

Aedes aegypti lay their eggs in water found in artificial containers- such as

flowerpots and water jugs. The females lay the eggs along the edge, just above

the water level. When the water level rises, it moistens the eggs and they then

begin to develop. Aedes albopictus also lay their eggs in artificial containers but,

in addition, will use natural containers such as a tree hole or a coconut shell.

Other species of Aedes mosquitoes breed in floodplains after rain events, in

irrigation ditches, in woodland pools, brackish swamps and salt marshes.

Culex mosquitoes breed in stagnant water found in: Sewage systems,

Drainage systems, Septic tanks, Containers: tires, buckets and rain barrels,

Open surface water habitats: swamps, marshes, bogs, rice fields, pastures, They

prefer to lay eggs in rainwater barrels, storm drains, and septic tanks. Eggs are

laid in rafts that float on the water surface (“Mosquitoes Training”,n.d.).

 A survey done at the Bangladesh Agricultural University Campus and its

surrounding areas yieleded a total of 1397 mosquito larvae, in which the genera

of culex was found the most prevalent, followed by Anopheles and the Aedes

genera was found to be the least prevalent among the 3 genera (Farjana, T., et.

al., 2015)

There are many mosquito types scattered along North America, in which

some are well-known to others while others are indigenous to the region only.

This includes the notorious genera of Culex, Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes,

with the new discovered Orthopodomyia, Culiseta, Deinocerites, Haemagogus,

Mansonia, Coquillettidia, Psorophora, Toxorhynchites, Uranotaenia, Wyeomyia

genera. (R. Darsie Jr., et. al. , 1981)

Stages of Mosquito

It has four distinctive life stages, 75% of the stages is being spent in the

water starting from the Egg Stage. An adult female lays about 100-400 eggs in

clusters called rafts, which float on the surface of the water, or eggs may be laid

singly on the surface of the water or the waters edge depending on the speciess

of mosquito. Within 2-3 days the eggs hatch into larvae. The 2nd Stage of their life

is their larval stage. The larvae come to the surface to breathe through a tube

called a siphon and feed on small organic particles and microorganisms in the

water. Larvae are found in a wide variety of standing water sources including

neglected swimming pools, ditches, storm drains, rice fields, irrigated pastures,

tree holes, log ponds, snow pools, ponds, artificial containers, and even
discarded car tires. Larvae their skin or molt four times during the next several

days or weeks. On the fourth molt it changes into a pupa.

The third stage of their lifecycle is the pupa stage. This is the stage when

the pupa cannot eat. It breathes through two tubes on its back. The adult

mosquito grows inside the pupa and in several days, when it is fully developed, it

splits the pupal skin and emerges to complete the life cycle of the mosquito. The

newly emerged adult mosquito rests on the surface of the water until it is strong

enough to fly away and feed. The last step of their life cycle is the adult stage.

The newly emerged adult mosquito rests on the surface of the water until it is

strong enough to fly. Female mosquitoes require a blood meal to lay eggs. Male

mosquitoes do not feed on blood. Diseases are transmitted when female

mosquitoes feed on an infected host and then feed on an uninfected host

(“Mosquito Facts”, 2011).

As mentioned by Caitlyn Reyes (2018), reproduction is a potential

vulnerability in mosquitoes’ lifecycle. “We feel strongly that the mating system

represents an ideal target for mosquito control,” Harrington says. In most

species, the females’ need for a blood meal increases after mating. The males

do not feed on blood, but the females need it to develop their eggs. “We’ve noted

these marked differences in females after she mates or after we inject the male’s

seminal fluid,” Harrington says. “It definitely affects her feeding biology, and we’re

exploring that now, trying to figure out if it makes her take larger or more frequent

blood meals, which of course is important for transmission.”

 According to the study of Camilo E. Khatchikiam (2008), Eggs of Aedes

triseriatus mosquitoes are stimulated to hatch when inundated with water, but

only a small fraction of eggs from the same batch will hatch for any given

stimulus. Similar hatching or germination patterns are observed in desert plants,

copepods, rotifers, insects, and many other species. Bet hedging theory

suggests that parents stagger offspring emergence into vulnerable life history

stages in order to avoid catastrophic reproductive failures. For Ae.triseriatus, a

treehole breeding mosquito, immediate hatching of an entire clutch leaves all of

the parent’s progeny vulnerable to extinction in the event of a severe drought.

Natural selection has likely favored parents that pursued a bet hedging strategy

where the risk of reproductive failure is distributed over time.

