Some Recent Publications in English Translation ܲ !Ó ï˛# Ì≈ ≤Ã Ü˛y !

¢ ï˛
A.chik Poetry Rs. 100
Traditional and Modern
Compiled and edited by
§%ö#°Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ò_
Caroline R. Marak

Echoes From Lungleng Tang Rs. 90 ò% !ê˛ Ü˛y Óƒ @ˇÃ si

Bongcher Literature of Oral Tradition
Compiled and Edited by Kamal Bongcher,
Zohming Thanga Bongcher ÓÜ%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ à¶˛ 30‰
Translation Editor : Saraj Chaudhuri

Rainbow Rhymes of Tagore Rs. 450 (in four volumes)

ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ Ó,!‹T ~ˆÏ°y 30‰
Rabindranath Tagore
Translated and Introduced by Utpal K. Banerjee

Rhythm from The Past Rs. 75

Poems by Ashangbam Minaketan Singh
Tr. by various hands x ü ° Ü%˛ üy Ó˚ ü [˛ °
Translation Editor : N. Khagendra Singh
≤Ãî#ï˛
§¡±!ï˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ @ˇÃsi

Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ ≠ !ÓK˛yˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyÓƒyÎ˚ö

Ó˚Ó#wÈÙÈܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ xhsˇ≈ÓÎ˚ˆÏö !ܲû˛yˆÏÓ xy•zöfiê˛yˆÏöy_Ó˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ !ÓK˛yˆÏö üü≈§ï˛ƒ !üˆÏ¢ xyˆÏåÈ
Sahitya Akademi öyöy ï˛Ìƒ Ä ï˛_¥ §•ˆÏÎyˆÏà ï˛y ~•z @ˇÃˆÏsi í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– 200‰

Head Office öyöy ˆã˛yˆÏá !ÓˆÏÓܲyö®

Rabindra Bhavan, 35, Ferozeshah Road, New Delhi 110 001
Phoen : 011-23386626/27/28, Fax : 091-011-23382428
Eastern Regional Office
4, D. L. Khan Road, Kolkata-700 025
Phone : (033) 2419-1683/1706, Fax : (033) 2419-1684
Books available at
Sahitya Akademi, Block 5B Rabindra Sarobar Stadium
Kolkata-700 029, Phone : 2419-8109
Dey Book Store, Dey’s Publishing, Usha Publishing
and Manisha Granthalay
÷ô% ›!ï˛ öÎ˚ñ Ó›Óyò# xá[˛ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ çß√§yô≈¢ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ Ó‡üy!eܲ
!ÓˆÏÓܲyöˆÏ®Ó˚ Óƒ!_´c Ä !ÓŸªˆÏã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈yÎ˚ï˛ Ó˚*˛õ !ӈϟ’!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– 400‰
ˆò¢ ≤Ãܲy¢öñ 65 flT…yu˛ ˆÓ˚yí˛ñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÈÙÈ6ñ ˆú˛yö ≠ 9874951539
....
!Ó!Ó_´ xü° [!öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ §Çܲ°ö]
ܲ!Óï˛y §y!•ï˛ƒ à!îï˛!ÓK˛yö !¢“ §D#ï˛ •z!ï˛•y§ Óyܲƒï˛_¥ •zï˛ƒy!ò öyöy !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ §üyçï˛y!_¥Ü˛
Ä Ó%!k˛ôü#≈ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ˆòáyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– í˛zFå¥ÈyˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆü¢yˆÏöy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– üöˆÏöÓ˚
Ó˚§yÎ˚ö– Ó˚ã˛öyܲy° 2006ÈÙÈ2011– 200‰
ò#˛õ ≤Ãܲy¢öñ 209~ñ !Óôyö §Ó˚!îñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÈÙÈ6ñ ˆú˛yö ≠ 033ÈÙÈ2241ÈÙÈ2538

x!ÓŸªy§ƒ ܲü òyˆÏü öyü# ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãӈ϶˛Ó˚ Ó•z
xߨòy¢B˛Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆáy°y üö ˆáy°y òÓ˚çy 8.00
!ò¢y 8.00
xü°Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ˆâyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wöyˆÏÌÓ˚ xöƒ çàÍ 20.00
x!ö°ÓÓ˚î Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ◊#xÓ˚!ӈϮÓ˚ à#ï˛y S5 á[˛V 50.00
ç•Ó˚°y° ˆöˆÏ•Ó˚&Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚yç#Óö Ä ˆÜ˛yö ˛õˆÏÌ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ 6.00
ö!°ö#ܲyhsˇ =ÆÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚yç àë˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y 5.00
≤Ãû˛yï˛Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ ôü≈ÈÙȧy!•ï˛ƒ Sˆ°Ô!ܲܲV 18.00
◊#üò‰ !ÓçÎ˚Ü,˛£èÓ˚ ò¢ ü•y!Óòƒy S§!ã˛eV 8.00
¢ã˛#w°y° Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓyÓÓ˚öyüyÎ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛Ü˛Ìy 8.00
§%ô#Ó˚Ü%˛üyÓ˚ !üeÓ˚ ˆòÓÈÙȈòÓ#Ó˚ ܲÌy Ä Ü˛y!•ö# 25.00
¢B˛Ó˚ û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈Ó˚ öyê˛ƒyã˛yÎ≈ !¢!¢Ó˚Ü%˛üyÓ˚ 20.00
§®#˛õ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˛õܲyˆÏ§yÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# 6.00
§%áüÎ˚ ü%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˜ã˛ï˛öƒˆÏòÓ 12.00
◊#˛õyˆÏsiÓ˚ ◊#˛õyˆÏsiÓ˚ öyöyÓ˚ܲü 30.00
Ó˚*˛õò¢#≈Ó˚ Ó˚DÓƒD 8.00
!¢ÓöyÓ˚yÎ˚î Ó˚yÎ˚ S§¡õy!òï˛V !ÓˆÏÓܲ# !¢“# xߨòy¢B˛Ó˚ 20.00
Ó˚ˆÏüwöyÓ˚yÎ˚î öyˆÏàÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wöyê˛ˆÏܲ àyˆÏöÓ˚ û)˛!üܲy 20.00
§ˆÏï˛ƒwöyÌ Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §,!‹T Ä üöˆÏöÓ˚ öyöy !òˆÏܲ
Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ 18.00
xyö®ˆÏày˛õy° Ó܉˛§# Ä
ˆòÓy!¢§ ã˛e´Óï˛#≈Ó˚ !ã˛hsˇyöyÎ˚ܲ Óyê˛Δ≈u˛ Ó˚yˆÏ§° 8.50
öçÓ˚&° •z§°yˆÏüÓ˚ Î%àÓyî# 16.00
Ó˚&oüD° 8.00
!í˛. ~ü. °y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚
42 !Óôyö §Ó˚î#†Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÈÙÈ700006†ˆú˛yö ≠ S033V 2241ÈÙÈ3665
!ö Ó≈y !ã˛ ï˛ à òƒ Ó˚ ã˛ öy
•y•zö!Ó˚¢ •y•zˆÏö 150‰
û)˛!üܲy Ä û˛y£ÏyhsˇÓ˚ ≠ !ÓŸªöyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
[ ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ •y•zˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü àòƒ§Çܲ°ö ]
Ú•y•zˆöÏ Ó˚ ˆ≤ÈüÏ Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ xö%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ û)˛!üܲyÎ˚ çy!öˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ° Ï ö ¢!_´ ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ ÚÚ•y•zˆöÏ Ó˚
àˆÏòƒÓ˚ xö%Óyò xyüyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õˆÏí˛¸!ö–ÛÛ ˆ§•z xû˛yÓ ˛õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚ˆ° Ï ö !ÓŸªöyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ é˛Ó˚é˛ˆÏÓ˚ xö%ÓyˆÏò....–Û ÈÙÙÙÈxyö®ÓyçyÓ˚ ˛õ!eܲyñ 3 çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ 2010
....
Ú•y•zˆÏöÓ˚ àòƒ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˆï˛üö öÎ˚– ˆ§•z =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
òy!Î˚c !öˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö !ÓŸªöyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚– Úܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈Û ˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ í˛zòˆ‰ ÎÏ yˆÏà ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È
•y•zö!Ó˚¢ •y•zˆÏöÓ˚ !öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ àòƒÓ˚ã˛öy– í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒ Ü˛yç–ÛÈÙÙÙÈxyçܲy°ñ 12 ~!≤ð 2010
....
Ú....Ó•z!ê˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ •y•zˆÏöÓ˚ àòƒÓ˚ã˛öyÓ˚ ≤çyò=î!ê˛ ã˛üÍܲyÓ˚û˛yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
§y!•ï˛ƒ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ Ä §yôyÓ˚î ˛õyë˛Ü˛ñ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z xÓ¢ƒ˛õyë˛ƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ @ˇÃs–i Û
ÈÙÙÙÈí˛zß√%_´ í˛zFå¥Èy§ñ !öí˛z !ò!Õ‘ñ ç%°y•zÈÙÈxàfiê˛ñ 2010
...........
£ÏyˆÏê˛Ó˚ xydü@¿ ܲ!Ó
!ÓŸªöyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
!öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ܲ!Óï˛y 60‰
ˆÓ˚ˆÏö§Ñy§ ˛õyÓ!°¢y§≈ ≤Ãy•zˆÏû˛ê˛ !°!üˆÏê˛í˛
Úü!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢§M˛Èy°ö Ä xyd§ˆÏã˛ï˛ö ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÈÙÈ!öÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ≤Ãüyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˙Ÿª!Ó˚ܲ
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ !ï˛!ö §◊ü xö%§¶˛yˆÏö ˆÓ!¢ !ÓŸªy§#– ܲ!Ó ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ Îï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚
í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈö ï˛ˆÏï˛y•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲ˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÓ˚áy flõ‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ ú%˛ˆÏê˛ í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈ–ÛÈÙÙÙÈÓˆ˚ üÏ wÜ%˛üyÓ˚ xyã˛yÎ≈ˆãÏ ˛Ôô%Ó#˚
....
Úܲ!Óï˛y=!°Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ˆ§=!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ x!ôܲyÇ¢ˆÏܲ•z •*òÎ˚ Ä Ó%!k˛Ó˚ñ
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ Ä !ã˛hsˇˆÏöÓ˚ §!¡ø°ˆÏö §ü,k˛ Ó˚ã˛öy ӈϰ•z xyüÓ˚y ¢öy_´ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–Û
ÈÙÙÙÈÚÓyÇ°y Ó•zñ ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ñ 2008
....
ÚïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ üöö•z xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆëÏ ˛ˆÏåÈ–ÛÈÙÙÙÈÚüy•z°ˆÏfiê˛yöÛñ ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ñ˚ 2009
ÚïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ܲ¡õö xyˆÏåÈñ ï˛ˆÏÓ !Ó•¥°ï˛y ˆö•z– xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ fl∫ï˛Éfl≥)˛ï≈˛ï˛y
öÎ˚ñ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚¢#!°ï˛ í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ö xyüÓ˚y !ÓŸªöyˆÏÌÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ ˛õy•z–
ÈÙÙÙÈܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ñ ˆüñ 2010
....
ÚåÈ® !öü≈yˆÏî Ä !ö˛õ%î ¢∑≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ˆÏà ˛õyÓ˚ò¢#≈ ~•z ܲ!Ó–Û
ÈÙÙÙÈÚ•zÎ˚yÓ˚Ó%ܲ Óyï≈˛yñ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ñ 2008
ܲ!ÓÓ˚ §ˆÏD §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà
ò)Ó˚û˛y£Ï ≠ 0332643ÈÙÈ5383ñ 9339125011
 ܲ !Ó ï˛# Ì≈ ≤Ã Ü˛y !¢ ï˛
ܲ !Ó ï˛# Ì≈ ≤Ã Ü˛y !¢ ï˛
xOö ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
≤Ãî#ï˛ Ä xö)!òï˛ !Ó ö Î˚ ü ç% ü òy Ó˚
!ï˛ö!ê˛ @ˇÃsi
!ÓöÎ˚ üç%üòyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆåÈyê˛à“ 160‰
[ã˛!Õ‘¢!ê˛ ˆåÈyê˛àˆÏ“Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç@ˇÃ•ˆÏÎyàƒ §Çܲ°ö]

ô)§Ó˚ ç#Óöyö® [≤ÃÓ¶˛] 60‰

ܲ!Óï˛y Ó%!é˛!ö xy!ü 36‰
•y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ° ˆ°áy ܲ!Óï˛y=FåÈ 75‰
[2005ÈÙÈ~ §y!•ï˛ƒ xܲyˆÏò!ü ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ !ÓçÎ˚# ܲyÓƒ@ˇÃsi ]

!¢ü%°˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áy ܲ!Óï˛y 75‰

•yÇ!Ó˚ ü%£Ï°˛õÓ≈ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ üyö!ã˛e 40‰
í˛z_Ó˚ã˛!Õ‘¢yñ •yÇ!Ó˚ Ä !û˛öüy!ê˛ÈÙÙÙÈ!ï˛ö!ê˛ í˛z˛õöƒy§ xOö ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛yˆÏjy!ê˛ ≤Ã!§k˛
~ܲˆÏe ~ܲ ü°yˆÏê˛ •yÇ!Ó˚ öyˆÏü ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛– ˆåÈyê˛àˆÏ“Ó˚ §Ç@ˇÃ•ˆÏÎyàƒ §Çܲ°ö– ˆåÈyˆÏê˛y ˆåÈyˆÏê˛y àòƒ Ä ˛õòƒ 70‰
≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛y° ≠ çyö%Îy˚ !Ó˚ñ 2012 ≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛y° ≠ çyö%Îy˚ !Ó˚ñ 2009 ....
200 ê˛yܲy 125 ê˛yܲy
í˛zͲõ° û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ §¡õy!òï˛
!ÓöÎ˚ üç%üòyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ §Çܲ°ö
ü%ˆÏáyü%!á !ÓöÎ˚ üç%üòyÓ˚
åÈí˛¸yˆÏöy!åÈê˛yˆÏöy ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xÓ°%Æ xÓfliy ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%•z ü°yˆÏê˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ §üy!•ï˛
§y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚=!°ˆÏï˛ ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚ í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ !ÓöÎ˚ üç%üòyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ç#Óöã˛ã≈˛y Ä Ü˛yÓƒã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy– í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ Ü˛!Óç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ Ó‡ xçyöy ï˛Ìƒ– 125‰
xü°Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ü[˛° ˛≤Ãî#ï˛ §¡õy!òï˛
x!Ÿªö#ï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó
!ÓöÎ˚ üç%üòyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#ÓöܲÌy
!ÓöÎ˚ üç%üòyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyüyîƒ ç#Óö#@ˇÃsi 150‰
xyüyÓ˚ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£Ïyò à!îܲyÓ˚y
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#!Óáƒyï˛ í˛z˛õöƒy§ ÚˆüˆÏüy!Ó˚ç xú˛ üy•z ˆü°yöܲ!° ˆ•yÓ˚§‰Û xOö ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
!ÓöÎ˚ üç%üòyÓ˚ ≠ xö%ôƒyˆÏö xö%û˛ˆÏÓ
x§yôyÓ˚î xö%ÓyˆÏò ÚxyüyÓ˚ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£Ïyò à!îܲyÓ˚yÛ ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ ≤ÃÌü ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ~ÓÇ =!îçö ≤âÇ!§ï˛– ~•z ≤ÃÌü !ÓöÎ˚ üç%üòyÓ˚ˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyhflÏ @ˇÃsi–
≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛y° ≠ çyö%Îy˚ !Ó˚ñ 2012– 175 ê˛yܲy !Ó!û˛ß¨ §üyˆÏ°yã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ӈϟ’!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö
§ÇflÒÓ˚î ˆ¢£Ï •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà §Ç@ˇÃ• ܲÓ˚&ö– ܲ!Ó !ÓöÎ˚ üç%üòyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ÈÙȧü@ˇÃ Ó˚ã˛öy§Ω˛yÓ˚– 400‰
 ≤Ã Ü˛y ˆÏ¢ Ó˚ x ˆÏ˛õ «˛y Î˚ ≤Ã Ü˛y ˆÏ¢ Ó˚ x ˆÏ˛õ «˛y Î˚
xyˆÏ°yܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ≠ ˜öÉ¢ˆÏ∑ƒÓ˚ xhsˇˆÏflÀyï˛
ˆòÓòy§ xyã˛yÎ≈ ≠ ú˛!ê˛Ü˛ç°
ˆòÓy!¢§ òy§ ≠ ˛õÑã˛y_Ó˚!ê˛ ˆåÈyê˛à“
í˛zòÎ˚¢ÇܲÓ˚ Óü≈y ≠ xܲy° ˜û˛Ó˚Ó#
ˆòÓy!¢§ ã˛e´Óï˛#≈ ≠ !öï˛y•zˆÏòÓ˚ üyÎ˚yÓ# Óy!í˛¸
ˆòÓy!¢§ ã˛e´Óï˛#≈ ≠ ܲ°ï˛°yÓ˚ ¢ƒyÄ°y !ܲ¡∫y Ók˛ ˛õyà°
xÓ˚&ˆÏî£Ï ˆây£Ï ≠ ˆòÑy•y§ü@ˇÃñ ܲ!Óï˛y§ü@ˇÃ 2
§OÎ˚ ˆ§yü ≠ xyüyÓ˚ ˛õM˛È¢#°
!•Ó˚^ˇÈ¬Î˚ àˆÏDy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ≠ Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏoy•#Ó˚y
ü°Î˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚# ≠ !öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛
x°Ü˛ §yühsˇ ≠ •ë˛yÍ ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ !mï˛#Î˚ §ÇflÒÓ˚î
!ÓöÎ˚ üç%üòyÓ˚ ≠ !¢ü%°˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áy ܲ!Óï˛y 75‰
xü°Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ü[˛° §¡õy!òï˛
!ÓöÎ˚ üç%üòyÓ˚ ≠ xö%ôƒyˆÏö xö%û˛ˆÏÓ 400‰
≤ÃyÎ˚ ò%ˆÏ¢y!ê˛ ˆåÈyê˛à“ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyåÈy•z ܲÓ˚y xÓ˚&ˆÏî£Ï ˆây£Ï ≠ ç#Óöyö® 150‰
˛õÑã˛y_Ó˚!ê˛ à“ fliyö ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~•z §Çܲ°ˆÏö– ˛õyӈϰy ˆöÓ˚&òyÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y 150‰
û)˛!üܲy Ä û˛y£ÏyhsˇÓ˚ ≠ í˛zòÎ˚ û˛yò%í˛¸#
~ܲçö ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §yÓ˚y ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §,!‹TÓ˚ ˆòÓy!¢§ òy§ ≠ ˛õÑ!ã˛¢!ê˛ ˆåÈyê˛à“ 60‰
ú˛§° ~•z §Çܲ°ö–
ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òy!Ó˚oÈÙÈò%ÉáÈÙÈÎsfîyÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏFåÈòÈÙÈ•ï˛y¢yÈÙÈÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÈÙÈí˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y xyÓ˚ 50†3ñ ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ §Ó˚!îñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÈÙÈ23
˛õÓ˚yçˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §#üy•#ö @’y!öÓ˚ üˆÏôƒÄ ˆ°áܲ á%шÏç ˆÓí˛¸yö üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
fl∫≤¿ÈÙÈû˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y xyÓ˚ xyöˆÏ®Ó˚ ü%•)ï≈˛=!°–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ üyö%£Ï•z §Óñ üyö%£Ï•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §,!‹TÓ˚ xyôyÓ˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ !müy!§Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛yˆÏܲ!wܲ ܲyàç
≤ÃFåÈò ≠ ≤ÃÓ#Ó˚ ˆ§ö

§Ç@ˇÃˆÏ• Ó˚yáyÓ˚ üï˛ö ~ܲ!ê˛ §Çܲ°ö

ˆáy°y üö
ˆ°áܲ Ä ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ ˆ§ï%˛ àí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚

ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛yöy
50†3ñ ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ §Ó˚!îñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÈÙÈ23 §%!üï˛yû˛ ˆây£Ïy°
ˆú˛yö ≠ 033ÈÙÈ240ÈÙÈ10954ñ 9231859988ñ 8902697882 142ÈÙȈçñ §yí˛zÌ !§Ö!Ì ˆÓ˚yí˛ñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÈÙÈ50ñ ò)Ó˚û˛y£Ï ≠ 9830275781
 ܲ !Ó ï˛# Ì≈ ≤Ã Ü˛y !¢ ï˛
Ó˚ˆÏüwÜ%˛üyÓ˚ xyã˛yÎ≈ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚# ≠ üyï,˛Ü˛yÓˆÏî≈Ó˚y ~§ 150‰
!ÓöÎ˚ üç%üòyÓ˚ ≠ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ° ˆ°áy ܲ!Óï˛y=FåÈ 40‰ ô)§Ó˚ ç#Óöyö® 60‰
xy° üy•ü%ò ≠ •*òÎ˚˛õ%Ó˚ 15‰
xˆÏ°yܲÓ˚Oö òy¢=Æ ≠ §ühflÏ •*òÎ˚ ÷ô% û)˛Ü˛¡õ≤ÃÓî •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ 60‰
ò#˛õܲ Ó˚&o ≠ ÷ܲˆÏöy ˛õyï˛y 30‰ Ü%˛•Ü˛ ç° 30‰ xã≈˛öy xyã˛yÎ≈ˆãÏ ˛Ôô%Ó#˚ ≠ ܲ!Óï˛y§Ç@ˇÃ• 100‰
ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ °y!•í˛¸# ≠ •yÄÎ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚yï˛ 50‰ áÑyã˛y 40‰ ˜§Ü˛ˆÏï˛ !öç≈ö ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ 35‰
≤ÃÓy§ ò_ ≠ ܲyë˛ˆÏày°y˛õ Ä ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆâyí˛¸yÓ˚ !í˛ˆÏüÓ˚ à“ 50‰
í˛zòÎ˚ û˛yò%í˛¸# ≠ °y¢ 60‰ §¢flf §Ç@ˇÃyˆÏü ܲyˆÏhflÏÓ˚ û)˛!üܲy 60‰ ã˛ˆÏ°y •hflÏ#ÜÑ˛y®y 50‰
xÓ˚&ˆÏî¢ ˆây£Ï ≠ ç#Óöyö® 150‰ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Îyey 60‰ ܲ!Óï˛y§Ç@ˇÃ• 1 100‰
xOö ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ≠ •yÇ!Ó˚ 200‰ ü%£Ï°˛õÓ≈ 125‰
Ó˚üy≤çyò ˆò ≠ û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ çyöy°y ˆÌˆÏܲ 150‰
ü°Î˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚# ≠ çÑy xyï%≈˛Ó˚ Ó˚уyˆÏÓy 80‰ öyê˛Ü˛§ü@ˇÃ 40‰ ~•z xôü Ä•z xôü 50‰
xÓ˚!Ó® ≤Ãôyö ≠ xô%öy!hsˇÜ˛ §y!•ï˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚ 60‰
ˆòÓòy§ xyã˛yÎ≈ ≠ ú˛!ê˛Ü˛ ç° 125‰ ˆÎ xyˆÏåÈy xhsˇˆÏÓ˚ 50‰
§%ˆÏáö §Ñyï˛Ó˚y ≠ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ 60‰ í˛yöyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ !òö 50‰
ˆòÓy!¢§ òy§ ≠ ˛õÑ!ã˛¢!ê˛ ˆåÈyê˛à“ 60‰ ò¢!ê˛ ˆåÈyê˛à“ 40‰ Ó,«˛üyöÓ 40‰
ˆòÓy!¢§ ã˛e´Óï˛#≈ ≠ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ñ ò°ï˛sf Ä x!üÎ˚ 100‰ üyÜ≈˛§Óyò Ä Ó˚ï˛ö 50‰
ày!Ó ˆÎÏ °˚ ày!§≈Îy˚ üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ xyüyÓ˚ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£Ïyò à!îܲyÓ˚y 175‰ xö%Óyò ≠ xOö ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
í˛zͲõ° û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ §¡õy!òï˛ ü%ˆáÏ yü%!á çÑy ˛õ° §yˆÏe≈ 150‰ ü%ˆáÏ yü%!á !ÓöÎ˚ üç%üòyÓ˚ 125‰
û˛y!ç≈!öÎ˚y í˛z°‰ú˛ ≠ x!û˛ü%á Óy!ï˛âÓ˚ 200‰ xö%Óyò ≠ ö)˛õ%Ó˚ =Æ
çÑy ˛õ° §yˆÏe≈Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ ˆ°áy ≠ âÓ˚ Ä §æyhsˇ ˛õîƒy 60‰ ü)° ˆÌˆÏܲ xö%Óyò ≠ ï˛˛õï˛# Ó˚y‡ï˛
ò%!ê˛ !ã˛eöyê˛ƒ ≠ •zDüyÓ˚ Óyà≈üƒyö 125‰ xö% ≠ ï˛˛õï˛# Ó˚y‡ï˛
ˆçü§ çˆÏÎ˚§ ≠ à“§ü@ˇÃ 175‰ xö%Óyò ≠ ≤Ãï˛y˛õÜ%˛üyÓ˚ §y•y
xy°ˆÏÓÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyü%Ó˚ ˆåÈyê˛à“ 150‰ xö%Óyò ≠ ≤ÃÓy§ ò_
˜§Î˚ò §!üò%° xy°ü ≤Ãî#ï˛ñ xö)!òï˛ Ä §¡õy!òï˛
ú ˛yö‰Í§ ܲyú˛Ü˛yÓ˚ à“ òyÎ˚ ˆû˛Ó˚‰ÄÎ˚yö‰ò%°%ä Ä ï˛yÓ˚ !öü≈yî 200‰
ú ˛yö‰Í§ ܲyú˛Ü˛yÓ˚ í˛yˆÏÎ˚!Ó˚ [§ü@ˇÃ !òö!°!˛õ ~ܲˆÏe] 350‰
ú ˛yö‰Í§ ܲyú‰˛Ü˛yÓ˚ !ã˛!ë˛ [!öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ §Çܲ°ö] 300‰ ú ˛yö‰Í§ ܲyú‰˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆåÈyê˛à“ 150‰
ú ˛yö‰Í§ ܲyú‰˛Ü˛yÓ˚ à“ñ ܲ!Óï˛yñ öyê˛Ü˛ 100‰
çÑy xyï%≈˛Ó˚ Ó˚уyˆÏÓy ≠ üyï˛y° ï˛Ó˚î# 30‰ û˛yÓyö%Óyò ≠ xÓ˚&ˆÏî¢ ˆây£Ï
ˆê˛í˛ !•í˛zˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛y 30‰ û)˛!üܲy Ä û˛y£ÏyhsˇÓ˚ ≠ ˆòÓy!¢§ òy¢
ˆ•ö!Ó˚ °%•z !û˛!û˛Î˚yö !í˛ˆÏÓ˚y!çÄ ≠ !ÓÇ¢!ï˛ Ü˛!Óï˛y 40‰
û)˛!üܲy Ä û˛y£ÏyhsˇÓ˚ ≠ Ó˚üy≤çyò ˆò
50†3ñ ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ §Ó˚!îñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÈÙÈ23
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy
~•z §ÇáƒyÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï xyܲ£Ï≈î ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
çß√ 1922ÈÙÈ~ñ û)˛!ü•#ö ~ܲ Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚– !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚
í˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ~ܲˆÏ¢y !ܲˆÏ°y!üê˛yÓ˚ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ˆÏçy xM˛ÈˆÏ°Ó˚
xy!çö•yày @ˇÃyˆÏü– ˛õï%˛≈ !àç û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ Ú§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÛ •° ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆöÏ Ó˚
ˆû˛£Ïçñ •zLjÏÓ˚!çˆÏï˛ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó%ˆÏöy ü%ˆÏ°y ӈϰ– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆ•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ°yܲü%ˆÏá ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ öyü Îy
çß√!öÓ¶˛#ܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ §üÎ˚ û%˛°Ó¢ï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ öyˆÏüÓ˚ §ˆÏD ç%ˆíÏ ˛¸ ˆàˆÏåÈ–
ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸yÎ˚ ˆüôyÓ# §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢!òö Ú@ˇÃyüyÓ˚ fl%҈ϰÛ
˛õí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ Ó•ö ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §D!ï˛ !åÈ° öy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚–
ˆüyê˛Ó˚ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ !ü!flf •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ˆê˛Ü˛!öܲƒy° fl%҈ϰ û˛!ï≈˛ •ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ– ˆ§áyˆÏö ò%ÓåÈÓ˚ àƒyˆÏÓ˚ˆÏçÓ˚ ˆï˛°Ü˛y!°
üyáyÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ– ܲyç ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ïñ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yöyÓ˚
çöƒ !öÎ˚!üï˛ °y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ö !ï˛!ö–
xö%ÓyòˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç ˆ˛õˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ°Ï ö ˛õˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ §üyçܲ°ƒyî òƈÏÓ˚
ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˛õyö–
˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲüye ˆöyˆÏÓ°!ÓçÎ˚# ˆ°áܲ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~ܲyôyˆÏÓ˚
!åȈϰö !öÓ˚#ŸªÓ˚Óyò# ~ÓÇ ˜öÓ˚y¢ƒÓyò#– Óyü˛õsi# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚
§!e´Î˚ §ò§ƒ– §¡õyòöy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ Ú!òÎ˚y!Ó˚Ä ˆò ˆ°y!ï˛!§Î˚y§Û
§ÇÓyò˛õe–
1947ÈÙÈ~ñ ˛õÑ!ã˛¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ≤ÃÌü @ˇÃsi Ú°ƒyu˛ xÓ !§öÛ–
1998ÈÙÈ~ñ !åÈÎy˚ _Ó˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆ§Ï §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ófl˚ ÒyÓ˚– xyÓ˚ñ
2009ÈÙÈ~ñ §yï˛y!¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï @ˇÃsi
ÚˆÜ˛•zöÛ–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ü)ˆÏ° xyˆÏåÈ Ü˛“öy ~ÓÇ ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚
§Ç!ü◊î– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲ“öy¢!_´ !ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚– ܲáöÄ Ü˛áöÄ üˆÏö •Î˚ñ
xö%üyö•z ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛§ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xÇ¢û˛y܉˛– á%Ó ç!ê˛° !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏÜ˛Ä !ï˛!ö
xq$ï˛ üyö!Óܲ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáö– xyô%!öܲ öàÓ˚ç#Óö
~ÓÇ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~ܲy!ܲc ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï =Ó˚&c ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
§ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ˆú˛yܲy§ ܲÓ˚y !åÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó ï˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈö ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚– !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ܲáöÄ !˛õå%È åÈyˆÏí˛¸!ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚– ˆ•öfliyÓ˚
fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöñ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö !öÓ≈y!§ï˛– ï˛Ó% ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áö# ˆÌˆÏü

ÌyˆÏܲ!ö– xyç#Óö fl∫yï˛ˆÏsfƒÓ˚ §¶˛yˆÏö Ó ï˛# !åȈϰö !ï˛!ö– !åȈϰö
òyÎ˚Ók˛– ü,ï%˛ƒ 2010ÈÙÈ~ñ ˆflõˆÏöÓ˚ °yöçyˆÏÓ˚yê˛ m#˛õ˛õ%ˆÏO–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ 90ï˛ü çß√ӈϣÏ≈ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã›ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~•z
ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe– §üy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ !ܲå%È Ó˚ã˛öy–
~ÓåÈÓ˚ ܲ!Ó û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛wÓ˚ !ï˛ö¢ï˛ï˛ü çß√Ó£Ï≈ xyÓ˚ àòƒˆÏ°áܲ
§Î˚yòï˛ •§ö üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ ¢ï˛ï˛ü çß√Ó£Ï≈ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓ x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛
•ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È !Ó!¢‹T öyê˛ƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˆê˛!ö!§ í˛z•!z °Î˚yü§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ï˛ï˛ü çß√ӣϖ≈
Óï≈˛üyö §ÇáƒyˆÏï˛ ~•z !ï˛öçö flÀ‹TyˆÏÜ˛Ä xyüÓ˚y ◊k˛y çyöyÓyÓ˚
ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ–
~•z §ˆÏD åÈy˛õy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ày!Ó ˆÏÎ˚° ày!§≈Î˚y üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç Ä !≤’!öÄ
xƒy˛õ%ƒˆÏ°Î˚ ˆüö‰ˆíÏ ˛yçyÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö– Ĉϰ ˆ§y•zB˛y ~ÓÇ
!Ó˚ã˛yí≈˛ Ó !ê˛àyˆÏöÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆåÈyê˛à“ ܲ!Óï˛y
Ä Ü˛yÓƒöyê˛Ü˛–
§¡±!ï˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö !Ó!¢‹T ܲ!Ó Ü˛!ÓÓ˚&° •z§°yü– Ó%k˛ˆÏòÓ
Ó§% !Ó£%è ˆò ˜§Î˚ò ü%çï˛Óy xy°# §OÎ˚ û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ !¢ÓöyÓ˚yÎ˚î
Ó˚yÎ˚ xˆÏ¢yܲ !üe ¢!_´ ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
xö%Ó˚yà# !åȈϰö– Ó¶%˛Óͧ° ~•z üyö%£Ï!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚&î ܲ!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈÄ
û˛#£Ïî !≤ÃÎ˚ !åȈ° Ï ö– Úܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ÛÈÙÈÓ˚ §ˆÏD !åÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ö!Óí˛¸ §¡õÜ≈˛–
Úܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈Û @ˇÃ#‹øÈÙÈÓ£Ï≈y 1419 §ÇáƒyˆÏï˛Ä åÈy˛õy •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ܲ!ÓÓ˚&°
•z§°yˆÏüÓ˚ ~ܲ=FåÈ Ü˛!Óï˛y– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒˆÏï˛ xyüÓ˚y ˆ¢yܲy•ï˛–
§y!•ï˛ƒ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ üööy◊Î˚# §yü!Î˚ܲ#
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ÈÙÈ89 ~ܲ!e¢ Ó£Ï≈ xy!Ÿªö 1419
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy
!ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe ≠ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
ˆöyˆÏÓ° x!û˛û˛y£Ïî ≠ xö%Óyò ≠ Ó˚ï˛öÜ%˛üyÓ˚ òy§ 17
xyˆÏ°áƒ
xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲÌy ≠ xö%Óyò ≠ Ó˚ï˛öÜ%˛üyÓ˚ òy§ 27
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆöyê˛Ó•z ≠ xö%Óyò ≠ !ÓŸªöyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ 41
xyüyÓ˚ òyò% !åȈϰö ~ܲçö ¢)ܲÓ˚˛õy°Ü˛ ≠ xö%Óyò ≠ xü°Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ü[˛° 5
!°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆàˆÏê˛ ≠ xö%Óyò ≠ ï˛˛õï˛# Ó˚y‡ï˛ 60
˛õï%≈˛!àç ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Ó°y •Î˚ öy ≠ xö%Óyò ≠ !üï˛}ܲ Óü≈y 64
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ≠ xö%Óyò ≠ í˛zòÎ˚¢ÇܲÓ˚ Óü≈y 73
ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö
ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ ≠ Ó˚!Óö ˛õy° 87
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ≠ ~ܲ x!û˛öÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ܲy!•!ö ≠ ü%Ü%˛° =• 101
≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ Îyey ≠ xü°Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ü[˛° 121
˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲy!•!ö ≠ §%çyï˛y ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ 148
û˛y!àƒ ü•yüyöƒ ˆ˛õy˛õ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ܲ!ü!ê˛Ó˚ xöƒï˛ü §ò§ƒ öö ≠
§ˆÏï˛ƒwöyÌ û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ 151
§yòy x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ñ ܲyˆÏ°y x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚...~ÓÇ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ xö%˛õü ü%ˆáÏ y˛õyôƒyÎ˚ 156
≤Ã!ï˛˛õ«˛ Îáö {ŸªÓ˚ ≠ }ï˛ü‰ ü%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ 161
Ó˚yçܲ#Î˚ •hflÏ#Ó˚ °#°y!Î˚ï˛ ã˛°ö ≠ xö%§)Î˚y ü%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
xö%Óyò ≠ }ï˛ü‰ ü%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ 167
@ˇÃsi˛õ!O 170
ç#Óö˛õ!O 172
fløÓ˚î
ܲ!Ó û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w ≠ x!û˛!çÍ ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚# 177
°yàyü åÈyí˛¸y üˆÏrê˛y ≠ §%!Óü° Ó§yܲ 182
!üfiê˛yÓ˚ ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§ ≠ ˆê˛!ö!§ í˛z•z!°Î˚yü§ ≠ xö%Óyò ≠ ï˛˛õï˛# Ó˚y‡ï˛ 188
≤ÃÓ¶˛
≤Ãüy ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ðyˆÏ˛õ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ çê˛ ≠ §ü#Ó˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚# 194
 ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈
≤ÃÌü ≤Ãܲy¢ ≠ ˛õÑ!ã˛ˆÏ¢ ˜Ó¢yá 1982
x«˛Ó˚ !Óöƒy§ ≠ !öüy•z ¢#ñ xߨ˛õ)î≈y ˆ°çyÓ˚ •yí˛z§ñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÈÙÈ9
ü%oî ≠ §ç° !§ö‰•y Ó˚yÎ˚ñ !í˛. !í˛. xƒyu˛ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!öñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÈÙÈ9
ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ÓÑyôyÎ˚ ≠ §%Ü,˛!ï˛ •y°òyÓ˚ñ ˆàÔÓ˚yD Óy•zu˛yÓ˚ñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÈÙÈ9
àƒy!Ó ˆÏÎ˚° ày!§≈Î˚y üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç Ä !≤’!öÄ xƒy˛õ%ƒˆÏ°Î˚ ˆüö‰ˆÏí˛yçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ü)°ƒ ≠ ˆòí˛¸ˆÏ¢y ê˛yܲy
xö%Óyò ≠ xOö ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ 203 §í˛yܲ ≠ ò%ˆÏ¢y ê˛yܲy
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Ü˛
ܲ!Óï˛y ˛õy!ï˛Ó˚yü Ó%ܲ fiê˛°–– ܲˆÏ°ç !flT…ê˛ çÇ¢öñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÈÙÈ700073
üî#w =Æ xy° üy•ü%ò xyˆÏ°yܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ò#˛õܲ Ó˚&o !ÓŸªöyÌ §M˛ÈÎ˚ö–– §%ö#!ï˛ ˆÓ˚yí˛ñ ˆÜ˛yã˛!Ó•yÓ˚ñ í˛z_Ó˚ÓD
ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ˆòÓyÓ˚!ï˛ !üe xÓ˚&ˆÏî¢ ˆây£Ï Ó˚î!çÍ òy¢ §%ˆÏÓyô §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ó%ܲ§‰–– !¢!°=!í˛¸ñ í˛z_Ó˚ÓD
Ó˚üy≤çyò ˆò Ó˚y‡° ˛õ%Ó˚ܲyÎ˚fli í˛zòÎ˚¢ÇܲÓ˚ Óü≈y ü!îò#˛õy !ÓŸªy§ ܲ#ï≈˛ö#Î˚y §M˛ÈÎ˚ö–– §%ö#!ï˛ ˆÓ˚yí˛ñ ˆÜ˛yã˛!Ó•yÓ˚
≤ÃÌüyñ ï˛«˛¢#°yñ !Ó!òï˛ñ ˛õƒy!˛õÓ˚y§ñ öÓÎ%à ≤Ãܲy¢ö#–– ì˛yܲy
!Óû˛y§ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚# §ü#Ó˚î ü%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ÷û˛B˛Ó˚ òy¢ ˆàÔï˛ü •yçÓ˚y Óy!ï˛âÓ˚ñ ã˛R@ˇÃyü o ܲyˆÏÓ˚rê˛ Ó%ܲ ˆ§rê˛yÓ˚ñ ã˛R@ˇÃyüñ ÓyÇ°yˆÏò¢
§%!üï˛yû˛ ˆây£Ïy° Ó˚Ì#ö ܲÓ˚ x!öÓ≈yî ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ §%ü#ˆÏï˛¢ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §D#ï˛y !°!üˆÏê˛í˛–– °u˛ö o xöƒˆÏü°y–– ܲyöyí˛y
§OÎ˚ ˆ§yü {!∞ï˛y •y°òyÓ˚ §%ö#°Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ò_ !°!° •y°òyÓ˚ x!Ì≈ï˛y
ü[˛° !Ó!ò¢y ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ˛õyÌ≈§yÓ˚!Ì ˆây£Ï ˆòÓˆÏçƒy!ï˛ Ó˚yÎ˚ ≤ÃÓy§ ≤Ã!ï˛!ö!ô
ò_ í˛zͧ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚# §ˆÏï˛ƒwöyÌ û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ xˆÏ°yܲ ˆ§ö ¢ƒyü° ¢#° Parthasarathi Ghosh
Am Kurpark 13, 56112 Lahnstein, Germany
xö%˛õü ü%ˆáÏ y˛õyôƒyÎ˚ §%üsf ˆòÓÜ%˛üyÓ˚ ò_ !¢Óyö# ˛õÑyçy ¢ƒyü°# ˆ§ö=Æ
◊#ü!hsˇ ˆ§ö=Æ xˆÏ°yܲ §yühsˇ ˆày°Ü˛!Ó•yÓ˚# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛y!° ˆò Asoke Das
3327 Wood Haven Road
òyí˛zò •yÎ˚òyÓ˚ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ §y•y 215ÈÙÈ263 PHILADELPHIA, PA-19154. USA

ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ Quader Mahamud

6 North Gardens, LONDON, SW 192 NR
ˆÎ ç#Óö ú˛!í˛¸ˆÏäÓ˚ ˆòyˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≠ ü°Î˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚# 264ÈÙÈ275 ï˛y˛õ§ û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ñ ܲˆÏ°ç !flT…ê˛ñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y
Ĉϰ ˆ§y•zB˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ≠ xö%Óyò ≠ í˛zòÎ˚ û˛yò%í˛¸# 276ÈÙÈ284 §%ˆÏ¢yû˛ö û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y
!Ó˚ã˛yí≈˛ Ó !ê˛àyˆÏöÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ≠ xö%Óyò ≠ ÷û˛B˛Ó˚ òy¢ 285ÈÙÈ290 ¢C!çÍ òy§ñ ˆÜ˛yã˛!Ó•yÓ˚ñ í˛z_Ó˚ÓD
ï˛˛õï˛# Ó˚y‡ï˛ñ ü%¡∫y•z
öÜ%˛° Ó˚yÎ˚ñ Ó˚yüöàÓ˚ñ xyàÓ˚ï˛°yñ !e˛õ%Ó˚y
à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ ˆüy•ö ã˛e´Óï˛#≈ñ Óàyú˛yñ ¢y!hsˇÓyçyÓ˚ñ !e˛õ%Ó˚y
Üœ˛#Ó ≠ ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ °y!•í˛¸# 293 çy!•ò •y§yö üy•ü%òñ ì˛yܲy !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ñ ÓyÇ°yˆÏò¢
!Óflø,!ï˛ ≠ xÓ˚&ˆÏî¢ ˆây£Ï 298 •zí˛z§%ú˛ ü%•¡øòñ ã˛R@ˇÃyü !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ñ ÓyÇ°yˆÏò¢
¢!•òˆÏÓ!ò ≠ í˛zòÎ˚ û˛yò%í˛¸# 303 §¡õyòܲü[˛°#
ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ ö!°ö# ˆÓÓ˚y 314 ˆòÓy!¢§ òy§ í˛zòÎ˚¢ÇܲÓ˚ Óü≈y xü°Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ü[˛° ˆòÓy!¢§ ã˛e´Óï˛#≈
ÓyÓ°yàyåÈ !ܲv !öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ≠ ˆòÓy!¢§ ã˛e´Óï˛#≈ 321 ˛õyÌ≈§yÓ˚!Ì ˆây£Ï ≤Ãï˛y˛õÜ%˛üyÓ˚ §y•y §%ˆÏáö §Ñyï˛Ó˚y xyö® òy¢=Æ
üÓ˚#!ã˛Ü˛y ≠ ˆòÓy!¢§ òy§ 327 ISSN 0974-7583
blog : kabitirtha.blogspot.com # E-mail : kabitirthamagazine@gmail.com
ü•yÓ#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yàÓ˚ °Aâö ≠ ≤ÃÓ#Ó˚ ˆ§ö 335
ˆöyöy ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •y!§ ≠ x!ö° ˆây£Ï 339 ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà
°áy•z ≠ ¢C!çÍ òy§ 348 ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈–– 50†3ñ ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ §Ó˚!îñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÈÙÈ23
!Ó˚çyû≈˛í˛ ÓyÌ≈ ≠ !ö!á° ˆû˛Ô!üܲ 352 65ñ §#ï˛yÓ˚yü ˆây£Ï !flT…ê˛ñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÈÙÈ9
xyüyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z xyd#Î˚ öö ≠ ö!üˆÏï˛¢ ˆây£Ï 355 ò)Ó˚û˛y£Ï ≠ 2401ÈÙÈ0954ñ 9231859988ñ 8902697882
!≤ÃÎ˚ ú˛ı ≠ §%ï˛˛õy òy¢=Æ 357 ≤Ã&ú˛ !öÓ˚#«˛î ≠ fl∫˛õöÜ%˛üyÓ˚ ˛õyö
˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y ≠ !•Ó˚^ˇÈ¬Î˚ àˆÏDy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ 375 ܲü≈§!ã˛Ó ≠ Î%à° ˛õy° í˛zIμ° û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈
ܲyÎ≈y°Î˚ §!ã˛Ó ≠ ü•#ˆÏï˛y£Ï §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
≤ÃFåÈò ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“öy ≠ í˛zͲõ° û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈
§¡õyòܲ ≠ í˛zͲõ° û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈
!ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe ≠ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe ≠ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe ≠ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày

!ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe ≠ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe ≠ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe ≠ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe ≠ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe ≠ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe
!ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe ≠ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe ≠ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe ≠ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe ≠ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe ≠ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe

!ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe
ˆ•y ˆÏ§ §y Ó˚y üy ˆÏày Ó˚ Ó˚ ã˛ öy
ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆöyˆÏÓ° x!û˛û˛y£Ïî
xyˆÏ°áƒ ≠ xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲÌy
ˆöyê˛Ó%ܲ
xyüyÓ˚ òyò% !åȈϰö ~ܲçö ¢)ܲÓ˚˛õy°Ü˛
[flø° ˆüˆÏüy!Ó˚ç]
!°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆàˆÏê˛
˛õï%≈˛!àç ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Ó°y •Î˚ öy
[çy!ö≈ ê%˛ ˛õï%≈˛ày°]
§y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚
....
ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö

!ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe ≠ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe ≠ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ӈϢ£Ï ˆe´yí˛¸˛õe ≠ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày

ˆöy ˆÏÓ ° x !û˛ û˛y £Ï î
!ö!ü≈ï˛ ã˛!Ó˚e•z Îáö !öü≈yï˛yÓ˚ ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚
......
xö%Óyò ≠ Ó˚ï˛öÜ%˛üyÓ˚ òy§
§yÓ˚y ç#ÓˆÏö ˆÎ üyö%£Ï!ê˛ˆÏܲ xy!ü ≤ÃyK˛ï˛ü ӈϰ ˆçˆÏö ~ˆÏ§!åÈ !ï˛!ö xyˆÏòÔ ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸y
çyöˆÏï˛ö öy– ˆû˛yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏê˛ñ ~ܲê˛y öï%˛ö !òˆÏöÓ˚ â%ü û˛yäyˆÏï˛ ˆò!Ó˚ ï˛áöÄ ú˛Ó˚y!§ ˆòˆÏ¢ñ
ˆ§•z üyö%£Ï!ê˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ÓåÈyöy ˆåȈÏí˛¸ñ ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö ã˛yÓ˚îû)˛!üÓ˚ !òˆÏܲñ §ˆÏD
≤ÃyÎ˚ xyô í˛çö ¢)ܲÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%!‹TÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ !öû≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%!‹T–
xyüyÓ˚ üyÈÙÈÓ˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ òyò% !ò!òüyÓ˚y !åȈϰö ~üö•z x§FåÈ°– =!ê˛Ü˛Î˚ ¢)ܲÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
åÈyöyˆÏ˛õyöy– üyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ò%ô åÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˛õˆÏÓ•˚ z ˆÎ=ˆÏ°y !Ó!e´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛ !Ó˚ÓyˆÏï˛ˆÏçyÎ˚ñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
xy!çö•yày @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ Óí˛¸yÓí˛¸!°ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ– ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ öyü !åÈ° ˆçˆÏÓ˚y!öˆÏüy ˆü°!Ó˚öˆÏ•y xyÓ˚
ˆçyˆÏ§ú˛y ܲƒyö!:ö‰•y ~ÓÇ ò%ÛçˆÏö•z !åȈϰö !öÓ˚«˛Ó˚– ¢#ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ°ñ Îáö Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏe û˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yáy ç° òyÓ˚&î ë˛yu˛yÎ˚ çˆÏü ≤ÃyÎ˚ ÓÓ˚ú˛ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ï˛áö ˆáÑyÎ˚yˆÏí˛¸ !àˆÏÎ˚ ò%Ó° ‰ y ¢)ܲÓ˚åÈyöy=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
ï%˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏö ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓåÈyöyÎ˚ ÷•zˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ö– Ü%˛ê˛Ü%˛ˆÏê˛ Ü˛¡∫ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ò%ˆÏê˛y ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
í˛z£è xy◊ˆÏÎ˚ ÄÓ˚y ë˛yu˛yÎ˚ çˆÏü !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆÓ˚•y•z ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛–
ÄÓ˚y !öÿ˛Î˚•z òÎ˚y°% !åȈϰö !ܲv ÷ô% òÎ˚y ˆòáyˆÏöyÓ˚ çöƒ•z ˆÎ ÄÓ˚y ~§Ó ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛öñ xyˆÏòÔ
öy– xyˆÏÓ° ~ÓÇ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ xy°Ü˛yÇ!Ó˚ܲ Óyí˛¸yÓy!í˛¸=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§yçy§%!ç Ó°y
ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÓ˚yçܲyÓ˚ Ó˚&!ê˛ÈÙÈÓ˚&!çÓ˚ çöƒ•z ~ê˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÄÓ˚y Óyôƒ •ˆÏï˛ö xyÓ˚ á%Ó fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ ˆ§•z
üyö%£Ï ò%ˆÏê˛y ç#ÓöÎy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ á%Ó §yôyÓ˚î xö%£ÏD=!° åÈyí˛¸y xöƒ !ܲå%È û˛yÓˆÏï˛Ä ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö
öy– xˆÏöܲ §üÎ˚ xy!ü òyò%Ó˚ §ˆÏD Ä•z ¢)ܲˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆáÑyÎ˚yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ öyöyÓ˚ܲü ܲyˆÏç •yï˛ °y!àˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ–
xˆÏöܲ!òö Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ °yˆÏàyÎ˚y §Ó!çÓ˚ ˆáˆÏï˛ üy!ê˛ Ü%˛!˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈñ xyÓ˚Ä xˆÏöܲÓyÓ˚ ܲyë˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛
ã˛ƒy°y ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ çμy°y!öÓ˚ çöƒñ Ó‡ÓyÓ˚ Óí˛¸ ~ܲê˛y ˆ°y•yÓ˚ ã˛yܲy â%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ â%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ç° ï%˛ˆÏ°!åÈ–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y!Ó˚ ˛õyï˛Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ç° ï%˛ˆÏ° ÜÑ˛yˆÏô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛yü Óy!í˛¸
xÓ!ô– xyÓyÓ˚ ܲáöÄñ àÓ˚üܲyˆÏ° á%Ó ˆû˛yˆÏÓ˚ ã%˛!˛õã%˛!˛õñ ˆáˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õy•yÓ˚yòyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ öçÓ˚
~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xy!ü xyÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ !ò!òüyñ •yˆÏï˛ !öí˛¸y!öñ ÓhflÏyñ ò!í˛¸òí˛¸y ~§Ó !öˆÏÎ˚ ú˛§°ÈÙÈê˛§°
Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ìyܲï˛ñ Ü%˛ˆÏí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˆÎï˛yü xyÓ˚ áˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ xÑy!ê˛ÈÙÈêÑ˛y!ê˛ ˆ§=ˆÏ°y §Ó ˆáÑyÎ˚yˆÏí˛¸
!Ó!åȈÏÎ˚ !òï˛yü– xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ܲü àÓ˚üܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ñ áyÄÎ˚y ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° òyò% xyüyÎ˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆê˛ˆÏö !öˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛öñ ÚˆçyˆÏ§ñ xyç Ó˚yˆÏï˛ xyüÓ˚y Óí˛¸ àyåÈê˛yÓ˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ ÷ˆÏï˛ ÎyÓÛ–
xyÓ˚Ä ò%ˆÏê˛y Óí˛¸ àyåÈ !åÈ° !ܲv ˆ§•z àyåÈê˛y !åÈ° §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y– xyÓ˚ Äê˛y•z !åÈ°
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöyñ Ü˛ï˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚Ä ˆÜ˛yöÄ àyåÈÈÙÈ˛õyÌÓ˚ !åÈ° öy– Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ §ÓyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ
Äê˛y•z !åÈ° Óí˛¸ àyåÈ– ~Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ xÌ≈ xÓ¢ƒ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°yü xˆÏöܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚....
Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ xï˛° ≤ây!hsˇÓ˚ üˆÏôƒñ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˆ§•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zÑã%˛ í˛y°ê˛yÎ˚ üyÌyÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y ï˛yÓ˚y
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 2
18 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
xyüyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yüˆÏö ˆçˆÏà í˛zë˛ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ •ë˛yÍ xy!ü ˆã˛yá §Ó˚yˆÏ°•z ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ°
ày ì˛yܲy !òï˛– xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xöƒ ˛õyˆÏ¢ xyüyÓ˚ ò,!‹T§#üyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ï˛áö ˆû˛ˆÏ§ í˛zë˛ï˛ Ó•üyö
~ܲ öò#– ¢)öƒ xyܲy¢˛õˆÏÌ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈñ fl∫FåÈ ˆflÀyï˛!fl∫ö# ˆÎö xyܲy¢àDyñ §ƒy!rê˛Î˚yˆÏàyÓ˚
àhsˇÓƒ˛õÌñ xhsˇï˛ @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ≤ÃÓyòܲÌy ~ü!ö•z !åÈ°– Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ§•z x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ â%ü ˆã˛yˆÏá !û˛í˛¸
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ï˛ Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛Ìy Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛y!•!öñ òyò% Îy ӈϰ•z ˆÎˆÏï˛ö ≠ Ü˛ï˛ !ÓŸªy§ x!ÓŸªy§ ˆü¢yˆÏöy
û)˛ï˛ÈÙȈ≤ÈÏï˛Ó˚ ܲÌyñ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏîÓ˚ ܲÌyñ û˛Î˚ÈÙÈx¢!ö §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ çí˛¸yˆÏöy xy!òü @ˇÃyüƒÜ˛Ìyñ ≤Ãyã˛#ö
çß√ܲÌyñ ü,ï˛% ƒÜ˛Ìyñ ˛õ)Ó˛≈ õ%Ó&˚ £ÏˆòÏ Ó˚ Ü˛ï˛ çyöyÈÙÈxçyöy ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ ÈÙÈê˛% ܲˆÏÓy˚ ç#ÓöÈÙÈxyáƒyöÈÙÙÙÈxyüyÎ˚
çy!àˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáï˛– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ§•z x˛õ)Ó≈ çyàÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z ܲáö ˆÎ â%!üˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ï˛yü ˆÜ˛
çyˆÏö– xy!ü ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö çyöˆÏï˛Ä ˛õy!Ó˚!ö xyüyÓ˚ â%!üˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ òyò% §!ï˛ƒ
§!ï˛ƒ ã%˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ö öy ï˛áöÄ !ï˛!ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z xyÿ˛Î≈ ܲÌy=ˆÏ°yÎ˚ !ÓˆÏû˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚
§yÓ˚yÓ˚yï˛ Ü˛y!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ö– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y â%ü çí˛¸yˆÏöy à°yÎ˚ñ xˆÏöܲ«˛î ã%˛˛õã˛y˛õ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
Úï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ܲ# •°Û⁄ ˆàyˆÏåÈÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ §Óê%˛Ü%˛ í˛z_Ó˚ !ï˛!ö !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ö– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y !ï˛!ö
!öˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏö üˆÏö•z ܲy!•!ö=!° ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ xyí˛zˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎˆÏï˛öñ xyÓ˚Ä öï˛%˛ö öï%˛ö Ó˚Ç °yàï˛
ï˛yˆÏï˛– ˆ§•z ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ñ xyÓ˚ §ÓܲÛê˛y ˆåȈϰÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y•z üˆÏö •ï˛ xyüyÓ˚ ˆçˆÏÓ˚y!öˆÏüy òyò%
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ó !ܲå%È çyˆÏö– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆû˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ ˛õy!áÓ˚ í˛yˆÏܲ Îáö xyüyÓ˚ â%ü
û˛yäï˛ñ ˆòáï˛yü òyò% ˆö•zñ xˆÏöܲ xyˆÏà•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ àÓy!ò=!°ˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ üyˆÏë˛ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛ö–
xyüyˆÏܲ xyÓ˚Ä áy!öܲ«˛î â%ˆÏüÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ â%ü ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ñ ú%˛ê˛ú%˛ˆÏê˛
ܲ¡∫°ê˛y ûÑ˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ áy!° ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÙÙȕуyñ @ˇÃyˆÏü ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏjy ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ xy!ü áy!°
˛õyˆÏΕ˚ z Ìyܲï˛yüÈÙÙÙÈüyë˛ˆÏáï˛ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆáÑyÎ˚yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !ú˛Ó˚ï˛yüñ ï˛áöÄ üyÌyÎ˚ ã%˛ˆÏ° áí˛¸Ü˛% ˆÏê˛y
§Ó ˆ°ˆÏà ÌyÜ˛ï˛– xyüyÓ˚ !ò!òüy ï˛áö ~ܲ Óy!ê˛ Ü˛!ú˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ö
xy!ü Ó˚yˆÏï˛ û˛yˆÏ°y â%!üˆÏÎ˚!åÈ !ܲ öyÊ xyÓ˚ xy!ü Îáö Ó°ï˛yü ˆÎ òyò%Ó˚ à“ ÷ˆÏö û˛#£Ïî
û˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y fl∫≤¿ ˆòˆÏá!åÈ°yü ï˛áö í˛z!ö xyüyÎ˚ §y•§ ˆòáyˆÏöyÓ˚ çöƒ Ó°ˆÏï˛öñ ÚħÓ
!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆû˛ˆÏÓy öyñ fl∫≤¿ˆÏï˛y fl∫≤¿•z–Û xyüyÓ˚ ï˛áö üˆÏö •ï˛ Î!òÄ !ò!òüy xˆÏöܲ !ܲå%È çyöˆÏï˛ö
ï˛Ó%Ä xyüyÓ˚ òyò%Ó˚ x°#ܲ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈyˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö öy– òyò% ˆ§•z àyåÈï˛°yÎ˚ öy!ï˛Ó˚
§ˆÏD ÷ˆÏÎ˚ üye ò%Û~ܲ ܲÌyÎ˚ ü•y!ÓŸªˆÏܲ öy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– xˆÏöܲ!òö ÓyˆÏòñ òyò%Ó˚
ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xy!ü Îáö xˆÏöܲ Óí˛¸ñ ï˛áö xy!ü Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°yü ˆÎ xyüyÓ˚ !ò!òüyÄ
fl∫ˆÏ≤¿ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– òyò%Ó˚ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!òö âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ӈϧ xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆåÈyê˛ Óí˛¸
x§Çრö«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ö çy!ö öy !ï˛!ö ӈϰ í˛zˆÏë˛!åȈϰöñ Ú~•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ê˛y !ܲ
§%®Ó˚ñ xÌã˛ ˆòˆÏáy xyüyˆÏܲ ~áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓòyÎ˚ !öˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–Û ~üö öÎ˚ ˆÎ ü,ï%˛ƒû˛Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!ï˛!ö ܲÌy=ˆÏ°y ӈϰ!åȈϰöñ ï˛Ó%Ä xyˆÏ‹T˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy ~•z ç#Óö
ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÓyÓ˚ x!hsˇü xö%û)˛!ï˛ñ ~•z x˛õyÓ˚ üyÎ˚y ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢£Ï !ÓòyÎ˚ çyöyÓyÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛
ˆÎö §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ˆÏܲ•z ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎï˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z òyÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ӈϧ ÌyܲyÓ˚ åÈ!Óñ ˆÎ
åÈ!Ó §ühflÏ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ xy!ü ܲ“öyÄ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öy ܲyÓ˚î !ï˛!ö !˛õåȈÏö
!öˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧ!åȈϰö ˆ§•z âÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏö üyö%£Ï !öˆÏçÓ˚ §hsˇyˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢)ܲÓ˚ åÈyöyˆÏòÓ˚
xy◊Î˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛öñ ˆ§•z üyö%£Ï ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÓyÓ˚ çöƒ ò%Éá ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö
üye ~ܲê˛y•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ê˛y ܲ# §%®Ó˚Ê xyüyÓ˚ òyò% ˆçˆÏÓ˚y!öˆÏüyñ §yüyöƒ ¢)ܲÓ˚ÈÙÈã˛Ó˚yˆÏöy
üyö%£Ïñ à“ÈÙÈÓ°y üyö%£Ïñ Îáö Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ~ÓyÓ˚ §!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ ü,ï%˛ƒ ~ˆÏ§ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ
!öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ xçyöy í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ï˛áö !ï˛!ö í˛zˆÏë˛yˆÏöÓ˚ àyåÈ˛õy°y=!°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢£Ï
 ˆöyˆÏÓ° x!û˛û˛y£Ïî † 19
!ÓòyÎ˚ çy!öˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰöñ ĈÏòÓ˚ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏò!åȈϰö ܲyÓ˚î xyÓ˚ ˆï˛y ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö ĈÏòÓ˚
§ˆÏD ˆòáy •ˆÏÓ öy–
xˆÏöܲ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ xyç ≤ÃÌü Îáö xyüyÓ˚ ˆç!Ó˚!öˆÏüy òyò% xyÓ˚ ˆÎyˆÏ§ú˛y !ò!òüy §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛
!ܲå%È ˆ°áyÓ˚ ï˛y!àò ˆÓyô ܲÓ˚°yüñ xy!ü §ˆÏã˛ï˛ö ˆÎ xy!ü !öï˛yhsˇ !ܲå%È Ó˚_´üyLjϧÓ˚
üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ xyüyÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏe Ó˚*˛õòyö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°!åÈ– ≤çDï˛ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ˆÎyˆÏ§ú˛y !ò!òüyñ
ï˛yÓ˚ Î%Óï˛# ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ !åȈϰö í˛yܲ§y•zˆÏê˛ §%®Ó˚#ñ ~ ܲÌy ÎyÓ˚y ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˆ§ÈÙȧüÎ˚ ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ
ï˛yÓ˚y•z ӈϰˆÏåÈö– ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xy!ü ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zñ xyüyÓ˚
ܲ°ü ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ĈÏòÓ˚ !öü≈yîÈÙÈ!Ó!öü≈yî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ÓòˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚y flø,!ï˛Ó˚ §Ó˚!î ˆÓˆÏÎ˚–
~û˛yˆÏÓ•z Ó˚!äö •ˆÏÎ˚ §Ó í˛zIμ° •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ §yòyüyë˛y ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˜òö!®ö !ò܉˛ã˛e´Óy°•#ö
x!hflψÏcÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y åÈ!Ó=!°ñ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ x!fliÓ˚ üyö!ã˛ˆÏe ú%˛ˆÏê˛ ÄˆÏë˛ ˆ§•z x°#ܲ x!ï˛≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛
@ˇÃyü#îÈÙÈû˛) !ü– ˆ§•z fliyö ïÑ˛yÓ˚y !öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ åȈ°
Ï ö ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚îû)˛!ü !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– !ë˛Ü˛ ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z
˛õ)Ó≈˛õ)Ó˚&£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !û˛ˆÏí˛¸ üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ ܲï˛=ˆÏ°y ¢∑ Îy Óî≈öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆú ˛ˆÏü xÑyê˛y
~ܲê˛y ˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏöy åÈ!Ó S≤ÃyÎ˚ xy!¢ ÓåÈÓV˚ – xyüyÓ˚ ÓyÓy üyÈÙÈÓñ˚ ÚÚò%çˆÏö•z òÑy!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ñ˚ Î%ÓܲÈÙÈÎÓ% ï˛#ñ
§%®Ó˚ÈÙȧ%®Ó˚#ñ ˆú˛yˆÏê˛y@ˇÃyú˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ü%á ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ °yç%ܲ !ܲv }ç% û˛!DˆÏï˛ñ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y
ܲƒyˆÏüÓ˚y ӈϰ ~ܲê%˛ û˛Î˚ÈÙÈû˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ñ ˆÎ•z ü%•)ï≈˛!ê˛ Ü˛ƒyˆÏüÓ˚yÓ!® ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yáˆÏÓ ÄˆÏòÓ˚ åÈ!Ó– ˆÎ ü%•)ï≈˛!ê˛ xyÓ˚ ܲáöÄ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏÓ öy ܲyÓ˚î ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òöê˛y ˆÎ
!ö!ÿ˛ï˛ ÓòˆÏ° xöƒ ~ܲê˛y !òö •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ....í˛yö !òˆÏܲ é%Ñ˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y í˛zÑã%˛ hflÏΩ˛ˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚
xyüyÓ˚ üy òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈöñ í˛yö •yˆÏï˛ ~ܲê˛y ú%˛°– ÓyÓyÓ˚ •yï˛ üyÈÙÈÓ˚ ÜÑ˛yˆÏôÓ˚ IJõÓ˚
~üöû˛yˆÏÓ åÈí˛¸yˆÏöy ˆÎö ¢_´ í˛yöy– ú%˛°ÈÙÈú%˛° xÑyܲy ܲyˆÏ˛õ≈ˆÏê˛Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ °yç%ܲ û˛!DˆÏï˛
~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ÄÓ˚y òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ñ !˛õåȈÏö x˛õ§,ï˛ !öÄ Üœ˛ƒy!§Ü˛ƒy° fliy˛õˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xflõ‹T •z!Dï˛–ÛÛ
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚!åÈ ~•z ӈϰñ ÚÚ~ܲ!òö xy§ˆÏÓ ˆÎ!òö xyüyÓ˚ §Ó!ܲå%È Ó°y •ˆÏÓ– xyüyÓ˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ åÈyí˛¸y ~Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ü)°ƒ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆö•z– xyüyÓ˚ ~ܲ ˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ï˛yÓ˚y í˛z_Ó˚
xy!ú ˛Ü˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ xy§yñ xöƒ ~ܲ ˛õ)Ó≈˛õ%Ó˚&£Ïñ ˆ§ ¢)ܲÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛yñ x˛õ)Ó≈ §%®Ó˚# xyüyÓ˚ !ò!òüyñ
ˆÓ¢ Ó˚y¢û˛yÓ˚# §%˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ÓyÓyñ ú%˛°ÈÙÈ•yˆÏï˛ ôÓ˚y üyÈÙÙÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ xyÓ˚ !ܲ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚
xy!ü ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ⁄ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ü•#Ó˚&• !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~üö !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ xy◊Î˚⁄
~§Ó ܲÌy=!° ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ï˛!Ó˚¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆ°áyñ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî öÎ˚ ÷ô%üye ˆÎ
üyö%£Ï=!° xyüyÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ xy˛õöçö !åȈϰö ~ ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛˛õ≈î üye xyÓ˚
~§ˆÏÓÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !òˆÏΕ˚ z xy!ü •Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó Ü˛#û˛yˆÏÓ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ~•z xy!ü •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰yüñ
ܲ# ôyï%˛ˆÏï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ xy!üñ ~ÓÇ Ü˛#û˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲê%˛ ~ܲê%˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §¡õߨ •° xyüyÓ˚ !öü≈yî ≤Ã!e´Î˚y–
ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥Ä ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hsˇ xy!ü û%˛° ܲyÓ˚î ≤Ãçööï˛_¥ !ܲÇÓy ˆçˆÏö!ê˛ˆÏ:Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy §ühflÏ
!öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÌy •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyñ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ˆÜ˛yöÄ à•ö Ó˚•ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ üyÎ˚yçy° xˆÏàyã˛ˆÏÓ˚
!ܲå%È öy !ܲå%È ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ã˛ˆÏ°....xyüyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ≤Ãy܉˛˛õ%Ó˚&£Ïàîñ xy!òü ˆ§•z ü•#Ó˚&• Îy
üy!ê˛Ó˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ Ó˚§ò xy•Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óyï˛y§ ˆÓ˚yˆÏò ˛õ%‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ñ !Ó¢y° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛y°˛õy°y
ˆüˆÏ° ˆ≤Ãy!Ìï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !öà)ì˛¸ !¢Ü˛í˛¸ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xï˛° àû˛#ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏö xy!◊ï˛
•ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È xyÓ˚Ä xˆÏöܲ ç#ÓöÈÙÈ˛õ!Ìܲñ flø,!ï˛ÈÙȧ_yÈÙÈû˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ §ˆÏüï˛– ï˛y ˆÎüö §üˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚
@ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ xˆÏöܲ !ܲå%È xyÓyÓ˚ Óç≈öÄ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ܲ§ˆÏDó !öü≈yî ~ÓÇ !Ó!öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚ ~•z
!ã˛Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ ˆá°yÓ˚ ˆ§•z Ó,«˛ ˆÓy!ôÓ,«˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲáöÄ §%á# xyÓyÓ˚ ܲáöÄ x§%á#ñ ܲáöÄ ï˛yÓ˚
í˛y°˛õyï˛y é˛Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ û˛#£Ïî x§üÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲáöÄ öÓ˛õˆÏe §!Iï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ òyÓ˚&î ˆ§ §üÎ˚ñ
20 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
xyÓ˚ ܲy°e´ˆÏü Îy ~ܲyhsˇ•z ~ܲܲ ~ܲ ܲy°Ó,«˛– xyüyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˛õ)Ó≈§(!Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xy!ü Îáö
x«˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ åÈ!Ó xÑy!ܲñ ï˛áö ïÑ˛yÓ˚y !öåÈܲ Ó˚_´üyLjϧÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ xyüyÓ˚ !ö!ü≈ï˛ ã˛!Ó˚e
•ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛öñ öï%˛öû˛yˆÏÓñ xöƒ ~ܲ xy!DˆÏܲÓ˚ xy◊ˆÏÎ˚ ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚y xyüyˆÏÜ˛Ä !öü≈yî
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îyöñ xyÓ˚ xy!ü xˆÏáÎ˚yˆÏ°ñ ˆ§•z ˛õÌ•z áÑ%ˆÏç !ö•z ˆÎ ˛õˆÏÌ xyüyÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚eÓ˚y ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛
ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏÓ– ~áyˆÏö•zñ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ xy«˛!Ó˚ܲ xˆÏÌ≈ñ xy!ü §Ç@ˇÃ• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛!° xyüyÓ˚ ˆ°áyÓ˚
Ó˚§òñ ï˛y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ áyÓ˚y˛õ !ܲÇÓy û˛yˆÏ°yñ §¡õ)î≈ !ܲÇÓy x§¡õ)î≈ñ §ú˛° !ܲÇÓy x§ú˛°ñ
ï˛y Îy•z ˆ•yܲ öy ˆÜ˛ö ï˛yÓ˚y xyüyˆÏܲ e´üyàï˛ öï%˛ö ~ܲ üyö%£Ï !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ •y!çÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
xyüyÓ˚ §yüˆÏöñ ÎyˆÏܲ xy!ü xyçܲy° Úxy!üÛ ÓˆÏ° !ã˛ˆÏö !öˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z üyö%£Ïê˛y•z
~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ~§Ó ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÎüö flÀ‹Ty xöƒ!òˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚Ä §,!‹T– ~ܲ xˆÏÌ≈ ~ê˛y Ó°y•z ÎyÎ˚
ˆÎñ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ x«˛Ó˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õyï˛y û˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ñ Ó•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó•z !°!áˆÏÎ˚ xy!ü
§yÌ≈ܲû˛yˆÏÓ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó#ç !Ó!û˛ß¨ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ Ó˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛!°– xyüyÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ĈÏòÓ˚
åÈyí˛¸y xy!ü xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ~•z xy!üˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛yü öyñ ĈÏòÓ˚ åÈyí˛¸y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xyüyÓ˚
xÑyܲy §ühflÏ åÈ!Ó !öåÈܲ !ܲå%È xÑy!ܲÓ%!ܲˆÏï˛•z ˆÌˆÏü Ìyܲï˛ñ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y !öˆÏÎ˚•z ÌüˆÏܲ
òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲï˛ñ ~üö ~ܲ x!hflψÏc•z •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xy!ü §#üyÓk˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲï˛yü ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ
x§¡õ)î≈ ~ܲ üyö%ˆÏ£Ï–
~áö xy!ü ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•zñ ÎÑyÓ˚y !åȈϰö xyüyÓ˚ ç#ÓöÈÙÈ!¢«˛Ü˛ñ ÎÑyÓ˚y xyüyÎ˚
§%!ö˛õ%îû˛yˆÏÓ !¢!áˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö û˛#£Ïî ◊ü !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ Ìyܲy– !ë˛Ü˛ ~•z §üÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚
§yüˆÏö !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ ÎyˆÏFåÈ xyüyÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ ~ÓÇ öyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚eÓ˚yñ xyüyÓ˚ ܲyàç ܲy!°Ó˚
üyö%£Ï=ˆÏ°yñ ÎyÓ˚y xyüyÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ñ xy!ü öyüܲ ܲÌyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆáÎ˚y° ˆüˆÏö ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈñ xyÓyÓ˚
xy!ü öyüܲ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ •zˆÏFåÈÄ ˆüˆÏö !öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ÄÓ˚y !ë˛Ü˛ ܲÌyÈÙÈÓ°y ˛õ%ï%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏï˛yñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚
ã˛°yÈÙȈú˛Ó˚y ܲÌyÈÙÈÓ°y xyüyÎ˚ Îï˛ê˛y öy ú˛ƒy§yˆÏò ˆú˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏöܲ ˆÓ!¢ ú˛ƒy§yò
ĈÏòÓ˚ ~•z û˛yÓ˚ñ §%ˆÏï˛yÓ˚ ê˛yöñ §Ó xyüyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛– ~üö•z xyüyÓ˚ ç#ÓöÈÙÈ!¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
≤ÃÌü !åȈϰö ~ܲçö §yôyÓ˚î üyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ã˛eܲÓ˚ñ ÎÑyˆÏܲ xy!ü ÷ô% H ӈϰ í˛yܲï˛yüñ xyüyÓ˚
ܲy!•!öÓ˚ ≤Ãôyö ã˛!Ó˚eñ !Î!ö ~ܲ ˜mï˛ §_yÎ˚ •y!çÓ˚ S~ܲê˛y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ñ xöƒ ~ܲê˛y
ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰVñ Ó•zê˛yÓ˚ öyüñ Manual of Painting and Calligraphy,
ˆ§•z H xyüyÎ˚ !¢!áˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö @ˇÃ•î ~ÓÇ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î §ï˛ï˛y=ˆÏ°yñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
!ÓÓ˚!_´ !ܲÇÓy •ï˛y¢y åÈyí˛¸yñ xyüyÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ §#üyÓk˛ï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛y ≠ ܲyÓ˚î xy!ü ï˛áöÄ
xyüyÓ˚ ˆ§•z §#üyÓk˛ ˆáï˛ÈÙÈáyüyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ò,!‹T ˆü°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ •zˆÏFåÈ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ï˛yü öyñ
xy!ü ï˛áö áÑ%ˆÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ°!åÈ ˆ§•z üy!ê˛ñ ö#ˆÏã˛ñ xyÓ˚Ä ö#ˆÏã˛ñ !¢Ü˛ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ– ~ ˆÎüö xyüyÓ˚
ˆï˛ü!ö §yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ñ Î!ò ~ܲê%˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚Ä Ó!°– öy ~§Ó !öˆÏÎ˚ !öɧˆÏ®ˆÏ• xyüyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ܲå%È Ó°yê˛y öy §yçˆÏ°Ä ~ܲê˛y ܲÌy Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ xyç xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ ï˛áö
ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xyüyÓ˚ §Ó ˆ°áyˆÏ°!á ~•z ˛õÌ xyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !öˆÏÎ˚•z ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ–
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yüˆÏö ~ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ĈÏë˛ AlentejoÈÙÈÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚eÓ˚yñ ÄÓ˚y ˆÎö !ë˛Ü˛
xyüyÓ˚ ˆçˆÏÓ˚!öˆÏüy òyò% ~ÓÇ ˆÎyˆÏ§ú˛y !ò!òüyÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚§)!Ó˚ñ xy!òü ˆ§•z û)˛!ü˛õ%eñ ÎyÓ˚y
ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ܲy!Î˚ܲ ◊ü !òˆÏÎ˚ xy˛õyï˛ÈÙÈܲ!Ìï˛ ~ܲ xˆÏàÔÓ˚ˆÏÓÓ˚ ç#ÓöÎy˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ö
Ó˚&!ê˛ÈÙÈÓ˚&!çÓ˚ ï˛y!àˆÏòñ ˆÎ ܲyçˆÏܲ xyüÓ˚y §û˛ƒ §üyç xˆÏöܲ §üÎ˚ Óí˛¸y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Óeñ
ü)°ƒÓyöñ ü•yö •zï˛ƒy!ò !ӈϢ£ÏˆÏî û)˛!£Ïï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyd≤çyò °yû˛ ܲ!Ó˚– ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛ üyö%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚y
ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ôü≈#Î˚ !ÓŸªy§ §¡õ)î≈û˛yˆÏÓ•z ã˛yã≈˛=!°Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÎ˚_ ~ÓÇ !öÎ˚!sfï˛ñ Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚
 ˆöyˆÏÓ° x!û˛û˛y£Ïî † 21
ܲyˆÏåÈ ≤ß¿yï˛#ï˛ x!öÓyÎ≈ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xˆÏüyâ xyˆÏò¢ñ ç!üòyÓ˚ ˛õ%!°¢ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ó˚_´ã˛«%˛Ó˚
!öÎ˚sfˆÏî ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Óöã˛ã≈˛yñ ~üöܲ# ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !öÎ˚!ï˛– x§•yÎ˚ñ x§ü !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ò![˛ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚yñ
ò%û˛≈ yàƒ ÓˆÏ° !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ó!ܲå%È xK˛yöï˛yÎ˚ñ ˆ§•z ï˛yÓ˚y•z xyüyÓ˚ §ühflÏ §,!‹TÓ˚ ç#ÓöˆÏòÓï˛y–
~ˆÏòÓ˚•z fl∫y«˛Ó˚ ôÓ˚y xyˆÏåÈ xyüyÓ˚ ˆ°áy í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ñ Risen from the Ground-~ñ ÎyÓ˚
xyáƒyˆÏö ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ !ï˛ö ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ ~ü!ö•z ~ܲ @ˇÃyü#î ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ !Óàï˛ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&
ˆÌˆÏܲ 1974ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó Îy ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ í˛zÍáyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ!˚ åÈ° ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲï˛y!sfܲ ¢y§öÓƒÓfliyˆÏܲñ
~•z ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˛õê˛û)˛!üܲyÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚– ~ ܲy!•!öÓ˚ !öü≈yîÈÙÈ!Ó!öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z ôÓ˚y
˛õˆÏí˛¸ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Äë˛y˛õí˛¸yñ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ã˛í˛¸y•zÈÙÈí˛zï˛Ó˚y•zñ ü•yçyà!ï˛Ü˛ ~ܲ ö,ï˛ƒåÈ®– ~ܲê˛y
≤ß¿ xyüyˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ öyí˛¸y ˆòÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛çöˆÏòÓ˚ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓöÎyeyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z !ܲ
°%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ §ï˛ï˛ ˛õ!Óe ç#ÓöÎy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ x˛õyÓ˚ Ó˚•§ƒ⁄ ~•z ≤ß¿•z xyüyˆÏܲ ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!öçfl∫ ç#Óö¢!_´ áÑ%ˆÏçÈÙÈ!öˆÏï˛ñ xòüƒ •zˆÏFåÈÎ˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ñ ~üöܲ# xyüyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yçܲyÓ˚
ç#ÓöÈÙÈxû˛ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ üˆÏôƒÄ ĈÏܲ xy!ü áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õy•z– üö ï%˛!ü Ü,˛!£Ïܲyç çyö öyÈÙÙÙÈxyüyÓ˚ §%á
flø,!ï˛û)˛!üñ xyüyÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Óe Óy§û)˛!ü xyüyˆÏܲ ~ üˆÏsf•z í˛zI#!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚
ˆ§•z ÚÜ,˛!£ÏܲyçÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xy!òü Ó˚•§ƒ §¶˛yˆÏö–
xyüyÓ˚ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyô ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ xö%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚îܲ üyö%£Ï !åȈϰö ˆ˛õyï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚•z ~ܲçö
ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆ°áܲñ ÎyÓ˚ xööƒ ˆ°áö# Lusidas-~ !ÓÓ,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
üyö!Óܲ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ •*ò‰flõ®öñ §ü@ˇÃ çy!ï˛Ó˚ xy¢yÈÙÈxyܲyA«˛yÓ˚ ܲÌyñ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÈÙÈ•ï˛y¢yñ
ü!•üyüÎ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ xö%û)˛!ï˛ñ ˆ§•z °%ƒ•z û˛ƒyç òƒ ܲƒy!§Î˚§ÈÙÈ•z !åȈϰöñ xhsˇï˛
xyüyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ §y!•ï˛ƒ ≤Ã!ï˛û˛yñ ÎÑyˆÏܲ ~ܲ§üÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xöyÎ≈ Ó˚_´ÓLjϢÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z
•Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y åÈy˛õyáyöyÓ˚ òÓ˚çyÎ˚ÈÙÈòÓ˚çyÎ˚ â%ˆÓÏ ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°– !öÉ¢ˆÏ∑ •çü ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°
x˛õüyöܲÓ˚ ܲÌyñ xÓüyööy Îy §Ó§üÎ˚ Ó˚yç¢!_´ ~ÓÇ Ü˛!Óc¢!_´ñ x˛õ!Ó˚îyüò¢#≈ ~ÓÇ
ò)Ó˚ò¢≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !ÓhflÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓôyö ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ܲ!Ó xÌÓy §y!•!ï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚
ç#ÓˆÏö ˆÓyô •Î˚ ~üö ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚yhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ÷ô%üye x˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏüÎ˚ §y•§ !òˆÏÎ˚–
§y•ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ§•z x!üï˛ !Óe´ü ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏö ˆÎö ô &Óï˛yÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ
•yçyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛yñ Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´Ó˚ ˆã˛yá Ó˚yäy!öˆÏܲ x@ˇÃy•ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏß∫£ÏyÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ñ ~üöܲ# §yï˛
§ü%o ˆï˛ˆÏÓ˚y öò# ˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ öyüܲ üÓ˚#!ã˛Ü˛yÓ˚ §¶˛yˆÏö– xyܲ!fløܲ xDôùñ üyö!§Ü˛
ï˛#Ó  x≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ •ï˛y¢yçöܲ Îsfîy ï˛Ó%Ä ï˛yÓ˚ xˆÏß∫£Ïy !ÓÓ˚yü !ã˛ˆÏ•´ Ó!® ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙȈ§ xyüyÓ˚ xydyÓ˚ xyd#Î˚ñ xyüyÓ˚ ç#Óö˛õy°Ü˛ñ xyÓ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ•z òÑyí˛¸ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ ~
§üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ öyê˛Ü˛ What shall I do with this Book?ÈÙÈ~– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ühflÏ §,!‹TÓ˚ Ó˚•§ƒ
§¶˛yöñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ «˛ï˛ñ xï,˛!ÆÓ˚ Îsfîy=!° xÌÓy §%Æ §%áyö%û)˛!ï˛=!° xyày˛õy¢ï˛°y
ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ӈϧ xyˆÏåÈ xyüyÓ˚ ܲy!°Ü˛°ˆÏüÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xÑyã˛ˆÏí˛¸– ~ܲ xö%Fã˛ !çK˛y§y !öˆÏÎ˚ !°ˆÏá
Ó˚y!á §Óñ çy!ö !ܲñ Óï≈˛üyˆÏö ܲy°ˆÏÓ˚áy ܲyˆÏ°y_#î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!òö ˆ§•z ܲy°Ó,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ü•#Ó˚&•
•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö⁄ çy!ö öy– ~ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ xöhsˇ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y– ï˛ˆÏÓ xyd≤ÃÓM˛Èöy•z
xˆÏöܲ x˛õÓ˚y˛õÓ˚ ÓM˛ÈöyÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚Ä ˆÓ!¢ !öü≈üñ ~ ܲÌy §ï˛ƒ çy!ö–
~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ xyÓ˚Ä ò%!ê˛ ã˛!Ó˚eñ ~ܲçö ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ïñ öyü Óy°ÌyçyÓ˚ñ Î%ˆÏk˛ ~ܲ •yï˛
á%•zˆÏÎ˚ Ó§y xq$ï˛ ~ܲ üyö%£Ï– xyÓ˚Ä xq$ï˛ !mï˛#Î˚ ˆ§•z öyÓ˚#ñ !Óœü%u˛yñ ˆÎ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ
ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õï˛ñ ~üöܲ# üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ã˛yüí˛¸yÓ˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚§y!ç– ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÆÈÙȧ)Î≈
ÓˆÏ°Ä í˛yܲy •ï˛ ~ÓÇ öyÓ˚#!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÆÈÙÈã˛w ܲyÓ˚î §)Î≈ ÌyܲˆÏ° ã˛wÄ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
22 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÎ˚ §Ç•ï˛ §•yÓfliyö ~•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ° Óy§ˆÏÎyàƒ– ˆ§áyˆÏö xyÓ˚Ä
~ܲçö ˆç§%ƒ•zê˛ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛Ä xyˆÏåÈö– öyü ÓyˆÏï≈˛yˆÏ°y!üí˛zñ !Î!ö ~üö ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆü!¢ö
xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö Îy xyܲyˆÏ¢ í˛zí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ çμy°y!ö öÎ˚ñ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •zˆÏFåÈ¢!_´ °yˆÏàñ
ˆÎ •zˆÏFåÈí˛yöyñ §Óy•z ӈϰñ Îy á%!¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ ï˛y ܲyÓ˚&Ó˚ çyöy ˆö•zñ
ï˛Ó%Ä üyö%£Ï üyö%£Ï ӈϰ•z ï˛y !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚yÎ˚– x‹Tyò¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ~•z !ï˛ö
ˆÓyܲyˆÏ§yܲy üyö%£Ï ~üö ~ܲê˛y ˆòˆÏ¢ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎáyˆÏö Ü%˛§ÇflÒyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆày˛õö £Ïí˛¸Îsf Óyï˛yˆÏ§
û˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ñ ˆÎáyˆÏö ~ܲ x•ÇܲyÓ˚# Ó˚yçyÓ˚ xydÓí˛¸y•z xyܲy¢ã%˛¡∫# •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ñ ÎyÓ˚
≤Ãy§yˆÏò çÑyܲçüܲ ˆã˛yá ôÑy!ôˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üyö%£ÏˆÏܲñ Î!ò ~•z çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆã˛yá
ÌyÜ˛ï˛ ˆ˛õyï%≈˛ày°ˆÏܲ ˆòáyÓ˚ñ !Óœü%u˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ò,!‹Tñ Î!ò ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õï˛ ~Ó˚ àû˛#ˆÏÓ˚ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚
Ìyܲy «˛ï˛!ã˛•´=!°....ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆöyÇÓ˚y ˛õ)!ï˛üÎ˚ •yï˛=!° í˛zˆÏë˛ xyˆÏ§ñ
¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ¢ï˛y∑# ôyüyã˛y˛õy ˛õí˛¸y !ÓôùhflÏ üyö%£Ï=!°ñ í˛zˆÏë˛ xyˆÏ§ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õyÌÓ˚
§!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ñ !öˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ˛õyÌ%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y°=!° á!§ˆÏÎ˚ñ !Ó¢y° âÓ˚ hflÏΩ˛ ˛õˆÏ°hflÏÓ˚yñ í˛zÑã%˛ í˛zÑã%˛ !á°yöñ
Óí˛¸ xyܲy¢ê˛yÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ â,îƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ìyܲy– xyÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢∑ ˆ¢yöy ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y •y!§Ó˚ öy ܲyߨyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛í˛z çyˆÏö öy....~•z •° Baltazar and Blimunda-Ó˚ ܲy!•!öñ ˆÎáyˆÏö öÓ#ö ~ܲ
ˆ°áܲñ !°ˆÏá ã˛ˆÏ° ˆ§•z ~ܲ•zÓ˚ܲü x«˛Ó˚=!° Îy ˆ§ !¢ˆÏá!åÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ ˆçˆÏÓ˚!öˆÏüy òyò%
xyÓ˚ ˆÎyˆÏ§ú˛y !ò!òüyÓ˚ ܲyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲñ xˆÏöܲ !òö xyˆÏà– Ü˛!Óï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ x«˛Ó˚ !°ˆÏá
ӈϰñ ÚÚˆüˆÏÎ˚!° Ó˚*˛õܲÌyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ ï˛y•z Îy ~•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ !öçfl∫ ܲˆÏ«˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
~åÈyí˛¸y fl∫≤¿ üyˆÏö ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆüy•üÎ˚# xyˆÏ°yñ Îy üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ üyÌyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ x§#ü ¢)öƒï˛yˆÏܲ
û˛yfl∫Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üö ç%ˆÏí˛¸•z ü•y!ÓfløˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ§•z fl∫≤¿ ˆçˆÏà ÌyˆÏܲ–ÛÛ
