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She was born between 95 and 99 Hijri in Basra, Iraq. Much of her early life is narrated by Farid al-Din Attar.
Many spiritual stories are associated with her and it is sometimes difficult to separate reality from legend.
These traditions come from Farid al-Din Attar, a later Sufi saint and poet, who used earlier sources. Hazrat
Rabia herself did not leave any written works.
She was the fourth daughter of her family and was therefore named Rabia, meaning “fourth”. She was born
free in a poor but respected family.
According to Farid al-Din Attar, Hazrat Rabia’s parents were so poor that there was no oil in their house to
light a lamp, nor a cloth even to wrap her with.
Her mother asked her husband to borrow some oil from a neighbour, but he had resolved in his life never to
ask for anything from anyone except the Creator. However, to satisfy his wife, he went to the neighbour’s
house, knocked on the door and came away before anyone opened it. On his return, he told his wife that the
door was not opened. Grief-stricken, he fell asleep. In a dream, he saw Rasulallah (s.a.w) telling him, “Do
not grieve, this girl born to you is exceptionally fortunate and holy.
By her intercession 70,000 people of my Ummah will be forgiven. Go to the governor of Basra and convey
to him this message written on a page:
“Every night you recite 100 Durood on me and on Friday night 400 times. Last Friday night you forgot to
recite the Durood. As a compensation for this omission, give this person 400 dinars.”
Hazrat Rabia’s father woke up crying in joy. He wrote out the message and went to meet the governor. He
handed the letter to a guard. When the governor read the letter, he was moved by the fact that Rasulallah
(s.a.w) had remembered him. He ordered 10,000 dirhams to be given to the poor as a token of gratitude.
He went out to meet Hazrat Rabia’s father. After presenting him with the 400 dinars, he said: “In future
whatever your needs are, come to me without any hesitation.”
After the death of her father, a famine overtook Basra and Hazrat Rabia parted from her sisters. Legend has
it that she was accompanying a caravan, which fell into the hands of robbers. The chief of the robbers took
Hazrat Rabia captive, and sold her in the market as a slave. The new master of Hazrat Rabia used to make
her work hard with household chores.
She would pass the whole night in prayer, after she had finished her household jobs. She spent many of her
days observing fast.
Once the master of the house got up in the middle of the night, and was attracted by the sorrowful voice in
which Hazrat Rabia was praying to her Lord. When he looked, he saw a great light surrounding her as she
entreated her Lord in these terms:
“Lord! You know well that my keen desire is to carry out Your commandments and to serve Thee with all my
heart, O light of my eyes. If I were free I would pass the whole day and night in prayers. But what should I
do when you have made me a slave of a human being?”
At once the master felt that it was sacrilegious to keep such a saint in his service. He decided to serve her
instead. In the morning, he called her and told her his decision; he would serve her and she should dwell
there as the mistress of the house. If she insisted on leaving the house, he was willing to free her from
bondage.
She told him that she was willing to leave the house to carry on her worship in solitude. This the master
granted and she left the house.
Throughout her life, her Love of God, poverty and self-denial did not waver. They were her constant
companions. She did not possess much other than a broken jug, a rush mat and a brick, which she used as
a pillow. She spent all night in prayer and contemplation, chiding herself if she slept because it took her
away from her active Love of God.
As her fame grew, she had many disciples. She also had discussions with many of the renowned religious
people of her time. Though she had many offers of marriage, and (tradition has it) one even from the Amir
of Basra, she refused them as she had no time in her life for anything other than God.
More interesting than her absolute asceticism, however, is the actual concept of Divine Love that Hazrat
Rabia introduced. She was the first to introduce the idea that God should be loved for God’s own sake, not
out of fear — as earlier Sufis had done.
She taught that repentance was a gift from God because no one could repent unless God had already
accepted him and given him this gift of repentance. She taught that sinners must fear the punishment they
deserved for their sins, but she also offered such sinners far more hope of Paradise than most other ascetics
did. For herself, she held to a higher ideal, worshipping God neither from fear of Hell nor from hope of
Paradise, for she saw such self-interest as unworthy of God’s servants; emotions like fear and hope were
like veils – i.e. hindrances to the vision of God Himself.
She prayed, “O Allah! If I worship You for fear of Hell, burn me in Hell, and if I worship You in hope of
Paradise, exclude me from Paradise. But if I worship You for Your Own sake, grudge me not Your everlasting
Beauty.”
Hazrat Rabia was in her early to mid eighties when she passed away, having followed the mystic Way to the
end. She always believed she was continually united with her Beloved. As she told her Sufi friends, “My
Beloved is always with me.”
She died in Jerusalem in 185 A.H ( Zirkali, al-A`lam, vol. 3, p 10, col 1, who quotes ibn Khalikan as his
source.)
Philosophy
She was the one who first set forth the doctrine of Divine Love and who is widely considered to be the most
important of the early Sufi poets.