Considering treehole mosquitoes, bet hedging theory could be used to

predict that hatch delay would be positively correlated with the likelihood of

drought. To test this prediction, we collected Ae. triseriatus from habitats that

varied widely in mean annual precipitation and exposed them to several hatch

stimuli in the laboratory. Here we report that, as predicted, Ae. triseriatus eggs

from high precipitation regions showed less hatch delay than areas of low

precipitation. This strategy probably allows Ae. triseriatus to cope with the wide

variety of climatic conditions that it faces in its extensive geographical range.

Breeding Sites of Mosquitoes

According to Lisa Jo Lupo, (2018), Mosquitoes lay eggs in standing water,

where the larvae then develop in the water after they hatch. This means that any

standing water in your yard can become a mosquito breeding ground, like puddles,
birdbaths, flowerpots, pet dishes, toys, gutters, and more. Standing water doesn’t

just mean collected rainwater; you might have a nice water feature or birdbath that

attracts mosquitoes. It may be an artificial or a natural place.

According to an article entitled “Mosquito Facts” (201), mosquitoes breed in

stagnant, standing fresh water, most of the times in our home. Whenever water

stands in a designated place for four to seven days, mosquitoes can breed and

multiply fast. In tin cans, buckets, In tin cans, buckets, discarded tires and other

artificial containers that hold stagnant water. In untended pools, birdbaths,

clogged rain gutters, and plastic wading pools that hold stagnant water. In storm

drains and catch basins in urban areas. In septic seepage and other foul water

sources above or below ground level. In agricultural irrigation.

A study in Abeokuta, Nigeria conducted a larval habitat investigation in

which they grouped the habitats into ground pools/ponds, gutters/ open drains,

tyres, domestic containers and tree holes/ leaf axils. The researchers

encountered ten species of mosquitoes, namely Mansonia africana, M. uniformis,

Culex quinquefasciatus, Cx tgripes, Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. sittatus,

Anopheles gambiae S.I., An. Funestus and Eretmapodite clynsogaster. Ae.

aegypti bred in all the habitats sampled while Cx quinquefasciatusbred in four

habitats except tree holes/leaf axils. An. gambiae s.l and Ae. albopictus occurred

in three habitats while other species bred only in one or two habitats. Ground

pools and domestic containers recorded the highest number of species followed

by gutters/open drains. Tree holes/leaf axils was the least preferred habitat with

the lowest number of species occurrence.

 The larval survey studies conducted by Ahmad et al., utilized anopheline

and culicine larvae that were collected and mapped from 79 and 67 breeding

sites all over Malaysia. Said breeding habitats were located 100- 600 away from

human settlement. It was found that more than 80% of Anopheles maculatus

S.S. immature breeding sites were discovered within the buffer zone. This was

shown and visualized through a map of the villages 400m within the buffer zone.

The study amplifies the need for an expansion of the GIS approach which is

given emphasis for the rejuvenation of dynamic aspects of Malaysian

entomological studies in Malaysia. The use of use of GIS platforms promotes a

more rational basis for strategic planning and management in controlling national

level endemic differences.

A study of Fillinger et al., (2009), identified characteristics of breeding sites

with or without the presence of mosquitoes. 83 sites with anopheline larvae

(cases) and 75 sites without (control) were surveyed with their physical water

properties and invertebrate fauna. The study concluded that few breeding sites

are found in the middle reaches of Gambia’s river. Breeding sites are usually

seen throughout the rainy season and there are abundant areas with low

productivity. As stated in the results, anti-larval interventions in the said area

cannot be targeted in space or time during rainy season.

Tools in Collecting Mosquito Samples

Based on the study of Ahmad et. al, (2011) The application of the

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to the study of vector transmitted

diseases considerably improves the management of the information obtained

from the field survey and facilitates the study of the distribution patterns of the

vector species.

Instead of a traditional ground-based approach to vector surveillance, new

tools such as the geographic positioning system (GPS) and geographic

information system (GIS) technologies are now available for mapping larval

habitats. They are useful tools to forecast malaria transmission by tracing

potential breeding habitats for malaria vectors from changes in the environment

detected by the satellite imagery observation. Certain environmental changes like

deforestation and vegetation clearance for crop plantations may lead to an

increase abundance of mosquito larval habitats. GIS has been used to map

malaria vectors, vector habitats and infections. It has also been used in the

management and control of malaria, to measure the effect of access to malaria

treatment and to evaluate the effects of intervention strategies. The application of

GIS also considerably improves the management of information obtained from

field surveys and facilitates a study of the distribution patterns of vector species.

Thus, it could be applied to vector control measure by environmental

management method for man-mosquito contact reduction.