!°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲ ܲy!Ó˚à!Ó˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ åÈyeyÓfliyÎ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°yü ˛õyë˛ƒ§)!ã˛ˆÏï˛ñ
Î!òÄ ˆ§áyˆÏö xyüyÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛ ã˛°!åÈ° ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ç#ÓˆÏö ~ܲçö ò«˛ ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ •ÓyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî–
ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yü §y¶˛ƒÜ˛y°#ö xÓ§Ó˚ §üˆÏÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ˛õyë˛yàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ó•z˛õe=!°ñ ~ܲöyàyˆÏí˛¸ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆú˛°ï˛yü §Óñ !öˆÏç !öˆÏç•z áÑ%ˆÏç ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ñ ˆòáyˆÏöyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y
!ܲÇÓy ˛õÓ˚yü¢≈ ˆòÓyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛í˛z ÌyÜ˛ï˛ öyñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎö ~ܲ öy!Óܲ xöhsˇ §ü%ˆÏoÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛
xyã˛üܲy ˆÜ˛yöÄ m#˛õ áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õyÓyÓ˚ üï˛ xöy!Ó° xyöˆÏ®Ó˚ fl∫yò– xÓ¢ƒ ï˛á!öñ ˆ§•z
û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ñ Îáö ï˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §ˆÏï˛ˆÏÓ˚yñ °y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§•z !°áˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚&
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis, ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚... ~ܲ!òö •ë˛yÍ ~ܲ!òö
ˆ§•z ˆåȈϰ!ê˛ Ä•z ܲy!Ó˚à!Ó˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ °y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚ˆÏï˛•z ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ Ateha öyˆÏüÓ˚ ~ܲ
üƒyày!çöñ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚– ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ xÓ≈y!ã˛ö ˆ§•z Î%Óܲ ï˛áöÄ û˛yˆÏ°yû˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓyˆÏé˛ öy
ˆ˛õyï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲ!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ û˛y£Ïyñ ï˛yÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ ï˛Ó%Ä ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ ˆ˛õyï%≈˛!àç
ܲ!ÓˆÏܲ ˆ§ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°ñ !Ó˚ܲyˆÏí≈˛y !Ó˚§ Î!òÄ xy§ˆÏ° !ï˛!ö !åȈϰö ú˛yö≈yˆÏu˛y
!ö=ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yñ !Î!ö ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y=!° xöƒ öyˆÏü !°áˆÏï˛öñ üöàí˛¸y öyü–
Heteronyms ӈϰ ~ܲê˛y ¢∑ !ï˛!ö á%Ó ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛öñ Îy ˆÜ˛yöÄ ¢∑ˆÏܲyˆÏ£Ï•z áÑ%ˆÏç
˛õyÄÎ˚y ˆÎï˛ öy ~ÓÇ ~•z öÓ#ö ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏü≈yk˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y !åÈ° !öï˛yhsˇ•z
x§Ω˛Ó SÚÚÎ!ò ü•Í •ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÄñ ï˛ˆÏÓ •Ä†§yˆÏÓܲ §yôyÓ˚î ܲyˆÏç !öÓ˚hsˇÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§#ÛÛV– !ܲv
x˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ üöñ xK˛ xö%§¶˛yöñ xyüyˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚ï˛ Ó˚yáï˛ ~üö xhsˇÉò•öüÎ˚ñ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ û˛yÓöyÓ˚
¢!Ó˚ܲ •ˆÏï˛ñ ˆÎüö xyÓ˚Ä !ܲå%È ¢∑ ÚÚ≤ÃyK˛ ˆ§•z çöñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ú˛!°ï˛ •Î˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
§ü%òyÎ˚ åÈ!Ó–ÛÛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ xˆÏöܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z öÓ#öñ Îáö ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ˛ˆÏܲ¢ ~ÓÇ xy˛õö ≤ÃK˛yÎ˚
 ˆöyˆÏÓ° x!û˛û˛y£Ïî † 23
≤ÃyK˛ñ §y•§# •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õöƒy§ Ó˚ã˛öyÎ˚ñ ˆ§•z ܲ!ÓÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y=!°Ó˚ !öÎ≈y§ !öˆÏÎ˚ñ
ˆÎáyˆÏö ≤Ã!ï˛ú˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° 1936ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ã˛y°!ã˛eñ ˆÎáyˆÏö ˆ§•z ܲ!Ó ≤Ã!ï˛fliy!˛õï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ x!hsˇü !òö=!°ˆÏï˛ ≠ ï˛áö Ó˚y•zöû)˛!ü x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ öy!ç Óy!•ö#Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ñ
ˆflõˆÏöÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ú ˛yˆÏB˛yÓ˚ ˆây!£Ïï˛ Î%k˛ñ §y°yçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õyï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚
ú˛ƒy!§fiê˛ !ü!°!¢Î˚y àë˛ö– ï˛yÓ˚ Ó°yÓ˚ ôÓ˚ö !åÈ° ~üö ≠ ~•z •° ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ åÈ!Óñ
í˛zòy§#öï˛yÎ˚ !Ó˚_´ñ x˛õ)Ó≈ ¢yhsˇ !ï˛_´ï˛yÓ˚ åÈ!Ó– ˆòáñ xö%û˛Ó ܲÓ˚ñ ~•z x§•yÎ˚†!öK≈˛yˆÏö•z
ï,˛Æ ˆ•yܲ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ≤Ãyî....ÛÛ
The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ ~•z !Ó£Ïyò# ¢∑@ˇÃ!si !òˆÏÎ˚ñ
ÚÚ~áyˆÏö•zñ §yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ û)˛!üÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y–ÛÛ xï˛~Ó ˆ˛õyï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ §ü%o
x!û˛ÎyˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ˆö•z– ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ Ìyܲ ï˛yÓ˚ §ü%òyÎ˚ §yàÓ˚ÎyeyÓ˚ ˆï˛yí˛¸ˆÏçyí˛¸ñ
xö!ï˛ û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ àˆÏû≈˛ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲ ï˛yÓ˚ m#˛õ áÑ%ˆÏç ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ xˆÏ•ï%˛Ü˛ Óy!îçƒ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ñ
÷ô% ˆçˆÏà Ìyܲ x!û˛Îye#Ó˚ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ ˆò¢ñ Îy ܲ“öyˆÏܲ ÷ô%•z §Ó%ç xyÓ˚ ö#° Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏò
Óy•y!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ˆ§•z ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ ܲ!Ó §ühflÏ çy•yçˆÏܲ ˆöyäˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !öˆÏò¢≈ !òˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È ~áyˆÏö•zñ
xyÓ˚ ç°ˆÏܲ ӈϰˆÏåÈ §ühflÏ û)˛!üˆÏܲ ï˛y!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ öyàyˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚– ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆ§
Óƒ_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ ÷ô% ï˛yÓ˚ öÎ˚ñ §ühflÏ ˆ˛õyï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xö%Fã˛ fl∫Ó˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓˆÏã˛ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚
â,îyñ ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ñ §Äòyà!Ó˚ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛– ~ü!ö ~ܲ xy!òü â,îyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ú˛°ö SxyÓ˚Ä
!öÓ˚ˆ˛Ï õ«˛û˛yˆÏÓ xyüyÓ˚ â,îyñ x§ˆÏhsˇy£ÏV ú%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°!åÈ°yüñ í˛z˛õöƒy§ÈÙÙÙÈThe Stone Raft-
~– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ •zˆÏÓ!Ó˚öÎ˚yö ˆ˛õ!öö§%°y ï˛yÓ˚ ü)° ü•yˆÏò¢#Î˚ û)˛á[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã%˛ƒï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ ~ܲ û˛y§üyö m#ˆÏ˛õ– x!öÎ˚!sfï˛ñ fl∫yô#ö •zˆÏFåÈÓ˚ ç° ï˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛˛õÌ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚
ò!«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏܲñ ÷ô% ~ܲ á[˛ !Óã%˛ƒï˛ ˛õyÌ%ˆÏÓ˚ û)˛!üñ ¢•Ó˚ÈÙÈöàÓ˚ àyòyày!ò !û˛ˆÏí˛¸ ë˛y§yñ öò#ñ
˛õy•yí˛¸ñ @ˇÃyüñ ܲ°Ü˛yÓ˚áyöyñ üyö%£ÏÈÙÙÙÈ§Ó !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ !öÓ˚&ˆÏjˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
~ܲ •zí˛zˆÏê˛y!˛õÎ˚yÓ˚ §¶˛yˆÏö– ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆ§•z ˛õ%öÓ˚&I#!Óï˛ û)˛á[˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!ÿ˛!ü !ò܉˛ÈÙÈ!öˆÏò≈¢
ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ«˛ã%˛ƒï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ÎyÎ˚ ò!«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §¶˛yˆÏö– ˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏü ˆÎ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyñ xyÓ˚Ä !ö!ò≈‹Tû˛yˆÏÓ
üy!Ü≈˛ö Î%_´Ó˚y‹T…ñ ï˛yÓ˚ §ü%òyÎ˚ çyà!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ Ó¶˛ˆÏöÓ˚ •Ñy§úÑ˛y§ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óü%_´
~•z öï%˛ö x!û˛Îyö– öï%˛ö Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ñ üyö!Óܲ ~ܲ xööƒ x!û˛ÎyˆÏö– í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ~ܲê˛y•z–
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õˆÏܲñ ï˛yÓ˚ àï˛yö%à!ï˛Ü˛ !ò܉˛≤ÃÓîï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ §òÌ≈ܲû˛yˆÏÓ !ò܉˛º‹T •ˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓñ ˛õy!í˛¸
çüyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ò!«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ü•yˆÏòˆÏ¢ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ û˛yÓ˚§yüƒ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Óe ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîñ
ܲyÓ˚îÈÙÙÙÈò!«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏüÎ˚ }î– Å˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ˆ§•z }îû˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òy!Î˚c ˆï˛y
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚•z– ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ñ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õyˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ xhsˇˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢y!hsˇñ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚
≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛_– í˛z˛õöƒy§ñ The Stone Raft-~Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e§ü%òyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈò%çö öyÓ˚#ñ !ï˛öçö ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï
~ÓÇ Ú~ܲçöÛ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ S~ܲçö ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§ §yôyÓ˚î Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ öÎ˚ ӈϰ•zV ~•z í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ•z ˆû˛ˆÏ§
ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ xö%û˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ §_yÓ˚ e´ü í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ö– xyÓ˚ ~ê˛y•z
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓöÎyeyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÌÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆ§•z ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ !°!áˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§ ~ܲ§üÎ˚ ≤Ã&ú˛!Ó˚í˛yÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç
ܲˆÏÓ!˚ åÈ° ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ The Stone Raft-~ ˆ§ ˆÎö û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ xˆÏ°áy ˛õyï˛yˆÏܲ•z
≤Ã&ú˛ !Ó˚í˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ xöƒ ~ܲ í˛z˛õöƒy§ History of the siege of Lisbon-~
~ü!ö•z ~ܲ ≤Ã&ú˛!Ó˚í˛yÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xyàüö âˆÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚
ˆã˛yá Ó%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ó%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õyÎ˚ Ú•z!ï˛•y§ÛˆÏܲñ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏܲ ~üö ~ܲ ˆÓí˛¸yçyˆÏ° ˆÓшÏô
24 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ Ú˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ §ï˛ƒÛê˛y•z xô≈§ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ~ܲ §Ó˚°
x˛õ°y˛õ üye– ˆ§•z ≤Ã&ú˛!Ó˚í˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ƒy°ü%ˆÏu˛y !§°û˛yñ ˆ§ xyÓ˚ §ÓyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y•z §•ç §yôyÓ˚î
~ܲ üyö%£Ïñ x§yôyÓ˚î ÷ô% ~ܲê˛y•z xá[˛ÈÙÈÓ#«˛ˆÏî ˆÎ ˆ§ !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ §Ó!ܲå%ÈÓ˚•z
~ܲê˛y ò,¢ƒüyö ~ÓÇ xDy!Dû˛yˆÏÓ xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲê˛y xò,¢ƒüyö !òܲ xyˆÏåÈñ xyÓ˚ ò%ˆÏê˛yˆÏܲ•z Î!ò
xá[˛û˛yˆÏÓ öy ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛y xˆÏòáyÓ˚•z ¢y!ü°– ˆ§ ç˜Ïöܲ ˙!ï˛•y!§ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏD
~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ܲÌy ӈϰñ ÚÚxy!ü xy˛õöyˆÏܲ !Óö#ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ fløÓ˚î ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zñ ≤Ã&ú˛!Ó˚í˛yÓ˚Ó˚y
ˆüyˆÏê˛•z ˆ•°yˆÏú˛°yÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ öÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ç#Óö ~ÓÇ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ΈÏÌ‹T x!û˛K˛ üyö%£Ï– xyüyÓ˚
~•z Ó•zñ •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ xy!◊ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚•z ˆ°áyñ Î!òÄ xyüyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ öÎ˚ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xy˛õyï˛
!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# üï˛yüï˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã◊Î˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y– xy!ü §!ÓöˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚Ä Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z ˆÎ ÎyÈÙÈ!ܲå%È §y!•ï˛ƒ
öÎ˚ñ ï˛y•z ç#Óöñ •z!ï˛•y§ñ xÓ¢ƒ•z •z!ï˛•y§ñ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ åÈyí˛¸y•zñ ~ÓÇ !ã˛eñ
§Çà#ï˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò– §Çà#ï˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ çß√°@¿ ˆÌˆÏܲ•zñ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÓí˛¸yçy° ˆÌˆÏܲ ü%_´ •ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚
˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ– ~ÓÇ !ã˛eñ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ¢∑§#üy åÈy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
°ˆÏ«˛ƒ– üyö%£Ï Îáö ¢∑ !°áˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá!ö ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏàÄ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ x!hflÏc !åÈ°– ˆ§•z ≤Ãyã˛#ö
≤ÃÓyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛yñ Î!ò ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ öy ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÓí˛¸y°ˆÏܲ•z §ˆÏD ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄ
!¢Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ˆÎ üyö%£Ï x«˛Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏö öyñ ˆ§ !ܲv åÈ!Ó xÑyˆÏܲñ !¢÷Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y•z– ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ܲ
~ê˛y òÑyí˛¸y° ˆÎ §y!•ï˛ƒ§,!‹TÓ˚ xyˆÏàÄ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ x!hflÏc !åÈ° ˆÜ˛yöÄÊ •Ñƒy !ë˛Ü˛ ï˛y•zñ Î!ò
ܲÌyÈÙÈÓ°y üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyˆÏà üyö%£Ï §,‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xyˆÏàÄ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
x!hflÏc ÌyܲˆÏÓ !ö!ÿ˛ï˛– ~û˛yˆÏÓ û˛yÓyÓ˚ çöƒ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y òy¢≈!öܲ !ܲÇÓy ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ •ÓyÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö !åÈ°ñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~§Ó û˛yÓöyÓ˚ Ó˚§ò !åÈ° !ܲv xyüyÓ˚ ˆï˛y ˆ§ xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
≤ÃÌyàï˛ !¢«˛y ˆö•zñ xy!ü !öï˛yhsˇ•z xÑyÜ˛í˛¸y §yôyÓ˚î üyö%£Ï ÎyÓ˚ üˆÏï≈˛ƒ xyàüö ï˛yÓ˚
˛õ)Ó≈˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÌ ôˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ãy•züy!Ó˚ •z¢Ü%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆ§ xˆÏÌ≈ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !¢«˛y•z
˛õyÎ˚!ö– xÌã˛ ~•z ˆfl∫y˛õy!ç≈ï˛ !¢«˛yñ !öÓ˚°§ ◊ü ~ÓÇ !ö¤˛y í˛zÍܲ!£Ïï≈ ˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ï˛ü
!¢«˛yÓ˚ üÎ≈yòyÓ˚ñ xï˛#ˆÏï˛ Îy !åÈ° ~ܲyhsˇ•z ˆàÔÓ˚ˆÏÓÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xyô%!öܲï˛yñ ï˛yÓ˚
≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!öܲ =Ó˚&c !òˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏöܲê˛y•z Ó yï˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ !öÓ≈yÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˆ◊¤˛ï˛ü ú˛§°– Î!òÄ
ܲyÓƒ xyÓ˚ à“ !°!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ˆ§Ôû˛yàƒe´ˆÏü ˆ§•z ÓM˛Èöy ˆçyˆÏê˛!ö ~áöÄ– !ܲv ~
ˆï˛y ~ܲ !öåÈܲ ܲy!Ó˚àˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌyñ ÎyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ§,!‹TÓ˚ ΈÏÌ‹TÓ˚ܲü ≤Ã!ï˛û˛y !åÈ° öy– xï%˛ƒFã˛
Ó˚§ˆÏÓyôñ ˛õ!Ó˚¢#!°ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚•y§!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛yÈÙÙÙÈ~§Ó ~ܲyhsˇ §y!•ï˛ƒ Ó˚§yÎ˚ˆÏî ï˛yÓ˚ !åÈ° û˛#£Ïî
áyü!ï˛– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏö ˆ§ Ó˚!§Ü˛ñ !ܲv §y!•ï˛ƒ ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ §!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– •z!ï˛•y§ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xÌÓy •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ Î!ò Ú•z!ï˛•y§Û
˙!ï˛•y!§ˆÏܲÓ˚ •yï˛ åÈyí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏç•z Ó˚ã˛öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ !öˆÏçÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§– ï˛áö •Î˚ï˛
•z!ï˛•y§ Ó› ~ÓÇ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ ò%•z •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ï˛y ~áöÄ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆ§•z ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ !¢“# ˆÓ˚ü%ˆÏu˛y !§°û˛yÈÙÈÓ˚ §ˆÏD ç#Óö §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ñ üyö%£Ï
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ °∏˛ û˛y[˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛#Ó  ~ܲ §ˆÏ®• ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈñ Îy
ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !åÈ° §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òy!Ó–
~•z §ˆÏ®•Óy!ï˛Ü˛ üö•z ˆÓyô •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ !°áˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ !˚ åÈ° The Gospel According
to Jesus Christ, ÎyÓ˚ !¢ˆÏÓ˚yöyü §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y«%˛£Ï !Óºü åÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ !ܲå%È•z öyñ !ܲv
~•z ˆÓyô •Î˚ ˆ§•z Ó#çï˛°y ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°ˆÏö ~ܲ§üÎ˚ xyÓyò •ˆÏÓ öï%˛ö ˆÜ˛yöÄ
í˛z˛õöƒy§Ó˚#!ï˛Ó˚ §Ó%ç í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛y– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§ The New Testament-~Ó˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöy
 ˆöyˆÏÓ° x!û˛û˛y£Ïî † 25
˛õyï˛yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ !öåÈܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !öÓ˚ˆ˛Ï õ«˛ xyˆÏÓ«˛î öÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛yÓ˚ àû˛#Ó˚ ï˛°ˆÏò¢ xö%§¶˛yˆÏöÓ˚
ˆã˛‹Tyñ Ó˚Ç ï%˛!°Ó˚ ≤ÈϰˆÏ˛õ xï˛#ï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ öï%˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãyî≤Ã!ï˛üyÎ˚ x!ô!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆã˛‹Tyñ !ܲÇÓy ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆ¢yܲyÓ• §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛FåÈ!Ó– ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ ˆ§•z !¢“#ñ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛ÈÙÈüˆÏöÓ˚
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ß¿ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ ˆÜ˛yö ôü≈@ˇÃsi Îy ÷ô% !ö‹õy˛õ ü,ï%˛ƒˆÏܲ•z ü•ˆÏ_¥ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚⁄ ˆ§ û˛yˆÏÓñ ˆÜ˛ö ~ !öåÈܲ ôü#≈Î˚ ¢!•òˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ï˛˛õ≈î⁄ ˆ§ xyÓ˚Ä û˛yˆÏÓñ ~
ˆÜ˛yö ˛õ!Óe !˛õï˛y ˆÎyˆÏ§ú˛ñ ˆÎ ˆÓˆÏÌ°ˆÏ•ˆÏüÓ˚ !¢÷ˆÏòÓ˚ !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚⁄ !ܲv ˆ§ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÎyˆÏ§ˆÏú˛Ó˚ òy!Î˚cK˛yö•#ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ܲyÓ˚îÄ ˆÓyˆÏé˛ öyñ ï˛yÓ˚
û˛Î˚ï˛y!í˛¸ï˛ ˛õ°yÎ˚ö!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ üöhflÏ_¥Ä ˆ§ ˆÓyˆÏé˛ öy– ÷ô%üye ~•zê%˛Ü%˛ Î%!_´•z ï˛yÓ˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ ÎˆÏÌ‹T üˆÏö •Î˚ öy ˆÎ ˆÓˆÏÌ°ˆÏ•ˆÏüÓ˚ !¢÷ˆÏòÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒà•¥Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Î÷ˆÏܲ í˛zk˛yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚y•z !åÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ÓÇ ~ܲüye ˛õ!Óe ˛õy°ö#Î˚ ܲï≈˛Óƒ– ˆÜ˛yöÄ fl∫à#≈Î˚ ü•_ü K˛yö
öÎ˚ñ !öåÈܲ §yôyÓ˚î K˛yö ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ˆÏà•z ~Ó˚ §yÓ˚Ó_y ≤Ãüy!îï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~û˛yˆÏÓ ˆÎñ §Ó≈!öÎ˚sÜf ˛
ü!•üyüÎ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ üyöÓydyÓ˚ ü%!_´Ó˚ çöƒ ï˛yÓ˚ !öåÈܲ ˜¢¢Ó xÓfliyˆÏï˛•z ˆ•Ó˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ˜§öƒˆÏòÓ˚
•yˆÏï˛ !ö•ï˛ •ö– ~•z öï%˛ö Óy•zˆÓÏ °#Î˚ û˛yˆÏ£ƒÏ ˆ§•z ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ ~ê˛y•z ÓyhflˆÏ ÓÏ y!ã˛ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ
ï%˛ˆÏ° xyöˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆÎñ ˆÎyˆÏ§ú˛ ˆÎö xö%ˆÏ¢yã˛öy@ˇÃhflÏ •ö ï˛yÓ˚ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛ˆÏü≈Ó˚ çöƒñ
≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛_ ܲˆÏÓö˚ ï˛yÓ˚ «%˛oï˛ü fl∫yˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ~ÓÇ ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ çyà!ï˛Ü˛ òyÎ˚ÈÙÈòy!Î˚ˆcÏ Ó˚
Óy•Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚•z !ï˛!ö ˆÎö ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ xy◊Î˚ @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ öÓû˛y£Ïƒ
ï˛y•z ü!•üyüÎ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚yôƒ ôü#≈Î˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çÎ˚àyö x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲå%È
«%˛oï˛Ó˚ üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ çÎ˚˛õÓ˚yçˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ !•ˆÏ§Ó !öˆÏܲˆÏ¢Ó˚ |ˆÏôù≈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üÓ˚î˛õî §Ç@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ !ã˛eˆÏܲ•z
˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛ê˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ~áyˆÏö !Î÷ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲò≈üy_´ ô)!°ô)§Ó˚ ˛õÌ x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ˆ§•z
ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ•zñ ˆÎ ˛õˆÏÌ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛y ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏåÈö xˆÏöܲܲy° xyˆÏà– ~ÓÇ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ
ˆ¢yܲï˛y˛õ Îy §M˛Èy!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ÓyhflÏÓ òyÎ˚òy!Î˚ˆÏcÓ˚ Óy•Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ Ó•ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏÓ ˆ§–
~üöܲ# e%´¢!Ók˛ •ˆÏÎ˚Ä ˆ§ fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ç#ÓöÓy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ ÓƒÌyñ Úˆï˛yüÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏܲ
«˛üy ܲÓ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§ çyˆÏö öy ˆ§ ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈñÛÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ç#Óö !öÎ≈y§ í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÷ô%
ï˛yÓ˚ ü•yö ˆ≤ÃÓÜ˚ ˛ §,!‹Tܲï≈˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆjÏ ˆÏ¢•z ÷ô% öÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°Ü˛ !˛õï˛yñ !Î!ö ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚_´üyLjϧ
§M˛Èy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö üyöÓydyÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ xö%û)˛!ï˛=!°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢Ä– ~•z ~ܲyhsˇ xyܲyA«˛y
!öˆÏΕ˚ z ˆ§•z ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ x!hsˇˆüÏ ~ˆÏ§ §ÇˆÏÎy!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ ü!®Ó˚ÈÙȧǰy˛õñ
!Î÷ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ xö%ˆÏ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲˆÏÌy˛õÜ˛ÌˆÏöñ Ú˛õy˛õ ~ܲ û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚ ˆöܲˆÏí˛¸ñ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yˆÏܲ
§Ç•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ §hsˇyöˆÏÜ˛Ä í˛zòÓ˚fli ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ~•z ˆöܲˆÏí˛¸ •z!ï˛üˆÏôƒ•z
xyüyÓ˚ !˛õï˛yˆÏܲ !öɈϢ!£Ïï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ ~áö ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zòƒï˛ ÌyÓy ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ñ ÷ô%
í˛zòÓ˚fli öÎ˚ñ !öɈϢ!£Ïï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÓyÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ•z–Û
Î!ò §¡Àyê˛ Charlemagne í˛z_Ó˚ çyü≈y!öˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ üë˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛öñ Î!ò ˆ§•z üë˛
Munster ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ_ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î öy •ï˛ñ Î!ò ˆ§•z öàÓ˚# ï˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ¢yï˛ü ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y
!òӈϧ £Ï¤˛ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛fiê˛yrê˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ƒyÌ!°Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ û˛Î˚yÓ• §Çâyï˛ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°«˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ xˆÏ˛õÓ˚yÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü í˛zò‰Îy!˛õï˛ öy ܲÓ˚ï˛ ï˛y•ˆÏ° •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~•z ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ ï˛yÓ˚
In Nomine Dei öyüܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ öyê˛Ü˛ Ó˚ã˛öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy•# •ï˛ öy– xöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
ü•_ü !ã˛hsˇyÓ˚ ¢!Ó˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ öÎ˚ñ ÷ô%üye ï˛yÓ˚ §•çyï˛ Î%!_´!ã˛hsˇy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§•z ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚
ˆ°áܲ ˆû˛ò ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ôü#≈Î˚ ô)¡Àï˛yÎ˚ xyFåÈߨ üyÎ˚yçy°ñ Îy üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏܲÄ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ° ü,ï˛– ˆ§ ò,!‹T ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä ˆòˆÏá x§!•£%èï˛yÓ˚ e)´Ó˚ ü%ˆÏáy¢ñ ˆÎ
26 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
e%´Ó˚ï˛y Munster-ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ !•ÇflÀ Úí˛zß√yò xy◊Î˚ÛÈÙÈ~ñ ˆÎáyˆÏö ≤Ã!ï˛!öÎ˚ï˛
xÓüy!öï˛ •Î˚ üyö!Óܲï˛yÓ˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ܲyÓ˚î ~ ÷ô% ˜Ó!Ó˚ ò%•z {ŸªÓ˚ í˛z˛õy§ˆÏܲÓ˚ m®μ
öÎ˚ñ ~ ˜Ó!Ó˚ï˛y x!û˛ß¨ ~ܲ {ŸªÓ˚ x!hflˆÏ cÏ Ó˚ mˆÏ®Óμ ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z– !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xydxˆÏã˛ï˛ö x¶˛ˆÏcÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛fiê˛yrê˛ Ä Ü˛ƒyÌ!°Ü˛Ó˚y !Óflø,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ àû˛#Ó˚ xy!dܲ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛Ó˚ ˛õÌñ ˆÎ ˛õÌ
Úx!hsˇü !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òöÛÈÙÈ~ xy¢#Ó≈yò !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ó£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ xˆÏüyâ
ܲÓ˚&îyôyÓ˚y– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ ˛õy!Ì≈Ó !e´Î˚yܲˆÏü≈Ó˚ ú˛°yú˛ˆÏ° {ŸªÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ!Î!ö üö%£Ïƒ=ˆÏîy!ã˛ï˛
Î%!_´Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ≈y_ü ôyÓ˚ܲÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õy§Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !öÿ˛Î˚•z fl∫à≈ xyˆÏÓ˚y•ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçö §¡õ)î≈
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛öñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚y ˆï˛y ˛õÓ˚ü {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚•z ~ܲyhsˇ §yôܲ !åȈϰö– !ܲv Munster öàÓ˚#Ó˚
ö,¢Ç§ •ï˛ƒyܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ xhsˇÓ˚yˆÏ°ñ ˆ§•z ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ ~ܲÌy•z í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ˆÎñ
ï˛yÓ˚y üyö%£Ïñ ~ܲï˛yÓ˚ x§#ü §Ω˛yÓöyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒÄ üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ üyöÓï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ§)ˆÏe @ˇÃsiö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ~ÓÇ ~ ܲÌy•z ï˛yÓ˚y ≤Ãüyî !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ üyöÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆàˆÏåÈ ˆÎ
xˆÏ•ï%˛Ü˛ xçflÀ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ !û˛ˆÏí˛¸ ôü≈Î%k˛•z üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ÓÇ ~ܲüye â,îƒ ˛õy¢!Óܲï˛yÓ˚
≤Ãܲy¢– xï˛~Ó {ŸªÓ˚ñ !ï˛!ö ˆï˛y {ŸªÓ˚•zñ !Î!ö ܲáöÄ !öˆÏçÓ˚ §üÓ˚§Iy !öˆÏç ≤Ûï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ö öy–
Úx¶˛Ûñ ˆ§•z ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇyÎ˚ñ ÚxyüÓ˚y §Óy•z x¶˛ÛÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ˆÓyô§)e ôˆÏÓ˚•z !ï˛!ö
!°áˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ö Blindness– ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ fløÓ˚î ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÓyÓ˚ çöƒ•z ˆ§ ˆ°ˆÏá ˆÎñ
üyö%£Ï üyöÓï˛yÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚ü !ÓÜ,˛!ï˛ âê˛yÎ˚ ï˛á!ö Îáö ˆ§ Î%!_´ÈÙÈû˛yÓöyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÷ô%üye
x¶˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ò,!‹T !òˆÏÎ˚•z ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏáñ !ÓŸªy!Î˚ï˛ ç#Óö áy!Ó˚ç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ Ó‡cï˛y–
~û˛yˆÏÓ•z üyöÓydy ≤Ã!ï˛!òöñ ≤Ã!ï˛!öÎ˚ï˛ «˛!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ xy˛õö Åòy§#ˆÏöƒñ ˛õy!Ì≈Ó
xÌÓy x˛õy!Ì≈Ó ¢!_´Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !öˆÏ‹õ!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ~üöܲ# í˛zIμ° ˆÜ˛yöÄ ≤ÃÎ˚y§– ˆ§
ï˛áö xydxÓüyööyÎ˚ çç≈!Ó˚ï˛ ~ܲ x§•yÎ˚ñ û˛yÓ˚ye´yhsˇ •yï˛˛õyÄ°y ÷ô%•z ~ܲ üyö%£Ï–
~•z §y!Ó≈ܲ x¶˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õê˛û)˛!üܲyÎ˚ ˆ§•z ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ ï˛áö !°ˆÏá ã˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ
ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §•ç§Ó˚° x!û˛Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ܲy!•!öñ Blindness– ~áyˆÏö ~ܲçö üyö%£Ï
xyÓ˚ ~ܲçö üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ !òˆÏܲ ÷ô% ˆã˛ˆÏΕ˚ z ÌyˆÏܲñ ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§ Ó%ˆéÏ ˛ˆÏåÈ ç#Óö !ܲÇÓy ç#Óö˛õ!Ìܲ
ï˛yˆÏܲ ¢)öƒï˛y åÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ !ܲå%È•z !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– ~•z xyáƒyö ܲy!•!öˆÏܲ ï˛y•z xöƒû˛yˆÏÓ
Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ §Ó≈öyü ܲÌy (All the Names)– x!°!áï˛ñ §ühflÏ öyˆÏüÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓ˚ ~áyˆÏö–
üyö%£Ïñ ÎyÓ˚y ˆÓшÏã˛ xyˆÏåÈ xÌÓy üyö%£Ïñ ÎyÓ˚y üyöÓ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ ü,ï˛–
~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚y Îyܲ– xyÓ˚ ˆÎ x«˛Ó˚=!° ~•z ˆ°áyÎ˚ åÈy˛õy •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
xyüyÓ˚ ΈÏï˛Ü˛ ã˛!Ó˚e=!°Ó˚ §!¡ø!°ï˛ ܲZ˛fl∫Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚•z ܲÌy ӈϰ ÎyÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ç#ÓöÈÙÈxï˛#ï˛ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !öçfl∫ fl∫Ó˚ ˆÎ xyüyÓ˚ ˆö•z– «˛üy ܲÓ˚ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ñ Î!ò ~§Ó
!öï˛yhsˇ•z x!ܲ!M˛ÈÍܲÓ˚•z •Î˚ñ ï˛Ó%Ä ˆï˛y ~ܲyhsˇû˛yˆÏÓ ~ xyüyÓ˚•z ç#Óö–
 28 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
xy ˆÏ° áƒ
xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲÌy
......
xö%Óyò ≠ Ó˚ï˛öÜ%˛üyÓ˚ òy§
~ܲçöñ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ òÓ˚çyÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ Ü˛í˛¸y ˆöˆÏí˛¸ ӈϰ!åÈ°ñ xyüyÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆöÔˆÏܲy
òyÄ– Ó˚yçyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ xöƒ xˆÏöܲ òÓ˚çyñ !ܲv xö%ˆÏÎyà çyöyˆÏöyÓ˚ òÓ˚çy
~•z ~ܲê˛y•z– !ܲv Ó˚yçyñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !òˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚û˛yà §üÎ˚ê˛y ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ö
Ü,˛˛õy ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚†xö%öˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òÓ˚çyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ§ ӈϧ Sxö%öÎ˚ñ Îy Ó!£Ï≈ï˛ •Î˚
Ó˚yçyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ x!ÓÓ˚ï˛ñ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y §•çˆÏÓyôƒV ï˛y•z Î!ò !ï˛!ö ܲáöÄ ÷öˆÏï˛ö
xö%ˆÎÏ yˆÏàÓ˚ òÓ˚çyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z Ü˛í˛¸y öyí˛¸ˆåÏ Èñ !ï˛!ö öy ˆ¢yöyÓ˚•z û˛yö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ö
Îï˛«˛î öy ˆ§•z ~ܲöyàyˆÏí˛¸ ˆÓ yˆÏOÈÓ˚ Ü˛í˛¸y öyí˛¸yÓ˚ ¢∑ ÷ô%üye ܲyˆÏö ï˛y°y
öy °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ !Ó!FåÈ!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏ°B˛y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÎï˛ ˛õyí˛¸y˛õí˛¸!¢ˆÏòÓ˚
¢y!hsˇ !Ó!â¯ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ S˛õí˛¸!¢Ó˚y =ö=ö ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òï˛ñ ~ ˆÜ˛üö Ó˚yçyñ ò%Îy˚ ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆ¢yˆÏö öyV ~ܲüye ï˛á!öñ ¢yhsˇ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ í˛z˛õyÎ˚
öy ˆòˆÏá !ï˛!ö ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü §!ã˛ÓˆÏܲ !öˆÏò≈¢ ˛õyë˛yˆÏï˛öñ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛
x!û˛ˆÏÎyàܲyÓ˚# ܲ# ã˛yÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü §!ã˛Ó !mï˛#Î˚ §!ã˛ÓˆÏܲ ˆí˛ˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛yˆÏï˛öñ
!Î!ö ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ §!ã˛ÓˆÏܲ ï˛°Ó !òˆÏï˛ö ~ÓÇ !ï˛!ö ≤ÃÌü §•Ü˛yÓ˚#ˆÏܲ !öˆÏò≈¢
˛õyë˛yˆÏï˛ö– ≤ÃÌü §•Ü˛yÓ˚# xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õy°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ §•Ü˛yÓ˚#ˆÏܲ xyˆÏò¢
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö ~ÓÇ ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ~ܲçˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲçˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õy°y ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚
xӈϢˆÏ£Ï Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ ˆÎï˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
!öˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y xyÓ˚ ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ ˆ˛õï˛ öy ï˛y•z òÓ˚çyê˛y xyôˆÏáy°y ܲˆÏÓ˚
§Ó˚& úÑ˛yˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ !çˆÏK˛§ ܲÓ˚ï˛ñ ܲ# ã˛yÄ ï%˛!ü– xö%ˆÏÎyàܲyÓ˚#
ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ï˛– xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛yö‰ ܲÌy çyöyˆÏï˛ ˆ§ ~ˆÏ§!åÈ° ï˛y•z
çyöyï˛ ~ÓÇ òÓ˚çyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ ÌyÜ˛ï˛ Îï˛«˛î öy ï˛yÓ˚ xö%ˆÓÏ y˚ ô xyÓyÓ˚
~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆ°yܲ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yö í˛z_Ó˚ xyˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚
˛õÌ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚– Ó˚yçyñ ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛û˛yˆÏÓ•z ÓƒhflÏ !Î!ö ≤âǧy ≤Ãy!ƈÏï˛ñ xˆÏöܲê˛y
§üÎ˚ !öˆÏï˛ö í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ñ xyÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ï˛yÓ˚ üyö%£ÏçˆÏöÓ˚ §%á fl∫yFåȈϮƒÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛y ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆ•°yˆÏú˛°yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !åÈ° öy ï˛y•z !ï˛!ö
xӈϢˆÏ£Ï !§k˛yhsˇ !öˆÏï˛ö ≤ÃÌü §!ã˛ÓˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ òy!Î˚c¢#° üï˛yüï˛ê˛y !°ˆÏá
çyöyˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xÓ¢ƒ•z ~ê˛y Ó°yÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y Ó˚yˆÏá öy ˆÎ ≤ÃÌü §!ã˛Ó !mï˛#Î˚
§!ã˛ÓˆÏܲ !öˆÏò¢≈ ê˛y ˛õyë˛yˆÏï˛öñ !Î!ö ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ §!ã˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆ§ê˛y ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ö
~ÓÇ ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ hflÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ï˛y ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ ˆÎï˛
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎê˚ ˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈñ ˆ§ ڕуy xÌÓy öyÛÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü ï˛yÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇê˛y çy!öˆÏÎ˚
!òï˛ xyÓ˚ Îy !öû≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛ ~ܲyhsˇû˛yˆÏÓ•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˆüçyçÈü!ç≈Ó˚ IJõÓ˚–
Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ ˆÎ ˆ°yܲê˛y ˆöÔˆÏܲy ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§!åÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y !ë˛Ü˛
~Ó˚ܲü •° öy– òÓ˚çyÓ˚ úÑ˛yܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y Îáö çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z°ñ ï%˛!ü ܲ#
ã˛yÄñ ˆ°yܲê˛yñ xyÓ˚ §ÓyÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ í˛z˛õy!ôñ ˛õòܲ xÌÓy !öåÈܲ
!ܲå%È xÌ≈ ã˛yÎ˚!ö– ˆ§ Ó°°ñ xy!ü Ó˚yçyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z– ï%˛!ü
û˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚•z çyˆÏöy Ó˚yçy xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓö öyñ !ï˛!ö xö%öˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òÓ˚çyÓ˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ ÓƒhflñÏ ˆüˆÏÎ!˚ ê˛ çÓyÓ !ò°– !ë˛Ü˛ xyˆÏåÈñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ !òÄ Îï˛«˛î
öy !ï˛!ö !öˆÏç xy§ˆÏåÈö xy!ü ܲ# ã˛y•z ï˛y çyöˆÏï˛ñ ï˛ï˛«˛î xy!ü ~áyö
ˆÌˆÏܲ öí˛¸!åÈ öyñ ˆ°yܲê˛y Ó°° ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ܲ¡∫° ü%!í˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚
~üöû˛yˆÏÓ ˆã˛ÔܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸° ˆÎ ˆÜ˛í˛z Î!ò ì%˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ !ܲÇÓy ˆÓˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏï˛
ã˛yÎ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ≤Ã̈Ïü•z ï˛yˆÏܲ ê˛˛õˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ÓyÓ˚ ~ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÷Ó˚& •° ~ܲ
û˛#£Ïî !Óºyê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î ~ ܲÌyê˛y §ÓyÓ˚•z çyöy ˆÎ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !öÎ˚üyö%§yˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨
òÓ˚çyÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲçö üye ï˛yÓ˚ xû˛yÓÈÙÈx!û˛ˆÏÎyà=!° çyöyˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ
xï˛~Ó ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyÓ˚ xöƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z ~ˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚ òy!ÓÈÙÈòyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy çyöyˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ öy– ~§Ó ˆòˆÏá÷ˆÏö üˆÏö •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xy•zˆÏöÓ˚ ~üö ôyÓ˚yÎ˚
!Î!ö §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ °yû˛Óyö •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö !ï˛!ö •ˆÏ°ö fl∫Î˚Ç Ó˚yçy ܲyÓ˚î á%Ó Ü˛ü
ˆ°yܲ•z ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò%ɈÏáÓ˚ §yï˛Ü˛y•ö ÷!öˆÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚_´ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÓÏ ñ
xyÓ˚ ï˛ï˛ ò#â≈ §üÎ˚ Ó˚yçy !öÓ˚&˛õoˆÏÓ Ü˛yê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓö ÷ô%üye ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈ
ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ≤âǧy Ü%˛!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ñ ç!üˆÏÎ˚– !ܲv xöƒû˛yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° Ó˚yçy ˆÓ¢
ë˛ˆÏܲ ˆàˆÏ°ö ӈϰ•z üˆÏö •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ˆ°yܲçö Î!ò ˆÓyˆÏé˛ ˆÎ ~ܲê˛y
§yüyöƒ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ~ï˛ ò#â≈§üÎ˚ ˆ°ˆÏà ÎyÎ˚ ï˛áö üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲZ˛fl∫Ó˚ ˆï˛y ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ•z ~ÓÇ ï˛y §yüy!çܲ xã˛°yÓfliy
Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° e´ü¢ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ ≤â!hflÏ xç≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ ~ÓÇ
ˆö!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ≤Ãû˛yÓ ˆú˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ï˛y•z ~•z§Ó !•ˆÏ§ÓÈÙÈ!öˆÏܲ¢ ã%˛°ˆÏã˛Ó˚y !Óã˛yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛ö!òö ˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yçy ~ˆÏ°öñ !öˆÏçñ xö%öˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òÓ˚çyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈñ ˆ°yܲê˛y
ܲ# ã˛y•zˆÏåÈ ï˛y çyöˆÏï˛ÈÙÙÙȈ§•z ˆ°yܲê˛y ˆÎ §ühflÏ §%!ö!ò≈‹T xyü°yï˛y!sfܲ
!öÎ˚üÈÙÈܲyö%öˆÏܲ ˛õy_y öy !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xö%ˆÏÓ˚yô çyöyˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§!åÈ°– òÓ˚çyê˛y
ˆáyˆÏ°yñ Ó˚yçy xyˆÏò¢ !òˆÏ°ö ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y Ó°°ñ
˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ ê˛y öy ~ܲê%˛áy!ö– Ó˚yçy ~ܲü%•ï) ˛≈ û˛yӈϰöñ ܲyÓ˚î !ï˛!ö Óy•zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚
!öˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ á%Ó ~ܲê˛y fl∫yFåÈ®ƒ ˆÓyô ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ö öy– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö •° òÓ˚çyÓ˚ úÑ˛yܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~û˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃçyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ܲÌy Ó°yê˛y
•Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y áyÓ˚y˛õ ˆòáyˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õòüÎ≈yòyÓ˚ §ˆÏD !ë˛Ü˛ üyöyö§•z •ˆÏÓ öyñ •Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y
üˆÏö •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö û˛Î˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈñ
ˆÎ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y §Ó ܲÌy ã˛yÓ˚!òˆÏܲ Ó˚y‹T… ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏÓ Ü˛# çy!öñ Ó°y ˆï˛y ÎyÎ˚
öyÈÙÙÙÈï˛y•z Ó˚yçy xӈϢˆÏ£Ï Ó°ˆÏ°öñ òÓ˚çy •yê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ á%ˆÏ° òyÄ– xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z
ˆ°yܲê˛y ˆÎ ˆöÔˆÏܲy ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§!åÈ° ˆ§ Îáö òÓ˚çyÓ˚ !åÈê˛!ܲ!ö ˆáy°yÓ˚
¢∑ê˛y ÷öˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õ° §ˆÏD §ˆÏD ˆ§ ÜÑ˛yÌyÈÙÈܲ¡∫° =!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ •yï˛ ˆçyí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚
 xyˆÏ°áƒ ≠ xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲÌy † 29
í˛zˆÏë˛ òÑyí˛¸y°ñ xÌ≈ê˛y ~•z ˆÎ ˆÜ˛í˛z ~ܲçö ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ Ú!Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛y !öˆÏÎ˚Û Ü˛Ìy
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏö òÓ˚çyÓ˚ §yüˆÏöê˛y ~ÓyÓ˚ áy!° •ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y
í˛zͧ%ܲñ â%Ó˚â%Ó˚ ܲÓ˚!åÈ° òÓ˚çyÓ˚ §yüˆÏö Ó˚yçyÓ˚ xö%ܲ¡õy ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚
ï˛yÓ˚y ≤Ã›ï˛ •° çyÎ˚àyê˛y òá° ˆöÓyÓ˚ çöƒ Îï˛ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ˆ§ê˛y úÑ˛yܲy
•Î˚– Ó˚yçyÓ˚ ~üö x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ xy!Óû≈˛yÓ SÓ˚yçü%Ü%˛ê˛ ˛õÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~üö
âê˛öy ܲáöÄ âˆÏê˛!ö ˆï˛yV xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÓ˚ï˛ Ü,˛˛õy≤ÃyÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲ òyÓ˚&î !ÓfløÎ˚
§,!‹T ܲÓ˚°– xyÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ í˛z°ˆÏê˛y!òˆÏܲ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ~•z
xyܲ!fløܲ ˆÜ˛y°y•ˆÏ° §ã˛!Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ çyö°yÎ˚ !û˛í˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zÑ!ܲ !òˆÏï˛
Ìyܲ°– ~ܲüye ˆÎ ˆ°yܲê˛y ˆöÔˆÏܲy ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§!åÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !ܲv
!Ó®%üye ã˛yM˛È°ƒ ˆòáy ˆà° öy– ˆ§ ˆÎö çyöï˛•z Ó˚yçy xy§ˆÏÓ•z xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
xö%üyö !ë˛Ü˛ ≤Ãüy!îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yçy ~ˆÏ°öÄñ Î!òÄ ~Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !ï˛ö!òö !ï˛!ö
§üÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– Ó˚yçy ~ˆÏ°ö xˆÏöܲ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§•z üyö%£Ïê˛yˆÏܲ
~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆòáyÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÎ xy˛õyï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛yÓ˚î åÈyí˛¸y ~ܲüye xq$ï˛ ~ܲ
§y•ˆÏ§ û˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ §ˆÏD §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°yÓ˚ òy!Ó çy!öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
xӈϢˆÏ£Ï Ó˚yçyñ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲyhsˇ xòüƒ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° ~ÓÇ üyö%£ÏçˆÏöÓ˚ ~üö
xyܲ!fløܲ !ÓÓ˚!_´Ü˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛Ó˚ ˜mï˛ ê˛yöyˆÏ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ˆÏö !ÓÓ˚_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚
!ï˛ö!ê˛ ≤ß¿Óyî !öˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°öÈÙÙÙÈܲ# ã˛yÄ ï%˛!üñ xyÓ˚ Îy ã˛yÄ ï˛y ˆÜ˛ö
§Ó˚y§!Ó˚ Ó°ˆÏ° öyñ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ !ܲ üˆÏö •Î˚ xyüyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
ܲyç ˆö•z– !ܲv ˆ°yܲê˛y ~ܲüye ≤ÃÌü ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚•z í˛z_Ó˚ !ò°ñ Ó°°ñ xyüyÎ˚
~ܲê˛y ˆöÔˆÏܲy òyÄ– ܲÌyê˛y ÷ˆÏö Ó˚yçy ~ï˛ê˛y•z âyÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏ°ö ˆÎ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y §ˆÏD §ˆÏD ~ܲê˛y áˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ à!òx°y ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !ò°ñ ˆÎê˛y ˆ§
ˆ§°y•z ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ !öˆÏç•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛– Ó˚yçÓy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ é˛yí˛¸ÈÙȈ˛õÑyåÈ Ü˛Ó˚y
åÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚Ä xˆÏöܲ ˆåÈyê˛áyˆÏê˛y ˆ§°y•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲyçñ ˆÎüö Ó•zÈÙÈáyï˛y ˆ§°y•zñ
~§ÓÄ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ï˛– Ó˚yç!§Ç•y§ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ê˛y ˆÓ¢ ö#ã%˛ •ÓyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
!ܲå%Èê˛y xfl∫!hflÏ !öˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yçy ˛õy ò%ˆÏê˛y ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ xyÓ˚yˆÏü åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚
•zï˛ƒy!ò ÓƒÓfliy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z ÓƒhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°ö– ≤Ã̈Ïü ˛õy ò%ˆÏê˛y !ܲå%Èê˛y ˆê˛ˆÏö
~ˆÏö ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ò%Û˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆ§ ò%ˆÏê˛y åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö Ó§ˆÏ°ö– ï˛ï˛«˛î xÓ¢ƒ ˆ§•z
ˆöÔˆÏܲy ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ xy§y ˆ°yܲê˛y ˜ôÎ≈ ôˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚!åÈ° ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚
çöƒ– çyöˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ܲ# ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆöÔˆÏܲyê˛y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ê˛yÎ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !ܲå%Èê˛y fl∫yFåÈ®ƒ ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yçy ≤ß¿ê˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö–
xçyöy ~ܲ m#˛õ áÑ%ˆÏç ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zñ ˆ°yܲê˛y í˛z_Ó˚ !ò°– ˆÜ˛yö xçyöy m#˛õñ
ˆ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ •y!§ê˛y ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ Ó˚yçy ≤ß¿ê˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö ˆÎö §ü%oÈÙÈx!û˛ÎyˆÏö ˆâyÓ˚ °yày
ˆÜ˛yö ~ܲ Ók˛ í˛zß√yò ï˛yÓ˚ §yüˆÏö òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏܲ xÎÌy ≤ß¿ÓyˆÏî !Ók˛ öy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚•y•z ˆòÄÎ˚y•z í˛z!ã˛ï˛– xçyöy ~ܲ m#˛õñ ˆ°yܲê˛y xyÓ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ Ó°°–
xy•y¡øܲñ xçyöy ӈϰ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ m#˛õ ˆö•z– ˆÜ˛ xy˛õöyˆÏܲ ӈϰˆÏåÈ
Ó˚yçy ˆÎ xçyöy xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ m#˛õ ˆö•z– ˆÜ˛öñ §Ó m#˛õ•z ˆï˛y üyö!ã˛ˆÏe
xyˆÏåÈ– çyöy m#˛õ=ˆÏ°y•z ˆï˛y ~ܲüye üyö!ã˛ˆÏe ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎ xçyöy m#˛õ
ï%˛!ü áÑ%çˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zåÈñ ï˛y ˆÜ˛üö⁄ xy!ü Î!ò Ó°ˆÏï˛•z ˛õyÓ˚ï˛yü ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛y
30 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
xyÓ˚ xçyöy ÌyÜ˛ï˛ öy– ˆÜ˛í˛z Äê˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ !ܲå%È ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ° ÷ˆÏöåÈñ Ó˚yçy
~áö !ܲå%Èê˛y àΩ˛#Ó˚– öy öyñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ӈϰ!ö– ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï%˛!ü ~û˛yˆÏÓ ˆçyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚
ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚åÈ ˆÎ ˆ§ê˛y xyˆÏåÈ– ˆüyjy ܲÌy ˆ¢yˆÏöyñ xçyöy ˆÜ˛yöÄ
m#˛õ Ìyܲy xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄû˛yˆÏÓ•z §Ω˛Ó öÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ï%˛!ü !ܲöy ~ܲê˛y
ˆöÔˆÏܲy ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ°Ê •Ñƒyñ xy!ü ~áyˆÏö ~ˆÏ§!åÈ ~ܲê˛y ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ çöƒ•z–
ï%˛!ü ˆÜ˛ ˆ• ˆÎ ˆï˛yüyÎ˚ ~ü!ö ~ü!ö ~ܲê˛y ˆöÔˆÏܲy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÓ– xy˛õ!ö•z Óy
ˆÜ˛ xyüyÎ˚ !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÓyÓ˚– xy!ü ~ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚yçyñ ~ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ó ˆöÔˆÏܲy
xyüyÓ˚– ÄÓ˚y Îï˛ê˛y öy xy˛õöyÓ˚ñ xy˛õ!ö ĈÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ä ˆÓ!¢–
ܲ# Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÄ ï%˛!üñ Ó˚yçy !ܲå%Èê˛y !Óã˛!°ï˛ ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– xy!ü Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z
ˆÎ ĈÏòÓ˚ åÈyí˛¸y xy˛õöyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ x!hflÏc•z ˆö•z !ܲv xy˛õöyˆÏܲ åÈyí˛¸y ÄÓ˚y
!ܲv !ò!Óƒ §ü%ˆÏo ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xyüyÓ˚ xyˆÏò¢üˆÏï˛yñ xyüyÓ˚
üy!é˛ÈÙÈüyÕ‘yÓ˚y ÌyܲˆÏ° ï˛ˆÏÓ•z– xy!ü !ܲv xy˛õöyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÜ˛yöÄ üy!é˛ÈÙÈüyÕ‘y
ã˛y•z!ö– xy!ü ÷ô% ~ܲê˛y ˆöÔˆÏܲy•z ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ– !ë˛Ü˛ xyˆÏåÈñ !ܲvñ ˆ§•z xçyöy
m#˛õ Î!ò ï%˛!ü xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ܲv ˆ§ê˛y xyüyÓ˚•z •ˆÏÓ–
Ó˚yçyñ xy˛õöyÓ˚ xy@ˇÃ• ˆï˛y ˆ§•z m#˛õ=ˆÏ°yÎ˚ñ Îy çyöy •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ– xyÓ˚
xçyöy m#˛õ çyöy •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°•z ˆï˛y xy˛õöyÓ˚– !ܲv ~ÓyÓ˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~ê˛y
xçyöy•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏÓ– ï˛y•ˆÏ° xy!ü ˆï˛yüyÎ˚ ˆöÔˆÏܲy !ò!FåÈ öy– •Ñƒyñ xy˛õ!ö
ˆòˆÏÓö– xyÓ˚Ä ÎyÓ˚y Ü,˛˛õy≤ÃyÌ≈# •ˆÏÎ˚ òÓ˚çyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ÙÈ!˛õˆÏë˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !åÈ° ï˛yÓ˚y
~üö ¢#ï˛° xÌã˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚# ܲÌy=ˆÏ°y ÷ˆÏö ~ÓÇ ~ï˛«˛î ôˆÏÓ˚ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y
÷ˆÏö ÷ˆÏö x˜ÏôÎ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï !ë˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚° ˆ°yܲê˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏÓ
Îï˛ê˛y öy ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §•yö%û)˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ
xÓƒy•!ï˛ ˛õyÓyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyÓ˚ ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚y !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ í˛z벰ñ ĈÏܲ
~ܲê˛y ˆöÔˆÏܲy òyÄñ ĈÏܲ ~ܲê˛y ˆöÔˆÏܲy òyÄ– Ó˚yçy ~ÓyÓ˚ ü%á á%°ˆÏ°öñ
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yˆÏܲ !öˆÏò≈¢ !òˆÏ°ö xy•zö¢,C°y !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyöyÓ˚ çöƒ ~ÓÇ
¢y!hsˇ ˛õ%öÉfliy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÎö ≤Ãy§yòÓ˚«˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆí˛ˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛yˆÏöy •Î˚– !ܲv
•z!ï˛üˆÏôƒ üyö%£Ïçöñ ÎyÓ˚y Ó˚yçÓy!í˛¸Ó˚ í˛z°ˆÏê˛y!òˆÏܲÓ˚ çyö°y=!° !òˆÏÎ˚ ~§Ó
ܲy[˛Ü˛yÓ˚áyöy ˆòá!åÈ° ï˛yÓ˚yÄ ≤ÃÓ° í˛zͧyˆÏ• Ä•z !Ó«%˛∏˛ üyö%£Ï=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD
à°y ˆü°yˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°ñ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°°ñ ĈÏܲ ˆöÔˆÏܲy òyÄñ ĈÏܲ
ˆöÔˆÏܲy òyÄ– çöàˆÏîÓ˚ ~üö ˆ§yçy§y˛õê˛y òy!ÓòyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáyü%!á •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
•z!ï˛üˆÏôƒ xö%öˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òÓ˚çyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ Ü˛ï˛ !ܲå%È•z öy •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛°°yüÈÙÙÙÈ~§Ó
xˆÏàyåÈyˆÏ°y û˛yÓöy!ã˛hsˇy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚•y•z ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ Ó˚yçy ï˛yÓ˚ í˛yö
•yï˛áy!ö ï%˛°ˆÏ°ö– §Óy•zˆÏܲ ¢yhsˇ •ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°ñ ˆ§•z ˆ°yܲê˛yˆÏܲ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ
•Ñƒyñ xy!ü ˆï˛yüyÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆöÔˆÏܲy ˆòÓñ !ܲv üy!é˛ÈÙÈüyÕ‘y §Ó ˆï˛yüyÎ˚ ˆçyàyí˛¸
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ܲyÓ˚î xyüyÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y xyˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛í˛z xçyöy m#˛õ öÎ˚ çyöy
m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çöƒ !ö!ò≈‹T– ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ çöàˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫ï˛Éfl≥)˛ï≈˛ í˛zÕ‘y§ôù!öˆÏï˛ ˆ°yܲê˛y ˆÎ
Ó˚yçyˆÏܲ ܲ# ӈϰ ôöƒÓyò çy!öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ï˛y ì˛yܲy ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– ÷ô% ï˛yÓ˚ ˆëÑ˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚
ܲ¡õö ˆòˆÏá ˆÎö ˆÓyé˛y ˆà° ˆ§ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏåÈñ ôöƒÓyò Ó˚yçyñ xy˛õ!ö
!Óã˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÓö öyñ §Ó ÓƒÓfliy xyˆÏÎ˚yçö xyüyÓ˚– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yçy Îy Ó°ˆÏ°ö
 xyˆÏ°áƒ ≠ xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲÌy † 31
ï˛y xÓ¢ƒ §Óy•z ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ÷öˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õ°ñ Ó®ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄñ Ó®Ó˚ x!ô˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD
ܲÌy Ó°ñ Ó° ˆÎ xy!ü ˆï˛yüyÎ˚ ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈñ ï˛y•ˆÏ°•z Ä ˆï˛yüyÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y
ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓñ xyÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚˛õeê˛yÄ §ˆÏD !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄ–
ˆ°yܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚˛õeê˛y ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛yá Ó%!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòá°ñ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ öyˆÏüÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛
ÚÓ˚yçyÛ ¢∑ê˛y !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ°áy xyˆÏåÈ xyÓ˚ Ó˚yçy ï˛áö ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚ ÜÑ˛yˆÏôÓ˚
IJõÓ˚ Äê˛y ˆÓ˚ˆÏá á§á§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !°ˆÏá !òˆÏ°öñ ˛õeÓy•Ü˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y ˆöÔˆÏܲy
ˆòÄÎ˚y ˆ•yܲñ á%Ó Óí˛¸ öy •ˆÏ°Ä §ü%ˆÏo ÎyÓyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆÎö •Î˚– !ܲv Î!ò
áyÓ˚y˛õ !ܲå%È âˆÏê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ !ܲv xy!ü òyÎ˚# ÌyÜ˛Ó öy– ~û˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲê˛y xyhflÏ
ˆöÔˆÏܲy í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ ˛õyÓyÓ˚ çöƒ ˆ°yܲê˛y Îáö Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y çy!öˆÏÎ˚ üyÌyê˛y ï%˛°°
ˆòá° Ó˚yçy ˆö•zñ !ï˛!ö ï˛ï˛«˛ˆÏî ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏåÈö– ÷ô%üye ˆ§•z ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yñ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ !ã˛hsˇyÓ˚ ˆüâ ç!üˆÏÎ˚ ÄÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ !åÈ°– ˆ°yܲê˛y
ï˛ï˛«˛ˆÏî òÓ˚çy ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ ~ÓyÓ˚ §Óy•z ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ §Óy•z ~üö ‡ˆÏí˛¸y‡!í˛¸ °y!àˆÏÎ˚ !ò° ˆÎ ˆ¢£Ï
˛õÎ≈hsˇ §Óy•z ˆòá°ñ •yÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚Ê òÓ˚çyê˛y Ó¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ ÎÌyÓ˚#!ï˛
òÓ˚çyÓ˚ ˆÓ yˆÏOÓ˚ Ü˛í˛¸y öyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ °yà° Î!ò ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y ~ˆÏ§ á%ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚ñ
!ܲv ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y ï˛áö xyÓ˚ ÄáyˆÏö ˆö•z– ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ éÑ˛yê˛y Óy°!ï˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò !öˆÏÎ˚
ï˛ï˛«˛ˆÏî !§k˛yˆÏhsˇÓ˚ òÓ˚çyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ ˆàˆÏåÈ– !§k˛yˆÏhsˇÓ˚ òÓ˚çyê˛y xÓ¢ƒ
ܲü•z ˆáyˆÏ°ñ xyÓ˚ Î!ò ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ï˛y ˆáyˆÏ° ï˛y•ˆÏ°Ä ˆ§ê˛y !§k˛yhsˇ !öˆÏÎ˚•z
ˆáy°y •Î˚– ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá !ã˛hsˇyÓ˚ åÈyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îê˛y ˆÓyé˛y ˆà°
ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yˆÏܲ ~•zê%˛Ü%˛ §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ•z !§k˛yhsˇ !öˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆÎ ˆ§Ä Ä•z
ˆ°yܲê˛yÓ˚ !˛õå%È !˛õå%È Ó®ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Äöy ˆòˆÏÓñ ˆ°yܲê˛y ˆÎ ˆöÔˆÏܲy•z ˛õyܲ öy ˆÜ˛ö
ˆ§ ÄÓ˚ òy!Î˚c ˆöˆÏÓ– §yÓ˚yê˛y ç#Óö•z ˆï˛y ~•z Ó˚yçÓy!í˛¸ é˛yí˛¸ˆÏ˛õÑyåÈ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •° ~ÓyÓ˚ xöƒÓ˚ܲü !ܲå%È ~ܲê˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛üö •Î˚ñ Ä
ˆû˛ˆÏÓ!åÈ°ñ ˆöÔˆÏܲy ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yê˛y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~ܲê˛y ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲyç •ˆÏÓ
xyÓ˚ Îy•zˆ•Ï yܲ §ü%ˆoÏ ˆï˛y çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xû˛yÓ •ˆÏÓ öy– !ܲv ˆ§•z ˆ°yܲê˛y
â%îy«˛ˆÏÓ˚Ä Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ö üy!é˛ÈÙÈüyÕ‘y ˆçyàyí˛¸ÈÙÈÎhsˇ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z ~ܲçö
ï˛yÓ˚ ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ ˆòáû˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ òy!Î˚c !öˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧ xyˆÏåÈñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xö%§Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈ– xÓ¢ƒ ~ê˛y•z ˆï˛y !öÎ˚!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyçñ ~ û˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆï˛y ˆ§ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
!öÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ë˛Ü˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !˛õå%È !öˆÏÎ˚ xyüÓ˚y Îáö üˆÏö üˆÏö !ú˛§ú˛y§
ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛áö Ä ï˛yÓ˚ •yï˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ñ !öÉ¢ˆÏ∑ñ •yï˛ Ó˚yˆÏáñ ÜÑ˛yˆÏô– Îy•z Ó°
öy ˆÜ˛öñ ~ê˛y•z •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z–
xˆÏöܲê˛y ˛õÌ ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ˆ°yܲê˛y Ó®ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈy°ñ í˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ
~ˆÏ§ Ó®Ó˚ x!ô˛õ!ï˛ˆÏܲ áÓÓ˚ ˛õyë˛y° xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ú%˛Ó˚§ˆÏï˛ ˆ§ û˛yÓ!åÈ°
~ï˛=ˆÏ°y ˆöÔˆÏܲy Ó®ˆÏÓ˚ ÓÑyôy ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yöê˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ
Ä çyöï˛ ˆÎ ˆöÔˆÏܲyê˛y ΈÏÌ‹T Óí˛¸ •ˆÏÓ öyñ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚˛õˆÏe ~ ܲÌy
˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆ°áy xyˆÏåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏö Óy‹õçy•yç Óyòñ üy°Óy•# çy•yçÄ Óyò
~üöܲ# Î%k˛çy•yçÄ– ï˛y ӈϰ ~ï˛ ˆåÈyê˛ •ˆÏÓ öy ˆÎ §ü%ˆÏoÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ° Óyï˛y§
xÌÓy ˆì˛í˛zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ é˛y˛õê˛y ˆ§ §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ öy– ܲyÓ˚î !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛y Ó˚yçy
32 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
!öˆÏç•z ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– §ü%ˆÏo ÎyÓyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆÎö •Î˚ñ !öˆÏçÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛
!°ˆÏá– ï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏö Îy òÑyí˛¸y°ñ Ó•zë˛yx°y ˆöÔˆÏܲyñ Óyç≈ !ܲÇÓy !í˛!ä ˆöÔˆÏܲy
~§Ó Óyòñ Î!òÄ ~=!° !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚#!ï˛üˆÏï˛y !öÓ˚y˛õˆÏò•z §ü%ˆÏo ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ÎyÄÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ~ ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ §ü%ˆÏo ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÎyÄÎ˚y öÎ˚ñ ~ •° xçyöy
m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ˛õí˛¸y– !ë˛Ü˛ ï˛á!ö !ܲå%Èê˛y ò)ˆÏÓ˚ñ §yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáy
!˛õˆÏ˛õ=!°Ó˚ !˛õåÈö ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§•z ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y ˆöÔˆÏܲy=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ öçÓ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá Îy!FåÈ°ñ û˛yÓ!åÈ°ñ xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ Ä•z Ä•zê˛y •ˆÏÓñ Î!òÄ ˆ§ çyöï˛
ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õåÈ®ÈÙÈx˛õåÈ®ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˛õy_y•z ˆòˆÏÓ öy ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆï˛y ˆÜ˛í˛z ~áöÄ
ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛yˆÏç•z °yàyÎ˚!ö– Îy•zˆ•Ï yܲñ ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆ¢yöy Îyܲ ˆ§•z Ó®Ó˚ÈÙÈx!ô˛õ!ï˛Ó˚
Ó_´Óƒê˛y ܲ#– Ó®Ó˚ÈÙÈx!ô˛õ!ï˛ ~ˆÏ°öñ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚˛õeê˛y ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°öñ
ˆ°yܲê˛yˆÏܲ xyày˛õy¢ï˛°y ˆòˆÏá ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Îy Ó°ˆÏ°ö Îy Ó˚yçy !öˆÏç•z û%˛ˆÏ°
!àˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ°Ï ö !çˆÏK˛§ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ñ ï%˛!ü ˆöÔˆÏܲy Ó•zˆïÏ ˛ çyö⁄ ~§Ó ܲyˆÏç ˆÜ˛yöÄ
x!û˛K˛ï˛y xyˆÏåÈ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚⁄ ÎyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°yܲê˛y Ó°°ñ §ü%ˆÏo ˛õy!í˛¸ !òˆÏï˛
!òˆÏï˛•z §Ó !¢ˆÏá ˆöÓ– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ Ó®Ó˚ÈÙÈx!ô˛õ!ï˛ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ öyñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xy!ü
!öˆÏç ~ܲçö §ü%o öy!Óܲ ï˛y•z ˆöÔˆÏܲy xy!ü ˆï˛yüyÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öy–
ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏöy ˆöÔˆÏܲy xy!ü ˆï˛yüyÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó öy– ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~üö ~ܲê˛y
!òö Îy !òˆÏÎ˚ §ü%ˆÏo x!û˛Îyö ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~üö ~ܲê˛y ˆöÔˆÏܲy ÎyˆÏܲ xy!ü
§¡øyö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Óñ ˆ§Ä xyüyÎ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ï%˛!ü öy!Óܲ öy •ˆÏ°Ä ܲÌyê˛y öy!ÓˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y Ó°ˆÏ°– ܲÌyê˛y Î!ò §!ï˛ƒ
öy!ÓˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xy!üÄ §!ï˛ƒ öy!Óܲ– Ó®Ó˚ÈÙÈx!ô˛õ!ï˛ xyÓ˚
~ܲÓyÓ˚ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚˛õeê˛y ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°öñ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ xyFåÈy ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆöÔˆÏܲyê˛y
ˆÜ˛ö òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ܲê%˛ Ó°ˆÏÓÊ xçyöy ~ܲ m#˛õ áÑ%ˆÏç ˆöÓyÓ˚ çöƒ– xyÓ˚ ˆï˛y
ˆÜ˛yöÄ m#˛õ xçyöy ˆö•z– Ó˚yçyÄ xyüyˆÏܲ !ë˛Ü˛ ~ܲ•z ܲÌy ӈϰ!åȈϰö–
m#˛õ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ §ühflÏ ï˛Ìƒ Ó˚yçy xyüyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆçˆÏöˆÏåÈö– ~ê˛y !ܲv xyüyÓ˚
xq$ï˛ °yàˆÏåÈ ˆÎ xy˛õ!ö §ü%ˆoÏ Ó˚ üyö%£Ï •ˆÏÎÄ ˚ ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏåÈö xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
xçyöy m#˛õ ˆö•z– xy!ü ˆï˛y í˛yäyÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ •ˆÏÎ˚Ä ÓˆÏ° !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ çyöy
m#˛õÄ xçyöy ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ Îï˛«˛î öy ˆÜ˛í˛z ÄáyˆÏö ˛õy Ó˚yáˆÏåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏö
ï%˛!ü Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zåÈ ï%˛!ü ˆ§•z m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚•z ˆáÑyç ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ã˛yÄ ˆÎáyˆÏö ~áöÄ
ˆÜ˛í˛z öyˆÏü!ö– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ï˛y•zñ ÄáyˆÏö ˆàˆÏ° ï˛ˆÏÓ•z Ó°y ÎyˆÏÓ– Î!ò xyˆÏòÔ
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚– !öÿ˛Î˚•zñ •Î˚ï˛ ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆöÔˆÏܲyê˛y í%˛ˆÏÓÄ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Î!ò
ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xy˛õ!ö Ó®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ö!̈Ïï˛ ~ܲÌyê˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z !°ˆÏá Ó˚yáˆÏÓö ˆÎ
ï˛Ó%Ä üyö%£Ïê˛y ˆÜ˛yÌyÄÈÙÈöyÈÙÈˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ!åÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏö ˆÜ˛yÌyÄÈÙÈöyÈÙÈ
ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ï%˛!ü !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ˛õÑÔåȈÏÓ•z– ï˛y öy •ˆÏ° ˆ§•z üyö%£Ïê˛y •Ó ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy
xy!ü •ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ Ó®Ó˚ÈÙÈx!ô˛õ!ï˛ ˆ§yçy§%!ç Ó°ˆÏ°öñ ˆÎ ˆöÔˆÏܲyê˛y
ï%˛!ü ã˛y•zˆÏÓñ xy!ü ˆ§ê˛y•z ˆï˛yüyÎ˚ ˆòÓ– ˆÜ˛yöê˛y Ó°ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ~ê˛yñ ~ê˛y !ܲv
á%Ó ˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏöyñ ˆ˛õyí˛¸áyÄÎ˚y– ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ܲyÓ˚ Îáö §Óy•z xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §¶˛yˆÏö
ˆÎï˛ÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛y m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §¶˛yöÄ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ˆÜ˛yöê˛y ã˛yÄ Ó°ñ
~ê˛y•z–ÈÙÙÙÈÄ!òˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y ˆÎ•z ˆòá° Ó®Ó˚ÈÙÈx!ô˛õ!ï˛ ˆÜ˛yö ˆöÔˆÏܲyê˛y
 xyˆÏ°áƒ ≠ xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲÌy † 33
xyä%° !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáyˆÏFåÈñ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD Ä !˛õˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !˛õåÈö ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§
!ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ !ò°ñ Äê˛y xyüyÓ˚ ˆöÔˆÏܲyñ Äê˛y xyüyÓ˚ ˆöÔˆÏܲy– ~Ó˚ܲü ~ܲê˛y
xyܲ!fløܲ xöƒy΃ òy!ÓÄ «˛üy •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ~ܲê˛y•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yÄ
§!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ ˆ§•z ˆöÔˆÏܲyê˛yˆÏܲ û˛yˆÏ°yˆÏӈϧ ˆú˛ˆÏ°!åÈ°– !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎö Î%k˛çy•yçñ
ˆ°yܲê˛y Ó°° ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ §yÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó®Ó˚ÈÙÈx!ô˛õ!ï˛Ä Ó°°ñ !ë˛Ü˛ ӈϰåÈ–
Î%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ çöƒ•z ~ê˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ §yÓ˚y•zÈÙÈê˛yÓ˚y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆáy°ö°ˆÏã˛
ÓòˆÏ° ˆàˆÏåÈ– ï˛Ó%Ä ˆï˛y xy§ˆÏ° Äê˛y Î%k˛çy•yç•z– •Ñƒy ü)° ܲyë˛yˆÏüyê˛y
xÓ¢ƒ ï˛y•z– üy›°ñ Ó•zë˛y §Ó•z ˆï˛y ˆòá!åÈ xyˆÏåÈ– ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚
§¶˛yˆÏö ~=ˆÏ°y á%Ó Ü˛yˆÏç °yàˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y !öˆÏçˆÏܲ
ã%˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ í˛z벰ñ xyüyÎ˚ Î!ò Ó° ï˛y•ˆÏ° xy!ü Ó°Ó
~ê˛y•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y– ï%˛!ü ˆÜ˛ ˆ•ñ ˆ°yܲê˛y çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z°– ˆ§!ܲñ ï%˛!ü
xyüyÎ˚ !ã˛öˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° öyÊ öyñ ˛õyÓ˚°yü öy– xyˆÏÓ˚ xy!ü ˆ§•z ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
ˆüˆÏÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ˆ• ï%˛!ü⁄ Ó˚yçÓy!í˛¸Ó˚ñ ˆÎ ˆï˛yüyÎ˚ òÓ˚çy
á%ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ ˆ§•z– Ó˚yçÓy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ Î!ò •Ä ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~áyˆÏö ˆÜ˛ö⁄
ÎyÄñ !àˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ òÓ˚çy á%ˆÏ° òyÄ– öyñ ܲyÓ˚î ˆÎ òÓ˚çy xyüyÓ˚
ˆáy°yÓ˚ ܲÌy !åÈ° ï˛y ˆÎ §Ó ˆáy°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈñ ~ÓÇ ~áö ˆÌˆÏܲ xy!ü
÷ô% ˆöÔˆÏܲy•z ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚Ó– üyˆÏöñ ï%˛!ü xyüyÓ˚ §ˆÏD xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §¶˛yˆÏö
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛yÄÊ •Ñƒyñ xy!ü Ó˚yçÓy!í˛¸ ˆåȈÏí˛¸!åÈ !§k˛yˆÏhsˇÓ˚ òÓ˚çy ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚– !ë˛Ü˛
xyˆÏåÈñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ÎyÄ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆöÔˆÏܲyê˛yˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá÷ˆÏö öyÄñ ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Äê˛y
ˆÎö û˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆôyÎ˚yˆÏüyåÈy ÌyˆÏܲ– !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ !§¶%˛§yÓ˚§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚
û˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ öçÓ˚ ˆÓ˚áñ ÄÓ˚y û˛#£Ïî ˆöyÇÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ï%˛!üÄ ã˛° xyüyÓ˚
§ˆÏDñ ˆòáˆÏÓ öyñ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ê˛y ˆÜ˛üö– ~ܲê%˛ xyˆÏà ˆÎ ï%˛!ü
Ó°ˆÏ° ˆöÔˆÏܲyê˛y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚– û˛yˆÏ°y ˆ°ˆÏà!åÈ° ӈϰ ӈϰ!åÈ°yüñ !ܲå%È üˆÏö
ˆÜ˛yˆÏÓy˚ öyñ û˛yˆÏ°y °yàyê˛y ˆÎüö ˛õyÓyÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óí˛¸ ܲÌy ˆï˛ü!ö ˛õyÄÎ˚yê˛yÄ
û˛yˆÏ°y °yàyÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ áyÓ˚y˛õ ܲÌy– Ó®Ó˚ÈÙÈx!ô˛õ!ï˛ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy
Ìy!üˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰ í˛zë˛ˆÏ°öñ ~ÓyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ã˛y!Óê˛y xy!ü ˆöÔˆÏܲyÎ˚ üy!°ˆÏܲÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛
ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆòÓñ ˆï˛yüyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛ Äê˛y ˆöˆÏÓñ xyüyÓ˚ xÓ¢ƒ ˆÎ ܲyí˛zˆÜÏ ˛ !òˆÏ°•z
•°– ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó ÌyˆÏܲ öy!ܲ⁄ ˆ°yܲê˛y !çˆÏàƒ§ ܲÓ˚°– ã˛y°yˆÏöyÓ˚
çöƒ xÓ¢ƒ•z öÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆöÔˆÏܲyˆÏï˛Ä ˆï˛y !§®%ܲñ xy°üy!Ó˚ ~§Ó ÌyˆÏܲ–
~§Ó ÄÓ˚ òy!Î˚ˆÏc ÌyÜ%˛Ü˛ñ xy!ü Îy•z xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆ°yܲÈÙȈê˛yܲ ˛õy•z !ܲ öyñ
~•z ӈϰ•z ˆ°yܲê˛y §ˆÏD §ˆÏD ã˛ˆÏ° ˆà°–
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y Ó®Ó˚ÈÙÈx!ô˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ òƈÏÓ˚ ˆà° ã˛y!Óê˛y xyöˆÏï˛ñ ã˛y!Ó !öˆÏÎ˚
ˆöÔˆÏܲyÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ법z ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö •° ò%ˆÏê˛y !ç!ö§ á%Ó Ü˛yˆÏç °yàˆÏÓ– ~ܲñ
Ó˚yçÓy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆ§•z éÑ˛yê˛yê˛y xyÓ˚ !§¶%˛§yÓ˚§ˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°yܲê˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z §ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲÓ˚y
ܲÌy=!°– xyÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ Îá!ö Ä Ü˛yˆÏë˛Ó˚ ˛õyê˛yï˛öñ ˆÎê˛y üy°˛õ_Ó˚ Äë˛yöyüyÓ˚
çöƒ °yˆÏàñ ï˛yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ üyé˛yüy!é˛ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåȈÏåÈ xü!ö ˆ§•z ˆÓxyò˛õ ˛õy!á=ˆÏ°y
éÑ˛yܲ ˆÓˆÏô ˆãÑ˛ã˛yˆÏï˛ ˆãÑ˛ã˛yˆÏï˛ ÄÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ éÑ˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸°ñ xyÓ˚ ˆëÑ˛yê˛=ˆÏ°y
~üö •Ñy ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ˆÎö ~«%˛!ö !àˆÏ° ˆöˆÏÓ– !ܲv ÄÓ˚y ˆï˛y çyˆÏö öy ܲyÓ˚
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 3
34 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
§ˆÏD °í˛¸y•zÈÙÈ~ ˆöˆÏüˆÏåÈ– ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y ï˛«%˛!ö •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ Óy°!ï˛ê˛y öy!üˆÏÎ˚ñ Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚
áÑyˆÏç ã˛y!Óê˛y =шÏçñ ˛õyê˛yï˛öê˛yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ˆ§yçy òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ éÑ˛yê˛yê˛y •yˆÏï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ°
~üöû˛yˆÏÓ ÓöÓö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏï˛ °yà° ˆÎö xy!jܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ï˛ˆÏ°yÎ˚yÓ˚ñ
xyÓ˚ ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z Ä ˛õy!á=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ åÈeyܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ò°– ~ÓyÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚•z Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚° !§¶%˛§yÓ˚§=ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛ö xüö ˆÓ˚ˆÏà !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ x§ÇრÓy§yñ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛y úÑ˛yܲy •ˆÏ°Ä Óy!ܲ=ˆÏ°yÎ˚ !í˛ü û˛!ï≈˛ñ
ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛ê˛yÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ åÈyöyˆÏ˛õyöyÄ xyˆÏåÈñ •Ñy ܲˆÏÓ˚ áyÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ çöƒ •Ñyܲ˛õÑyܲ ܲÓ˚ˆåÏ È–
§Ó !ë˛Ü˛ xyˆÏåÈ !ܲv xyüyˆÏÜ˛Ä ˆï˛y §Ó §yú˛§%ï˛ˆÏÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ˆÎ
ˆöÔˆÏܲy §ü%ˆÏo ˛õy!í˛¸ Ó§yˆÏÓ xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §¶˛yˆÏö ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ ˛õy!áÓ˚
Óy§yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y •ˆÏ° •ˆÏÓ öyñ Ä üˆÏö üˆÏö û˛yÓ° xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ~ܲê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚
áy!° Óy§y=ˆÏ°y å%ÈшÏí˛¸ çˆÏ° ˆú˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏï˛ °yà°– ÓyòÓy!ܲ=ˆÏ°y xy˛õyï˛ï˛
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !ò°– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yüÓ˚ ˆÓшÏô ˆöˆÏü ˛õí˛¸° ˆôyÎ˚yˆÏüyåÈyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç–
xˆÏöܲ«˛î ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ û˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ô%ˆÎÏ ˚ ü%ˆåÏ È Ä ˆà° ˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ xÓfliyê˛y ˆÜ˛üö
xyˆÏåÈ ˆ§ê˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛– á%Ó üö !òˆÏÎ˚ Ä ˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ§°y•z=ˆÏ°y ˆòáˆÏï˛ °yà°–
xˆÏöܲ!òö ˆÜ˛yöÄ §ü%oÎyeyÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚!ö ˆöÔˆÏܲyê˛yñ ≤Ãã˛[˛ Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏD
˛õy°=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ °í˛¸y•zÈÙÈÄ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚!ö xˆÏöܲ!òö– ˛õy°=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xy§ˆÏ°
ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚•z ˆ˛õ!¢ §Óñ •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆüˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ê˛y ˛õÓ˚á ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏï˛ •Î˚
xyÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y•z öy áyê˛yˆÏ° ò%Ó° ≈ x§yí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ˆ§°y•z=ˆÏ°y
§Ó !¢Ó˚yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛yñ ~§Ó•z û˛yÓ!åÈ° ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y xyÓ˚ üˆÏö üˆÏö á%Ó üçy ˆ˛õ°
~ê˛y ˆû˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ Ü˛ï˛ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ Ä §ü%oÎyeyÓ˚ xy§° Ó˚•§ƒ=ˆÏ°y Ó˚Æ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆ§°y•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎ çyÎ˚ày=ˆÏ°y á%Ó ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöy •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˆ§=ˆÏ°y
