Certificate Physical and Human Geography (indian Edition) GOH CHENG LEONG B. A. (Hons,), Lond., F.A.G.S. NEW EDITION - OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESSContents Metric Conversion Table v PARTI PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 1, The Earth and the Universe - , 1 Exploring the Universe, 1; The Solar System, 1; The shape of the Earth, 2, Evidence of the Earth's Sphericity, 2; The Earth’s Movements, 4; Day and Night, 4; The Earth’s Revolution, 5; Dawn and Twilight, 6; Mathematical Location of Places on the Globe, 7; Latitude, 7; Longitude, 8; Longitude and Time, 8; Standard Time and Time Zones, 9; The International Date Line, 10; Questions and Exercises, 10; Selected Cambridge Questions, 11. 2. The Earth’s Crust 12 The Structure of the Earth, 12; The Classification of Rocks, 12; Igneous Rocks, 12 Sedimentary Rocks, 13 Metamorphic Rocks, 13; The Influence of Rock Types on Landscape, 14; Earth Move~ ments and the Major Landforms, 14; Types of Mountains, 14; Types of Plateaux,, 175 $ Types of Plains, 18. - 3. Vulcanism and Earthquakes . 20 Landforms Associated with Vulcanic Activities, 20; Landforms of Igneous Intrusions, 20; The Ori- gin of Volcances, 21; Types of Volcanoes, 22; Extrusive Landforms, 22; Some Volcanic Emup- tions, 23; The Distribution of Volcanoes in the World, 24, Geysers and Hot Springs, 25; Ear- thquakes, 26; Some Major Earthquakes, 26; The Distribution of Earthquakes, 26; Questions and Exercises, 26. 4, Weathering, Mass: Movement and Groundwater 28 Weathering, 28; Mass Movement, 31; Groundwa- ter, 33; Fhe Water-Table, 34; Springs and Wells, 35; Questions and Exercises, 37. §. Landforms made by Running Water 38 The Development of a River System; 38; The Mechanisin of Humid Erosion, 38; The Processes of River Action, 39; River Erosion and Transpor- tation, 39; The Course of a River 40, River Rejuvenation, 44; The Human Aspects of Rivers, 45; Questions ‘and Exercises, 45. 6. Landforms of Glaciation 47 The Ice Age and Types of Ice Masses, 47; Land- forms of Highland Glaciation, 48; Landforms of Glaciated Lowlands; 51; Human Aspects of Glaciated Landforms, 53, Questions and Exer- cises, 54, 7 Aride or r Desert Landforms ~ Types of Deserts, 55; The Mechanism of And Ero sion, 56 Landforms of Wind Erosion in Desert: 57; Landforms of Wind Deposition in Deserts, 59; Landforms due to Water Action in Deserts, 60; Questions and Exercises, 61. 8. Limestone and Chalk Landforms 62 Limestone and Chalk, 62; Characteristic Features of a Karst Region, 62; The Major Limestone Reg- ions of the World, 64; Human Activities in Karst Regions, 64; Question and Exercises, 65. 9. Lakes 66 “General, 66; The Formation and Ongin of Lakes, 66; Lakes and Man, 69; Questions and Exercises, Wy, 10. Coastal Landforms 72 The Action of Waves, Tides and Currents, 72; The Mechanism of Marine Erosion, 72; Coastal Fea- tures of Erosion, 73; Coastal Features of Deposi- tion, 75; Types of Coasts, 76; Coastlines of * Emergence., 77; Questions and Exercises, 78. , 11. Istands and Coral Reefs 79 General, 79; Coral Reefs, 80, Types of Coral Reefs, 81; The Probable Origin of Coral Reefs, 82; Questions and Exercises 83. 12, The Oceans 84 Exploring the Oceans, 84, The Relief of the Ocean, 85; The Deposits of the Ocean Floor, 86; Salinity of the Ocean, 86; The Temperature of Ocean Water, 86; The Movements of Ocean Cur- rents, 87; The Circulation of the Atlantic Ocean, 88; The Circulation of the Pacific Ocean, 89; The Indian Ocean Circulation, 90; Questions and Exercises, 90; Selected Cambridge Questions, 91. PART2 WEATHER, CLIMATE AND VEGETATION. 13. Weather 93 The Difference between Climate and Weather, 93; The Elements of Weather and Chmate, 94; Rain- fall, 94; Pressure, 95; Temperature, 96; Humidity, 98; Winds, 98; Sunshine, 99; Clouds, 100, Other Elements Pertaining to Visibility, 104; Questions and Exercises, 104. 14, Climate 105 ‘The Atmosphere, 105; insolation, 105; Elements of Climate and Factors Affecting Them, 106; Temperature, 106; Factors Influencing Tempera- ug Zfre INE Tenant 441, Cyclonic Activity, 112; Climatic Types and Natural Vegetation, 113; World Climatic Types, 114; Questions and Exercises, 115; Selected Cam- bridge Questions, 115, 1S. The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climate 116 Distributian, 116; Climate, 116; Vegetation, neg, Factors Affecting the Development of Equatorial Regions, 119; Questions and Exercises, 120, 16. The Tropical Monsoon and Tropical Marine Climates 122 Distribution, 122; Seasons of the Tropical Mon- soon Climate, 123; The Retreating Monsoon, 124; Tropical Marine Climate, 124; Tropicat Monsoon Forests, 124; Agricultural Development in Mon- soon Lands, 125; Question and Exercises, 127. 17. The Savanna or Sudan Climate 129 Distribution, 128; Climate of the Sudan Type, 128; Natural Vegetation, 129; Animal Life of the Savanna, 130; Human Life in the Savanna, 131; Problems, Prospects and Development of the Savanna, 132; Question and Exercises, 133. 18. The Hot Desert and Mid-Latitude Desert Cii- mates 134 Distribution, 134; Climate, 134; Climatic Condi- tions in the Mid-Latitude Deserts, 136; Desert Vegetation, 136; Life in the Desert, 137: Ques- tions and Exercises, 140, 19. The Warm Temperate Western Margin (Mediterranean) Climate 141 Distribution, 141; Climate, 141; Natural Vegeta- tion, 144; Economic Development of the Mediter- ranean Regions, 145; Questions and Exercises, 147, 20. The Temperate Continental (Steppe) Climate Distribution, 148; Climate, 148; Natural Vegeta- tion, 150; Economic Development, 151; Questions and Exercises, 153, 21, The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin (com Type) Climate . ° Distribution, 155; Climate, 155; Natural vege tion, 158; Economic Development, 158; Qu and Exercises, 161. i" 22. The Cool Temperate Western Margin ors Type) Climate " Distibution, 163; Climate, 163; Natur Ee tion, 165; Economic Development, 165; and Exercises, 169. 23, The Cool Temperate Continental (Siberia) Climate . Distribution, 170; Climate, 170; Natural in tion, 172) Economic Development, 173: tions and Exercises, 175, rem 24. The Cool Temperate Eastern Margin (Laut 116 tan) Climate | . mic Distribution, 176; Climate, 166; Boonen Development, 178; Fishing, 179; Ques Exercises, 181, 183 25, The Arctic or Polar Climate a Distribution, 183; Climate, 183; Tund veee tion, 184; The Importance and Recent tions and ment of the Arctic Region, 1, ue estions, Exercises, 186; Selected Cambridge 186.