As part of a study to assess remote sensing data as a tool for vector

mapping, geographical features like rivers, small streams, forest, roads and

residential area were digitized from the satellite images and overlaid with

entomological data. Map of larval breeding habitats distribution and map of

malaria transmission risk area were developed using a combination of field data,

satellite image analysis and GIS technique. All digital data in the GIS were
displayed in the WGS 1984 coordinate system. Six occasions of larval

surveillance were also conducted to determine the species of mosquitoes, their

characteristics and the abundance of habitats.

Impacts of Mosquitoes Diseases

Based on the website of National Geographic (n.d.) , more than 3,000

speciess of mosquitoes, but there are three genera of mosquitoes are

responsible for the spread human diseases. Anopheles mosquitoes are the only

speciess known to carry malaria. They also transmit filariasis (also called

elephantiasis) and encephalitis. Culex mosquitoes carry encephalitis, filariasis,

and the West Nile virus. And Aedes mosquitoes, of which the voracious Asian

tiger is a member, carry yellow fever, dengue, and encephalitis.

According to Deparment of Health (DOH), in 44 provinces in the

Philippines, filiariasis is endemic to the provinces but most cases occur in rural

areas Bicol, Quezon, Mindoro, Masbate, Mindanao, Palawan, Agusan, and the

Mountain Province. Also, seven provinces have reached elimination

level already, namely: Southern Leyte, Sorsogon, Biliran, Bukidnon, Romblon,

Agusandel Sur, and Dinagat .

Mosquitoes transmit disease in a variety of ways. In the case of malaria,

parasites attach themselves to the gut of a female mosquito and enter a host as

she feeds. In other cases, such as yellow fever and dengue, a virus enters the

mosquito as it feeds on an infected human and is transmitted via the mosquito’s

saliva to a subsequent victim (“Disease Transmission”, n.d.)

 According to National Geographic (2018), The only silver lining to that

cloud of mosquitoes in your garden is that they are a reliable source of food for

thousands of animals, including birds, bats, dragonflies, and frogs. In addition,

humans are actually not the first choice for most mosquitoes looking for a meal.

They usually prefer horses, cattle, and birds.

Based on the article by the environmental pest management (2014),

mosquitoes are ubiquitous insects, they can be found in nearly every type of

climatic region of the world from the arctic regions to the tropics, surviving severe

winters or dry seasons depending on the region. Depending on species they can

be found breeding in all types of water; from heavily polluted, to clean; from small

collections of water in tin cans, to pools or streams; such is their adaptability.

Their distribution is increased and aided by transport systems such as boats and

aircraft and non-indigenous species have been introduced to new territories in

this way, even infected mosquitoes have been transported to temperate climates,

thereby transmitting tropical diseases. Mosquitoes have a well-developed head

followed by a swollen unsegmented thorax; abdomen is segmented and there is

a pair of spiracles on the last but one segment through which they breathe at the

water's surface. Tufts of bristles arise from many of the body segments

As stated in an article by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and

Health (NIOSH) (n.d.), Mosquitoes are considered to be one of the most

dangerous creatures on the planet due to their ability to carry and spread deadly

diseases in over a short period of time. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control

report that the insects kill more than one million people a year just through the
transmission of malaria. Add to that the numbers of those sickened and killed by

other mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika Virus, Malaria, West Nile Virus,

Dengue Fever, Yellow Fever and Chikungunya, and it’s easy to see how said

animals earned their dangerous reputation. In recent years the rate of infection

has risen dramatically, and a growing number of scientists are now concerned

that global warming will translate into an explosive growth of mosquito-borne

diseases worldwide.

A study conducted by Juliano (2008) reports that biotic interactions

involving mosquito larvae are context reliant depending on a number of

ecological conditions. Competition, Predation and its impacts change across a

gradient of habitat size and permanence. Asymmetrical competition is common

and ecological context changes competitive advantage of mosquito populations

over other species of insects. Impacts of Predation on mosquito populations

sometimes depend on habitat structure and interference among predators of the

larvae. Investigations of context-dependent interactions among mosquito larvae

will yield greater understanding of mosquito population dynamics.

According to a study conducted by A.B. Ortega, contagious outbreak of

abroviruses was influenced by a number of factors, namely: deficiencies In public

services, tourism, hunting practices and exploitation of natural resources. By the

use of entomological survey, a random sampling was conducted among 80% of

the total inhabited houses. It was found out that the relationship between the

scarcity of public services and urbanization of jungle vectors were directly

proportional. This allowed for easier estimation of the vulnerability and risk
factors present in the local transmission of arboviruses in the community. The

low aedic index (1.5%), suggested a low colonization by Aedes aegypti in the

locality, and that the cases of Dengue/Chikungunya reported were not of the

local transmission.

