ap Designation: C 108 - 46 (Reappraved 1986)" Standard Symbols for Heat Transmission’ Toit Ane Princo Pa om he soe ce Aa anc, Cop ASTM epi ‘eet ne Se cones rm oor Seton “This sandard is ised under the Sued deigaton C108; the number immedi flloning the designation indicates the year of ciginal adoption 0, nthe case of revision, the yar ofl revion. A suber in peers indicates the Year at approval A ‘alos (indicates an editorial charge soe tb last revision or reaporoval ‘7 Nort The deintion or conduction was etary conscied ia December 1985 ‘SPECIAL PRACTICES RELATING TO HEAT FLOW ‘TERMS, ‘Terms Ending in “ivity”—Terms ending in “ivity” designate ‘characteristics of materials, normally independent of size or shape, sometimes called “specific properties.” Examples: Conductivity and resistivity. ‘Terms Ending in “ance” —Terms ending in “ance” designate roperties of a particular object, depending not only on the material, but also upon size and shape, sometimes called “total quantities.” Examples: Conductance and transmittance. ‘Terms Ending in “ioa”—Terms ending in “ion” designate time rate of the process of transfer; flux, flow rate. Examples: Conduction and transmission, ‘Transmissioa—“Transmission,” “transmissivity,” “transmit. tance” usually refer to transfer by one or more of the processes of conduction, convection, and radiation. ‘Conductioa—"Conduction,” “conductivity.” “conductance” usually refer to transfer within a medium, and without bodily displacement as occurs with convection, and without transfer at a distance as occurs with radiation. eo ene ~ye is HEAT FLOW SYMBOLS = area ‘= density; pounds, kilograms, etc., per unit of volume = length of path of heat flow = total quantity of heat transferred (with subscripts for particular cases and to distinguish for Q for volume rate) = volume rate; discharge by volume; fluid rate of flow by volume. (There also is used g with a subscript to distinguish from heat flow rate.) = specific heat = temperature on absolute scale = temperature, degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit = time = weight; quantity of matter measured in pounds, Ailograms, ete ‘Thee symbols a under the jurisiion of ASTM Commitee C4 on Refractories and te the iret reponaiity of Subcomanites O08.05 oo Heat ‘Trane nd Initio. Suit en proved Sept, 1946, Oat Pebibes 1934, Reis 108-38. ‘Thee ambos fr beat raaminsion ae ident! with those apescing i the ‘American Natonal Standard Lette: Syrabols for Heat snd Thermodyoacics Inctading Heat Pow (ANSI 104 of he American National Sundar Inset w q Wk UR LRA u = flow rate; pounds, kiliograms, etc., per unit of time = heat flow rate; time rate of heat transferred for a particular setup with any value of area A (is in general the time derivative of tal quantity of heat ‘ransferred. For steady-state heat flow, ¢is total quantity of ‘eat divided by time. = thermal conductivity; heat flow rate, per unit of ‘area, per “degree per unit of length” dal ~ 4 (4) gener exgresion sing ae a cach er iy )(84/L) for substantially uniform and steady-state ‘eat flow through a bomogeneous medium of thickness L, with plane parallel faces of arc, and a constant tempera: ture diference ai applied to the faces = thermal resistivity; reciprocal of conductivity = thermal resistance; degrees, per unit of heat flow rate, for a particular body or setup (where the area ‘may not be known) R= aia for substantial uniform and seat eat fw, ‘generally {L/kA for substantially uniform and steady-state heat ® geneous aed of thcknea wih pane para ics chee a = thermal conductance; reciprocal of thermal resist- ance (Cis also used) = thermal conductance per unit of area; heat flow, rate, per unit of area, per degree = thermal resistance of unit area; degrees, per “unit of heat flow rate per unit of area.” R is used for resistance for a setup with a particular area (which may not be known) and RA for resistance of unit area. In some British texts R is used for thermal, resistance of unit area, here called Ra = surface coefficient of heat transfer; heat flow rate, pet unit of area, per degree, across a boundary surface ‘Gai6A = nae general expresion giving value at each poiat hy = (/A)/As for substantially uniform and steady-state ‘eat flow, where he and Ay are constant over the area or ‘where one but not both of hem varies but may substantially ‘be represeatod by a mean value. isan average property of a particular boundary condition or film and ik not necesarly inversely proportional to film thickness. Ai, is the mean absolute diflereace between the temperature (ofthe surface and , the bulk temperature of the ambleat fluid, or the temperature ofthe surface of an adjacent solid. = overall coefficient of heat transfer, sometimes called thermal transmittance per unit of area; heat flow@ c 108 rate, per unit of area, per desree, for a particular setup of one or more bodies and films. ‘Then for substantially uniform and steady-state heat flow Um (@/A)/a4 Some particular area in the setup, A, may be chosen a1 a reference. Then for & setup of Romogencous bows, area 4,, and adjacent fms, area 4,,, where the correrponding valves of hand k ae sobtanbally constant ‘over the ares considered, 1/U = UL JkAgA) + EL /(idye/ AD For parallel walls, 1/U = HL fk) + Ash) oF, 1/U = 2RA + B(1/h) shape factor of a structure; heat flow rate, divided by equivalent thermal conductivity and by the temper- ature difference between inner and outer surfaces, S= aka, = total emissivity; ratio of radiant ux from a source ‘to that for a blackbody of the same size and shape, at the same temperature, according to the Stefan- Boltzmann law which is, cll = radiant flux; radiant energy per unit of time, for any area d = thermal diffusivity; thermal conductivity divided by heat capacity per unit volume, a= kjep = flow rate in pounds per unit of time, per unit of area ‘of cross section; called weight velocity, or mass velocity, G=¥p = difference between values, often taken as positive when itis that difference causing flow. ‘Ths sand is subject torso at any tine bythe respon ectnicl commie ad st beroriamad every fe yours ant trot ried athe! apoved or wickaun, You coroart re Wed ata fot revlon fis araard rf adel wancares ‘nd sheuid be adoronand fo ASTM Hacks. 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