Much of the poetry that is attributed to her is of unknown origin. After a life of hardship, she spontaneously
achieved a state of self-realization. When asked by Sheikh Hassan Basri how she discovered the secret, she
responded by stating, “You know of the how, but I know of the how-less.”
She was the first in a long line of female Sufi mystics.
Anecdotes:
The prayer of Hazrat Rabia
Once while she was in the service of her Sheikh, she was sent on an errand. Along the way a man pursued
her. In fright she fled, slipped and broke her hand. Praying to Allah Ta’ala she cried, “O Allah! I am forlorn,
without mother and father. Now my hand too is broken. But I do not mind these things if Thou be pleased
with me. But make it manifest to me that you are pleased with me. “
A voice called to her, “On the Day of Qiyamah, even the Muqarrab (very close) Angels will envy your rank.”
When she went for Hajj she took along an emaciated donkey on which was loaded her few belongings. The
donkey died along the journey. The people accompanying her offered to carry her belongings, but she
refused, saying, “Proceed! I did not come relying on you.” The caravan continued, leaving her behind. With
her perfect trust in Allah Ta’ala she supplicated for His aid. Even before completing her dua, the donkey
came to life. Hazrat Rabia continued her journey and reached Makkah Mukarramah.
The Vision
Hazrat Rabia in her yearning for Allah, prayed to be shown His Vision. A Voice said to her, “If you desire Me,
I shall reveal a manifestation (Tajalli) of Myself and in a moment you will be reduced to ash.”
Hazrat Rabia said: “O Allah! I lack the power for Your Tajalli. I wish for the rank of Faqr (i.e. an extremely
lofty spiritual status of divine proximity).”
The Voice said: “O Rabia! Faqr is the famine of My Wrath. We have reserved it exclusively for those Men
(Awliyah) who have completely reached Us. There remains not even the distance of a hair between them
and Us. At that juncture, We rebuff them and distance them from Our Proximity. Inspite of this, they do not
lose hope in Us. They again commence their journey towards Us. While this is their condition, you are still
wrapped in the veils of time. As long as you are with the folds of these veils and have not entered into Our
Path with a true heart, it is improper for you to even mention Faqr.”
The Voice then commanded Hazrat Rabia to lift her gaze towards the heaven. As she complied, she
observed a vast rolling ocean of blood suspended in space. The Voice said, “This is the ocean of tears of
blood of My Lovers who are lost in My Absorption. This is their first stage (in their journey to reach Allah).”
“Why bring a calamity on yourself? She whose shawl this is, has handed herself over to another Being. Even
Shaitaan cannot approach her. A thief is not able to steal her shawl. Leave it and depart.”
Once when Hazrat Rabia was on a mountain, the wild beasts of the jungle gathered around her and stared
at her in wonder. Coincidentally, Hazrat Hassan Basri appeared on the scene. All the animals scattered and
disappeared into the jungle. In surprise, he said: “The animals fled when they saw me. Why did they stay
with you?” Hazrat Rabia asked, “What did you eat today?” Hazrat Hassan Basri replied, “Meat and bread.”
Hazrat Rabia then said, “When you have eaten meat, why should they not flee?”
Allah’s remembrance
It was said to Hazrat Rabia, “Hazrat Hassan says that if on the Day of Qiyamah he is deprived of Allah’s
Vision for even a moment, he will lament so much that the inmates of Jannat will take pity on him.”
Hazrat Rabia said, “True, but this claim is appropriate for only a person who does not forget Allah Ta’ala
here on earth for a single moment.”
Regarding marriage
She was asked, “From whence have you come and whither are you going?” Hazrat Rabia said: “I came from
that world and I am returning to that world.” The people asked: “What are you doing in this world?” Hazrat
Rabia let out a cry of lament. They asked, “Why are you lamenting?” Hazrat Rabia said: “I obtain my rizq
(provisions) from that world while I am doing the work of this world.”
When asked for the cause of her constant crying, Hazrat Rabia said: “I fear separation from Allah Ta’ala. I
fear that at the time of death, I may be rejected and it be announced, “You do not deserve to be in Our
Presence.”
She was asked: “When is Allah pleased with a person?” Hazrat Rabia replied: “When he expresses gratitude
for the effort (on His Path) just as he expresses gratitude for bounties.”
Fana or Annihilation
”As long as man’s heart is not alert, his other limbs cannot find the path of Allah. An alert heart is a heart
lost in divine absorption. Such a heart is not in need of the aid of other limbs. This stage is called Fana
(annihilation).”
Love of God
One day, she was seen running through the streets of Basra carrying a torch in one hand and a bucket of
water in the other. When asked what she was doing, she said:
“I want to put out the fires of Hell, and burn down the rewards of Paradise. They block the way to God. I do
not want to worship from fear of punishment or for the promise of reward, but simply for the love of God.”