According to the study of Dejene Getachew (2015), mosquito-borne

diseases are the most significant public health risks globally. Dengue fever

infection is one of the most prominent arboviral diseases in humans. It is

endemic in Africa, the Americas, eastern Mediterranean, SE Asia, and the

Western Pacific, threatening more than 2.5 billion people. It is estimated that 50–

100 million dengue infections occur each year. Among the different species of

disease carrying mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are the most

important mosquito vectors of dengue fever viruses as these insects are the main

vectors of dengue fever all over the globe.

Outbreaks exert a huge burden on populations, health systems, and

economies in most tropical countries of the world. Arboviral infections are usually

sensitive to changes in rainfall and temperature. This along with factors such as

population growth and increased individuals movement, urbanization, and the

limited financial and human resources are attributed to the emergence and

reemergence of the disease. Reinfestation of vectors to new geographical areas,

warm and humid climate, increased population density, water storage pattern in

houses, storage of trash like tires, and introduction of new serotype of the virus

serve as risk factors for dengue virus infections.

Conceptual Framework

As shown in the conceptual framework, the study focuses on determining

the different species of mosquitoes in selected places in the Partido area.

Input Process Output

Different Species
Mosquitoes
of Mosquitoes in
Breeding Places Observational
Selected Places in
 Natural Method
Partido Area
 Artificial
Analysis and
Municipalities Location Map of
Interpretation of
 Rural Different species of
Data
 Urban Mosquitoes in each
Research Paradigm
municipality

Feedback

Figure 1.

Conceptual Framework
Conceptual Framework

Input. The mosquitoes, its type of breeding places which can be a natural or an

artificial breeding site, and its type and the municipalities, whether it is urban or

rural area, are the primary input.

Process. The researchers will gather the data from determining the different

species of mosquitoes and locating their breeding sites in each municipality. The

gathered specimen will go through the microscope and pictures of said

specimens will be sent to the cloud.

Output. The expected outputs of this study are the information gathered on the

different species of mosquitoes in selected places in the Partido area and a map

showing the locations of the potential breeding sites and the possible species

located in each area.

Definition of Terms

GLOBE – Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment

(GLOBE) Program is an international science and education program that

provides students and the public worldwide with the opportunity to participate in

data collection and the scientific process, and contribute meaningfully to our

understanding of the Earth system and global environment

GPS and GIS – Geographic Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic

Information system (GIS) Technologies are tools that can be used to forecast

malaria transmission by tracing potential breeding habitats for malaria vectors

from changes in the environment detected by the satellite imagery observation.

Mosquito- A bloodsucking insect from Order Diptera with a slender,

segmented body, a pair of wings, three pairs of hair-like legs and elongated

mouthparts that transmits diseases like malaria and dengue.

Breeding Sites- Places that mosquitoes lay their eggs. Commonly they

are places with stagnant water.

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oes/

Si, S. (2018, April 20). Mosquito Prevention and Control Philippines: Major

Diseases You Can Prevent. Retrieved from https://topbest.ph/mosquito-

prevention-control-philippines/

What are the Risks of Mosquito Bites? Retrieved from

https://www.pestworld.org/pest-guide/mosquitoes/.com
 Chapter III

Materials and Methods

Research Design

The Descriptive Research Design will be used in the study to gain an

understanding on a certain phenomenon. The researchers will use the

observational method which does not involve measurements or numbers but

instead just by monitoring specific characteristics. Since the respondents are in a

comfortable environment, the characteristics observed are natural and effective.

(Bhat, 2018). Descriptive research involves gathering data that describe events

and then organizes, tabulates, depicts, and describes the data collection (Glass

& Hopkins, 1984)

This research will be using an app designed by the GLOBE themselves,

namely the GLOBE Observer Tool to be used as a tool in conducting this

research. This app contains steps that are designed to differentiate the different

species of mosquitoes in a step by step fashion.

Locale of the Study

The study will be conducted in selected places around the Partido area,

namely the municipalities of Tigaon, Goa, San Jose and Lagonoy. Samples of

mosquitoes will be collected in each urban area of the selected town specifically

Brgy. San Francisco in Lagonoy, Brgy. San Juan in San Jose, Brgy. La Purisima

in Goa, and Brgy. Poblacion in Tigaon. The researchers will also be gathered in
selected rural places of the chosen municipality such as Barangay Caraycayon in

Tigaon, Barangay Napawon in Goa, Barangay Camagong in San Jose and

Barangay Burabod in Lagonoy. Said areas were chosen because these are the

most convenient and efficient places to the researchers. Urban and rural places

will be selected to assess the different species of mosquitoes that each place

may have.