Ä û˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛ˆÏö Ó˚yᰠܲyÓ˚î ÄÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÎ §%ã˛§%ˆÏï˛y xyˆÏåÈ ï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚
ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ ~=ˆÏ°y ˆ§°y•z ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ öy– xöƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛y ÓyˆÏ: ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ í˛zÑ!ܲ
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòá° §Óܲê˛y úÑ˛yܲy– ÓyÓ˚&ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ: ~ܲˆÏú˛Ñyê˛y ÓyÓ˚&ò ˆö•z– ÷ô% ܲyˆÏ°y
ܲyˆÏ°y ܲ# ~ܲê˛y ï˛°yÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏåÈ Îy ˆòˆÏá ≤Ã̈Ïü ÄÓ˚ üˆÏö •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°
•zÑò%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ =– xÓ¢ƒ ï˛yˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚&Ó˚ !ܲå%È ~ˆÏ§ ÎyÎ˚ öy ܲyÓ˚î ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆï˛y û˛yˆÏÓ!ö
ˆÎ ~ܲê˛y ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ •ë˛yÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ê˛y•z ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ xçyöy
m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §¶˛yˆÏö ÎyÓ˚ çöƒ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ §Ó˚Oyü ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
xyÓ˚ ˆ§ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏà ˆà° Îáö ˆòá° áyÓyÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ: ~ܲˆÏúÑ˛yê˛yÄ áyÓyÓ˚
!ܲÇÓy Ó˚§ò !ܲ§‰§% ˆö•zñ ÄÓ˚ öy •ˆÏ°Ä ã˛°ˆÏÓ Ü˛yÓ˚î Ó˚yçÓy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ~шÏê˛y
ÜÑ˛yê˛y ˆáˆÏÎ˚ Ä xû˛ƒhflÏ !ܲv ˆ§•z ˆ°yܲê˛y ~ܲê%˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z §)Î≈ xhflÏ ˆàˆÏ°•z
~ˆÏ§ ˆáˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏÓñ ˆÎüö §Ó ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï üyö%£Ï•z Óy!í˛¸ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ã˛yÎ˚ñ ˆÎö
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚•z ~ܲüye ˆ˛õê˛ xyˆÏåÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ó˚§ò ç%!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛áö ܲ#
•ˆÏÓÊ xyÓ˚ Î!ò Ä §ˆÏD ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲå%È çöüyö%£Ï ˆí˛ˆÏܲ xyˆÏö– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆï˛y
xyÓyÓ˚ §Ó Ó˚y«˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y !áˆÏòñ ï˛áöÊ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y üˆÏö üˆÏö û˛yÓ!åÈ°ñ çy!ö
öy ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yüy° ˆòÓ–
ÄÓ˚ xÓ¢ƒ ~ï˛ §ühflÏ öy û˛yÓˆÏ°Ä ã˛°ï˛– §)Î≈ Îáö §ˆÏÓ ò!Ó˚Î˚yÎ˚ í%˛Ó
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ xü!ö ˆ§•z ˆ°yܲê˛y ˆöÔˆÏܲyÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ •y!çÓ˚– xÓ¢ƒ ~ܲyñ •yˆÏï˛ !ܲå%È
 xyˆÏ°áƒ ≠ xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲÌy † 35
üy°˛õe ÓÑyôyåÑÈyòyñ !ܲv ˆÜ˛üö ˆÎö !öˆÏhflÏç– Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y ÄÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ
~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°ñ ~ܲê%˛ çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏÓ §yÓ˚yê˛y !òö ˆÜ˛üö ˆà°ñ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚
xyˆÏà•z Ä ÓˆÏ° í˛z벰ñ !ã˛hsˇyÓ˚ !ܲå%È ˆö•zñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ ΈÏÌ‹T
áyÓyÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§!åÈ– xyÓ˚ §Ó üy!é˛ üyÕ‘y⁄ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z°– ˆòáˆÏï˛•z
ˆï˛y ˛õyFåÈ ˆÜ˛í˛z xyˆÏ§!öñ ˆ°yܲê˛y Ó°°– ˆÜ˛í˛z !ܲ xy§ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈñ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y
xyÓyÓ˚ Ó°°– öyñ §Óy•z Ó°° xçyöy m#˛õ ӈϰ öy!ܲ xyÓ˚ !ܲå%È ˆö•zñ xyÓ˚
Î!ò Óy ÌyˆÏÜ˛Ä ï˛y•ˆÏ°Ä ˆÜ˛í˛z âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆüy£Ï ï˛yí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y
ú˛y°ï%˛ xƒyí˛ˆÏû˛M˛ÈyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çöƒ §ü%ˆÏo ˛õy!í˛¸ !òˆÏï˛ Ó˚y!ç öÎ˚– ÄÓ˚y ~üöû˛yˆÏÓ
Ó°° ˆÎö ~áöÄ xyüÓ˚y ˆÎö ˆ§•z x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ §ü%ˆÏoÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà Óy§ ܲÓ˚!åÈ– ï%˛!ü
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ# Ó°ˆÏ°⁄ Ó°°yüñ ÓˆÏê˛•z ˆï˛yñ §ü%o üyˆÏö•z ˆï˛y x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚– ï%˛!ü
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏ° öy⁄ ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°Óñ Îáö xy!ü !öˆÏç•z
çy!ö öy ˆ§•z xçyöy m#˛õ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈÊ !ܲv ï%˛!ü ˆï˛y ӈϰåÈ ˆ§ê˛y
xyˆÏåÈ– !ë˛Ü˛ñ ~•z x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ §ü%ˆÏoÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ˆÎ ~ܲê˛y x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ m#˛õÄ
xyˆÏåÈ ï˛y xy!ü !ö!ÿ˛ï˛– !ܲv !ë˛Ü˛ ~áöñ ~áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáñ §ü%ˆÏoÓ˚ ç°
ˆÜ˛üö ˛õyÌÓ˚ÈÙȧÓ%ç ˆòáyˆÏFåÈñ xyܲy¢ ˆÎö xy=öÓ˚yäyñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° §ü%o x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚
•ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛öñ Äê˛y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆòáyÓ˚ û%˛°ñ ˆÎüö ܲáöÄ Ü˛áöÄ üˆÏö •Î˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
§ühflÏ m#˛õ ˆÎö çˆÏ°Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ û˛y§ˆÏï˛ û˛y§ˆÏï˛ ÎyˆÏFåÈñ !ܲv ï˛y ˆï˛y
öÎ˚– ÎyܲˆÏàñ üyö%£Ïçö xyÓ˚ ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ ˆï˛y ˛õyÄÎ˚y ˆà° öyñ ~áö ï%˛!ü ~ܲyñ
§yü°yˆÏÓ Ü˛# ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ !ܲv ~üöÄ ˆï˛y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyüÓ˚y ~áyˆÏö•z ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ âyˆÏê˛ Îy !û˛í˛¸ˆÏÓ ˆ§=!°ˆÏܲ ˆôyÎ˚y ˆüyåÈy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y xyüyÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°
ÎyˆÏÓñ !ܲv ï%˛!ü⁄ xy!üÊ §Ó üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚•z ~ܲê˛y öy ܲyç ÌyˆÏܲñ üyˆÏö !ܲå%È
~ܲê˛y ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÎyˆÏܲ ӈϰ ˆ˛õ¢yñ xyüyÓ˚Ä ˆï˛üö ~ܲê˛y !ܲå%È xyˆÏåÈ •Î˚ˆÏï˛yñ
•Î˚ˆÏï˛y !åÈ°ñ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏ° xyÓyÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛Ä ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv Îï˛«˛î öy xy!ü
ˆ§•z xçyöy m#˛õ áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õy!FåÈ ï˛ï˛«˛î xy!ü çy!ö öy xy!ü ˆÜ˛– §!ï˛ƒ çyö
öy⁄ öyñ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ åÈy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ü%_´ öy •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆï˛y çyöˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó öy–
Ó˚yçÓy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ òy¢≈!öܲ xy§ˆÏï˛öñ Îáö ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛yç ÌyÜ˛ï˛ öy í˛z!ö
~ˆÏ§ xyüyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ Ó§ˆÏï˛öñ xyüyÓ˚ ˆ§°y•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲyç á%Ó Îb !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛öñ
xyÓyÓ˚ ܲáöÄ Ü˛áöÄ òy¢≈!öܲ ܲÌyÄ Ó°ˆÏï˛öñ Ó°ˆÏï˛ö ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ê˛y üyö%£Ï•z
öy!ܲ ~ܲ ~ܲê˛y m#˛õñ xy!ü âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚üyö%£Ïñ Ä§Ó Ü˛Ìy xyüyÓ˚ üyÌyÎ˚
ì%˛Ü˛ï˛ öyñ üö !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛y•z ÷öï˛yüÄ öy– ܲ# û˛yÓåÈ ï%˛!ü⁄ ~ܲê˛y m#˛õ ˆåȈÏí˛¸
xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç ã˛ˆÏ°!åÈ– xyüÓ˚y !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ܲáöÄ áÑ%ˆÏç•z ˛õyÓ öy
Î!ò öy !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ åÈyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ü%_´ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õy!Ó˚– ò%ˆÏê˛y !ܲv ~ܲ •° öy– xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y ï˛áö xˆÏöܲê˛y ܲüˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚&
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– çˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚Ç •ë˛yÍ ÓòˆÏ° ܲyˆÏ°y ö#°ñ xyÓ˚ ï˛y ˆòˆÏá ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö
ˆÜ˛yöÄ §ˆÏ®••z Ó˚•z° öy ˆÎ §ü%ˆÏoÓ˚ Ó˚Ç §!ï˛ƒ•z x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚– xhsˇï˛ xˆÏöܲê˛y
§üÎ˚ ˆï˛y ÓˆÏê˛•z– ~áö ã˛°ñ Ó˚yçòy¢≈!öˆÏܲÓ˚ òy¢≈!öܲï˛y û%˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆáˆÏÎ˚
!ö•z ã˛°– xyÓ˚ Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ~Ó˚ çöƒ ˆï˛y í˛z!ö ê˛yܲy ˛õyˆÏFåÈöñ ˆ°yܲê˛y Ó°°–
!ܲv ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y ÄÓ˚ ܲÌy ܲyˆÏö öy ï%˛ˆÏ°•z Ó°°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆöÔˆÏܲyê˛y
36 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
û˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá öyÄñ ï%˛!ü ˆï˛y ÷ô% Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ê˛y•z ˆòˆÏáåÈ– ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá ܲ#
üˆÏö •°⁄ ˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !ܲå%È ˆ§°y•z !ë˛Ü˛ë˛yܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yÓ˚yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– åÈ•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ö#ã˛ê˛y
û˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáåÈ ˆï˛yÊ ç°ÈÙÈê˛° ˆï˛y°y xyˆÏåÈ– åÈ°yÍ åÈ°yÍ ˆï˛y ܲÓ˚!åÈ°ñ
ï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏö xyˆÏåÈ– ~ï˛ ï%˛!ü çyöˆÏ° ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ çyö°yü– !ܲv ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
!ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï%˛!ü ӈϰ!åȈϰ öy §ü%ˆÏo ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˛õy!í˛¸ !òˆÏ°•z
§Ó!ܲå%È çyöy ÎyÎ˚– !ܲv xyüÓ˚y ˆï˛y ~áöÄ §ü%ˆÏo ˛õy!í˛¸ !ò•z!ö– öy !òˆÏ°Ä
çˆÏ°Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ ˆï˛y xy!åÈ– •Ñƒy !ë˛Ü˛ ӈϰåÈñ öy!Óܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ò%ÛçˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ
å%ȈÏê˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ~ܲ ç°ñ ò%•z ~ܲê˛y ˆöÔˆÏܲy– xyÓ˚ xyܲy¢ Äê˛y Ó°ˆÏ° öy
ˆï˛yÊ •Ñƒyñ xyÓ˚ xyܲy¢ñ Óyï˛y§ñ ˆüâñ xyܲy¢ñ •Ñƒy xyܲy¢–
Óí˛¸ˆÏçyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏöˆÏÓ˚y !ü!öê˛– ĈÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ˆöÔˆÏܲyê˛y ˆòáy •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ܲyÓ˚î
xyÓ˚ Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ˆöÔˆÏܲyÎ˚ •Ñyê˛yã˛°yÓ˚ çyÎ˚ày ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ öy– ˆÓ¢ §%®Ó˚
Ó°⁄ ˆ°yܲê˛y Ó°°ñ !ܲv üy!é˛üyÕ‘y öy ˆ˛õˆÏ° Ó˚yçyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓñ
Ó°Ó ~üö ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆö•z– §!ï˛ƒñ ~ܲê˛y §ü§ƒy •°
xyÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD ï%˛!ü •y° ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏ°Ê !ï˛ö !òö ÄáyˆÏö •ˆÏï˛ƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸
ˆÌˆÏÜ˛Ä ï˛áö !ܲv •y° åÈy!í˛¸!ö– xyÓ˚ Î!ò ˆÜ˛í˛z xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎˆÏï˛ öy
ã˛yÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyüÓ˚y ~ܲy•z ÎyÓ– ˛õyà° •ˆÏÎ˚åÈñ ~Ó˚ܲü ~ܲê˛y ˆöÔˆÏܲy ò%çˆÏö
ÓÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚Ê ˆÜ˛öñ xy!ü §yÓ˚y!òö •yˆÏ° ӈϧ ÌyܲÓñ xyÓ˚ ï%˛!ü §Ó ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ
~Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ˛õyà°yˆÏüyÓ˚ ܲ# xyˆÏåÈ– !ë˛Ü˛ xyˆÏåÈ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓñ ~áö ã˛° ˆáˆÏÎ˚È
!ö•z– ÄÓ˚y ò%çö ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ åÈ•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆà°ñ ˆ°yܲê˛y ï˛áöÄ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚
˛õyà°yˆÏüy !öˆÏÎ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ ÎyˆÏFåÈ xyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y ï˛ï˛«˛ˆÏî Óy:ÈÙÈ˛õуyê˛Ó˚y §Ó
á%°ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– Ó˚&!ê˛ñ !ã˛çñ ç°˛õy•zñ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆÓyï˛° ò%ô– ãÑ˛yò
ï˛áö !ë˛Ü˛ §ü%ˆÏoÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ öyàyˆÏ°ñ ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ üy›ˆÏ°Ó˚ åÈyÎ˚y ĈÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ °%ˆÏê˛y˛õ%!ê˛ áyˆÏFåÈ– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ˆöÔˆÏܲyê˛y §!ï˛ƒ•z á%Ó §%®Ó˚ñ
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y Ó°°– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ û%˛° ÷ôˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ Ó°°ñ
üyˆÏö ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ~•z ˆöÔˆÏܲyê˛y– ~ê˛y ~áö xyÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ˆöÔˆÏܲy öÎ˚– í˛zчñ
ï%˛!ü ã˛y°yÄ Óy öy ã˛y°yÄñ ~ê˛y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚•z ˆöÔˆÏܲy– Ó˚yçy !öˆÏç ˆï˛yüyÎ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– !ܲv xy!ü ˆï˛y ˆ§ê˛y ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yü xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õ ÎyÓ ÓˆÏ°•z–
ˆ§ê˛y ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ ã˛y!Ráy!ö ܲÌy öy– ï˛yÓ˚çöƒ ˆï˛y §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– xyüyÓ˚
òyò% xyüyÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛öñ Î!ò ˆÜ˛í˛z §ü%ˆÏo ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛y üy!ê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚•z
÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– !ï˛!ö !ܲv öy!ÓÜ˛Ä !åȈϰö öy– üy!é˛üyÕ‘y åÈyí˛¸y §ü%ˆÏo
ÎyÄÎ˚y x§Ω˛Ó– ï˛y•z Ó%!鲖 •Ñƒyñ ~üö §ü%oÎyeyÎ˚ §Ó !ܲå%È !ë˛Ü˛ë˛yܲ ÓƒÓfliy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ~ܲüye ï˛y•ˆÏ°•z xyüÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ öy ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈyˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚Ó– ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÓ˚ ܲ#ñ ~ܲê˛y ÷û˛!òˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ ӈϧ Ìyܲñ ˆòáˆÏÓ ~ܲ!òö
§Óy•z !û˛í˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ÷û˛Îyey çyöyˆÏöyÓ˚ çöƒ– Ó˚!§Ü˛ï˛y
ܲÓ˚åÈ⁄ xyˆÏK˛ öyñ ˆÎ üyö%£Ïê˛y xyüyÎ˚ Ó˚yç≤Ãy§yò ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ~ï˛ò)Ó˚ ˆê˛ˆÏö
xyö° ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ó˚!§Ü˛ï˛yÊ ï%˛!ü !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚– x§Ω˛Óñ ܲ˛õyˆÏ° Îy
xyˆÏåÈ xyˆÏåÈñ !ܲv ˆÎ•z òÓ˚çyê˛y ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ï˛ò)Ó˚ ~ˆÏ§!åÈñ ˆ§áyˆÏö xyÓ˚
!ú˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó öy– ï˛áö ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°y §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚
 xyˆÏ°áƒ ≠ xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲÌy † 37
ü%ˆáÏ Ó˚ IJõÓ˚– x§yôyÓ˚îñ §!ï˛ƒ•z x§yôyÓ˚îñ üˆÏö üˆÏö û˛yÓ!åÈ° ˆ§•z ˆ°yܲê˛y
~ÓÇ ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ ܲÌyê˛y Ä ~ܲòü û%˛ˆÏ°•z !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y Î!òÄ
!ܲå%È•z û˛yÓ!åÈ° öyñ !ܲÇÓy û˛yÓ!åÈ° •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~ܲüye Îy û˛yÓyÓ˚ ܲÌy xyÓ˚
ï˛y•z !ï˛ö!òö !ï˛öÓ˚yï˛ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yܲy!FåÈ° xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ ܲáö xy§ˆÏÓ
ˆ§•z ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ÎyÓyÓ˚ ü%•)ï≈˛– áyÓyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ !ܲå%È ˆö•zñ öy ~ܲê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y Ó˚&!ê˛ñ !ã˛ç
!ܲÇÓy ~ܲ ˆúÑ˛yê˛y üò– ç°˛õy•z=ˆÏ°y ˆáˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!ã˛=ˆÏ°y §Ó çˆÏ° åÈ%ˆÏí˛¸ åÈ%ˆÏí˛¸
ˆú˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆöÔˆÏܲyê˛y ~áö ~ܲòü é˛Ü˛é˛Ü˛ ï˛Ü˛ï˛Ü˛ñ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y ܲy˛õí˛¸
!òˆÏÎ˚ ô%ˆÏÎ˚ ü%ˆÏåÈ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈ– ~ܲê˛y Óy‹õ çy•yç ÓÑy!¢Ó˚ ï˛#«¯˛ ¢∑ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ã˛ˆÏ° ˆà°ñ ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ܲü çy•yç=ˆÏ°y ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚– ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y ӈϰ í˛z벰ñ
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy°y Îáö xy§ˆÏÓ xyüÓ˚y !ܲv xï˛ ¢∑ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ öy– Î!òÄ
ÄÓ˚y ~áöÄ Ó®ˆÏÓ˚ ˆöyäÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ° xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ ï˛Ó%Ä çy•yçê˛y ÎyÓyÓ˚ §üÎ˚
ö#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ç° ˆì˛í˛z •ˆÏÎ˚ ò%ˆÏ° í˛z벰ñ xyÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD ˆ°yܲê˛yÄ ÓˆÏ° í˛z벰ñ
xyüÓ˚y !ܲv ~Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ä ˆÓ!¢ ˆòy°y °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ– ÄÓ˚y ò%çˆÏö•z ˆ•ˆÏ§
í˛z벰ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ §yüyöƒ ö#Ó˚Óï˛y– xӈϢˆÏ£Ï !ܲå%È«˛î ˛õÓ˚ ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ~ܲçö
ӈϰ!åÈ° ÷ˆÏï˛ ÎyÓyÓ˚ ܲÌy– ˆÜ˛í˛z ~ܲçö ӈϰ!åÈ°ñ öy xyüyÓ˚ â%ü ˛õyˆÏFåÈ
öy xyÓ˚ xöƒçö ï˛yˆÏï˛•z §yÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰ!åÈ°ñ xyüyÓ˚Ä â%ü ˛õyˆÏFåÈ öy–
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ÄÓ˚y ã%˛˛õã˛y˛õ– ãÑ˛yò ĈÏë˛ñ xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ày ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚Ä Ä˛õˆÏÓ˚
ĈÏë˛ xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z xÓ§ˆÏÓ˚•z ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y ӈϰ í˛z벰ñ ö#ˆÏã˛ !ܲv ˆ¢yÓyÓ˚ çyÎ˚ày
xyˆÏåÈ– í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°yܲê˛y ÷ô% ӈϰñ çy!ö– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ÄÓ˚y Îáö ö#ˆÏã˛ ÎyÓyÓ˚
çöƒ í˛z벰ñ ˆüˆÏÎê˚ ˛y Ó°°ñ ܲy° xyÓyÓ˚ ˆòáy •ˆÏÓñ xy!ü Ä•z !òܲê˛yÎ˚ Îy!FåÈ–
ÎÌyÓ˚#!ï˛ ˆ°yܲê˛yÄ ÓˆÏ°ñ xy!ü ~•z!òܲê˛yÎ˚ñ ܲy° ˆòáy •ˆÏÓ– ~åÈyí˛¸y ÄÓ˚y
xyÓ˚ !ܲå%È Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyñ ~åÈyí˛¸y ÄÓ˚y xyÓ˚ !ܲå%È çyˆÏöÄ öy– ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y
•ë˛yÍ ˆ˛õåÈö â%ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó°°ñ ~•zˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ܲòü û%˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yüñ
~•z ӈϰ çyüyÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%Ûê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆüyüÓy!ï˛ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚°ñ ˆüyåÈyü%!åÈÓ˚
§üÎ˚ áÑ%ˆÏç ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yüñ !ܲv xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ öy ˆò¢°y•z ˆö•z– ˆ°yܲê˛y
Ó°°ñ xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ xyˆÏåÈ– ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y ˆüyüÓy!ï˛ ò%ˆÏê˛y ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚°ñ ò%Û•yˆÏï˛
ò%ˆÏê˛yñ ˆ°yܲê˛y ˆò¢°y•z çμy!°ˆÏÎ˚ á%Ó §yÓôyˆÏö ܲy!ë˛ê˛yˆÏܲ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ï˛y°%Ó˚
üˆÏôƒ Ó!® ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆüyˆÏüÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöy ˛õ°ˆÏï˛Î˚ åÈÑ%•zˆÏÎ˚ !ò°– ˆüyˆÏüÓ˚ xyˆÏ°y
çμˆÏ° í˛z벰ñ ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y çμˆÏ° í˛z벰ñ xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚
ü%á ã˛!ܲˆÏï˛ í˛zqy!§ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!åÈ°– ~ ܲÌy !öÿ˛Î˚•z Ó°yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ˆö•z
ˆÎ ˆ°yܲê˛y ܲ# ˆû˛ˆÏÓ!åÈ°ñ á%Ó §%®Ó˚ ï%˛!üñ !ܲv ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y ܲ# û˛yÓ!åÈ° ï˛y
!ö!ÿ˛ï˛ñ üyö%£Ïê˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛yáò%ˆÏê˛y ˆÎö ÷ô% xçyöy m#˛õ•z áÑ%ˆÏç ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚– ~ê˛y
~ܲê˛y òyÓ˚&î í˛zòy•Ó˚î •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ üyö%£Ï xöƒ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚
û˛y£Ïy Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ û%˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y Î!ò §òƒ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y
ÄÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ~ܲê˛y ˆüyüÓy!ï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° !ò°ñ Ó°°ñ ܲy° ˆòáy •ˆÏÓ ï˛y•ˆÏ°ñ
û˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ â%!üÄ– ˆ°yܲê˛yÄ !ë˛Ü˛ ~ܲ•z ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ ~ܲê%˛
xöƒÓ˚ܲüû˛yˆÏÓ– §%®Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ fl∫≤¿ ˆòˆÏáyñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä !ܲå%È«˛î ÓyˆÏò Ä
Îáö ö#ˆÏã˛ ÷ˆÏï˛ ~°ñ !ÓåÈyöyÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚Ä xˆÏöܲ §%®Ó˚ §%®Ó˚ ܲÌy
38 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö ˆû˛ˆÏ§ xy§!åÈ°– xyÓ˚Ä â!ö¤˛ xyÓ˚Ä ˆüy•üÎ˚ ~üö !ܲå%È ¢∑ Îy
ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ°y ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ~ܲ°y ˆÜ˛yöÄ öyÓ˚#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õyÎ˚– ˆ§ xyÓ˚Ä
û˛yÓ!åÈ° ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y !ܲ §!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ â%!üˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ öy â%ˆÏüÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ xyÓ˚Ä
xˆÏöܲê˛y §üÎ˚ ˆ§ ˆçˆÏà ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ÄÓ˚ üˆÏö •° Ä ˆÎö ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yˆÏܲ
áш% ç
Ï ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏFåÈ !ܲv ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ˛õyˆÏFåÈ öy– ˆÎö ˆöÔˆÏܲyê˛y ~ܲê˛y !Ó¢y° çy•yçñ
xyÓ˚ ÄÓ˚y ò%çö ˆ§áyˆÏö •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ– â%ü ˆÎö ~ܲ ÄhflÏyò Óy!çܲÓ˚ñ
xöyÎ˚yˆÏ§ §Ó !ܲå%ÈÓ˚ ò)Ó˚c â%!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛•z Ä°ê˛ÈÙÈ˛õy°ê˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
~üöû˛yˆÏÓ ˆÎö ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üyö%£Ïê˛y xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛yˆÏåÈ ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ ~ï˛ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ ˆÎö
~ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚– ~áö ˆ§•z ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y üye ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ àç ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏåÈ ï˛Ó%Ä Ä ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆ˛õÑÔåÈyˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öyñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛y ~üö ˆÜ˛yöÄ
ܲ!ë˛ö ܲyçÄ öÎ˚–
ˆ°yܲê˛y ˆüˆÏÎê˚ ˛yˆÏܲ §%®Ó˚ fl∫≤¿ ˆòáyÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ!åÈ° !ܲv ˆòáy ˆà° ˆ°yܲê˛y•z
§yÓ˚yÓ˚yï˛ fl∫≤¿ ˆòˆÏá ˆà°– Ä ˆòᰠĈÏòÓ˚ ˆöÔˆÏܲy ~áö üyé˛ò!Ó˚Îy˚ Î˚ñ !ï˛öˆÏê˛
àyö Óyï˛yˆÏ§ñ û˛Ó˚˛õ%Ó˚ ú%˛Ó˚ú%˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆì˛í˛z ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚
ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ §y¡õyö ˛õÌ áÑ%ˆÏç !öˆÏï˛ñ xyÓ˚ Ä ï˛áö ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ •y° ôˆÏÓ˚
ӈϧñ Óy!ܲÓ˚y !Ó◊yü !öˆÏFåÈ òyÄÎ˚yÎ˚– Ä xÓ¢ƒ çyˆÏö öy Óy!ܲÓ˚y ~áyˆÏö
~° ˆÜ˛yˆÏaˆÏܲ ܲyÓ˚î xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆï˛y ÄÓ˚ §ˆÏD xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç ˆÎˆÏï˛
Ó˚y!ç •Î˚!öñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ï˛yÓ˚y ~çöƒ xö%ˆÏ¢yã˛öy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– Ä xyÓ˚Ä ˆòá°
ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ˆáˆÏ° ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏFåÈ •ˆÏÓÜ˚ ˛ ˛õ÷˛õy!áÈÙÙÙÈ•yÑ §ñ ü%Ó!˚ àñ •zòÑ Ó% È˚ ÙÙÙÈÓy!í˛¸Ó˚
xyöyˆÏã˛ÈÙÈܲyöyˆÏã˛ â%Ó˚â%Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ¢§ƒòyöy áÑ%ˆÏê˛ÈÙÈáÑ%ˆÏê˛ áyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y•z ~áyˆÏö
ܲ!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyï˛y=ˆÏ°y ë%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈë%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ áyˆÏFåÈ Îy öy!ÓܲÓ˚y åÈ%ˆÏí˛¸ÈÙÈåÈ%ˆÏí˛¸ ˆú˛ˆÏ°!åÈ°–
~ï˛ !ܲå%È Ä §ˆÏD ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏö!åÈ° !ܲ öy ÄÓ˚ !Ó°Ü%˛° üˆÏö ˆö•z ï˛Ó%Ä §Óy•z
•y!çÓ˚ñ xyÓ˚ •y!çÓ˚ •ÄÎ˚yê˛y•z ˆï˛y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ܲyÓ˚î Ó°y ˆï˛y ÎyÎ˚ öy xçyöy
ˆ§•z m#˛õ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆòáy ˆà° ~ܲê˛y xyhflÏ üÓ˚&û)˛!üñ xyˆÏàÄ ˆï˛y ~Ó˚ܲü
xˆÏöܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ï˛áö ˆï˛y ~ˆÏòÓ˚•z ܲyˆÏç ˆòˆÏÓñ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ öy çyˆÏö
˛õy•yí˛¸ÈÙÈ˛õÓ≈ï˛ !í˛ˆÏäyˆÏöyÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ~ܲê˛y «%˛o ≤Ãyî áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õyÄÎ˚y xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛ï˛
ܲ!ë˛ö– ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ ˆáyˆÏ°Ó˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ä ˆâyí˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ•…£Ïyôù!öÄ ÷öˆÏï˛
ˆ˛õ°ñ ˆàyÓ˚&Ó˚ í˛yܲñ áFã˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ñ û˛yÓ˚# û˛yÓ˚# ܲyç ÎyÓ˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §üˆÏÓï˛ ˙ܲï˛yö– !ܲv ÄÓ˚y•z Óy ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~° ~áyˆÏöñ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ•z
Óy çyÎ˚ày ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ö° ~•zê%˛Ü%˛ ˆöÔˆÏܲyÎ˚ Îy =!ê˛Ü˛Î˚ üyö%£ÏçˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛•z ΈÏÌ‹T
öÎ˚– •ë˛yÍ Óyï˛y§ ˆû˛y° Óò° ܲÓ˚°– Óí˛¸ ˛õy°ê˛yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚•z é˛y˛õê˛ ~ˆÏ§ °yà°
ï˛Ó˚ˆÏDÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚•z !ë˛Ü˛ !˛õåȈÏö xq$ï˛ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ ~ܲ ò,¢ƒ ˆû˛ˆÏ§
í˛z벰 Îy ˆ§ xyˆÏà ܲáöÄ ˆòˆÏá!öÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲò° ˆüˆÏÎ˚ñ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y xˆÏöܲñ
x§Çáƒñ ï˛yÓ˚y §Óy•z ÓƒhflÏ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚!° ܲyˆÏçñ Î!òÄ §üÎ˚ˆÏï˛y •Î˚!ö
~áöÄ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xöƒ ܲyˆÏç ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚– •Ñƒyñ !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ ~ê˛y fl∫≤¿•z– §!ï˛ƒ
ç#ÓˆÏö ~û˛yˆÏÓ !ܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Îyey •Î˚ öy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈÊ •yˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ°yܲê˛y
~ÓyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yˆÏܲ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ˛õyÎ˚ öy– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y
§yÓ˚y!òö ˆôyÄÎ˚y ˆüyåÈyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ~ܲê˛y !Ó◊yü !öˆÏFåÈ Äñ ˆ°yܲê˛y
 xyˆÏ°áƒ ≠ xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲÌy † 39
û˛yˆÏÓñ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚•z û˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÓ˚î Ä á%Ó û˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚•z çyˆÏöñ
ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ çyˆÏö ï˛y xÓ¢ƒ çyˆÏö öyñ ï˛Ó%Ä çyˆÏö ˆÎ ˆ¢£Ï ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y
ÄÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎˆÏï˛ Ó˚y!ç •Î˚!öñ Ä Ó®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çˆÏ° éÑ˛y˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ
!ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ!åÈ°ñ !ÓòyÎ˚ Ó¶%˛ !ÓòyÎ˚– ~ܲüye ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá•z ˆÎ
ˆ°áy xyˆÏåÈ xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §¶˛yö– ï˛y•z xy!ü !ÓòyÎ˚ !ö!FåÈÈÙÙÙÈ•Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~ê˛yÄ
§!ï˛ƒ öÎ˚ ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛yá ˆáÑyˆÏç ˆú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚ §¶˛yˆÏöñ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ
ˆö•zñ xÌã˛– !ë˛Ü˛ ï˛á!ö xyܲy¢ ˆüˆÏâ ˆåȈÏÎ˚ ~°ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Ó,!‹TÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y˛õyï˛ñ
xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z Ó,!‹TÓ˚ çˆÏ° !û˛ˆÏç ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ çˆÏí˛¸y ܲÓ˚y x§Çრüy!ê˛Ó˚
ÓhflÏy=!° ˆÌˆÏܲ öï%˛ö xB%˛Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°– xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õ Î!ò üy!ê˛
öy ÌyˆÏܲñ ~•z ˆû˛ˆÏÓ Ä=ˆÏ°y çˆÏí˛¸y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!öñ Ä=ˆÏ°y çˆÏí˛¸y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°
§üÎ˚ ÓÑyã˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ çöƒ– ~áö ~•z öï%˛ö ã˛yÓ˚y=ˆÏ°y öï%˛ö üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õÑ%ˆÏï˛ !òˆÏ°•z
•ˆÏÓ ú˛°Óyöñ à!çˆÏÎ˚ Äë˛y ܲ!ã˛ àü ã˛yÓ˚y=ˆÏ°y ~ÓyÓ˚ §y!çˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏ°•z •ˆÏÓñ
ú%˛° ú%˛ê˛ˆÏÓ ú%˛° ~•z öï%˛ö ã˛yÓ˚yàyåÈ=ˆÏ°y !òˆÏÎ˚ §y!çˆÏÎ˚– ˆ°yܲê˛y •yˆÏ°Ó˚
ܲyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ üyÕ‘yˆÏòÓ˚ •Ñyܲ ˆ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ó°°ñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ m#˛õ !ܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚
Îy xyˆÏà ˆòˆÏá!ö ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲáöÄ– ÄÓ˚y Ó°°ñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ m#˛õ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ öyñ
çyöy Óy xçyöyñ ~áö ÓÑy!ã˛ Î!ò ˆã˛öy ˆÜ˛yöÄ m#˛õ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆöyäÓ˚
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ó®Ó˚– ÄÓ˚y ÄáyˆÏö ˆÜ˛yöÄ ÷Ñ!í˛¸áyöy ˛õyˆÏÓñ üò ˛õyˆÏÓñ
~áö ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ÓåÈyöy ˆÎáyˆÏö ~ܲê%˛ ú˛!‹Tö!‹T ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– ~áyˆÏö ˆï˛y ˆ§
§%ˆÎÏ yà ˆö•zñ âÓ˚ ˆö•zñ ë˛y§yë˛y!§ !û˛ˆÏí˛¸ xyí˛¸y° ˆö•z ˆÜ˛yöÄ– ï˛y•ˆÏ° xçyöy
m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲ# •ˆÏÓñ •y° ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°yܲê˛y çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– xçyöy m#˛õ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ
ˆö•zñ ÷ô% ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ üyÌyÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ åÈyí˛¸yñ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ û)˛ˆÏày°!Óò‰Ó˚y üyö!ã˛e
ˆâшÏê˛âÑ%ˆÏê˛ çy!öˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ xˆÏöܲ ÓåÈÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°ñ xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
x!hflÏc•z xyÓ˚ ˆö•z– ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛öñ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛– ÷ô%
÷ô% xyüyÓ˚ x!û˛Îyöê˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ[˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ !åÈ° ~ܲê%˛
û˛yˆÏ°y ÌyܲyÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyñ ï˛y•z ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆöÔˆÏܲyÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åÈ°yü– ˆï˛yüÓ˚y
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛í˛z öy!Óܲ öÄñ ˆ°yܲê˛y Ó°°– ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö !åÈ°yü•z öyñ ÄÓ˚y
Ó°°– xy!ü !ܲv ~ܲy ~•z ˆöÔˆÏܲy ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó öy– Ó˚yçyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ
ˆöÔˆÏܲy ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ÎyÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏà ~ê˛y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ û˛yÓy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ !åÈ°ñ ~áö ~§Ó
ӈϰ °yû˛ ܲ#Ê •ë˛yÍ ˆ°yܲê˛y ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˛õyí˛¸ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õ°ñ xyÓ˚ §ˆÏD
§ˆÏD Äê˛y ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ °yà° ˆÎö Äê˛y ˆÜ˛yöÄ m#˛õ öÎ˚ñ
üÓ˚#!ã˛Ü˛yñ ˆÎö ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇÓ˚ §%ò)Ó˚ ü•yܲy° ˛õ!Ó˚e´üˆÏîÓ˚
xöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ≤ÃFåÈyÎ˚y– !ܲv xyÓ˚ §Óy•z ÎyÓ˚y ~ܲçöÄ öy!Óܲ öÎ˚ñ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò
ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z벰ñ Ó°° Äê˛y•z ˆ§•z üy!ê˛ñ ÄáyˆÏö•z ÄÓ˚y öyüˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ í˛z벰ñ Ä•z m#˛õê˛y üyö!ã˛ˆÏe xyˆÏåÈñ ï%˛!ü Î!ò ~áö xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
ÄáyˆÏö öy !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛°Ó– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˆöÔˆÏܲy
!öˆÏç ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆ§•z ˛õyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ü%á ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏ°yñ Ó®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆç!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚
ˆë˛Ü˛°– ˆï˛yüÓ˚y ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆöˆÏü ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ñ ˆ°yܲê˛y Ó°yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD ÄÓ˚y
§Óy•z ‡í˛¸ü%í˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆöˆÏü ˆà°– ≤Ã̈Ïü ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏÓ˚yñ áy!°
40 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
•yˆÏï˛ öÎ˚ §ˆÏD ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° •Ñy§ñ ü%Ó˚!àñ áÓ˚ˆÏày¢ §Óñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲÈÙÈ
~ˆÏܲ ˆâyí˛¸yñ àyôy ~§Ó xyÓ˚ ~ܲòü ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï !§¶%˛§yÓ˚§=!° ˛õÎ≈hsˇ
åÈyöyˆÏ˛õyöyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆëÑ˛yˆÏê˛ xyܲˆÏí˛¸ ˆöÔˆÏܲy ˆåȈÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆà°– ~üö ˆï˛y
xyˆÏà ܲáöÄ •Î˚!öñ ï˛Ó%Ä §Ó!ܲå%ÈÓ˚ ˆï˛y ~ܲê˛y ÷Ó˚& ÌyˆÏܲ– •y° ôÓ˚y
ˆ°yܲê˛y ã%˛˛õã˛y˛õ ӈϧ ӈϧ ü•y!ö‹;˛üîê˛y ˆòá!åÈ°ñ ÎyÓ˚y ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆà°
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹TyÄ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!ö !Ó®%üye– xyÓ˚ Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ÄÓ˚y ˆï˛y
àyåÈ=ˆÏ°y ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ ˆàˆÏåÈñ àˆÏüÓ˚ àyåÈñ ú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ àyåÈñ ~üöܲ# °ï˛yˆÏöy àyåÈ=ˆÏ°y
ˆÎ=ˆÏ°y ~áö üy›ˆÏ°Ó˚ ày ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ åÈy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ Ä˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢
°!ï˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆ§ ~ܲ Óy•yÓ˚– ˆ°yܲ=ˆÏ°y Îáö ï˛yí˛¸y‡ˆÏí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆöˆÏü
Îy!FåÈ°ñ ĈÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ üy!ê˛Ó˚ ÓhflÏy=ˆÏ°y ï˛áö ˆú˛ˆÏê˛ ˆã˛Ô!ã˛Ó˚– §yÓ˚y
ˆöÔˆÏܲyÎ˚ üy!ê˛Ó˚ åÈí˛¸yåÈ!í˛¸ ˆÎö ú˛§!° ç!ü ˆÜ˛yöÄñ ã˛ˆÏ£Ï Ü%˛!˛õˆÏÎ˚ Ó#ç ˆÓyöy
ˆ¢£Ïñ ~ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲê%˛ Ó,!‹T ï˛y•ˆÏ°•z ú˛ˆÏ° í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§yöy– xçyöy m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛zˆj Ï ˆÏ¢ƒ
x!û˛ÎyˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ •y°ÈÙÈôÓ˚y ˆ°yܲê˛y !ܲFå%È áyÎ˚!öñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~üöê˛y •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ê˛y ˆï˛y fl∫≤¿•zñ Ä !öåÈܲ ~ܲê˛y fl∫≤¿ ˆòˆÏá ÎyˆÏFåÈ xyÓ˚ Î!òÄ Óy ˆ§•z
fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ áyÓyÓ˚ Ä ˆòˆÏáñ ï˛Ó%ĈÏï˛y ˆ§ê˛y !öåÈܲ ܲ“öy•z •ˆÏÓñ
xyÓ˚ ˆï˛y !ܲå%È öy– ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ !¢Ü˛í˛¸=!° ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ ˆáy° ˆû˛ò ܲˆÏÓ˚
ö#ˆÏã˛ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ °yà°ñ xyÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˆò!Ó˚ ˆö•zñ ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ ˛õy°=ˆÏ°y
xˆÏܲˆÏçy •ˆÏÎ˚ ~° ӈϰñ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ Óyï˛y§ ˆòy°y °yàyˆÏÓ àyåÈ=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ åÈí˛¸yˆÏöy
í˛y°˛õy°yÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚•z ê˛yˆÏö ï˛Ó˚ï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ï˛Ó˚# xçyöy ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!òˆÏܲ– ˆöÔˆÏܲyê˛y ~áö ˆÎö ~ܲê˛y xÓ˚îƒ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ §ü%ˆÏoÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚D˛õÌ
ôˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ xá[˛ xÓ˚îƒû)˛!ü ˆÎáyˆÏö ˛õy!áÓ˚ í˛yˆÏܲ ü%á!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰
àyåÈ˛õy°yñ •Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y ˛õy!á=ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ !åÈ°ñ ~áö •ë˛yÍ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ í˛yöy ˆüˆÏ°
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ éÑ˛yˆÏܲ éÑ˛yˆÏܲñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~áö•z ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ àˆÏüÓ˚ ˆáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ
ú˛§°ñ •Î˚ï˛ ~áö•z ú˛§° ܲyê˛yÓ˚ §üÎ˚– •y° ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°yܲê˛y ~ÓyÓ˚
ˆöˆÏü ˛õí˛¸° ú˛§° ܲyê˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçñ •yˆÏï˛ Ü˛yˆÏhflÏñ xyÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ò%Û~ܲ àyåÈy ܲyê˛yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ ˆ§ •ë˛yÍ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚° ÄÓ˚ åÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ xöƒ ~ܲê˛y åÈyÎ˚y ~ˆÏ§
˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆåÏ È– Ä ˆçˆÏà í˛z벰 ~ï˛«˛ˆÏîñ •yï˛ ò%ˆêÏ ˛y Óyí˛¸yˆÏöy ˆ§•z ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎê˚ ˛yÓ˚
!òˆÏܲñ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yÄ ï˛yÓ˚ •yï˛ ò%ˆÏê˛y åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÄÓ˚ !òˆÏܲñ Ä ˆòᰠĈÏòÓ˚
!ÓåÈyöy ĈÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛üö ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ܲyåÈyܲy!åÈ ~ˆÏ§ ~ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°ñ
~áö ÄÓ˚y ˆÜ˛í˛z çyˆÏö•z öy ~ê˛y Óy!í˛¸ öy ˆÜ˛yöÄ ç°Îyö– xyÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ï˛á!ö
Îáö §)Î≈ xyܲyˆÏ¢ í˛z벰ñ ÄÓ˚y ò%çˆÏö ˆöÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ ò%˛õyˆÏ¢ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆà°ñ §yòy
x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ !°ˆÏá !òˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z ç°ÎyˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ öyüñ Îy xfl∫y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ !åÈ°
~ï˛!òö– xyÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ üyé˛ˆÏÓ°yÎ˚ñ xÜ)˛° ò!Ó˚Î˚yÎ˚ ˆ§•z ˆöÔˆÏܲyê˛y ~ܲê˛y xçyöy
m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ üˆÏï˛yñ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ•z !öˆÏç áÑ%ˆÏç ˆöÓyÓ˚ çöƒ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ã˛°°–

