Terminologies

|: conditional on
adjacency matrix: contains the attributes in both rows and columns ( square matrix),
contains only 0 and 1. It contains 1 whenever a particular attribute listed in a row is a direct
predecessor of an attribute listed in a column (i.e., whenever one attribute is “adjacent” to
another one)
approximate (V): estimate or calculate (a quantity) fairly accurately
attribute profile: the particular pattern of values on the latent attribute variables that is
assigned to a respondent
attribute hierarchies: specifications of the attribute dependencies in the population of
respondents. They present hypotheses about which attribute profile should be observed in
a sample.
Bernoulli variable
categorical data: data that can be divided into groups (e.g., race, sex, age group, education
level…)
Chi-square test: A chi-squared test is used to determine whether there is a significant
difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more
categories.
complement: the members of a set or class that are not members of a given subset (phần
bù)
concatenation: xâu chuỗi
conditional independence (= local independence)
conditional probability: xác suất có điều kiện, là xác suất của một biến cố A nào đó, biết rằng
một biến cố B khác xảy ra. Ký hiệu P(A|B), và đọc là "xác suất của A, biết B". (= khả năng
đúng của một dự đoán dựa trên một điều kiện nào đó)
conjunctive: involving the combination or co-occurrence of two or more conditions or
properties (hội)
Hội của hai mệnh đề a, b là một mệnh đề, đọc là a và b, ký hiệu a Λ b (hoặc a.b), đúng khi cả
hai mệnh đề a, b cùng đúng và sai trong các trường hợp còn lại
conjunctive condensation rule: a respondent needs to have mastered all measured
attributes to obtain a score of 1 on a particular item
constraint: ràng buộc
contingency table: a table showing the distribution of one variable in rows and another in
columns, used to study the correlation between the two variables (contingency =
dependency)
converge: tend to meet at a point
exponential function: hàm số mũ
expression: biểu thức
full model (= saturated model)
function: hàm số:
greedy algorithm: an algorithmic paradigm that follows the problem solving heuristic of
making the locally optimal choice at each stage with the intent of finding a global optimum.
In many problems, a greedy strategy does not usually produce an optimal solution, but
nonetheless a greedy heuristic may yield locally optimal solutions that approximate a
globally optimal solution in a reasonable amount of time.
heuristic: proceeding to a solution by trial and error or by rules that are only loosely defined
invariant: bất biến
iterative: lặp
latent variable: a statistically constructed (i.e., completely unobserved) variable, whose
values are estimated from the response data along with item parameters
local independence (=conditional independence): the underlying assumption of latent
variable models. The observed items are conditionally independent of each other given an
individual score on the latent variable(s). This means that the latent variable explains why
the observed items are related to another./ responses to items are assumed to be
independent within each latent class
loss function
main effect (= marginal effect)
marginal effect (= main effect): the effect of changing from one category to another within a
single variable
marginal probability: xác suất biên, là xác suất của một biến cố mà không quan tâm đến các
biến cố khác. Xác suất biên được tính bằng cách lấy tổng (hoặc tổng quát hơn là tích phân)
của xác suất hợp trên biến cố không cần đến. Việc này được gọi là biên hóa
(marginalization). Xác suất biên của A được ký hiệu là P(A), còn xác suất biên của B được ký
hiệu là P(B).
noncompensatory DCMs: assume that a deficit in one latent variable cannot be
compensated for by a surplus in a different latent variable. Eg: DINA, NIDA, NC-RUM
non-probabilistic: does not specify a probability distribution for the data
overlapping hierarchy: a branching hierarchy in which at least one object has two parent
objects. For example, a graduate student can have two co-supervisors to whom the student
reports directly and equally, and who have the same level of authority within the university
hierarchy (i.e., they have the same position or tenure status).
parameter (tham số): a set of facts or a fixed limit that establishes or limits how something
can or must happen or be done
parameter space: the space of all possible combinations of values for all the different
parameters contained in a particular mathematical model
point estimate
probabilistic: if one randomly chooses objects from a specified class, the probability that the
result is of the prescribed kind is strictly greater than zero. Although the proof uses
probability, the final conclusion is determined for certain, without any possible error.
product: tích
product expression:
product term: In Boolean logic, a product term is a conjunction of literals, where each literal
is either a variable or its negation.
Examples of product terms include:

reachability matrix: contains entries 0 and 1. Contains 1 for direct relationships + all indirect
relationships that are implied by the direct dependencies in the adjacency matrix. This
matrix shows which attributes can be “reached” by others through direct + indirect attribute
relationships. Can be computed from adjacency matrix or specified directly.
reduced Q-matrix: two matrices + Q-matrix, consists of items corresponding to those
attribute profiles that are logically allowed by the attribute hierarchy. Derived from the
adjacency + reachability matrix

saturated model (= full model): contains the maximum possible number of parameters;
contains main effects + interaction effects

For example, if you have 6 data points and fit a 5th-order polynomial to the data, you would
have a saturated model (one parameter for each of the 5 powers of your independent
variable plus one for the constant term).
set theory (lý thuyết tập hợp)
structural equation modeling (SEM): a form of causal modeling that includes a diverse set of
mathematical models, computer algorithms, and statistical methods that fit networks of
constructs to data
structural component: represents the probability that a respondent has a given attribute
profile
substantive: quan trọng, lớn lao
subsume: include or absorb (something) in something else (gộp vào)
theorem: định lý
transpose matrix: a matrix obtained from a given matrix by interchanging each row and the
corresponding column: the new matrix is called the transpose of A.
term: số hạng