‘Suggest two changes that you would make to improve the reliability. The stopwatch cannot be changed. (@) State one precaution that you would take in this experiment in order to obtain accurate readings. ‘Use of adcitonal d valuog OR use a larger vave 1 Countimore swings 1 “Any one om: + "Perpenicua viewing of le ‘Counting begining wih zero (wt) Use of cil mark ome) Use of setsquare or Norzontal lef id measurement of Use rule cose totouching he bob “ime taken rom cere of swing, (nat extemites) [Measure engi op and botiom of bob and average [Neasure sting length an add radusof bob measured with calipers or micrometer (e) Suggest two difficutios in this experiment when trying to obtain accurate readings. ‘Any two fo: Finding exact poston tat gives cearest image ‘Measuring corte of tens Room oo bghtlamp to dimfimage to faint 10 4 Astudent is investigating the effect of double-walled insulation on the rate of cooling of hot water in a copper container. The student places the copper container inside a larger metal container. He is investigating the effect of the size of the air gap between the copper container and larger metal ‘containers. Plan an experiment to investigate the effect of the size of the alr gap between the copper container 4nd larger metal containers on the rate of cooling of hot water. ‘The following apparatus is available: a copper container ‘a number of metal containers of different diameters (all larger than the copper container) a thermometer a stopwatch ‘a measuring cylinder a supply of hot water. You can also use other apparatus and materials that are usually available in a school laboratory. In your plan, you should: + explain briefly how you would carry out the investigation ‘+ state the key variables that you would control ‘+ draw a table, or tables, with column headings, to show how you would display your readings {you are not required to enter any readings in the table) explain how you would use your readings to reach a conclusion. You may draw a diagram itt helps your explanation,‘Method to include: (ot) water in copper can, ime taken for temperature to drop Correct use of at east 3 larger outer containers, separately ‘Sonve indication that size of ait gap is measured ‘Any two fom: Use of something to cover sir gap Use of id on copper can Same stating temperature ‘Same room temperature ‘Same volume of hol water Use of ‘contro with no outer container Inner container sianding on an insulator Uniform ait gap all round “Table with clear columns for temperature andlor me (o match method) and ai-gap, with appropriate units CConetusion: Least temperature drop OR longest time for temperature to dop shows lowest cooling rate OR best insulation (OR plot temperature against time and least gradient shows lowest cooling ate (ora) KC ae Fig. 22 f= 1 (b) The student pours 200cm® of hot water into the beaker. He records the temperature 4, of the hot water at time t= 0 and immediately starts a stopclock. He continues recording the temperature readings every 30s. The readings are shown in Table 2.1. (Explain why the student should wait a few seconds after placing the thermometer in the hot water before taking the first temperature reading. ‘ensure thermometer bulb / alcohol mercury has reached the temperature of the water (d) State two precautions that you would take in order to obtain accurate readings in this experiment. ‘any two rom: Perpendicular owing of thermometer ‘tr (efor taking temperature reading) ‘oni et he thamameter (oul) touch the sides bottom of beaker wal for thermometer o reach Ox belore reading (e) A:student plans to repeat the experiment using the same thermometer and the same volume of water. ‘Suggest two changes to the apparatus or the procedure that would increase the rate of cooling of the water. ‘ny 0 om 2 Tighe stating temperature use hot water Use of mail ean ntead of beaker metal bench omer oom emperatue/ cod waterbath (eno fan ‘ontaine wih greater sutace area larger beaker«© (a) Ke) ‘A student is determining the focal length of a lens. Fig. 2.1 shows the apparatus used. iluminated object Fig. 3.1 (a) The student adjusts the position of the screen until a clearly focused image is formed on. the screen. (On Fig. 3.1, measure the distance v between the centre of the lens and the screen. (Fig. 3:1 is crawn 1/5" actual size Calculate ¥, the actual distance from the lens to the screen Ve cesmnnnennnnnnnnnne 1) (il) With a clearly focused image formed on the screen, the actual distance from the centre of the lens to the illuminated object, Uis 20.0cm. uv Caleulate the focal length f, ofthe lens using the equation f, = Tou 9 ‘The student states that taking more measurements improves the reliability of the value obtained for fy. ‘Suggest additional values for U that you would use. State two precautions that you would take in this experiment to obtain accurate readings. atleast 3 new values sugpest0d ‘ali values between 150m and Tem wih a eas em beeen ach valve 30) ‘any two fo: Use of darkened room org lame ‘mark positon ef cen of ens on Pater blace mete rule on berch camp in penton ‘ensure onject and (cre of ens ae ame heh (tom the bench) ‘Sbjct ad ons an cre perperdicu bench ‘move Steen Sout back and foth obtain best mage