Figure 2. Map of the Locale

Elements of the Study

The researchers aim to obtain data through the means of locating and

identifying the different species of mosquitoes located within the Partido Area.

The said mosquitoes will serve and be utilized as the elements of the study. The

different species of larvae located within Partido, specifically in the municipalities

of Tigaon, Goa, San Jose and Lagonoy, are expected to be obtained and studied

for any variations within the larvae’s body parts and structure.

The researchers will use convenience sampling to obtain the mosquito

samples needed for the study. The research aims to find potential mosquito

breeding sites that the researchers may come across during the location of

breeding grounds that are conventional for the study.

Materials Used

Photograph and Identify

The researchers will examine and photograph the mosquitoes and

must be removed from the container/bag. The researchers will pour the

part of the sample in a white tray or plate, then using a dropper or a spoon

to isolate one larva. Each larva should be suspended in a small drop of

water. Too much of water will allow the larva to swim and much difficult to

examine and photograph. Then proceed by removing most of water by

blotting it up using a corner of a paper towel. If the larva is still moving, the

researchers will euthanize it with a drop of alcohol. Then, using a probing

 material, the researchers will position the larvae to a slide to see its

diagnostic features using a digital microscope.

Identifying the Larvae

The researcher will be using the Mosquito Habitat Mapper (MHM)

app or a local mosquito larva key to determine the types of mosquitoes in

the sample. The researchers will submit a photograph and identification to

MHM, following the instructions in the app or the printable guide.

Procedure of Investigation

Locating Breeding Sites

The researchers will search for possible habitats in the

municipalities of Tigaon, Goa, San Jose and Lagonoy, notably one

replicate from the rural part of the municipality and another replicate from

the urbanized part of the town. The possible habitats may be natural (e.g.

ponds) or artificial ones (e.g. water storage containers or trash). The

sample sites will be randomly chosen regardless of what type may it be.

Verification of mosquitoes will be manually done and if no larvae is found

at the sample site, the researchers will randomly choose a spot again. The

location’s lattitude and longitude will be sent to GLOBE by the use of the

app by means of a smartphone connected to the Internet and the Global

Positioning System (GPS) to verify the area via sattelite images with

connection to NASA.
Sampling and Counting Samples

The researchers will use a cup, a syringe, dipper and net or wash

bottle to be used as a sampling material to obtain a water sample

containing larvae. Protocols for gathering samples vary according to the

tool to be use and the researchers will strictly will follow the guidelines

provided by the Globe. According to GLOBE protocols, the institution

recommends sampling each source 5 times because the larvae are not

evenly distributed on the surface, so the researchers need to have several

dips to obtain a sample with larvae in it. The researchers need to wait 1-2

minutes between each dip because disturbing the surface of the water

may cause the larvae to swim below for safety but will soon return to the

surface to breathe. The researchers will count the larvae in the samples

collected. The researchers will provide an exact or an estimate number of

larvae in the collected samples.

Decommission of the Breeding site

The researchers will tip the container, tossing the water and

covering the container. If the breeding site cannot be decommissioned by

the researchers, contacting a public health official will be a priority to

report and make some interventions (fogging, cleaning the area, etc.)
Data Organization and Analysis

The data collected, specifically the types of mosquitoes and their number
in the samples collected will be arranged in tables, graphs and diagrams. This
will help the researchers to analyze the result and form a better conclusion to the
problem being addressed.

Table 1

Species of Mosquitoes

Statement of the What are the different species of mosquitoes in selected

Problem 1 places in Partido Area?
Municipalities Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, and Other Genera’s
Rural
Lagonoy
Urban
Rural
San Jose
Urban
Rural
Goa
Urban
Rural
Tigaon
Urban

Table 2

Breeding Sites of Mosquitoes

Statement of the Where are the possible breeding sites of the different
Problem 2 species of mosquitoes in selected places in Partido Area?
Municipalities Breeding Sites
Natural
Lagonoy
Artificial
San Natural
Jose Artificial
Natural
Goa
Artificial
Natural
Tigaon
Artificial
 Table 3

Differences of the Different Species of Mosquitoes

Statement of the What are the differences of the different species of

Problem 3 mosquitoes in selected places in Partido area
Other
Parameters Anopheles Aedes Culex
Genera/s
Head

Thorax

Abdomen

Hairs

Siphon

Pecten

Comb Scales

Saddle
Suspension from
the Water
Breeding Site

Statistical Tool
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