The Vision
At one occasion she was asked if she hated Satan. Hazrat Rabia replied, “My love for God has so possessed
me that no place remains for loving or hating any save Him.”
When Hazrat Rabia Basri would not come to attend the sermons of Hazrat Hassan Basri, he would deliver no
discourse that day. People in the audience asked him why he did that. He replied, “The syrup that is held by
the vessels meant for the elephants cannot be contained in the vessels meant for the ants.”
Once Hazrat Rabia was on her way to Makkah, and when halfway there she saw the Kabah coming to meet
her. She said, “It is the Lord of the house whom I need, what have I to do with the house? I need to meet
with Him Who said, ‘who approaches Me by a span’s length, I will approach him by the length of a cubit.’
The Kabah which I see has no power over me; what joy does the beauty of the Kabah bring to me?”
At the same time the great Sufi Saint Hazrat Ibrahim bin Adam arrived at the Kabah, but he did not see it.
He had spent fourteen years making his way to the Kabah, because in every place of prayer he performed
two rakats.
Hazrat Ibrahim bin Adam said, “Alas! What has happened? It maybe that some injury has overtaken my
eyes.” An unseen voice said to him, “No harm has befallen your eyes, but the Kabah has gone to meet a
woman, who is approaching this place.” Hazrat Ibrahim Adam responded, “O indeed, who is this?” He ran
and saw Hazrat Rabia arriving, and that the Kabah was back in its own place. When Hazrat Ibrahim Adam
saw that, he said, “O Hazrat Rabia, what is this disturbance and trouble and burden which you have brought
into the world?”
She replied, “I have not brought disturbance into the world. It is you who have disturbed the world, because
you delayed fourteen years in arriving at the Kabah.” He said, “Yes I have spent fourteen years in crossing
the desert (because I was engaged) in prayer.” Hazrat Rabia said, “You traversed it in ritual prayer (Salat)
but with personal supplication.”
Then, having performed the pilgrimage, she returned to Basra and occupied herself with works of devotion.
The Vision
One day Hazrat Hassan Basri saw Hazrat Rabia near a lake. He threw his prayer rug on top of the water and
said, “Rabia, come! Let us pray two rakats here.” She replied, “Hassan, when you are showing off your
spiritual goods in the worldly market, it should be things which your fellow men cannot display.” Then, she
threw her prayer rug into the air and flew up onto it saying, “Come up here, Hassan, where people can see
us.” Then she said, “Hassan, what you did fishes can do, and what I did flies can do. But the real business is
outside these tricks. One must apply oneself to the real business.”
“Repentance which is only verbal is the act of liars. When a vain person repents, he should repent again (for
the sin of vanity).”
Once when Hazrat Hassan Basri went to visit Hazrat Rabia, he found one of the wealthy and prominent
citizens of Basra standing with a bag of money, weeping at her door. On enquiring, he said, “I have brought
this gift for Hazrat Rabia. I know she will refuse it, hence, I am crying. Do intercede for me. Perhaps she will
accept it.” Hassan Basri went inside and delivered the message. Hazrat Rabia said, “Since I have recognized
Allah, I have renounced the world. I am not aware of its source–whether halal or haram.”
Malik Bin Dinaar went to visit Hazrat Rabia. He found in her home only a partly broken jug which she used
for wudhu and drinking water, a very old straw-mat on which she slept and a brick which she used as a
pillow. Malik Bin Dinaar said, “I have many affluent friends. Shall I ask them to bring some items for you?”
Hazrat Rabia said, “O Malik! Is my Provider, your Provider and the Provider of the wealthy not the same
Being?” Malik said, “Yes.” Hazrat Rabia then said, “What, has He forgotten about the needs of the poor on
account of their poverty, while he remembers the needs of the wealthy?” Malik Bin Dinaar said, “It is not
so.” Hazrat Rabia then said, “When He never forgets anyone, why should we remind Him? He has wished
this condition for me and I am pleased with it because it is His pleasure.”
Hazrat Rabia supplicated, “O Allah! My duty and my desire on earth are Your remembrance and in the
Aakhirah, Your Vision. You are the Master. O Allah! Maintain the presence (i.e. concentration) of my heart or
accept my ibaadat, devoid of concentration.”
When her time to depart from earth was near, the illustrious Mashaikh gathered by her. She said, “Go away
and leave place for the Angels.” They all went out and closed the door. While they were waiting outside,
they heard from within a voice reciting:
“O soul at rest! Return to your Rabb.”
For a long while thereafter there was silence. When they went inside, they discovered that Hazrat Rabia’s
soul had taken flight from this world and had reached Allah.
In a dream someone asked her, “What happened when Munkar and Nakeer came to You?” Hazrat Rabia
said, “When they asked me, “Who is your Rabb?” I said, “Go back! Say to Allah: When You had never
forgotten this weak woman despite Your remembrance of entire creation, how can she forget You when on
earth You were her only remembrance? Why do you send Angels to question her?”