§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆöyê˛Ó•z
......
xö%Óyò ≠ !ÓŸªöyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
1993 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆú˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ üyˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~ÓÇ ◊#üï˛# !˛õ°yÓ˚ Îáö
°yö‰çyˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏê˛ !Ìï%˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó§ˆÏ°öñ ï˛áö ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò%•z xyd#Î˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆöyê˛Ó•z í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– xö%ˆÏÓ˚yô !åÈ°ñ ܲƒyöy!Ó˚ m#˛õ˛õ%ˆÏOÓ˚ !òö=!°Ó˚
flø,!ï˛Ü˛Ìy ˆöyê˛Ó•z!ê˛Ó˚ §yòy ˛õyï˛y=!° û˛ˆÏÓ˚ !°!˛õÓk˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢ï≈˛Ä !åÈ° ≠
~•z í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ ÎÑyˆÏòÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰöñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áyÎ˚ üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏ鲕z
ˆ§•z ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌy ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
ܲyÎ≈ï˛ñ ˆ§•z ˆöyê˛Ó•z!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛áöÄ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xÑyã˛í˛¸ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!öñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛û˛yˆÏÓ
ˆ§!ê˛ Ú°yö‰çyˆÏÓ˚yê˛ ˆöyê˛Ó%܉˛§Û ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy ç%!àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
!ܲå%È!òˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒñ xö%Ó˚*˛õ ~ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆ°áy •° xö)!òï˛ ~•z
ˆöyê˛Ó•z– ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ !ï˛ö â!ö¤˛ xyd#Î˚ ĈÏÎ˚Ó§y•zˆÏê˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÚÓœàÛ
§ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ó˚ú˛y •Î˚ ˆÎñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §yüy!çܲñ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ Ä
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ xö%!ã˛hsˇˆÏöÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ܲ Ä Óy•Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÚÓœà!ê˛Û ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z
ˆöyê˛Ó•z ï˛yÓ˚•z ú˛°◊&!ï˛–
!ÓöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲy°yö%e´ü Ó˚!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏ°Äñ !öÓ≈yã˛ˆÏö xö%Óyòܲ !öˆÏçÓ˚
˛õåÈ®ˆÏܲ•z ≤Ãyôyöƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö–
2008
ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ 17 ≠ ã˛y°≈§ í˛yÓ˚í˛z•zˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ «˛üy ≤ÃyÌ≈öy⁄
~ï˛ÓyÓ˚ •ï˛y¢ •ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ~áöÄ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yöÄ û˛yˆÏ°y áÓÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆû˛ˆÏÓñ
§Ó˚° ˛õyë˛Ü˛Ó˚y ӈϰ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓöñ Ú§%§ÇÓyòÛÊ x‹Tü ˆ•ö!Ó˚ÈÙÈÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ñ ܲƒyÌ!°Ü˛
ôü≈üˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó !ê˛¢ §ÇflÒÓ˚î ~ÓÇ •zÇ°ˆÏu˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚û˛yˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ ôü≈üˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ_´y ӈϰ
˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ñ xƒyÇ!°Ü˛yö ã˛yã≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ çÓ˚&!Ó˚ !§k˛yˆÏhsˇ @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ã˛y°≈§ í˛yÓ˚í˛z•zˆÏöÓ˚
!mï˛#Î˚ çß√¢ï˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# í˛z˛õ°ˆÏ«˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ û%˛° fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ò%Éá ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ~•z
ӈϰ ˆÎñ Úòƒ x!Ó˚!çö xÓ !fl¨!§§Û ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏD ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ÎͲõˆÏÓy˚ öy!hflÏ
ò%Ó≈ƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ~ÓÇ í˛yÓ˚í˛z•zˆÏöÓ˚ Úòƒ !í˛ˆÏ§rê˛ xÓ üƒyöÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ üyey
xyÓ˚Ä ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ~•z§Ó «˛üy ≤ÃyÌ≈öy Óy e&!ê˛ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y öy ~ܲê˛y ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ≤ÃyÎ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!òöܲyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏ°Äñ ˆ§§ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ xyüyÓ˚ !ܲå%È Ó°yÓ˚ ˆö•z– ÷ô%
~ܲê˛y•z ≤ß¿ í˛zay˛õö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z– ~•z§Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ Ü˛#⁄ xyç í˛yÓ˚í˛z•zö Î!ò ˆÓшÏã˛Ä
ÌyܲˆÏï˛öñ ~ÓÇ ü•òy¢Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛öñ ÚˆÓ¢ñ ˆÓ¢ñ ˆï˛yüyˆÏòÓ˚ «˛üy ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ò!FåÈÛñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z ÅòyÎ≈ü![˛ï˛ ܲÌy=!° !ܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x˛õ§yöñ ˛õ!Ó˚Óyò Óy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !ö®y§)ã˛Ü˛
í˛z!_´=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛yˆÏÜ˛Ä ü%ˆÏåÈ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛⁄ ~•z xyö%¤˛y!öܲ e&!ê˛fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ Óy «˛üy ≤ÃyÌ≈öy
ˆÌˆÏܲ Î!ò ܲyÓ˚Ä ˆÜ˛yöÄ °yû˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§ê˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏÓö ~ܲüye
xƒyÇ!°Ü˛yö ã˛yã≈˛•zñ ~ÓÇ !Óöy xyÎ˚yˆÏ§ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §%öyü Ó!ô≈ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛y ˆ§ Îy•zÈÙÈ•z ˆ•yܲñ
42 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆò!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏ°Äñ ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ˆÓ!ö!í˛ˆÏQÓ˚ ~•z xö%ï˛y˛õ ˆòˆÏá xy!ü ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ü,˛ï˛K˛–
xy˛õyï˛ï˛ ôü≈!öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ï˛yÓ˚ ö#!ï˛ !öô≈yÓ˚ˆÏî Ü)˛ê˛˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ÓƒhflÏï˛y §ˆÏ_¥Ä •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~•z xö%ï˛y˛õ
ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ àƒy!°!°Ä àƒy!°!° ~ÓÇ çò≈yˆÏöy Ó &ˆÏöyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈÄ öï˛çyö% •ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÓï≈˛öy ˆçyàyˆÏÓ–
ò%ÛçˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ~•z û˛yÓöy ≤ÈÏÎyçƒñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó &ˆÏöyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ÎÑyˆÏܲ xy=ˆÏö ˛õ%!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛°yÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ü%•)ï≈˛!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !Ó÷k˛ !á fiê˛#Î˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyï˛ƒ!hsˇÜ˛ §•*òÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD
!ö˛õ#í˛¸ö ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
~•z xyö%¤˛y!öܲ e&!ê˛fl∫#ܲyˆÏÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ú!e´ˆÏÎ˚¢!öfiê˛Ó˚yÛ á%!¢ •ˆÏÓö öy– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y
xö#•yÓ˚ û˛yö ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Äñ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛y flõ‹Tï˛•z ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“öyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õsi# •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
!Ó˚˛õyÓ!°Ü˛yöˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ÎÑyÓ˚y ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §•ÈÙÈÓ˚y‹T…˛õ!ï˛˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ#≈Ó˚ üˆÏï˛yñ Ú!e´ˆÏÎ˚¢!öçˆÏüÓ˚Û
öyˆÏü åÈp˜ÏÓK˛y!öܲ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ ôùçy ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈöñ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚Ä !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ÎyˆÏÓ–
ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ 24 ≠ !ÓÓy•!ÓˆÏFåÈò Ä ˛õyë˛yàyÓ˚
§y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° ò%ÛÓyÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ!ï˛öÓyÓ˚Ä •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ!°Ó§ˆÏöÓ˚ Ó•zˆÏü°yÎ˚ ˛õXÈ%ˇÎ˚yÓ˚yñ ܲáöÄ
~ܲ§ˆÏD ò%çöñ ܲáöÄ Óy !ï˛öçö ܲˆÏÓñ˚ xyüyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆòáy ܲˆÏÓ!˚ åÈ°– §òƒ ˆÜ˛öyñ ï˛áöÄ
≤’ƒy!fiê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏà û˛Ó˚yñ í˛çö í˛çö öï%˛ö Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ û˛yˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ö%ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åÈ°–
xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÎê˛y Î%!_´Î%_´ ӈϰ üˆÏö •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü çöˆÏܲ•z xy!ü !çˆÏàƒ§
ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°yüñ ˆ§ §¡±!ï˛ xyüyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ó•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ !ܲ öyñ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyܲˆÏ°ñ ü%?˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
ˆàˆÏåÈ !Ü˛Ê í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ üyÌy ˆöˆÏí˛¸ ˆ§ çyöy°ñ Î!òÄ xˆÏöܲ!òö ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ xyüyÓ˚ Ó•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸
xy§ˆÏåÈñ §¡±!ï˛ !ÓÓy•!ÓˆÏFåȈÏòÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ Óí˛zÈÙÙÙÈxyüyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ í˛zͧy•#
˛õy!ë˛Ü˛yÈÙÙÙȈ§•z ˆû˛ˆÏäÈÙÈÎyÄÎ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ °y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚ê˛y §ˆÏD !öˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ öï%˛ö §Ç§yÓ˚
ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ˆÏåÈ– ï˛áö xyüyÓ˚ Îy üˆÏö •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˆ§ !öˆÏÎ˚ ò%ã˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöy Ú°yö‰çyˆÏÓ˚yê˛
ˆöyê˛Ó•zÛÈÙÈ~ !°!˛õÓk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°yü– ˆ§ §üÎ˚ !°ˆÏá!åÈ°yüñ °y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚Ó˚ §ÇáƒyÓ,!k˛Ó˚ !˛õåȈÏö
!ÓÓy•!ÓˆÏFåȈÏòÓ˚ û)˛!üܲyÓ˚ =Ó˚&ˆÏcÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆàyê˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°
Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y ˆÓ¢ !ã˛_yܲ£Ï≈ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚!åÈñ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y ï˛Ü˛≈ÙÈí˛z§ˆÏܲÈÙȈòÄÎ˚yñ
í˛zˆ_
Ï çܲñ ï˛y•z xˆÏöƒÓ˚ òy¡õï˛ƒ§¡±#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˜Ó£Ï!Î˚ܲ fl∫yÌ≈ˆÜÏ ˛ x@ˇÃy!ôܲyÓ˚
ˆòÓyÓ˚ x˛õÓyò ~í˛¸¸yˆÏï˛ xy!ü xyÓ˚ Ä Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ x@ˇÃ§Ó˚ ••z!ö– çy!ö öyñ û˛yÓˆÏï˛Ä ˛õy!Ó˚
öyñ ~Ó˚ܲü Ü˛ï˛ òy¡õï˛ƒ!ÓˆÏFåÈòñ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöy °y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ «˛!ï˛ öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ öï%˛ö
öï%˛ö °y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ò%ˆÏê˛y ~ܲê˛y âê˛öy•z çyöy xyˆÏåÈ xyüyÓ˚ñ
ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛üye ò,‹TyˆÏhsˇÓ˚ !û˛!_ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !§k˛yˆÏhsˇ ˆ˛õÑÔåÈyˆÏöy !ë˛Ü˛ öÎ˚– flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ó°ˆÏ°ñ ˆ§=ˆÏ°y öy Óyí˛¸yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ °yˆÏû˛Ó˚ xB˛ñ öy xyüyÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ Ó˚Î˚ƒy°!ê˛Ó˚ ê˛yܲy–
ˆáy°yá%!° Ó°!åÈñ xy!ü ܲáöÄ xy¢y ܲ!Ó˚!öñ ˆÎ xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇܲˆÏê˛ xyüÓ˚y §òy¢!B˛ï˛ñ
ˆ§ê˛y•z !ÓÓy•!ÓˆÏFåÈòˆÏܲ xyÓ˚Ä ò%ɧyôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓñ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚•z ú˛ˆÏ° âê˛öyã˛ˆÏe´
°y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ x!û˛ˆÏ≤Ãï˛ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛ ü®#û)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– xyüÓ˚y ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚
!ö!ÿ˛ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ §Óy•z ~ܲüï˛ ˆÎñ ˆàyê˛y Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ x˛õÓ˚yô– ï˛y•ˆÏ°ñ
xyçܲy°Ü˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏöñ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáÓyÓ˚ çöƒ Ó•z ˆÜ˛öy ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ x≤Ãï%˛°ï˛yÓ˚ ç!ê˛° ~ÓÇ
§üyôyöÈÙÙÙÈx§yôƒ §ü§ƒy !öˆÏÎ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ# xyÓ˚ Ó°yÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ Î!ò ~•z §Çáƒy
òy¡õï˛ƒ!ÓˆÏFåȈÏòÓ˚ üyü°y=ˆÏ°y Ó¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ~ÓÇ xyòy°ˆÏï˛ ~ܲê˛y üyü°yÄ öy ~ˆÏàyÎ˚ñ
ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ˆ§ê˛y•z §ü§ƒyÓ˚ ü)° ܲyÓ˚î– ˆÎê˛y xyÓ˚Ä áyÓ˚y˛õñ ï˛y •°ñ ˆ§ §Ó
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆöyê˛Ó•z † 43
ò¡õ!ï˛ ~áöÄ ~ܲ•z åÈyˆÏòÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆåÏ Èöñ ~ܲ•z !ÓåÈyöyÎ˚ öy ÷ˆÏÎÄ ˚ ~ܲ•z °y•zˆÓÏ  !Ó˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ §yôyÓ˚î üö%£Ïƒ§üyˆÏçÓ˚ à![˛Ó˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ˆÏ•ö ã)˛í˛¸yhsˇ
x˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢ ò,‹T x¢y°#ö ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ܲ#⁄ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ
ˆÜ˛yöÄ ◊k˛y ˆö•zñ ¢y°#öï˛y ˆö•zñ §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~üö•z ~ܲê˛y ò%û≈˛yàƒçöܲ §!¶˛«˛ˆÏî xyüÓ˚y
ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ!åÈ– ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲáöÄ ÓˆÏ° öy ˆÎñ ÄÎ˚y° !fiê˛ê˛ ~Ó˚ çöƒ òyÎ˚#ñ ˆÎ§Ó ˆê˛!°öyê˛Ü˛
ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÎ˚§yÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄê˛yˆÏï˛•z ~ܲáyöy Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Ä ˆòáy ˆüˆÏ° öy–
öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚ 6 ≠ ~ܲˆÏ¢y åÈÎ˚
xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲy Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ !öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛rê˛ ÄÓyüy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü Ó_,´ï˛yÎ˚ ÎÑyÓ˚ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èöñ
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ öyü xƒyö !ö:ö Ü%˛˛õyÓ˚ñ ÓÎ˚§ ~ܲˆÏ¢y åÈÛÓåÈÓ˚ñ í˛z_Ó˚ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚˛ õyë˛Ü˛ÈÙÈ˛õy!ë˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛ü ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç@ˇÃ•¢y°yÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ fliyö ˆ§•z ü!•°yÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ñ !Î!ö ÓyˆÏ§ !öˆÏçÓ˚ xy§ö
ˆåȈÏí˛¸Ï !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲçö ˆŸªï˛Ü˛yÎ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏˆÏܲ Ó§ÓyÓ˚ çyÎ˚ày !òˆÏï˛ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö–
ü!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó#Ó˚càyÌy á%Ó ~ܲê˛y ˆ°áy •Î˚!ö– xƒyö !ö:ö Ü%˛˛õyÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ÄÓyüy Îy
ӈϰ!åȈϰöñ ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛ ç#ÓöôyÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á åÈyí˛¸yñ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢ƒ x§ü§y•!§Ü˛ï˛y
ˆòáyÓyÓ˚ ܲÌy !åÈ° öy– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛ÌyÓ˚ òy˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ö#Ó˚Óï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛y ܲü ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# öÎ˚–
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏ¢y åÈÛ!ê˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈö !ï˛!öñ ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈö Ü˛ï˛ öy
í˛zayö˛õï˛öñ Ü˛ï˛ §yú˛°ƒ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ï˛ öy ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yñ ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈö §òyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xû˛yÓñ xyÓyÓ˚ §Ó
!ܲå%È §ˆÏ_¥Ä §Ó≈e ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ç#ÓöyöˆÏ®Ó˚ fl∫yò– ˛àï˛Ü˛y° Ó˚yˆÏe ïÑ˛yÓ˚•z !öˆÏçÓ˚ çy!ï˛Ó˚
~ܲçö ü!•°yÓ˚ åÈ!Ó ˆòˆÏá!åȈϰö !ï˛!ö •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ˆ˛õyfiê˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó%ˆÏé˛!åȈϰöÈÙÙÙÈöy
Ó%ˆéÏ ˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ !åÈ° öy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈöï%˛ö !ܲå%È ~ܲê˛y âê˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– xÌÓy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xhsˇˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ xhsˇÉfliˆ°
Ï öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚ 16 ≠ !åÈÎy˚ !¢ ÓåÈÓ˚
!ï˛!ö ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åȈϰö ~•z§Ó ü%áFåÈ!Ó ~•z xy¢yÎ˚ ˆÎ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyö® ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫#ܲ,!ï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ– ÓˆÏÎ˚yÓ,k˛Ó˚y üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ ~üöê˛y•z •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲöÈÙÙÙÈ•ë˛yÍ •ë˛yÍ ÓÑyôy àÍ û˛yˆÏ°y °yˆÏà
öy xyÓ˚ñ ˆflÀyˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲö ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ≤ß¿ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ~üöû˛yˆÏÓ ü%á
Ó%ˆÏç ÌyˆÏܲöñ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó%çÓ˚&!ܲ xyö® üy!ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Ü˛ï˛ öy ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ òy§ˆÏcÓ˚ ò%Éá
§•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yшÏܲÈÙÙÙÈܲyˆÏ°y ã˛yüí˛¸y !öˆÏÎ˚ çß√ ˆöÓyÓ˚ ò%Éáñ öyÓ˚# •ÓyÓ˚ ò%Éáñ
òy!Ó˚ˆoÏ Ó˚ ò%ÉáÊ ç#Óöû˛Ó˚ xô#öï˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ•Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y Óy•zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ çàˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈñ
!ܲv Îy !ܲå%ȈÏܲ !ï˛!ö û˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈöñ ï˛y ~ܲê%˛Ä ˛õy°ê˛yÎ˚!ö– ã˛yÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ܲ#
ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈö !ï˛!ö⁄ öyÓ˚#Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ñ °y!N˛ï˛ñ !ö•ï˛ ~ÓÇ §Ó§üÎ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
•yˆÏï˛– ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚Ä öyÓ˚#Ó˚y ˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ܲü üç%!Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏFåÈñ
à,•fliy!°Ó˚ §Ó òy!Î˚cÈÙÙÙÈ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ï˛y xöfl∫#ܲyÎ≈ÈÙÙÙÈâyˆÏí˛¸ !öˆÏÎ˚ §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚ !Ó°%Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy–
ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ ò,ì˛¸ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õÄ Óyôy ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ó !ܲå%È x@ˇÃy•ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ x@ˇÃà!ï˛ xÓƒy•ï˛
ÌyˆÏܲñ ÓyˆÏ§ Îye#ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ã˛ê˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ö ˆåȈÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ Ó˚y!ç •Î˚
öy– xyüÓ˚y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲÓyÓ˚ Ó°Óñ ˆ§•z Ü,˛£èܲyÎ˚ ü!•°yÓ˚ ܲÌyñ ˆÓ˚yç ÓƒyÇܲ§
ÎÑyÓ˚ öyü ~ÓÇ !Î!ö •z!ï˛•y§ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö–
~ܲˆÏ¢y åÈÛÓåÈÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yüˆÏö !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆà°– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ§Ó˚ܲü §%®Ó˚•z
üˆÏö •ˆÏFåÈñ ˆÎüöê˛y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ xö!ï˛˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ñ xyüyÓ˚ Ó,k˛yñ °yÓîƒüÎ˚#ñ ò!Ó˚oy ë˛yÜ%˛üyÓ˚
üˆÏö •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– àï˛Ü˛y° ˆÎ ü!•°yÓ˚ ܲÌy ÄÓyüy ӈϰ!åȈϰöñ !ï˛!ö •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈
xyöˆÏ®Ó˚ ≤ây!hsˇ xö%û˛Ó ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰöñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xyüÓ˚yÄ ~ܲ!òö ï˛yÓ˚ §¶˛yö
44 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
˛õyÓ– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ !öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛rê˛ˆÏܲ ôöƒÓyò çyöy•z– ü!•°yÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö öy
ÌyܲˆÏ°Äñ !ï˛!ö ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ◊k˛yO!° !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ï˛ˆÏÓ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö !åÈ°– ÄÓyüy Îáö
xƒyö !ö:ö Ü%˛˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy ÓÏ°!åȈϰöñ xyüÓ˚y Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ°yüñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ü˛ÌyÎ˚
û˛oü!•°yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä û˛yˆÏ°y •ˆÏï˛ñ xyÓ˚Ä üyö!Óܲ •ˆÏï˛ñ !ÓŸªºyï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚
xyÓ˚Ä §ü#˛õÓï≈˛# •ˆÏï˛ í˛zj#Æ Ü˛Ó˚!åÈ°– x!Ó!¢ƒñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z xö%û˛Ó xyˆÏòÔ fliyÎ˚# •ˆÏÓ
!ܲ öyñ ˆ§ê˛y !öû≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚•z IJõˆÏÓ˚–
öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚ 7 ≠ ܲÌyÓ˚y
ˆ§Ôû˛yàƒÓ¢ï˛ñ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !ç!öˆÏ§Ó˚ çˆÏöƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢∑ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§Ôû˛yàƒñ
~üö !ܲå%È ¢∑ xyˆÏåÈñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚˛ !ã˛Ó˚ܲy°#ö xÌ≈ •°ñ ˆÎ ˆòÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ò%•yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚•z ˆòÄÎ˚y
í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ï˛y•ˆÏ°ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ xˆÏöƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲå%È•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyˆÏܲ öy– ˆÎüö òÎ˚yÓ˚
≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢ °IyÓ˚ !ܲå%È ˆö•zñ ˆï˛ü!ö öƒyÎ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe û%˛°ˆÏ° ã˛°ˆÏÓ öy ˆÎñ xy§ˆÏ°
ˆ§ê˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ˛õ≈îñ x!ôܲyÓ˚ !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y– üÎ≈yòyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ ˆüÔ° x!ôܲyÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~•z§Ó
ܲÛê˛y ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&– xyüyˆÏܲ Î!ò Óòyöƒï˛yñ òÎ˚yñ ~ÓÇ öƒyÎ˚ñ ~•z !ï˛ö!ê˛ ¢∑ =îyö%e´ˆÏü
§yçyˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚ñ xy!ü òÎ˚yˆÏܲ•z ≤ÃÌü fliyö ˆòÓ– !mï˛#Î˚ fliyˆÏö Ó§yÓ öƒyÎ˚ˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ !ï˛ö
ö¡∫ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ Óòyöƒï˛y– ܲyÓ˚î òÎ˚y !öˆÏç ˆÌˆÏܲ•z öƒyÎ˚ !Óôyö ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Óòyöƒï˛yÓ˚ çß√
ˆòÎ˚– ΈÏÌ‹T Óòyöƒï˛y åÈyí˛¸y ÎÌyÌ≈ öƒyÎ˚ !Óôyö §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ öy– òÎ˚y ~ÓÇ öƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xû˛yÓ
ˆòáy !òˆÏ° ~ܲüye Óòyöƒï˛y•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyˆÏܲ–
÷ˆÏö!åÈñ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚yê˛y ~ܲê˛y ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲyç– ÎÌyÓ˚#!ï˛ñ xyüyÓ˚ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚
§ˆÏ®• xyˆÏåÈ– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎñ !öˆÏçÓ˚ à°y ÷öˆÏï˛ ÷öˆÏï˛ xy!ü Üœ˛yhsˇ– xyÓ˚
˛õÑyã˛çˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÎê˛y öï%˛ö ӈϰ üˆÏö •Î˚ñ ˆ§ê˛y•zñ Îï˛!òö ÎyˆÏFåÈñ xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ àÓ˚ü
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆöÄÎ˚y ˆé˛y° ӈϰ üˆÏö •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Îy xyÓ˚Ä áyÓ˚y˛õñ §yÓ˚y ç#Óö ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ò%
ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏê˛ Ó°yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲÌy ӈϰ!åÈñ ï˛yÓ˚y•z Îáö ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ú˛y°ï%˛ ӈϰ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õߨ
•Î˚ñ ï˛áö üöê˛y ˆÜ˛üö ˆïÑ˛ˆÏï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– xyÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛#ñ ˆ§ §Ó ܲÌy =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ӈϰ
ˆÜ˛ö•z Óy üˆÏö •ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆüÔã˛yˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆüÔüy!åÈÓ˚ =ö=ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xÌ≈ •Î˚⁄ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
üˆÏôƒ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà âê˛yˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y !ܲ ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °yàyÎ˚⁄ öy!ܲñ ˆ§ê˛y ÷ô%•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
~ܲê˛y fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ !e´Î˚yñ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ xöƒï˛ü ≤Ãüyî üye⁄ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎüöñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ~ˆÏ§ ï˛yˆÏܲ
áyˆÏÓ !ܲ áyˆÏÓ öyñ ~•z ˆû˛ˆÏÓ àyˆÏåÈ xyˆÏ˛õ° ú˛ˆÏ° öyñ ˆï˛üö•z ˆüÔüy!åÈÓ˚ =OÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚
!˛õåȈÏöÄ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õ)Ó≈!öô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ ˆã˛ï˛öy xÌÓy í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲÌy öÎ˚– xyÓ˚ñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÓ°yÎ˚⁄ ˆÎ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyüÓ˚y ây!üñ ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ܲ ܲÌy Ó!°⁄ Î!ò ï˛y•zÈÙÈ•z •Î˚⁄
âyü ÷!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ xò,¢ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ñ xyç öÎ˚ ܲy°ñ ˆüˆÏâ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– xyÓ˚ ¢∑Ó˚y⁄ ï˛yÓ˚y
§Ó ÎyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ ܲÛê˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏÓ⁄ xyÓ˚ ܲ# çˆÏöƒ•z Óy ÌyܲˆÏÓ⁄ çy!öñ ~•z §Ó
ÓyˆÏç ÓܲÓܲ!ö !åÈÎy˚ !¢ÈÙÈåÈ•%Ñ Èz ÙÈåÈ•%Ñ z Ó%ˆíÏ ˛¸yˆÏܲ•z üyöyÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓñ Îáö xyüyÓ˚ ë˛yÜ%˛ò≈y ˆçˆÏÓy˚ !öˆÏüyÓ˚
ܲÌy û˛y!Óñ ï˛áö ~§Ó ~ܲòü ÓyˆÏç Óܲy üˆÏö •Î˚ öy– Îáö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï §üÎ˚ ~°ñ ˆÎ
ܲÛê˛y àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚y !ï˛!ö !öˆÏçÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˛õÑ%ˆÏï˛!åȈϰöñ ˆ§•z §Ó àyåÈ=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚
ÜÑ˛yòˆÏï˛ ÜÑ˛yòˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~•z ӈϰ !ÓòyÎ˚ !öˆÏï˛ö ˆÎñ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö !ï˛!ö ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆöyê˛Ó•z † 45
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓö öy– ~ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyüyÓ˚ !¢«˛y ˆöÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ– ï˛y•z ˆÎ §Ó ¢∑ xy!ü !°ˆÏá!åÈñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò#â≈ç#Óö ܲyüöy ܲ!Ó˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏö ˆÌˆÏü!åÈ°yüñ ˆ§áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ܲ°ü ô!Ó˚ xyÓyÓ˚–
~åÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ §yí˛¸y ˆòÓñ Ó°%ö⁄
öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚ 18 ≠ ç°çƒyhsˇ
xy!ü xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲçö ÓyhflÏÓÓ%!k˛§¡õߨ ˆfiê˛y!Î˚ܲ •ÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲ!Ó˚ñ !ܲv §%á#
•ÓyÓ˚ ¢ï≈˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xö#•yˆÏܲ ܲáöÄ ç#Óöã˛ã≈˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ û)˛!üܲy !öˆÏï˛ !ò•z!ö– ~ܲÌy
Î!ò §!ï˛ƒ •Î˚ ˆÎñ xy!dܲ ¢y!hsˇ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ xy!ü ò,ì˛¸!ã˛_ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ê˛yÄ !ë˛Ü˛ñ ܲyüöyÓy§öy
ˆÌˆÏܲ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ xy!ü ü%_´ ܲ!Ó˚!ö Óy ü%!_´ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛Ä ã˛y•z!ö– öyê˛Ü˛ öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ê˛y•z üyöˆÏï
ˆã˛‹Ty ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ~•z ˆò•ê˛y ~ܲ!òö ˆï˛y ôùǧ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ•zñ í˛z˛õÓ˚vñ ~ܲ!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ û˛yӈϰñ
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ˆ§•z ôùLjϧÓ˚ ܲyç ã˛°ˆÏåÈ– x!Ó!¢ƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ü˛ÌyÎ˚ñ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîñ xyˆÏÓˆÏà Î!ò
~•z öŸªÓ˚ï˛yˆÏܲ §Ó §üÎ˚ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y •ˆÏ° ~•z xÓ¢ƒΩ˛y!Óï˛yÎ˚ !ܲå%È
xyˆÏ§ ÎyÎ˚ !ܲ⁄ xy§° ܲÌyê˛y •°ñ Îáö•z ~ܲê˛y öy ~ܲê˛y ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyüyˆÏܲ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚
!ӣψÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ xy!ü û˛y!Óñ ~•z ˆï˛y ç°çƒyhsˇ xy!ü ˆÓшÏã˛ xy!åÈ....
öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚ 19 ≠ û˛y!§ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y
ܲy§y ˆòy xƒyˆÏ°öˆÏï˛ˆÏçy ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓüye !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈ– •zˆÏLˆÏ°Ó˚ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈•#ö
ܲy[˛Ü˛yÓ˚áyöy ˆÌˆÏܲ xÓƒy•!ï˛ Ä §yÓ≈ˆÏû˛Ôü x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òy!ÓˆÏï˛ ˛õƒyˆÏ°fiê˛y•zˆÏöÓ˚ çöàˆÏîÓ˚
§Ç@ˇÃyˆÏü ¢y!ü° •ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yü– ˆ§áyˆÏö xy!ü ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ í˛zay˛õö ܲ!Ó˚– ˆ§ê˛y •°ñ
ˆÎ!òö ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚yܲ ÄÓyüy «˛üï˛yÎ˚ xy§ˆÏÓöñ xÌ≈yÍ 20 çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲñ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚
o&ï˛ !ö‹õ!_ òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õƒyˆÏ°fiê˛y•zˆÏöÓ˚ çöàˆÏîÓ˚ §üÌ≈ˆÏö Óyï≈˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Óyï≈˛y ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚
ˆ•yÎ˚y•zê˛ •yí˛z§ û˛y!§ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y ˆ•yܲ– !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆò¢ˆÏܲ çy!ï˛˜ÏӣψÏüƒÓ˚ ܲ°B˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ü%_´
ܲÓ˚y•z Î!ò ÓyÓ˚yܲ ÄÓyüyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ •zˆÏLˆÏ°Ó˚ çˆÏöƒÄ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z ܲyç ܲÓ˚y
í˛z!ã˛ï˛– £Ïyê˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ xyhsˇç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ§yFã˛yÓ˚ xÌÓy §Ç=Æ ˆÎyà§yçˆÏ¢Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ°
˛õƒyˆÏ°fiê˛y•zˆÏöÓ˚ üyö%£Ï !öü≈üû˛yˆÏÓ xï˛ƒyã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– §üÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈñ ~ÓyÓ˚ ~ê˛y Ó¶˛
ܲÓ˚y ˆ•yܲ–
öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚ 22 ≠ Ó y!çˆÏ°
xyüÓ˚y Ó y!çˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ°!åÈ– xyܲyˆÏ¢ Ó£Ï≈ˆÏîyß√%á ˆüˆÏâÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y öyöy ܲü≈§)!ã˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ü%á
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ xyüyÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ñ ~ܲ §ÆyˆÏ•Ó˚ çˆÏöƒ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~•z xy°y˛õã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏܲ
fli!àï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ öy •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– ˆ§û˛yˆÏÓ•z xyüyÓ˚
ò#â≈ xö%˛õ!fli!ï˛ Ü˛yê˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ ܲÌy– xyüÓ˚y çy!öñ Ó y!çˆÏ° !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ xû˛yÓ âê˛ˆÏÓ öyñ §ü§ƒy
ˆÎê˛y ˆòáy !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y •° §üÎ˚yû˛yÓ– ˆòáy Îyܲ– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Ú÷û˛ !ÓòyÎ˚Û çyöyˆÏÓö
~ÓÇ ~áö ˆÌˆÏܲñ Î!jö xyüÓ˚y öy !ú˛!Ó˚ñ òÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáyˆÏ¢yöy ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö–
öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚ 23 ≠ ˆàyÓ˚&åÈyà°
Ó y!çˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚yê˛y ˆüyˆÏê˛•z §•ç •Î˚!ö– ~üöܲ# !ÓüyöÓ®Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöyÄ §•ç
!åÈ° öy– ˆ˛õyˆÏê˛≈ °yˆÏï˛ ˆüˆÏβ˚ õ%Ó&˚ £Ï ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ !àç!àç ܲÓ˚ˆåÏ Èñ ~üö x!ÓŸªy§ xyÓ˚ !ôE˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
46 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆã˛yá !öˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yܲy!FåÈ° xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲñ üˆÏö •!FåÈ° ˆÎ §!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ•z ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Óy ≤ÃFåÈߨ
xyï˛B˛Óyò#Ó˚ åÈy˛õ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá xÑyܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– Ú!§!ܲí˛z!Ó˚!ê˛Û ܲÌyê˛y ˆŸ’£Ïydܲñ ܲyÓ˚î
xyüyÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Îye#ˆÏòÓ˚ x!û˛K˛ï˛y •°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
Îye#Ó˚•z §yüyöƒï˛ü !öÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ ˆÓyôÄ ÌyˆÏܲ öy– •yï˛Óƒyà ܲÛê˛y ˆã˛!Ü˛Ç •ÓyÓ˚ §üˆÏÎ˚•z
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §ü§ƒyê˛y ≤ÃÌü üy°%ü •°– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §ˆÏÓ xy!ü x§%á ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛!åÈñ ~ÓÇ
ˆ§Ôû˛yàƒÓ¢ï˛ñ ï˛áö §yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáñ xyüyÓ˚ ò%Û§Æy• xhsˇÓ˚ xhsˇÓ˚ !öÎ˚!üï˛ Ä£Ï%ô ˆáˆÏÎ˚
ˆÎˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ÓüyöÓ®Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° §ˆÏD ~ܲê˛y í˛y_´y!Ó˚ åÈyí˛¸˛õe
Ìyܲy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ï˛yñ xyüÓ˚yñ !öÎ˚üüy!ú˛Ü˛ åÈy˛õˆÏåÈy˛õüyÓ˚yñ §•zÈÙÈܲÓ˚y ˆ§•z ܲyàçáyöy •yˆÏï˛
ï%˛ˆÏ° !ò°yüñ û˛yÓ°yü !ü!öê˛áyˆÏöˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏï˛ ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ– ܲyàçáyöy
ˆï˛y á%Ó Ü˛§Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°ö ~ܲçö ü!•°yÓ˚«˛# ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö •°ñ ˆ§ê˛y ~ܲçö
IJõÓ˚Ä°yˆÏܲ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ ˆöÄÎ˚y•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !öÓ˚y˛õò– ˆ§•z Óƒ!_´!ê˛ û%˛Ó˚& Ü%Ñ˛ã˛ˆÏܲ Äê˛y ˛õí˛¸ˆ°
Ï öñ
xy¢y ܲÓ˚!åȈϰöñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y °y•zˆÏöÓ˚ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ °%ˆÏܲyˆÏöy ˆÜ˛yöÄ à)ì˛¸ ï˛Ìƒ úÑ˛y§ •ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ˆë˛°yˆÏë˛!°ñ ôyE˛yôy!E˛– ~áö û˛yÓöyÓ˚ ܲÌy •°ñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§•z
Ó˚«˛# ü!•°y!ê˛ •z!ï˛üˆÏôƒ•z ò%ÈÙÈ!ï˛öÓyÓ˚ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ÚxyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆã˛!Ü˛Ç •ˆÏÓÛñ
~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ |ôù≈ï˛ö x!ú˛§yÓ˚ ~•z í˛z!_´Ó˚•z ˛õ%öÓ˚yÓ,!_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö ò% !ï˛ö ÓyÓ˚ öÎ˚ñ xhsˇï˛
˛õÑyã˛ åÈÛÓyÓ˚– xyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆòáÓyÓ˚ Îyñ ˆ§ ˆï˛y ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yüˆÏö•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙȈ§•z ܲyàçáyöy
xyÓ˚ Ä£Ï%ô˛õeÈÙÙÙȈòáÓyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ !ܲå%È ˆï˛y ˆö•z⁄ í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ ï˛Ü≈˛yï˛!Ü≈˛ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– «˛yhsˇ
•ˆÏ°ö Îáöñ ˜ôÎ≈ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏàˆÏüˆÏà ӈϰ í˛z벰yüñ ÚˆÓ¢ñ ˆã˛!Ü˛Ç Î!ò ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z •Î˚ñ
ܲÓ˚&öñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚•y•z !òö–Û Ü˛ï≈˛yÓƒ!_´!ê˛ üyÌy ˆöˆÏí˛¸ ӈϰ í˛zë˛ˆÏ°öñ Úxy!ü ˆï˛y ~Ó˚
üˆÏôƒ ˆã˛Ü‰˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ˆÓyï˛°ê˛y ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–Û •zˆÏÎ˚yàyˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ ˆåÈyR ≤’y!fiê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
ÓÎ˚yüê˛yˆÏܲ Î!ò ˆÓyï˛° ӈϰ•z !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆ§•z ˆÓyï˛° öyüôyÓ˚# Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ !åÈ!öˆÏÎ˚
!öˆÏÎ˚ !Ó˛õIöܲ !ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚ܲ §ˆÏ®ˆÏ• xyÓ˚Ä ˛õÑyã˛ê˛y !ö!£Ïk˛ !ç!öˆÏ§Ó˚ àyòyÎ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ˆòÄÎ˚y
•°– !ÓüyöÓ®Ó˚ åÈyí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ åÈyí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ xyüÓ˚y öy ˆû˛ˆÏÓ ˛õyÓ˚°yü öy ˆÎñ ~û˛yˆÏÓ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°ñ
!ÓüyöÓ®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !öÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ òy!Î˚c ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hsˇ ÚÄÎ˚yÓ˚!¢˛õú%˛° ˆÜ˛y¡õy!ö xÓ öy•zê˛Üœ˛yÓ
Óyí˛z™yÓ˚§‰ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚•z Óï≈˛yˆÏÓ–
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ áyÓ˚y˛õ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎê˛yñ ˆ§ê˛y •ˆÏï˛Ï ï˛áöÄ Óy!ܲ !åÈ°– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# í˛zí˛¸yˆÏöÓ˚
çˆÏöƒ !ÓüyöÓ®ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ ˆòÓyÓ˚ ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ xyôâ^ˇê˛yÓ˚Ä ˆÓ!¢ §üÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛ çyˆÏö !ë˛Ü˛
ܲï˛çöˆÏܲñ ˆÜ˛ÔˆÏê˛yÓ!® §y!í≈˛ö üyˆÏåÈÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y àyòyày!ò ܲˆÏÓ˚ ë%˛ˆÏ§ ˆòÄÎ˚y •°– ày!í˛¸ê˛yÓ˚
§ÓܲÛê˛y òÓ˚çy•z ˆáy°yñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆû˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ë˛yu˛y Óyï˛y§ •zˆÏFåÈüˆÏï˛y ˆá°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆàyÓ˚&åÈyàˆÏ°Ó˚ xÓfliyÊ !Óüyöê˛y Î!ò ˆû˛ˆÏä ˛õí˛¸ï˛ñ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛í˛z fl∫FåȈϮ Ó°ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛öñ ܲ§y•záyöyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆ§ê˛y•z !åÈ° xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï Îyey–
öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚ 28 ≠ ˆÎÔö!¢«˛y
ÚÚüyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÎÔö!ö@ˇÃ• ~üö ~ܲê˛y =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆ§ê˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄÓ˚ܲü
û˛[˛y!ü ã˛ˆÏ° öy– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ó ÓyÓy üyˆÏܲ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyé˛yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ˆê˛!ӈϰ §y!çˆÏÎ˚
ˆòÄÎ˚y áyòƒoˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Îï˛ê˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçöñ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆÎÔö!¢«˛y ˆòÓyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçöê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲü
öÎ˚– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆåȈϰˆÏüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÔö!¢«˛y ˆòÄÎ˚y öy •ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y Ó˚yhflÏyâyˆÏê˛ çv çyˆÏöyÎ˚yÓ˚
ˆòˆÏá !¢ˆÏá ÎyˆÏÓ– ôü≈#Î˚ û˛[˛y!ü ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyçƒ ~ÓÇ §Ó ôü≈üˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ˆ§ ܲÌy áyˆÏê˛–ÛÛ
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆöyê˛Ó•z † 47
í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲÌy=!° Ó y!çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛rê˛ñ °%°y í˛y !§°û˛yÈÙÈÓ˚ í˛z!_´– ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ç%ˆÏí˛¸ Óy°Ü˛
Óy!°Ü˛yñ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚y ˆÎ ˆÎÔö!ö@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z §Çe´yhsˇ §ü§ƒyÓ˚ ˆüyܲy!Ó°y
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ xö%!¤˛ï˛ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸª §ˆÏ¡ø°ˆÏö !ï˛!ö û˛y£Ïî !ò!FåȈϰö– ܲüÓÎ˚!§
ˆåȈϰˆÏüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ܲòyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î xyçܲy° •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏöˆÏê˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyö í˛z˛õç#Óƒ– ~•z
ܲòyã˛yÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õyܲy˛õy!ܲû˛yˆÏÓ Ó¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ !ܲå%È ~ܲê˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓòö
§%•zˆÏí˛ˆÏöÓ˚ §¡ÀyK˛#Ó˚ ܲˆÏZ˛Ä ˆ¢yöy ˆà°– §üyˆÏçÓ˚ ò%Ó≈° Ä !öÓ˚y˛õ_y•#ö ~ܲ xLjϢÓ˚
~•z àû˛#Ó˚ §ü§ƒyÓ˚ ܲÌy í˛zay˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ò%çˆÏö•z Ó°ˆÏ°öñ ~•z @ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ò!Ó˚oï˛ü ˆ◊!îÓ˚
x“ ÓÎ˚!§Ó˚y•zÈ ~Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ° «˛!ï˛@ˇÃhflÏ– ܲyÓ˚îñ ˆÎáyˆÏö ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Óy§ñ ˆ§ §Ó çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ öy
xyˆÏåÈ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yöy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •zfl%Ò°ñ öy xyˆÏåÈ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ôyÓ˚îyñ ~ÓÇ ò)Ó˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚
˛õò≈yÎ˚ ã˛!Óù¢ â^ˇê˛y•z ˆÎÔöï˛y ~ÓÇ !•Ç§yÓ˚ âê˛öy ò¢≈ܲˆÏòÓ˚ xyöˆÏ®Ó˚ ˆáyÓ˚yܲ ç%!àˆÏÎ˚
ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– ˆÎÔö !ö@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ §ˆÏ¡ø°ˆÏö ≤Ãò_ û˛y£ÏˆÏî ˆÜ˛ xyÓ˚ ܲyö ˆòˆÏÓ⁄
Îy܉˛ˆÏàñ ~ܲê˛y Ó•z !öˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ ܲÌy !åÈ°– !ܲv ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ §yüˆÏö ~ˆÏ§ ˛õí˛¸yÎ˚
~ê˛yˆÏܲ•z x@ˇÃy!ôܲyÓ˚ !ò!FåÈ– Ó•zê˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy xyàyü#ܲy° ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˆï˛y°y Ó˚•z°–
!í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ 23 ≠ ~ܲÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚
2007ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 22 !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ ˆû˛yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ˆêÏ ˛Ó˚ §üÎ˚ ˆ§•z ˆÎ xyüyÓ˚ Ÿªy§ xyê˛ˆÏܲ ˆà°ñ öÛâ^ˇê˛yÓ˚
xyˆÏà xyÓ˚ K˛yö !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§!ö– ˆò•ÎˆÏsÓf ˚ §¡õ)î≈ ˜Óܲ°ƒñ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ !e´Î˚y§ü)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚!ï˛ñ
xyüyˆÏܲ í˛z˛õö#ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° ç#Óö≤ÃyˆÏhsˇñ ~üöܲ# !ÓòyÎ˚ ˆöÓyÓ˚ §üÎ˚ê%˛Ü%˛Ä !åÈ° öy xyÓ˚–
!ܲå%È•z ~áö üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ öy– !˛õ°yÓ˚ !åÈ°ñ ~ÓÇ xyüyÓ˚ ¢ƒy!°Ü˛y üy!Ó˚Î˚yÄ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò%çˆÏö•zñ
•*ï˛¢!_´ñ !öÿ˛° ˆò•ê˛yÓ˚ §yüˆÏö òÑy!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ çƒyhsˇ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛Ó˚¢#ï˛°
¢ÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆ§ê˛yÓ˚ §yò,¢ƒ !åÈ° ˆì˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢– xyç ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ÷öˆÏï˛ ˛õy•zñ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ
Ä•z ܲÛâ^ˇê˛y ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛!åÈ°– ~ܲ•z !òˆÏö xyüyÓ˚ öyï˛!ö xƒyöy ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ!åÈ°ñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏö
û˛yˆÏÎ˚y°yˆÏrê˛– ï˛áö ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !˛õï˛yü• Ä !˛õï˛y ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ !öÓyï˛!ö‹Ò¡õ ≤Ãò#˛õ!¢áyñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ !öÉŸªyˆÏ§ ÎyÓ˚ !öˆÏû˛ ÎyÓyÓ˚ xy¢B˛y !åÈ° Ó•zܲ#Ê ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xy!ü ˆçˆÏö!åÈ ˆÎñ xyüyÓ˚
üÓ˚ˆÏò•ê˛yˆÏܲ °y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆòÓyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy •!FåÈ°– ã˛yÓ˚ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛Ó° Ó•z xyÓ˚
Ó•zñ xyÓ˚ Î!ò ~û˛yˆÏÓ Ó!°ñ xöƒ ú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆü°y– ˆ§ê˛y ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åÈ– xyüyÓ˚ í˛y_´yÓ˚Ó˚y
ˆÎüöê˛y •ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ°!åȈϰöñ ~ܲ ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ x!ÓŸªy§ƒ Ÿ’Ìà!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyüyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚yàƒ âˆÏê˛!åÈ°ñ
~ÓÇ xy!ü fl∫yfliƒñ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ Ó° Ä o&ï˛üöˆÏöÓ˚ «˛üï˛y !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yü– ܲü≈¢!_´
öyüܲ üˆÏ•Ô£Ï!ô xyüyˆÏܲ §y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°!åÈ°– ü,ï%˛ƒ öÎ˚ñ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ x!û˛ü%ˆÏá ã˛ˆÏ°ñ xy!ü
xyüyÓ˚ ò#â≈ÎyeyÎ˚ ~áyˆÏö ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ!åÈ– xy˛õöyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§ÓyÎ˚ xy!ü §òy !öÓ˚ï˛–
!í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ 29 ≠ ˆï˛öyÓ˚y
~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ !öáÑ%ï˛– Ä•z ≤ÃyÎ˚ÈÙÈ!öáÑ%ï˛•z Ó°Ó– §yÓ˚y«˛î ï˛yÓ˚fl∫ˆÏÓ˚ ÓܲÓܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚
áy!ï˛ˆÏÓ•˚ z xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ û˛yˆÏ°y °yˆÏà ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚– ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z@ˇÃ í˛z˛õò°#Î˚
üˆÏöyû˛yÓñ ˆï˛ˆÏí˛¸ ܲÌy Ó°y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫û˛yÓñ x!Ó!¢ƒ ü%ˆÏá•z Îï˛ ú˛ê˛ú˛ê˛y!ö– ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛
ˆüˆÏÎ˚üyö%£Ïñ à°yÓ˚ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ò¢çö ˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏˆÏܲ åÈy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– xyÓ˚ öyÓ˚#˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~•z ò°!ê˛Ó˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy•z ˆÎö ΈÏÌ‹T ӈϰ üˆÏö •Î˚ öy– •y° ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ˆòÓyÓ˚
˛õye˛õye# öÎ˚ ˆüyˆÏê˛•z– ≤ÃyÎ˚•z @ˇÃyöyí˛yÓ˚ ܲÌyÓ˚ ê˛yˆÏö ï˛yÓ˚y Îy ӈϰñ ï˛y ˆÓyˆÏé˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ˛õÓ˚
48 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
§y!ôƒ⁄ ï˛yˆÏï˛ !ܲå%È ÎyÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ öy– xyüyÓ˚ üöê˛y áã˛áã˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ܲ# •ˆÏÓñ ÄÓ˚y ӈϰñ ĈÏòÓ˚
~ܲçˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌy xyÓ˚ ~ܲçö ˆÓüy°%ü Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚§ˆÏÓyôÄ xyˆÏåÈ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yüyeyÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
ĈÏòÓ˚ ë˛yRyï˛yüy¢y xyüyÓ˚ üyÌyÎ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏܲ öyñ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z !öˆÏçˆÏܲ !çˆÏàƒ§ ܲ!Ó˚ñ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y
ܲ#⁄ Óy¶˛Óñ Óy¶˛Ó#ñ fl∫yü#ñ flf#ñ §Ó !üˆÏ° xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ò°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xy!üÄ xy!åÈ– xyüÓ˚y
•Ñy ܲˆÏÓ˚ û˛ƒyÓ°yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲñ xyÓ˚ ĈÏòÓ˚ ܲyÓ% ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ öy ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ à°y ˆü°yˆÏï˛
Óyôƒ ••z– x!Ó!¢ƒ ~ܲ xyôÓyÓ˚ ˆëÑ˛yê˛ Ó%ˆÏç Ìyܲy•z !Óã˛«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyç ӈϰ üˆÏö •Î˚– àï˛
Ü%˛!í˛¸ ÓåȈÏÓ˚ ~üö ܲáöÄ ˆò!á!ö ˆÎñ ï˛Ü≈˛!Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ˆçˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÓ˚ˆÏà ÜÑ˛y•z •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈñ
~üö ˆÜ˛yöÄ é˛àí˛¸yéÑ˛y!ê˛ •Î˚!öñ ÎyÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ !üê˛üyê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ°yܲçöˆÏܲ å%ȈÏê˛
xy§ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– Îï˛•z àç≈ö ~ÓÇ Ó£Ï≈î ˆ•yܲ öy ˆÜ˛öñ ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hsˇñ xyܲy¢ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ñ
ˆüˆÏâÓ˚ !ã˛•´!ê˛Ä ˆö•z– ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ !öáÑ%ï˛ öy ˆ•yܲñ ï˛ˆÏÓñ •Ñƒyñ üyö%£Ï=ˆÏ°y û˛yˆÏ°y–
çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ 19 ≠ !û˛ß¨ §Çܲê˛
xy!Ì≈ܲñ xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ Ä Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ §Çܲê˛ñ ~ÓÇ ôü≈#Î˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Ä !Óò%ƒÍ¢!_´ §Çe´yhsˇ
!Ó!û˛ß¨ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ xy!ü xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yÓÍ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ!åÈ !ܲ öy çy!ö öyñ
ï˛ˆÏÓñ üˆÏö •ˆÏFåÈñ ≤Ãôyö §Çܲê˛=!°Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åÈ– ï˛Ó% ˆòá!åÈñ ~ܲê˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
Óyò ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏåÈñ ~ÓÇ xyüyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ñ ˆ§!ê˛ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈– xy!ü xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ö!ï˛Ü˛
§ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°!åÈñ ˆÎê˛y ~•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ e´ü¢•z ôùLjϧÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá ˆë˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏFåÈñ ~ÓÇ
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ xy!ü ò%Ûã˛yÓ˚ˆÏê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáyÓ– •zˆÏL!° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ ~•z §ÇܲˆÏê˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸
û%˛àˆÏåÈñ ~ê˛y öy üyöˆÏ°ñ àyçyÈÙÈˆï˛ ~•z §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲ#!ï≈˛Ü˛°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ö¤%˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
Óƒyáƒy ˆüˆÏ° öy– ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z ˜ö!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ Ó˚y!¢Î˚y Ä •zí˛zˆÏe´ˆÏöÓ˚ ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ üöˆÏܲ
!Ó!£ÏˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ÎyÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° ~ܲê˛y ˆàyê˛y ü•yˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ !•ü¢#ï˛° ü,ï%˛ƒ
ÓÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z ˜ö!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ ü%ˆÏá ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚
•zí˛z!öÎ˚öñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !ܲå%È ˆüÔ!°Ü˛ ˜ö!ï˛Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î!Ó!ô xö%ÎyÎ˚# ~ܲ!ê˛ §%§ÇÓk˛ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛
ö#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zqyÓö Ä ÓƒÓfliy˛õö ï˛yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ~ܲ•z §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z §Ó
üyö%£Ï ÎyÓ˚y x˛õÓ˚yô# ô!öÜ˛ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ò%ö≈#!ï˛Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà Ä §%!ÓˆÏô ˆû˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– ~áö
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá x!û˛ˆÏÎyà ÷!ö ˆÎ xy§ß¨ ôùLjϧÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈yû˛y§ ˆòÄÎ˚y ˆÎï˛– üye ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
í˛zòy•Ó˚î•z !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y ˆà°– xy!ü ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ Ó˚#!ï˛üˆÏï˛y §ˆÏã˛ï˛ö ˆÎñ xyçܲy°Ü˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏö
ö#!ï˛ Ä ˜ö!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y üyˆÏö•z ÷û˛öy!hflÏܲñ ôy®yÓyç ~ÓÇ ã˛y!°Î˚yï˛ ã˛®Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚
í˛z˛õ•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õye •ÄÎ˚y– ï˛ˆÏÓñ üö Îy ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ï˛y•z ӈϰ!åÈ xy!üñ ~ÓÇ xyüyÓ˚ ܲÌy=ˆÏ°y
ˆÎ Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ñ ˆ§ÈÙÈ!ӣψÏÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ §Ç¢Î˚ ˆö•z– xy§%öñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ •yï˛
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ~ܲÓyÓ˚ Ó°%ö ˆï˛yñ ܲ# üy°%ü •ˆÏFåÈ⁄
çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ 20 ≠ ÄÓyüy
ÄÓ˚y üy!ê˛ö °%ÌyÓ˚ !ܲÇÈÙÈˆÜ˛ •ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– xyç ÓyÓ˚yܲ ÄÓyüyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÎyˆÏï˛ xö%Ó˚*˛õ
âê˛öy öy âˆÏê˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ ã˛!Õ‘¢ •yçyÓ˚ ˛õ%!°¢ x!ú˛§yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õy•yÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆüyï˛yˆÏÎ˚ö ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ÚÎyˆÏï˛ öy âˆÏê˛Û ܲÌy=ˆÏ°y ~üöû˛yˆÏÓ Ó°!åÈñ ˆÎö ã)˛í˛¸yhsˇ ò%û≈˛yˆÏàƒÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛üï˛y xyüyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÎ˚_ !åÈ°Ê !ܲå%È Î!ò âˆÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§ê˛y òÑyí˛¸yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z
fl∫≤¿ˆÏܲ ò%ÛÓyÓ˚ !öü≈)° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y– ~•z ˆÎ öï%˛ö Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛◊&!ï˛ üD°Ü˛yÓ˚# ˆÜ˛yöÄ
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆöyê˛Ó•z † 49
§%öy!üÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ï˛ê˛û)˛!üˆÏï˛ xyåȈÏí˛¸ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ û%˛!§ ˆÌˆÏܲ òyöyˆÏܲ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ §Óùy•zˆÏܲ §ˆÏD ˆê˛ˆÏö !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈñ üˆÏö •Î˚ñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓyÓ˚•z ï˛yÓ˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚ xyfliy
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– üˆÏö •ˆÏFåÈñ xyÓ˚ ÎyÈÙÈ•z ˆ•yܲñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ~áöÄ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ âê˛öyÎ˚ !ÓŸªy§ xyˆÏåÈñ
xyüÓ˚y !ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ˆ¢£Ï ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ¢!_´ ~ˆÏ§ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
§Ç•yÓ˚ܲñ xöƒ ~ܲ §%öy!üÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ܲyü% Ó°ˆÏï˛öñ ˆÜ˛í˛z Î!ò
fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛Ó° Ó°ˆÏ°•z •ˆÏÓñ ˆ§ ˆÜ˛– xy!ü xï˛ê˛y xy¢yÓyò# ö•zñ ܲyÓ˚î
xyüyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ñ ü)° §ü§ƒyê˛y ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÇK˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !ö!•ï˛ñ
~ÓÇ Ü˛#û˛yˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛y xç≈ö ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓñ ˆ§•z í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD ç!í˛¸ï˛– âê˛öyã˛ˆÏe´•z
ˆ•yܲñ xyÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛yöÄ x!û˛≤ÃyÎ˚Ó¢ï˛•z ˆ•yܲñ ï˛yÑÓ˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ Ó_,´ï˛yÎ˚ Ä §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚
ÄÓyüy !öˆÏçÓ˚ §¡∫ˆ¶Ï ˛ ~ï˛ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈöñ ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲÌyÎ˚ ~ï˛ê˛y•z ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ Ä xy˛õ!ï˛Ü˛ xܲy˛õê˛ƒ
xyˆÏåÈ ˆÎñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z üˆÏö •ˆÏFåÈñ xyüÓ˚y ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ â!ö¤˛û˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛!ö ~ÓÇ !ï˛!ö
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚ˆÏã˛öy ~ܲçö üyö%£Ï– xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲy Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛rê˛ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ òy!Î˚cû˛yÓ˚
!Î!ö xyç @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ ˆÎ §Ó !Ó¢y° §ü§ƒy xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈñ !ï˛!ö
ˆ§=!° §üyôyö ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓöñ Óy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ˆÏã˛‹T •ˆÏÓö– §ú˛° •ˆÏï˛Ä ˛õyˆÏÓ˚öñ öyÄ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö–
~ÓÇ üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈãÏ ˛‹TyÎ˚ áy!öܲê˛y áyü!ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛•z ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚ çˆÏöƒ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
üyç≈öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ܲyÓ˚î xyüÓ˚y ˆï˛y ˆë˛ˆÏܲ !¢ˆÏá!åÈ ˆÎñ üyö%£Ï üyˆÏeÓ˚•z û%˛° •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛ˆÏÓ !ï˛!ö Îy ӈϰˆÏåÈö Óy !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ÌyÄ Î!ò !ï˛!ö xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ xÌÓy ˆ§ê˛y !ü̃y ӈϰ ≤Ãüy!îï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ xyüÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö•z «˛üy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó öy– ò,‹Tyhsˇfl∫Ó˚*˛õ Ó°y ã˛ˆÏ°ñ üôƒ≤ÃyˆÏã˛ƒ ¢y!hsˇ xyöˆÏï˛ §«˛ü •ˆÏï˛ öyÄ
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö !ï˛!öñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yˆÏܲ Î!ò !ï˛!ö !Óºy!hsˇÜ˛Ó˚ Ó_,´ï˛yÎ˚ ã˛y˛õy !òˆÏï˛
