Logic ssy o summarize in a few paragraphs the subject s ye effectively, construct valid arguments, analyze and make decisions, Law schools consider a 13] contracts sposledge of logic to be one of the most important predictors of juiure success for their new students. A sizeable portion of the LSAT [aw Schoo! Admission Test), which is required by law school applicants as of their admission process, concerns logical reasoning. A typical LSAT we problem is presented in Exercise 29, page 219. Many other professions also make extensive use of logic. For instance, pro- rammers use logic to design computer software, electrical engineers use logic to design cireuits for smart phones, and mathematicians use logic to solve prob- Jems and construct mathematical proofs. In this chapter, you will encounter several facets of logic. Specifically, you will use logic to + analyze information and the relationship between statements, determine the validity of arguments, ' determine valid conclusions based on given assumptions, and « analyze electronic eireuts Arguments Arguments and Euler Diagrams 163[ERUIME carrer s | toa section 5.1 HISTORICAL ee George Boole (oI) was born in 1815 in Linco, En gland. He was ‘aised in poverty bout he was very industrious and had learned Latin and Greek by the age of 12. Later he mastered German, French, and talan. His fist profession, atthe young age of 16, was that of an assistant schoo! teacher. At the lage of 20he started his own, school In 1849 Boole was appointed the chaiperson of mathematics at Queens Colege in Cork, Ireland. ‘Many of Boole's mathematical ideas, suchas Boolean algebra, have applications inthe areas of computer programming and the design of electronic cuts. — ‘Yosemite's Half Dome Logic Statements and Quantifiers ‘One ofthe frst mathematicians to make a serious study of symbolic logic was Go Withelm Leibniz (1646-1716). Leibniz tried to advance the study of logic fom a mer! philosophical subject to formal mathematical subject. Leibniz never compe) chieved this goals however, several mathematicians, such as Augstus De ye’? (1806-1871) and George Boole (1815-1864), contributed to the advancement of synjy logic as a mathematical discipline. f Boole published The Mathematical Analysis of Logic in 1848. In 1854 be pu the more extensive work, An Investigation of the Laws of Thought. Concerning thi rent, the mathematician Bertrand Russel stated, “Pure mathematics was discover, Boole in a work which is called The Laws of Thought.” Logic Statements Every language contains different types of sentences, such as statements, question, yy commands, For instance, “Is the test today?" isa question. “Go get the newspaper” is a command. “This is a nice car” is an opinion ‘Denver isthe capital of Colorado” isa statement of fact. “The symbolic logic that Boole was instrumental in creating applies ony to sentences that are statements a defined below. | A Statement [A statement isa declarative sentence that is either true or fs, but not both tue and fale tay not be necessary to determine whethera sentence is true to determine whether itis a statement, For instance, consider the following sentence. ‘Yosemite National Park is located in California. ‘You may not know if the sentence is true, but you do know thatthe sentence is either tue ori is false, and that itis not both true and false. Thus, you know that che sentence is statement ETT AMA identity statements Determine whether each sentence is a statement. ‘a. Florida is state in the United States bb. How are you? ¢. + 2isa prime number. axt1as. Solution ‘a, Florida is one of the 50 states in the United States, so this sentence is true and itis statement ', The sentence “How are you?” is a question; it is not a declarative sentence, Thus it is nota statement,TAKE NOTE he following sentence is a ous paradox Thisisa fase sentence, isoota statement, Decase i we me tio Bea ue sentence eas tae, and ifwe assume Psbea fae sentence, then t tie Statements cannot be tue ‘Sea athe same time. Charles Dodgson (Lew Carroll) SECTION 5.1 | Logic statements and Quantifiers ‘© You may not know whether 9° + 2 isa prime number; however. you do know that itis whole number larger than 1, so its ether a prime number or iis not prime amber: The sentence is either tue oF it is false, and its not both tre and false, so itis a statement i 4. x+ 1 = 5 isa statement. Iti known as an open statement Its tue for x= 4, {and itis false for any other values of x. For any given value of x, itis true or faloe bout not both ASTRA T TSS Determine whether each sentence isa statement a, Open the door. b, 7055 is a large number «Inthe year 2024, the president ofthe United States will be a woman, @x>3 (One of the best-known logicians is Charles Dodgson (1832-1898). His mathemati- ccal works include A Syllabus of Plane Algebraical Geometry, The Fifth Book of Euclid Treated Algebraically, and Symbolic Logic. Although Dodgson was a dis- tinguished mathematician in his time, he is best known by his pen name Lewis Carroll, which he used when he published Alice’s Adventures in Won- derland and Through the Looking-Glass Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom enjoyed Alice's Adventures in Wonderland tothe extent that she told Dodgson she was looking forward to reading another of his books. He prompdly sent her his Syllabus of Plane Algebraical Geometry, and it was reported ‘that she was less than enthusiastic about the latte.book, Simple Statements and Compound Statements || Simple Statements and Compound Statements {A simple statement isa statement that conveys a single idea. A compound state- ‘ment isa statement that conveys two or more ideas. Connecting simple statements with, words and phrases such as and, or, if. then, and if and only if creates a compound statement. For instance, “I will attend the meeting or I ‘ill go to school iss compound statement. tis composed of the two simple statements, “will attend the meeting” and “I will goto school.” The word ors a connective forthe two simple statement George Boole used symbols such asp. g, rand sto represent simple statements and the symbols /\,\V, ~, — and «= to represent connectives. See Table 5.