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Frequency Modulation (FM) Transmitter and Receiver PDF
Frequency Modulation (FM) Transmitter and Receiver PDF
GOHHANSHIN
September 1998
DEDICATION
it
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
supervisor Madam Park Young Soon for everything she had done. Without her
which provided the necessary facilities for this thesis project, and also to the
lecturers, tutors and lab assistance for their information, help and guidance.
To my co-lab mates, Darshan Singh slo Gurbax Singh, Kismet Hong Ping
and Grace Quak, I feel proud to have them gone through with me the hard time
of completing this thesis. Their advice, comments and guidance would not be
forgotten.
Alexander Siew, Chow Ow Wei, Hoh Hoong Koan, Teoh Sim Keat, Teoh Poh
Hian and Wong Kiung Chung, who has gone through with me the hard time of
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ABSTRACT
emphasis on practical work. The project enhances one's practical skill and it
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ABSTRAK
projek ini. Satu set pemancar dan penerima yang bersaiz handset telah dibina.
Dalam project ini. Sistem komunikasi tanpa wayar ini beroperasi pada 90 MHz,
menggunakan teknik Frequency Modulation dan ianya terhad dalam satu arah
komunikasi sahaja.
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Table of Contents
APPROVAL LETrER
APPROVAL SHEET
PROJECT TITLE
DEDICATION ii
ACKOWLEGMENT III
ABSTRACT IV
ABSTRAK V
TABLE OF CONTENTS VI
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES Xl
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1. 1 Project Description 1
1.2 Objective 1
1.3 Background 2
CHAPTER 2: THEORY OF FM
2.1 Introduction 3
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CHAPTER 3: TRANSMITTER
3.1 Introduction 11
3.3.1.1 Pre-amplifier 20
3.3.1.2 Pre-emphasis 21
3.3.1.4 FM Modulator 22
CHAPTER 4: RECEIVER
4.1 Introduction 25
4.3.1.1 Pre-amplifier 27
4.3.1.2 Demodulator 28
CHAPTER 5: AMPLIFIER
5.1 Introduction 31
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5.3 Class of Power Amplifier 33
5.6.3 Dc analysis 42
6.1 Introduction 46
6.2 Noise 46
6.3 Distortion 47
6.6.2 Bootstrapping 55
7.1 Introduction 57
7.2 Transmitter 57
7.2.1 Pre-amplifier 57
7.3 Receiver 62
7.3.1 Pre-amplifier 62
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7.3.3 Other Circuits 66
CONCLUSION 73
REFERENCES
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.2 FM spectrogram 8
bias voltage
VCE at cut-off
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5.6 The dc analysis of common emitter amplifier 43
(rectangular)
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
frequency is fixed to around 90 MHz while the receiver is tuned to the desired
signaL
hardware. Circuit analysis, testing and trouble-shooting are done for circuit
duplex communication.
1.2 Objective
skills such as soldering, printed circuit board (PCB) implementation and circuit
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1.3 Background
commercial radios. Several projects and researches have been carried out on this
transmitters and receivers nowadays are constructed and designed using modulator
and demodulator IC chips. The use of ganged inductors and capacitors can also be
easily found in modern radio set. However, to understand the basic theory of
frequency modulation, this project makes use of only transistors to form the heart of
modulator and demodulator. Capacitors and hand-made inductors are used to provide
CHAPTER 2
2.1 Introduction
characteristic of the carrier signal is being altered by the information signal, the
For the carrier to carry information, at least one of the carrier signal's
term of:
I
where Vc =instantaneous value of carrier (in voltage or current)
signal, this will induce the Amplitude Modulation (AM). Changing the e will
give us the Angle Modulation. Frequency Modulation (FM) can be achieved by
varying the value of We while alteration of 4> will produce Phase Modulation
(PM).
as:
Wi We + We kVscoswst (2.2)
The relationship between phase angle and angular velocity is given as:
dO
- = w(t)
dt
By integration,
J
0= m(t)dt
By substituting (i) = 2nf and setting initial value of angle to zero, 9(0) = O.
8 = kVsfc
Kr= kfc
mr= 8/fs
Note that when the modulating frequency is at its maximum value, the
modulation index is known as the deviation ratio. Thus, the deviation ratio is
L I
Using Fourier Series, following terms can be expanded with coefficients of
Bessel Function.
I
1.2r---.,..-...,..-.....---,r---.,....--r--...,..---r--.---"I
-~t---+--I--t--~"'---I--t---+-,+--I--I
-10 -4 -2. 0 2. .Q " ,i)
mr
m, Jo J1 J1 J3 J4 Js J6 J7 J8 J9 J 10
0.00 1.00 - - - - -
5.0 - 0.18 - 0.33 0.05 0.36 0.39 0.26 0.13 0.05 0.02
6.0 0.15 -0.28 -0.24 0.11 0.36 0.36 0.25 0.13 0.06 0.02
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I'h f =2.5
Several observations can be obtained from above evaluation, table and graph
bandwidth. However, from the table of Bessel Function the amplitudes of the
sidebands (In) decrease as n increases. Therefore, the In will become less and
since the In is function of mf. The greater modulation index, the greater the
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3. From the spectrogram of FM signal, the sidebands distribution of FM is
symmetric about carrier frequency fe. Every sidebands is allocated from the
carrier frequency fe at the distance of ± fs, ± 2f., ± 3f., ± 4f., ± 5f•.... The upper
and lower sidebands with the same distance from fc will have the same value
of amplitude.
FM Bandwidth ~ 2(0 + fs )
real practical world, the proper range of FM bandwidth usually depends on its
smaller modulation index that the signal fidelity is no so critical factor as long
recognisable.
deviation is restricted to ± 75 kHz with the extra band (guard band) of 25 kHz.
The main purpose of guard band is to avoid signal overlapping from 2 adjacent
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stations. Following are the layout of commercial FM broadcast band allocation
~ . /Guard Band
<III 200kHz .~
Wideband FM Narrowband FM
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CHAPTER 3
TRANSMITTER
3.1 Introduction
Audio
signal
The pre-amplifier boosts the audio signal levels from several milli-volts to
higher enough stage for feeding into the modulator. Usually a high pass filter
network is added between pre-amplifier and modulator stage. This high pass
However, the receiver will suffer from distortion at higher frequency of audio
signal if this stage is ignored. With the carrier signal generated from oscillator,
the modulator modulates the carrier with input signal from pre-amplifier stage.
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The operating frequency of the generated FM output is still not high
multiplier are put to increase the operating frequency. After going through a
final stage power amplifier. Power amplifier restored the FM signal strength to
Basically there are two types of FM generation. In the first method, the
intelligence signal varies the carrier frequency directly, so it is called direct FM.
of FM. Since changing phase of a signal (PM) indirectly causes its frequency to
manufactured value and the inevitable drift caused by temperature changes and
component ageing, it can not provide the precise carrier frequency. Thus crystal
tank circuit in generating carrier frequency. Following is the block diagram for
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