ã˛yöñ xyüÓ˚y ˆ§ê˛y ˆüˆÏö ˆöÓ öy– ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛rê˛ üˆÏ•yòÎ˚Ê ~•z§Ó ˆ°yܲˆÏû˛y°yˆÏöy Ó!_´ˆÏü
xˆÏöܲ ÷ˆÏö!åÈñ xï˛~Ó ˆû˛ˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏÓöñ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ xy˛õöyÓ˚ üyÌyê˛y à°yˆÏFåÈö–
çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ 21≠ ˆÜ˛yˆÏaˆÏܲ⁄
~•z üyö%£Ïê˛y ~ˆÏ°ö ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ⁄ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ çß√ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Óy˛õÈÙÈüyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ܲ#ñ
ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yöyñ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ°yܲçˆÏöÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ç#Óö ïÑ˛yÓ˚
˛õåÈ®ñ ~§Ó çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z öy xy!ü– ~=ˆÏ°y xyüÓ˚y ˆüyê˛yü%!ê˛ çy!öñ xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ•z ÄÑÓ˚
xydç#Óö#ê˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈàû˛#Ó˚ï˛y˛õ)î≈ñ xyhsˇ!Ó˚ܲñ Ó%!k˛ò#Æ Ó˚ã˛öy– !ܲv Îáö çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zñ
ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z üyö%£Ï!ê˛Ó˚ xy!Óû≈˛yÓ âê˛°ñ ï˛áö Óï≈˛üyö §üÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆû˛ˆÏÓ xy!ü
xyüyÓ˚ !ܲÇܲï≈˛Óƒ!Óü)ì˛¸ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛°!åÈ– üyöÓ!ÓˆÏm£Ï#ñ •ï˛yŸªy§ñ §Çܲê˛y˛õߨ
~ÓÇ öyöy xˆÏÌ≈ û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚ ~•z §üˆÏÎ˚ xÓï˛#î≈ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö ~üö ~ܲçö üyöÓ S!ï˛!ö üyöÓ#Ä
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛öV !Î!ö ü)°ƒˆÏÓyôñ Óƒ!_´Ü˛ Ä §ü!‹Tàï˛ òyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛˜Ïü£ÏîyÓ˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ ܲZ˛
ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈöñ ~üöܲ# ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌyÄ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö ÎÑyÓ˚y xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó§≈ !) Ó˚– ˆÎ §Ó ôyÓ˚îy ~ܲ§üÎ˚
xyò¢≈ üyö!Óܲ §•yÓfliyˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §%ò,ì˛¸ Ó¶˛ˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y !åÈ°ñ xyç «˛üï˛yàÓ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ
ˆ§ §Ó í˛z˛õ•y§ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xÌã˛ñ xy!ü !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ ˆÎñ ~•z §Ó üyö%£Ï•zñ ã˛ê‰˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆû˛y° ˛õy°ˆÏê˛ñ xyç ˆÌˆÏܲ•z öyöyÓ˚ܲü à°yÎ˚ ˆãÑ˛!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓñ Úxy!üÄñ xy!üÄ
~•z òˆÏ°Ó˚–Û ÎyˆÏï˛ xyüÓ˚y !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ öy !ò•zñ ï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §ï˛Ü≈˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó_,´ï˛yÎ˚ ÓyÓ˚yܲ ÄÓyüy !ܲå%È !ܲå%È Ü˛yÓ˚î ˆò!áˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö– xy§ˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 4
50 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
§yÓ˚ ܲÌy •°ñ ~ܲê˛y öï%˛ö ˛õ,!ÌÓ# àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y x§Ω˛Ó öÎ˚– xˆÏöܲ !òö ôˆÏÓ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
xˆÏöˆÏܲ•z ~•z ܲÌy ӈϰ xy§ˆÏåÈö– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~•z ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ §%ˆÏÎyà ~ˆÏ§ •y!çÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ä ˛õsiy xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚– ~•z ˆï˛y ÷Ó˚&–
çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ 23 ≠ !ܲ⁄
Úï%˛!ü ˆÜ˛⁄Û Úxy!ü ˆÜ˛⁄Û ~•z ≤ß¿ò%!ê˛Ó˚ §•ç í˛z_Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ÎyˆÏܲ ~•z ≤ß¿ xÌÓy ˆÎ
!öˆÏç•z !öˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆ§ !ܲv !öˆÏçÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚•z !ܲå%È Ó°ˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ
ˆ§û˛yˆÏÓ•z xˆÏöƒÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏFåÈ– ˆÎ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ ~Ó˚ܲü §•ç í˛z_Ó˚ ˆö•zñ
ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲê%˛ !û˛ß¨û˛yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ≠ Úܲ# xy!ü⁄Û ÚˆÜ˛Û öÎ˚ñ Úܲ#Û– ˆÎ ˆ°yܲ•z ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚
§¡ø%á#ö •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ §yüˆÏö §yòy ˛õyï˛y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y xyÓ˚Ä ÓyˆÏçñ ˆ§
~ܲ!ê˛ Óî≈Ä !°ˆÏá í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy–
çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ 26 ≠ !Üœ˛öê˛ö⁄
ˆÜ˛yö !Üœ˛öê˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌy •ˆÏFåÈ⁄ fl∫yü#Ó˚⁄ !ï˛!ö ˆï˛y ~áö •z!ï˛•y§– öy!ܲñ flf#ÈÙÈÓ˚⁄ ˆ§ˆÏöê˛Ó˚
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Îï˛•z ≤Ãû˛yÓ¢y!°ö# •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÜ%˛ö öy ˆÜ˛öñ xyüyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ àˆÏ“Ó˚ ~•z
§ˆÏÓ ÷Ó˚&– ˆ§ˆÏe´ê˛y!Ó˚ xÓ ˆfiê˛ê˛ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ ÓyÓ˚yܲ ÄÓyüyÓ˚ xyüsfî ˛õyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~•z
≤ÃÌü §yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ ü)°ƒ ˆòáyÓyÓ˚ §%Óî≈ §%ˆÎÏ yà •ˆÏÓ– xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲy
Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ Ó˚y‹T…˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õò x°ÇÜ,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆì˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ Óí˛¸ §%ˆÏÎyà ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ܲ˛õyˆÏ° ç%ê˛ï˛– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ xyüyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆÎüöê˛y ӈϰ ÌyˆÏܲñ !¢Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §üÎ˚ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ˆÏܲ
öy ˆ˛õˆÏ° ˆÓí˛¸y°ˆÏܲ•z §D# ˆÜ˛yˆÏÓy˚ – ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ xyüÓ˚y !öÿ˛Î˚•z ~ܲüï˛ ˆÎ Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚
ˆ§ˆÏe´ê˛y!Ó˚ flf#çyï˛#Î˚y •ˆÏ°Ä !ï˛!ö !Óí˛¸y°# ööñ Óy!â!ö– ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá Î!òÄ Ü˛áöÄ•z
üˆÏö •Î˚!ö ˆÎ !ï˛!ö !ӈϢ£Ïû˛yˆÏÓ ã˛üÍܲy!Ó˚î#ñ ï˛Ó% xy!ü ã˛y•zÓñ !ï˛!ö öyöy ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Óç!Î˚ö#
ˆ•yö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ üÎ≈yòyÓ˚«˛y Ä òy!Î˚c˛õy°ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ ˆÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçöñ !•°y!Ó˚
í˛yÎ˚yö Ó˚í˛•ƒyü ˆÎö ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö–
xyç ˆÎ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ !öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ xy!üñ ~§Ó ï˛yÓ˚ û)˛!üܲy üye– üˆÏöyˆÏÎyà#
˛õyë˛Ü˛ !öÿ˛Î˚ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆÎñ ˆ§ˆÏe´ê˛y!Ó˚ xÓ ˆfiê˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y öyüê˛y !°áˆÏï˛ xy!ü
!•°y!Ó˚ í˛yÎ˚yö Ó˚í˛•ƒyü !°ˆÏá!åÈ°yü– ~ê˛y ܲyܲï˛y°#Î˚ öÎ˚– ˆÎ ܲÌyê˛yÓ˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚
ˆòÓyÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ ~ê˛y !°ˆÏá!åÈ°yüñ ï˛y •°ñ çß√§)e !ï˛!ö ~•z ˛õò!Ó xç≈ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö ~ÓÇ
§yüy!çܲ òyÎ˚Ók˛ï˛y ˆ•ï%˛ xÌÓy Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ §%!ÓôyˆÏÌ≈ ~•z ˛õò!Ó @ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Äñ ï˛yˆÏï˛
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ó˚ܲüˆÏú˛Ó˚ âˆÏê˛ öy– Ú!•°y!Ó˚ í˛yÎ˚yö Ó˚í˛•ƒyüÛñ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Ú!•°y!Ó˚
Ó˚í˛•ƒyüñÛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ç#î≈ ñ ~ܲˆÏâˆÏÎ˚ Ú!Üœ˛öê˛öÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏöܲ ˆÓ!¢ !ã˛_yܲ£Ï≈ܲ– fl∫yü# Óy
flf#ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z•z xyüyˆÏܲ ˆã˛ˆÏöö öyñ ~ÓÇ ~ÈÙÈ!ӣψÏÎ˚ xy!ü !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ ˆÎñ xyüyÓ˚ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ~ܲ
˛õä‰!_´Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛í˛z ˛õˆÏí˛¸ö!ö– ï˛Ó%ñ ˆåÈyR ~ܲê˛y í˛z˛õˆÏò¢ !òˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zñ û)˛ï˛˛õ)Ó≈ ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛rê˛
üˆÏ•yòÎ˚ˆÏܲ öÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î í˛z˛õˆÏòˆÏ¢ñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ò%˛õˆÏòˆÏ¢ñ ܲáöÄ•z !ï˛!ö ܲyö ˆòö!ö–
xy!ü ˆ§ˆÏe´ê˛y!Ó˚ xÓ ˆfiê˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ Ó°!åÈ– Ó!°ñ Ú!Üœ˛öê˛öÛ ˛õò!Óê˛y ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !òö–
ܲö%•Èz ÙȈåÈíÑ ˛¸y ~ܲê˛y ˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏöy ˆÜ˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ Äê˛y– xy˛õ!ö ÓÓ˚Ç ÚÓ˚í˛•ƒyüÛ ˛õò!Óê˛y•z
@ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚&ö– Îj)Ó˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ñ Äê˛y xy˛õöyÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÓ˚ ˛õò!Ó– !ï˛!ö ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏ° àˆÏÓ≈ ïÑ˛yÓ˚
Ó%ܲ û˛ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓñ çyˆÏöö ˆï˛y⁄ °-#ˆÏüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y xy˛õöyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~ê%˛Ü%˛ §%á# ܲÓ˚&ö
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆöyê˛Ó•z † 51
ˆï˛y– xyÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§•z §%ˆÏáÓ˚ xÇ¢#òyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚&ö §ühflÏ ü!•°yˆÏܲ ÎÑyÓ˚y û˛yˆÏÓöñ
fl∫yü#Ó˚ ˛õò!Ó Ó•ö ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓyôƒÓyôܲï˛yñ !ã˛Ó˚!òöñ ~üöܲ# xyçˆÏܲÄñ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!_´àï˛
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ü%ˆÏåÈ ˆú˛°yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ öyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ òy§cˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyÓ˚ xyÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ üye– ~ÓÇ ˆ§ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆüyˆÏê˛•z ܲü =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ öÎ˚–
çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ 27ñ Ó˚í˛•ƒyü
àï˛Ü˛y° ˆÎ ò%ɧy•ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyˆÏü !ܲå%È âˆÏê˛!ö– ˆÜ˛Ó° !•°y!Ó˚
!Üœ˛öê˛˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÎ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ ˛õò!ÓˆÏï˛•z !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ xyüyÓ˚ ~•z ≤ÃhflyÏ ˆÏÓ SxV ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛
§yí˛¸y ˛õyÄÎ˚y ˆàˆÏåÈ– Ü)˛ê˛˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ü•° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò xyˆÏ§!öñ ˆ§ˆÏe´ê˛y!Ó˚ xÓ
ˆfiê˛ê˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ÓÓ,!ï˛•z ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓö˚ !öñ ~üöܲ# !öí˛z•Îz Ü˚ ˛≈ ê˛y•zü§ÈÙÈ~ xy!ü Îy !°ˆÏá!åÈ°yüñ
ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ°Ä üˆÏö •ˆÏFåÈ öy– xyàyü#ܲy° xy!ü ˆ°áyÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˛õy°ê˛yÓ– xy˛õyï˛ï˛ !Ó◊yü Ä àû˛#Ó˚ !ã˛hsˇy–
ˆú˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ 19 ≠ §%!§
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ˛Îï˛ !ã˛!í˛¸Î˚yáyöy xyˆÏåÈñ §Ó ܲÛê˛y Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òï˛yü– ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ §yܲ≈yˆÏ§
çvçyˆÏöyÎ˚yÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆá°yÄ !ö!£Ïk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òï˛yü– xy!ü•z ˆÎ ˆÜ˛Ó° ~üöê˛y û˛yÓ!åÈñ ï˛y
öÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ §Ó §Çáƒyà!Ó˚ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ ò° !¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛!˛õåȈÏö ˛õ÷ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáñ xÌÓy ˆÎ áÑyã˛yÎ˚
ï˛yÓ˚y fl∫FåȈϮ ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏú˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyñ ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ öí˛¸yã˛í˛¸yÎ˚ xyö® ˛õyöñ
ˆfl∫FåÈyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆe´yô Ä ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆ§yFã˛yÓ˚ •ÓyÓ˚ é%Ñ˛!ܲ !öˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
!ã˛!í˛¸Î˚yáyöy=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚ܲüê˛y•z ã˛°ˆÏåÈ– xyÓ˚Ä ˆÓ!¢ üö áyÓ˚y˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ Îáö ˆò!á
§yÜ≈˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ üyˆÏë˛ çv çyˆÏöyÎ˚yÓ˚=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ •y!§Ó˚ ˆáyÓ˚yܲ ˆçyàyˆÏöyÓ˚ Îsf ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y
•ˆÏFåÈ– çyüy˛õÓ˚yˆÏöy ÓyFã˛y Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ò,¢ƒ ܲ# ܲÓ˚&îÊ !§° üyåȈÏòÓ˚ ˛õyáöy ˆöˆÏí˛¸
•yï˛ï˛y!° !òˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆâyí˛¸yÓ˚ °yàyˆÏü ˆàÑyçy ÌyˆÏܲ ˛õy°Ü˛ñ ÓÑyòÓ˚Ó˚y òyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ §y•zˆÏܲˆÏ°
ã˛ˆÏí˛¸– !§Ç•ˆÏܲ ܲyë˛ Óy ˆ°y•yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ܲyˆÏ°y çyüy ˛õÓ˚y
ÓyüöˆÏòÓ˚ !˛õåȈÏö !˛õåȈÏö ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏÓ áFã˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò°ñ •y!ï˛ ôyï˛Ó ˆày°yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ ˛õy ˆÓ˚ˆÏá
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚ §yü°yˆÏÓÊ ÚÄ•‰ ˆòáˆÏï˛ Ü˛# üçyñ xyÓ˚ ÓyFã˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆï˛y á%Ó•z ˛õåÈ® ~§ÓÛÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆÎ§Ó üyñ ÓyÓy ~•z ܲÌy ӈϰöñ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆåȈϰˆÏüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y §¡õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ñ ˛õ÷ˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Söy!ܲñ xï˛ƒyã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚⁄V §üˆÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏöy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎñ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
!ö¤%˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ •ï˛û˛yàƒ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ñ ~•z x§•yÎ˚ ≤Ãyî#=ˆÏ°y ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ê˛yÎ˚ ܲ# üÓ˚îÎsfîy•z öy
ˆû˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z§Ó ÓyÓyñ üy xyÓ˚Ä ÓˆÏ° ÌyˆÏܲöñ !ã˛!í˛¸Î˚yáyöyÎ˚ ºüî §üyöû˛yˆÏÓ
!¢«˛y≤Ãò– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~ܲܲyˆÏ° ~üöê˛y !åÈ°– x!Ó!¢ƒ ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ΈÏÌ‹T §ˆÏ®•
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xyçܲy° ò)Ó˚ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲ°ƒyˆÏî ˛õ÷ˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Óö Ä ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ!ã˛e
§Ó §üÎ˚ ˆòáyˆÏöyÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ°ñ ~•z ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöy ôyÓ˚îy Óy!ï˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ– !¢«˛y Î!ò í˛zˆÏj¢ƒÈÙÈ
ü)°Ü˛•z •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§ê˛y í˛zß¨ï˛ üyˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ•z ˆ•yܲ–
xyüyˆÏܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏ°ñ xy!ü flõ‹T•z ~•z ܲÌy=!°•z Ó°Ó– ÓyˆÏ§≈ˆÏ°yöyÓ˚
!ã˛!í˛¸Î˚yáyöyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !öɧD •!hflÏö# xyˆÏåÈ– •yçyÓ˚ê˛y x§%ˆÏá û%˛ˆÏà ˆ§ üÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ–
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚û˛yà ˆÓ˚yà•z xy!sfܲ §Çe´üîâ!ê˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ§Ó ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ fl∫yô#ö !Óã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛ˆÏí˛¸ ˆöÄÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚•z xyç öÎ˚ ܲy°ñ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ §Çe´üî âˆÏê˛– ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎ
52 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ üyö!§Ü˛ Îsfîy •!hflÏö#!ê˛ˆÏܲ ܲ‹T !òˆÏFåÈñ ï˛y ܲ“öy ܲÓ˚y xyˆÏòÔ ¢_´ öÎ˚– Ä•z
üyÓ˚ydܲ §Çܲ#î≈ çyÎ˚àyê˛y §%!§Ó˚ ˆÎ §!Dö# •!hflÏö#!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚•z §ˆÏD û˛yàyû˛y!à ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ
ï˛yÓ˚ §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ ü,ï%˛ƒˆÏï˛ §%!§Ó˚ Îsfîy •yçyÓ˚ =î ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏåÈ– ˆÎ ˆüˆÏé˛ê˛yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ §%!§
ã˛°yˆÏú˛Ó˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ê˛y ܲÇ!e´ˆÏê˛ ì˛y°y•z ~ÓÇ ˆÎ §%!§ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~áöÄ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚
§yû˛yöy xM˛ÈˆÏ°Ó˚ !öÓ˚y˛õò ü,!_ܲyÓ˚ xÓyhsˇÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈñ ˆ§•z ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ flõ¢≈ܲyï˛Ó˚
˛õòï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆüˆÏé˛ê˛y §¡õ)î≈ xö%˛õÎ%_´ñ ˆ§ê˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ áyÓ˚y˛õ xyÓ˚ !ܲå%È •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
öy– xyüyÓ˚ á%Ó•z ˆáÎ˚y° xyˆÏåÈ ˆÎñ ~ܲê˛y •!hflÏö#Ó˚ §%áò%ɈÏáÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ üyÌy âyüyÓyÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ
ˆì˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ ç!ê˛° §ü§ƒy xyˆÏåÈ ~•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ÓyˆÏ§≈yˆÏ°yöyÓ˚ §%áƒy!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓƒyÆñ
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚ !ܲå%È òyÎ˚òy!Î˚c Óï≈˛yÎ˚ñ ~ÓÇ §%flõ‹T üï˛ˆÏܲ Óƒ!_´àï˛ áyüˆÏáÎ˚y° ӈϰ üˆÏö
ˆ•yܲñ Óy öy ˆ•yܲñ xy!ü Ó°!åÈñ Óï≈˛üyö §ü§ƒy ˆ§•z §ü§ƒy=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸– Î!ò
§%!§Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛üˆÏï˛y Îb !öˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z üöáyÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y §Çܲ#î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §#!üï˛
xy◊ˆÏÎ˚ öÎ˚ñ ˆÎê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ öÓ˚ܲñ ˆ§•z ܲÇ!e´ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ¢_´ ˆüˆÏé˛Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ öÎ˚ñ
ï˛yÓ˚ üÎ≈yòyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï !öÉŸªy§ê%˛Ü%˛ ˆú˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚
ÓƒÓfliy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
~§Ó ܲÌy ܲyˆÏܲ xyüyÓ˚ Ó°y í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄ ÓyˆÏ§≈ˆÏ°yöy ˛õ÷¢y°yÓ˚ xôƒ«˛ü¢y•zˆÏܲ⁄ öy!ܲ
ܲyê˛yˆÏ°y!öÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ó≈yôƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §ü#ˆÏ˛õ⁄
üyã≈˛ 3 ≠ !öÓ≈yã˛ö
§Ó§üˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎüöê˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆÜ˛í˛z !çï˛°ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z Óy xyÓyÓ˚ •yÓ˚°– ~•z !öÓ≈yã˛!ö
≤Ãã˛yÓ˚=ˆÏ°y Óí˛¸•z ~ܲˆÏâˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óí˛¸ ˆòy£Ï •°ñ
ú˛°yú˛° xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆê˛Ó˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~áyˆÏö ˆÜ˛öñ §Ó≈e•z ~•z ~ܲ•z Óƒy˛õyÓ˚– ˆû˛yê˛
àîöy ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z •yˆÏ§ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ÜÑ˛yˆÏò– !ÓçÎ˚# ò° Óí˛¸•z í˛zòyÓ˚ñ
ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Óùy•zˆÏܲ ≤Ã#!ï˛§Ω˛y£Ïîñ ~üöܲ# ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ ò°Ä Óyò ÎyÎ˚ öy– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚yçˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆÓòöyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zFå¥ÈyˆÏ§ ~ܲê%˛ âyê˛!ï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ó•zܲ#Ê !ÓçÎ˚#Ó˚y {ŸªÓ˚ˆÏܲ ôöƒÓyò çyöyÎ˚
öy– xyçܲy° ˆ§ê˛y ˆö•yï˛ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ° ˆë˛ˆÏܲ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚y•z ≤ÃÌü §%ˆÎÏ yˆÏà•z !Ó¢ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ •hflãÏ ˛% ¡∫ö
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲÊ
üyã≈˛ 15 ≠ üyòyü ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛rê˛
~•z Óœàê˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü åÈÛüyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyç ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏï˛ ã˛°°– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ñ û˛yàƒ §%≤çߨ •ˆÏ°ñ öï%˛ö
öï%˛ö Óœà Ä ÓåÈÓ˚ xy§ˆÏÓ– xyüyÓ˚ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ñ !˛õ°yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyç•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ çß√!òö–
¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ܲüˆÏÓ!¢ ~ܲ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈yÇ¢ ~ܲˆÏe ܲyê˛yÓyÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ Îy !ܲå%È ÓˆÏ°!åÈ
Óy !°ˆÏá!åÈñ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ çyöˆÏï˛ •zFå%Èܲ ~üö ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ fløÓ˚î ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏ° xÓyܲ
•ÓyÓ˚ !ܲå%È ˆö•z– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ ~ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏöܲ ˆÓ!¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ •°ú˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛
ã˛y•zñ !ï˛!ö xyüyÓ˚ ܲï˛áy!ö !åȈϰö– ˆÜ˛Ó°üye xyüyÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ ˛õye# ӈϰ•z öÎ˚
SçˆÏ˛õÓ˚ üy°yÎ˚ öyüçˆÏ˛õÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y•z ~ê˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚Vñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ô#¢!_´ñ §,!‹T¢#°ï˛yñ
§%ˆÏÓ!òï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛yˆÏç ˆ°ˆÏà ÌyܲyÓ˚ «˛üï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏöƒÄ ÓˆÏê˛ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚•z ܲ°ƒyˆÏî ÷ô%üye
~ܲçö ã˛°ö§•z §ú˛° ˆ°áܲ öy •ˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆÎê˛y ˆì˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ñ ˆ§•z §%Æ «˛üï˛yÓ˚
˛õ)î≈!Óܲy¢ÈÙÙÙÈüyöÓç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ í˛z_Ó˚îÈÙÙÙÈâê˛yˆÏï˛ §«˛ü •ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö ˆ°áܲ– ˆÜ˛Ó°
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆöyê˛Ó•z † 53
~ܲê˛y !ç!öˆÏ§Ó˚•z xû˛yÓ !åÈ°ñ Î!òÄ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xy!ü ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö ܲ“öyÄ Ü˛!Ó˚!ö–
!ç!ö§ê˛y •°ñ ~üö ~ܲê˛y !ܲå%ÈÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó˚*˛õy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yñ ˆÎê˛y
Óƒ!_´àï˛ Ü˛ü≈ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ô x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ xÌÓy !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚•z fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ xö%Ó!, _Ó˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓ– !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒ !öˆÏΕ˚ z ú˛yí˛zˆuÏ ˛¢ˆÏöÓ˚ çß√ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §Óê˛y•z !˛õ°yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
~ܲܲ ˛õ!Ó˚◊ˆÏüÓ˚ ú˛°ó xyüyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ñ ܲyç ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã!ï˛û˛y åÈyí˛¸y ~Ó˚
û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ Ó˚*˛õ ܲ“öy ܲÓ˚yÄ §Ω˛Ó !åÈ° öy– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚∏˛ ܲˆÏü≈Ó˚ ˛û˛!ӣσÍñ í˛zߨ!ï˛ ~ÓÇ
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òy!Î˚cñ flÀ‹TyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛•z ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !ò°yü– ~•z ܲyˆÏç ˆÎyàƒï˛Ó˚ ܲü#≈ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– ú˛yí˛zˆÏu˛¢ˆÏöÓ˚ xyÎ˚öyÎ˚ xyüÓ˚y !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•zñ !ܲv ˆÎ •yï˛ ¢_´
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛y ôˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈñ ˆ§•z •yï˛ !˛õ°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚•z – xy!ü ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ !ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚– xyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛í˛z xyüyÓ˚ ˆ§ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÎyàƒ öÎ˚– ӈϰ ˆú˛°ˆÏï˛ á%Ó •zˆÏFåÈ •ˆÏFåÈñ ~ê˛y•z xyüyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï
•zFåÈy˛õe– x!Ó!¢ƒ û˛Î˚ ˆ˛õˆÏ° ã˛°ˆÏÓ öy– xy!ü üˆÏÓ˚ Îy!FåÈ öyñ üyòyü ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛ˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ
xö%ü!ï˛ !ü°ˆÏÓ öy– ïÑ˛yÓ˚•z ܲ°ƒyˆÏî ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ü%á ˆÌˆÏܲ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§!åÈ– ~áöñ ~•z
≤Ã!ï¤˛yöˆÏܲ ÓÑyã˛yˆÏöyñ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚•z ܲyç– §Óy•z ~ÓÇ §Ó!ܲå%ȈÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ñ
òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏ°ñ òÎ˚yüyÎ˚yÄ !Ó§ç≈ö !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ˆü 22 ≠ §yÓy°Ü˛
ˆ˛õyï%≈˛!àç û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ xyüÓ˚y ӈϰ Ìy!ܲñ Ú~•z ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ°yܲ–Û Îáö•z §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ñ ~ܲˆÏâˆÏÎ˚
ÚÓ%ˆÏí˛¸yÛ ¢∑ê˛yˆÏܲ ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛ â%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~üö ~ܲê˛y ¢∑ Ó!° ˆÎê˛yˆÏܲ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ xö%ˆÏüyòö
SÚxy!ü ˆÓшÏã˛!åÈñ ~áöÄ ÓÑyã˛!åÈV ӈϰ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆöÄÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Óy ˛õyÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ !ܲv Îyñ
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚û˛yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe•zñ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x«˛üï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy•z ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆú˛ˆÏ°– ~!òˆÏܲñ xhsˇï˛ xyüyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z Ó,k˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y Ó°ˆÏ° Îáö ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y
°«˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎï˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ çÓyÓ !åÈ°ñ Úï%˛!ü ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓhflÏy˛õã˛y üy°–Û
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ˛õÑyã˛çˆÏö ܲ# Ó°ˆÏåÈñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ ܲyö öy !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó,k˛ üyö%£Ï=!° ˆÎ ÎyÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎˆÏï˛ö– !öÿ˛Î˚•z ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓùyÓ˚•z ÓÎ˚§ •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y x˛õòyÌ≈≈ !åȈ°
Ï ö öy ó !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
ç%ˆïÏ ˛y !öˆÏçÓ˚y•z ˆ§°y•z ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ö ˆÎüöñ ˆï˛ü!ö üyˆÏë˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˆöˆÏü °yäˆÏ°Ó˚
•y°Ä ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– ç#Óöê˛yÄ ï˛áö xöƒáyˆÏï˛ Ó•zï˛– ˆÓ¢ ò%Éá ܲ‹T !åÈ°– û˛yˆÏ°yÓ˚ !òܲê˛yÄ
!åÈ° Ó•zܲ# ≠ §Ó˚°ñ §yòy!§ˆÏô ç#Óö–
•zòyö#Ç ç#ÓˆÏö xyˆÏàÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y•z ò%Éáܲ‹T xyˆÏåÈñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z §•ç §yÓ˚°ƒ xyÓ˚ ˆö•z– ï˛y
ˆ§ ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆ•yܲ öy ˆÜ˛öñ ç#Óö §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆÓyô çyàˆÏï˛•zñ ܲy!fiê˛°y
°y üyM˛ÈyÎ˚ ~•z ÓÎ˚!§ üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ ~ܲê˛y !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ û˛yÓöy çß√
ˆöÎ˚– xy˛õöyˆÏòÓ˚ xÓà!ï˛Ó˚ çˆÏöƒ çyöy!FåÈñ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏöÓ˚ xy!ü ~ܲçö ˛õ,¤˛ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ–
ˆÎ §Ó üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ Óyô≈ܲƒ üyˆÏö•z xÓ§Ó˚@ˇÃ•îñ Óy!ܲ ç#Óöê˛y ï˛y•ˆÏ° ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛yê˛yˆÏÓö
ïÑ˛yÓ˚y⁄ xyÓ˚ñ ÎÑyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ Óyô≈ܲƒ öï%˛ö ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ӣψÏÎ˚ í˛zòƒˆÏüÓ˚ xÓܲy¢ ~ˆÏö ˆòÎ˚ñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚•z Óy ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ xyüÓ˚y⁄ ~§Ó ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ á%Ó ˆò!Ó˚ •Î˚!öó
˛õ!°ï˛ˆÏܲ¢ Ä Ü%˛!M˛Èï˛cܲ ~ܲ öï%˛ö ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ ~ܲê˛y !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ ˆáy°y
ˆ•yÜ˛ó ˆ§áyˆÏö ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yöy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓö ~ÓÇ xçyöy Óy x“çyöy !ÓòƒyÓ˚
xö%§¶˛yˆÏö Ó˚ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓö– ~•z ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ üyö%£ñ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ~ÓÇ öyÓ˚#ñ Îáö•z ˆÜ˛yöÄ
Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õyï˛y Ä°ê˛yˆÏÓöñ xÌÓy ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ !°áˆÏÓöñ ~áö Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓöñ
54 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
Úxy!ü •y° ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !ò•z!ö–Û ~•z§Ó ü%•)ˆÏï˛≈ ˆÎÔÓˆÏöÓ˚ ò#!Æ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÓö ï˛ÑyÓ˚yñ ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚
ü%áˆÏã˛yá í˛zò‰û˛y!§ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÓ– üˆÏö •ˆÏÓñ ˆÎö ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ öy!ï˛ÈÙÈöyï˛!öˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢
ӈϧ xyˆÏåÈöñ !ܲÇÓy ˆ§•z§Ó ˆåȈϰˆÏüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y ÓˆÏÎ˚yÓ,k˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ӈϧ
xyˆÏåÈ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÓyô•z üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ê˛yˆÏöñ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ üyö%£Ï !öˆÏçˆÏܲ
§ÓyÓ˚ §y!ߨˆÏôƒ á%шÏç ˛õyö–
!ܲå%È ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ÓÎ˚§•z !ë˛Ü˛ ÓÎ˚§– xy!ü Îy !ܲå%È !¢ˆÏá!åÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ê˛y•z
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ òyöñ ~ÓÇ xyç ~•z !åÈÎ˚y!¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z K˛yˆÏöÓ˚ !áˆÏò !öˆÏÎ˚
!¢ˆÏá ã˛ˆÏ°!åÈ– xy!ü ܲy!fiê˛°y °y üyM˛ÈyÓ˚ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎyà !ò•z!ö SˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ§üÎ˚
ÎyÓyÓ˚ •zˆÏFåÈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈVñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ÄáyöܲyÓ˚ !ÓòƒyÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ xyöˆÏ®Ó˚ SÚ≤ÃyˆÏîyFåÈ°ï˛yÛ Ó°ˆÏï˛Ä
˛õyÓ˚ï˛yüV xÇ¢û˛y܉˛ ••zñ !Óö¡ÀܲˆÏZ˛ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏ¡∫yôö ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó!°ñ Ú!≤ÃÎ˚ §•Ü˛ü≈# Ó¶%˛àîÊÛ
ç%ö 3 ≠ ºüî
àï˛ ¢!öÓyÓ˚ °yOyˆÏÓy˚ ê˛ ˆåȈíÏ ˛¸ñ !ÓüyˆÏö ˆ§!û˛° ˛õÎ≈hsˇ í˛zˆíÏ ˛¸ !àˆÏÎñ˚ ~ܲê˛yöy ˆüyê˛Ó˚ ày!í˛¸ˆïÏ ˛
!°§ÓˆÏö ˆ˛õÑÔåÈy°yü – ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ°!åÈñ Ó˚!ÓÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ü)!ï≈˛Ó˚ xyö%¤˛y!öܲ í˛zˆßÏ √yã˛ö í˛z˛õ°ˆÏ«˛
xy!çö•yàyÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï ˛•°– åÈí˛¸yˆÏöy ¢yáy≤âyáyñ ã˛Äí˛¸y ã˛Äí˛¸y ˛õyï˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õyï˛°y åÈyˆÏ°Ó˚
àyåÈ!ê˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ê˛yÓ˚ §yüˆÏö xy˛õö ˆ§Ô®ˆÏÎ≈ 鲰ü° ܲÓ˚!åÈ°ó âö §Ó%ˆÏçÓ˚ §y!Ó˚
xˆÏöܲ«˛î ôˆÏÓ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ôƒyˆÏö ü@¿ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yá°ñ û˛yÓ°yüñ Ú~ܲòü öí˛¸ˆÏÓ öyñ
ĈÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y !fliÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲ–Û Ó,Ìy •zFåÈyñ Îáö ˆê˛Ó˚ ˛õy•z @ˇÃ#ˆÏ‹øÓ˚ í˛z_y˛õñ ˆò!á ¢Ó˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
ˆàyí˛¸yˆÏï˛•z ë˛yu˛y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyˆÏFåÈñ xyÓ˚ x!ÓÓ˚° é˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈ ˛õyï˛y– àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ í˛zIμ°ï˛y !öˆÏû˛
ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ§ â%!üˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ Îï˛«˛î öy ˆú˛Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï Ó§hsˇˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ öï%˛ö Ó§hsˇ
~ˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚ çyÎ˚ày ˆÜ˛ˆÏí˛¸ ˆöÎ˚–
~§Ó û˛yÓöy ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ öï%˛ö öÎ˚ñ ï˛Ó% ï˛yÓ˚y üˆÏö ˛õ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !ò° Úˆ˛õyï%≈˛ày° ºüîÛ Ó•zê˛yÓ˚
ˆ¢£Ï xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ– xyüyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy !åÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆüÔ!°Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲå%È åÈy˛õ xyˆÏåÈ– û˛yÓ°yüñ
~áyˆÏö Î!ò ˆ§ê˛y í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲ!Ó˚ñ ü® •Î˚ öy– ܲyÓ˚î xyüÓ˚y ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆú˛Ó˚yÓ˚˛
õˆÏÌñ áy!° ~ÓyˆÏÓ˚ xyüÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yÓ˚&öyÈÙÈÓ˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ– xï˛~Óñ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚!åÈ ≠
ÚÚÎyey ˆï˛y ú%˛ˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚ öy ܲáöÄ– ˆÜ˛Ó° ºüîyÌ#≈Ó˚y ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÑÔåÈyÎ˚– ï˛áöÄ flø,!ï˛Ó˚
üˆÏôƒ ˆ§•z ÎyeyˆÏܲ ò#â≈y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÄ ÎyÎ˚ñ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöy flø,!ï˛ ˆÓ˚yüsiö ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ à“ !°ˆÏá– Îáö
Óy°%ܲyû)˛!üˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§ ˛õÎ≈ê˛Ü˛ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÚˆòáyÓ˚ !ܲå%È ˆö•z xyÓ˚Ûñ ˆ§ çyˆÏö ˆ§ §!ï˛ƒ
Ó°ˆÏåÈ öy– ~ܲê˛y Îyey ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ñ ˆï˛y xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ÎyeyÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&– ≤ÃÌüÓyˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆòáˆÏï˛ û%˛ˆÏ°
ˆàåÈñ öï%˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ Îy ˆòˆÏá!åȈϰñ ï˛yÄ ˆòáˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ñ @ˇÃ#ˆÏ‹ø
ˆòáy !ç!ö§ ˆòáˆÏÓ Ó§ˆÏhsˇñ Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆòáy Îy !ܲå%Èñ ˆòáˆÏÓ !òˆÏöÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚– ˆÎáyˆÏö
ˆòˆÏá!åȈϰ Ó,!‹TÓ˚ í˛zͧÓñ ˆ§áyˆÏö ˆòáˆÏÓ §)Î≈Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ˆá°y– ˆòáˆÏÓ Ü˛#û˛yˆÏÓ ¢§ƒ§Ó%ç
•ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ñ ú˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Çñ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y=ˆÏ°y ~ܲ çyÎ˚ày ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚
§ˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈñ ˆÎáyˆÏö ˆÜ˛yöÄ åÈyÎ˚y !åÈ° öyñ åÈyÎ˚y ~ˆÏ§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ˆ§áyˆÏö– ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ !˛õåȈÏö !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆú˛ˆÏ° xy§y ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ åÈy˛õ üyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ üyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
~шÏܲ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ öï%˛ö öï%˛ö ˛õò!ã˛•´– öï%˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ Îyey– §Ó §üÎ˚–
xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲÓyÓ˚ Îyey •ˆÏÓ ÷Ó˚&–ÛÛ
Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y ~Ó˚ܲü•z– ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y•z ˆ•yܲ–
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆöyê˛Ó•z † 55
ç%°y•z 7 ≠ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Îáö !öˆÏç
xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ öyñ xyüyÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ §_yˆÏܲ xyüyÓ˚ öyà!Ó˚ܲ ˆã˛ï˛öy ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲáöÄ xy!ü˛
õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá!åÈ– !ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ñ ò%ÛˆÏê˛yÓ˚ àhsˇÓƒ•z ~ܲ •ÄÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ öyñ
ˆÜ˛yöÄ !òö xy!ü ~üö ~ܲê˛y ܲÌyÄ !°ˆÏá!åÈ– ˆÎê˛y xyüyÓ˚ Óƒ!_´àï˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛
!ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛flõô#≈– x!Ó!¢ƒ ï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏö ~•z öÎ˚ ˆÎñ xy!ü ܲáöÄ §y!•ï˛ƒˆÏܲ xyüyÓ˚
xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ Óy•ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°!åÈ– ˆÎê˛y §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üyˆÏöñ ï˛y •°ñ xy!ü Îy !°ˆÏá!åÈñ ï˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑ xyüyÓ˚ §ü@ˇÃ üyö!Óܲ §_yÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈ–
xyÓyÓ˚ Ó°!åÈñ öyà!Ó˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyüyÓ˚ ˆÎ û)˛!üܲy ï˛y xyüyÓ˚ ˆ°áܲç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ û)˛!üܲy
ˆÌˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛sf öÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ xy!ü ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛RÓ˚ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~ܲçö ˆ°áܲˆÏܲ ~ܲ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛°Ó öy– ~ܲÌy ˆï˛y §!ï˛ƒ ˆÎñ ˆ°áܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z xy!ü ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~üö
üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚Ä xû˛yÓ ˆö•zñ ÎÑyÓ˚y ˆ°áܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyüyÓ˚ =Ó˚&ˆÏcÓ˚ ܲÌy û˛yÓ%ö xyÓ˚ öy•z
û˛yÓ%öñ ~ê˛y !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓö˚ ñ ~ܲçö §yôyÓ˚î öyà!Ó˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyüyÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Åͧ%ܲƒ
çyàyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ°ñ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲå%È ~ˆÏ§ ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲçö ˆ°áܲ åÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z
Î!ò ˆ§•z Ó_´Óƒ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òy!Î˚c Ó•ö öyÄ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲöñ ï˛Ó% ~•z ܲÌyê˛y•z áyˆÏê˛–
Î!ò ~ܲçö ˆ°áܲ §üܲy° §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛ö •ö ~ÓÇ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ öy ÌyˆÏܲöñ
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ü§ƒy=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ– xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ !òˆÏöÓ˚
§ü§ƒy=ˆÏ°y ܲ#⁄ xyüÓ˚y ˆÎ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ê˛yÎ˚ Óy§ ܲÓ˚!åÈñ ˆ§ê˛y @ˇÃ•îˆÏÎyàƒ öÎ˚ñ í˛z˛õÓ˚v ˆÎ
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy§ñ ï˛y e´ü¢•z ü® ˆÌˆÏܲ ü®ï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈñ ~ÓÇ üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ܲ°ƒyî
ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyüƒ öÎ˚– ˆáÎ˚y° Ó˚yáˆÏÓöñ xyüyÓ˚ ~•z §Ó x!û˛ˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ ö#!ï˛Óyà#¢!à!Ó˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD
ˆÎö =!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛°y öy •Î˚– ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚!Ó!ô !öÎ˚sfî•z §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xyò¢≈ñ ~üö ܲÌy
xyˆÏòÔ Ó°!åÈ öy xy!üñ ÓÓ˚Ç xöƒ ܲÌy•z Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!åÈ– ˆ°yܲáƒy˛õyˆÏöy Ó_,´ï˛yÓy!çÓ˚
à¶˛üye öy ÌyܲˆÏ°Äñ !Ó£ÏÎ˚àï˛ ˜ö!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ÎyÎ˚– Îáö ˆ°áyÎ˚
§üyˆÏ°yã˛öyü)°Ü˛ ò,!‹Tû˛!DÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçöñ ï˛áö §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ˆÎ !ö!°≈Æ ÌyܲˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyñ ~ê˛y•z ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆàyí˛¸yÓ˚ ܲÌy–
xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ 7 ≠ xyöˆÏ®Ó˚ !òö=!°
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!òö xyˆÏà Ú°y !Ó˚˛õyÓ!°Ü˛yÛÈÙÈÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ í˛züˆÏÓˆÏï≈˛y ~ˆÏܲyÈÙÈÓ˚ ÚÓœàyÓ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
ÎÑyÓ˚ öyüÛ ¢#£Ï≈ܲ ã˛üÍܲyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ Ú~° ˛õy•z§ÛÈÙÈ~ ˛õ%öü%≈!oï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ xyàyü#ܲy°•z
Úí˛yÎ˚y!Ó˚Ä í˛y ˆöy!ê˛!§Î˚y§ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˆ°áy!ê˛ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ܲÌy– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ÚÓœàÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ §Ç!«˛Æ §Çܲ°öñ xy÷≤Ãܲy¢ƒ §yòyüyê˛y öyˆÏüÓ˚ Úˆöyê˛Ó•zÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ çß√ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°
ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ üyˆÏ•w«˛ˆÏî– •z!ï˛üˆÏôƒ•z flõƒy!ö¢ñ ܲyê˛y°yö Ä •zï˛y°#Î˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ xö)!òï˛
§Ç@ˇÃ•!ê˛ í˛züˆÏÓˆÏï≈˛y ~ˆÏܲyÈÙÈÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü í˛zÍܲˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˆ◊¤˛ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓ!ò
!ӈϟ’£ÏˆîÏ ˆ°áyÓ˚ °yÓˆÏîƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD !üˆÏ¢ˆÏåÈ §)- •y§ƒÓ˚§– ~áyˆÏö xyüyÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyˆÏܲ ò#â≈y!Î˚ï˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó®%üye •zˆÏFåÈ ˆö•z xyüyÓ˚ñ ~ˆÏܲyÈÙÈÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ühsˇÓƒ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆï˛y ܲÌy•z ĈÏë˛
öy– xyüyÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏú˛ ~ê%˛Ü%˛•z Ó°yÓ˚ ˆÎñ xyüyÓ˚ xyöˆÏ®Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˆö•z– ~ï˛=ˆÏ°y ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚
xyüyÓ˚ xöƒyöƒ Ó•z ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §•yö%û)˛!ï˛ Ä òy!«˛îƒ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈñ !ܲv ~•z Ó•zê˛yÓ˚
üˆÏï˛y öÎ˚– ~•z ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y Ü,˛ï˛K˛ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆö•z–
xyüyÓ˚ òyò% !åȈϰö ~ܲçö ¢)ܲÓ˚˛õy°Ü˛
......
xö%Óyò ≠ xü°Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ü[˛°
˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü ˆöyˆÏÓ° !ÓçÎ˚# ˆ°áܲ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛Ü˛Ìy As
Pequenas Memories ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ 2006ÈÙÈ~– 2010ÈÙÈ~ ˆ§!ê˛ !û˛ˆÏrê˛ç ˆÌˆÏܲ
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ üyà≈yˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ç%° ˆÜ˛yfiê˛yÓ˚ xö)!òï˛ Small Memories !¢ˆÏÓ˚yöyˆÏü– xö)!òï˛
xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏï˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ òyò% ˆç!Ó˚!öˆÏüy ˆü°!Ó˚öˆÏ•yÓ˚ ܲÌy §!ӈϢ£Ï xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È–
ˆöyˆÏÓ° û˛y£ÏˆÏî §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày òyò%ˆÏܲ ‘A great illiterate writer’ ‘The wisest men I
ever know in my whole life’ ӈϰ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏö ïÑ˛yÓ˚
òyò%Ó˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ !åÈ° Óƒy˛õܲ– òyò%Ó˚ ܲÌy ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ çyöy ÌyܲˆÏ° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §,!‹TÓ˚ ü)°
§%Ó˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ôÓ˚y §•ç •ˆÏÓ– xö)!òï˛ xÇ¢!ê˛ Small memories ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆöÄÎ˚y–
ˆ§ ÓåÈÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ òyò% xy!çö•yày @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÓ¢ ܲï˛Ü˛=ˆÏ°y hflÏöƒˆÏ˛õy£Ïƒ
¢)ܲÓ˚åÈyöy !Ó!e´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓö˚ !ö– ˆ§ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ÓyòÓy!ܲ x!ÓˆÏe´Î˚ ≤çï) ˛ åÈyöy=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
§yhsˇyˆÏÓ˚ˆÏüÓ˚ •yˆÏê˛ !Ó!e´ ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ•z ˆ◊Î˚ üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö– !ï˛!ö çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏ°öñ xy!ü
üƒyö%ˆÏÎ˚° ܲyܲyÓ˚ §•Ü˛yÓ˚# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÎyÓ !ܲ öy– xy!ü •yê%˛ˆÏÓ˚ •ÓÊ öyñ ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xy!ü
!mï˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚ û˛yÓyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ˆÓyô ܲ!Ó˚!ö– §ˆÏD §ˆÏD•z ӈϰ!åÈ°yüñ ÎyÓ–
•Ñyê˛y ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛ ÷Ó˚& •°– ç%ˆÏï˛yÎ˚ !@ˇÃç °yày°yü– ~•z Îyey˛õˆÏÌ áy!° ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ •Ñyê˛y
§Ω˛Ó öÎ˚– ÓyÓ˚y®yÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ç%ï˛§•z ~ܲê˛y °y!ë˛ ˆçyàyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚°yü–
û˛Ó˚ò%˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ xyüÓ˚y ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸°yü– xy!ü §y!Ó˚Ó˚ xyˆÏà xyˆÏà ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°!åÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛
¢)ܲÓ˚# ˆÎ !ܲöy xˆÏöܲ ≤ç)ï˛ åÈyöyˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ üyñ xöƒyöƒˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ üyï,˛§%°û˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§•z ÓÎ˚flÒy ¢)ܲÓ˚üyï˛y !ë˛Ü˛ xyüyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– ¢)ܲÓ˚˛õy°ˆÏܲ
ˆ§ÈÙÈ•z ~ܲˆÏe xyê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏá– xyÓ˚ ܲyܲy §y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ˛õåÈö ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏåÈö ÎyˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
¢)ܲÓ˚åÈyöyÄ ˆÓ˛õÌ% •ˆÏï˛ öy ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ܲyܲy üyˆÏé˛üˆÏôƒ•z xyüyÓ˚ §ˆÏD fliyö Óò° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– ú˛ˆÏ° Ä•z§Ó ≤Ãyîã˛M˛È° ≤Ãyî#=!°Ó˚
°¡≥˛é˛¡õˆÏï˛ í˛zí˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy ô%ˆÏ°y=ˆÏ°y •çü ܲÓ˚y åÈyí˛¸y xyüyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ àï˛ƒhsˇÓ˚ Ìyܲï˛
öy– ~Ó˚•z üˆÏôƒ !òˆÏöÓ˚ xyˆÏ°y ܲˆÏü ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ– xyüÓ˚y Ü%˛•zöê˛y òy e´yç òy ˆ°=Î˚yÎ˚
ˆ˛õÑÔåÈy°yü– ˆ§áyˆÏö•z xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏe â%üyˆÏöyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ~ܲ!ê˛ áyüyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Óí˛¸ åÈyí˛z!öˆÏï˛ ¢)ܲÓ˚=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó˚yáy •°– áyüyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çyöy°y ˆÌˆÏܲ xyàï˛ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ xyüÓ˚y
òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚•z Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ áyÓyÓ˚ ˆá°yüÈÙÙÙȈá°yüñ ܲyÓ˚î •Î˚ âÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ xyüÓ˚y
˛õåÈ® ܲ!Ó˚!öñ öÎ˚ˆÏï˛y §Ω˛Óï˛ áyüyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xyüsfî•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö–
xyüÓ˚y ï˛áö ã˛ˆÏ° Îy!FåÈ°yü– áyüyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ xôhflÏö ܲü≈ã˛yÓ˚# ~ˆÏ§ Ó°° xyüÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö
•ˆÏ° Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ˆâyí˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
ˆ§ ˆ°yܲ!ê˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ öyöy Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ ˆí˛yÓ˚yÈÙÈܲyê˛y ò%ˆÏê˛y ܲ¡∫° !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– xyhflÏyӈϰÓ˚ òÓ˚çy
!åÈ° í˛zß√%_´– ~ˆÏï˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §%!Óôy•z •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ˆÜ˛ööyñ ≤ÃÌü xyˆÏ°y Äë˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà xÌ≈yÍ
 xyüyÓ˚ òyò% !åȈϰö ~ܲçö ¢)ܲÓ˚˛õy°Ü˛ † 57
ˆû˛yˆÏÓ˚•z xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚Äöy •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ xyüÓ˚y •yê˛ Ó§yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ §üˆÏÎ˚•z §yhsˇyˆÏÓ˚ˆÏü
ˆ˛õÑÔå%ȈÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
xyhflÏyӈϰÓ˚ ˆ˛õåÈö ˆòÄÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ çyÓöy˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ ò%•z ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓåÈyöyÓ˚
ÓƒÓfliy ܲÓ˚y •°– §yÓ˚y Ó˚yï˛•z !åÈ° ˆâyí˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõyï˛– ܲáöÄ ï˛yÓ˚y !¢Ü˛!ö ˆú˛°!åÈ°ó
ܲáöÄ Óy ¢yöÈÙÈÓyÑ ôyˆÏöy ˆüˆÏé˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy !òˆÏÎ˚ üy!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ !ò!FåÈ°– xy!ü ˆÜ˛yöÄüˆÏï˛ çyÓöy˛õyˆÏe
!öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆò•ê˛yˆÏܲ ï%˛°°yüÈÙÙÙÈë˛yu˛y çyˆÏÓÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸°yü– üˆÏö •!FåÈ° ˆÎö ˆòy°öyÎ˚
xy!åÈ– àyˆÏÎ˚ ܲ¡∫° çí˛¸yˆÏöy– x!fliÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï˛#Ó  ò%à≈ˆÏ¶˛•z !öÉŸªy§ !öˆÏï˛ Ü˛‹T •!FåÈ°–
â%ˆÏüÓ˚ ˆâyˆÏÓ˚•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ üˆÏö •!FåÈ°ñ ˆâyí˛¸y=ˆÏ°y ˆÎö §Ó !öÓ˚Ó§Ó˚– xy!ü ˛õ!Ó˚◊yhsˇ
ˆÓyô ܲÓ˚°yü– !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ •yï˛ÈÙÈ˛õy=ˆÏ°y– ˆÎö xӧߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ xy§!åÈ°–
!öܲ£Ïñ í˛zj#Æ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆâyí˛¸y=ˆÏ°y §Ó û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚û˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛¢Ó˚ éÑ˛yܲy!FåÈ°– xyüyÓ˚ ܲyܲy
=Ñ!í˛¸Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈâ%ˆÏüy!FåÈ° ˆÓ¢ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üyÌyê˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ˛õy å%ÈшÏÎ˚ !åÈ°– xy!ü
ˆ¢£Ï ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y Îáö àyì˛¸ â%ü ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆçˆÏà í˛z벰yüñ ï˛áöÄ !åÈ° x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚– ܲyܲy
xyüyÎ˚ í˛yܲˆÏï˛ °yàˆÏ°öÈÙÙÙÈÚĈÏë˛yñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–Û xy!ü çyÓöy˛õyˆÏe í˛zˆÏë˛
Ó§°yüÈÙÙÙÈï˛áöÄ xô≈ö#!ü!°ï˛ !åÈ°yüñ â%ˆÏüy!FåÈ°yü– x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ ï˛#Ó  xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛yá
ôÑyôy!FåÈ° xyüyÓ˚–
xy!ü çyÓöy˛õye ˆÌˆÏܲ °yú˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ öyü°yü– í˛zˆÏë˛yˆÏö ~ˆÏ§ ˆòá°yüñ xyüyÓ˚ §yüˆÏö
Ó˚yï˛ xyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ û)˛!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ é˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸!åÈ° ˆÜ˛yü° !fl¨?˛ xyˆÏ°yÈÙÙÙȈÎáyˆÏö x§#ü
ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°y ˛õ)î≈ üyeyÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸!åÈ°ñ ˆ§áyˆÏö §yòy xyÓ˚Ä flõ‹Tï˛Ó˚ •!FåÈ°
~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏ°y åÈyÎ˚y=ˆÏ°y •!FåÈ° x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãàyì˛¸– ~üö ãÑ˛yò xy!ü ܲáöÄ xyÓ˚ ˆò!á!ö–
xyüÓ˚y ¢)ܲÓ˚=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~°yü ~ÓÇ á%Ó §hsˇ˛õ≈ˆÏî í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÎ˚ ˆöˆÏü ~°yüÈÙÙÙȈÎáyˆÏö
ây§=ˆÏ°y !åÈ° á%Ó•z °¡∫yñ !åÈ° âö ˆé˛y˛õé˛yí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚á[˛– ¢)ܲÓ˚åÈyöy=ˆÏ°y ~üö
˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xöû˛ƒhflÏ !åÈ° ӈϰ §•ˆÏç•z !Ó˛õòàyü# •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸° ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˛õy_y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°–
~ܲ§üÎ˚ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛y!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !åÈ° á%Ó•z §•ç– xyüÓ˚y ô%ˆÏ°yüÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ •Ñyê˛°yü–
!•üÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ô%ˆÏ°y ç°ˆÏÎy!çï˛ !åÈ°– ˆÎ òy«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyä%Ó˚=ˆÏ°y §Ó ˛õyܲy !åÈ° xyüÓ˚y
ˆ§ê˛y x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆà°yü– °yú˛yˆÏï˛ °yú˛yˆÏï˛ ˆòÔí˛¸y°yü xyä%Ó˚ àyåÈ=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ó
ò%ˆêÏ ˛y Óí˛¸ ¢yáy ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ çyüyÓ˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yá°yüÈÙÙÙÈã˛yÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆòá°yü ˆÜ˛yöÄ
≤ÕÓ˚# xyˆÏåÈ !ܲ öy xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢– !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ܲyܲyˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛y° !ò°yü– ë˛yu˛y !ü!‹T
xyä%Ó˚ ˆáˆÏï˛ ˆáˆÏï˛ xyüÓ˚y ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°°yü– xyä%Ó˚=ˆÏ°y ~ï˛ ¢_´ !åÈ° ˆÎö üˆÏö •!FåÈ°
ú˛!ê˛Ü˛á[˛–
§)Î≈ ï˛áö §ˆÏÓ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– xyüÓ˚y §yhsˇyˆÏÓ˚üÈÙÈ~ xyˆÏÓ˚y•î ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°yü– §yÓ˚y
§Ü˛y° ~ÓÇ ò%˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ܲå%È xÇ¢ xyüÓ˚y •yˆÏê˛•z ܲyê˛y°yü– ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚°yüñ ï˛Ó%Ä §Óܲê˛y
¢)ܲÓ˚åÈyöy !Ó!e´ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚°yü öy– ˆï˛ˆÏçy öò#Ó˚ x!û˛ü%á ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆÎ !ö¡¨ ˛õÓ≈ï˛üy°y
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy¢ ˆâÑˆÏ£Ï Ü˛yܲy Óy!í˛¸ ˆú˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy üö!fliÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö– ~Ó˚ !ö!•ï˛ ܲyÓ˚î!ê˛
çyöyˆÏï˛ Ü˛yܲy ˆÜ˛ö !môy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö xy!ü ~áöÄ ï˛y fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ öyñ !ܲv ~•z
ˆáy¢ˆÏáÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ çöƒ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y çyöy•zñ ˆÜ˛ööy ~Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ°•z ˆï˛y x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ
xyüyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ˆÓ˚yüyö Ó˚yhflÏy ˆòáyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
Ó,!‹T é˛ˆÏÓ˚•z ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– ˛õe¢)öƒ àyåÈ=ˆÏ°y §Ó •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ò%°ˆÏåÈ– ò#â≈ xï˛#ï˛ x!ï˛e´yhsˇ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ üyöÓü)!ï˛≈ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈò#â≈ˆÏò•#ñ Ü,˛¢Ü˛yÎ˚ Ä Ó,k˛– í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈñ
58 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
Ó,!‹Tfl¨yï˛ Ó˚yhflÏy ôˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö e´ü¢ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !öܲê˛Óï˛#≈ •ˆÏFåÈ– ÜÑ˛yˆÏô ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓÑyܲy
°y!벖 üyÌyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏöy ܲyòyüyáyˆÏöy ê%˛!˛õ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛àyà!öܲ Îï˛ §Ó Ó,!‹T
ˆúÑ˛yê˛y ˆúÑ˛yê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎö é˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ §¡ø%ˆÏá ¢)ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õy°ÈÙÙÙÈüyÌy öï˛ §Óñ üy!ê˛ÈÙÈ°@¿
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ð!¡∫ï˛ öy!§Ü˛y– ˆ°yܲ!ê˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ≤çˆÏÓyß√%á Ó£Ï≈ˆÏî é˛y˛õ§y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ü%á–
!ï˛!ö xyüyÓ˚ òyò%– ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ xӧߨ ˆòáyˆÏFåÈ– x§yFåÈ°ƒ Ä xK˛ï˛yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ §_Ó˚ ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
ܲ!ë˛ö ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ û˛yˆÏÓ˚ ö%ƒ∂ !ï˛!ö– ï˛Ó%Ä !ï˛!ö ~ܲçö ≤ÃyK˛ üyö%£Ï– ˆüÔö ÌyܲˆÏï˛•z ˛õåÈ®
ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö •ˆÏ°•z ˆÜ˛Ó° ܲÌy ӈϰö– ü)°ï˛ !ï˛!ö á%Ó Ü˛ü•z ܲÌy ӈϰö– !ܲv
Îáö ӈϰöñ ï˛áö §ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛y§)ã˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ò#!ƈÏï˛ xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ü%áyÓÎ˚Ó–
xyüÓ˚y ï˛y•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆ¢yöyÓ˚ çöƒ !öÿ%˛˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚ Îy•z– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò)Ó˚ò,!‹TÓ˚ ôÓ˚ö!ê˛ !åÈ° xq$ï˛–
~üöܲ# §¡ø%ˆÏá ò[˛yÎ˚üyö ˆòÄÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ xyÓí˛y° ˆû˛ò ܲˆÏÓ˚Ä !ï˛!ö ò)Ó˚ˆÏܲ !öÓ˚#«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ü%áyÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ x!û˛Óƒ_´ •Î˚ !fliÓ˚ xÌã˛ í˛z˛õ°∏˛ xÌ≈üÎ˚ï˛yÈÙÙÙȈÎö ï˛y
Óyê˛y!°ÈÙȈáy!òï˛– ò#â≈«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ àû˛#Ó˚ x!û˛!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ò%ƒ!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛#«¯˛ ˆã˛yˆÏáÈ ÙÙÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚îyˆÏü Îy
í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲÓ˚y•z ÎyÎ˚–
xyüyÓ˚ òyò% ~ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ xöƒyöƒ xˆÏöˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y•z ~ܲçö– ~ !ӈϟª !ï˛!ö x§Ω˛yÓöyÓ˚
hfl)Ï˛õyí˛¸yˆÏ° xÓò!üï˛ ~ܲçö xy•zöfiê˛y•zöó ˆÎö ~ܲçö òy¢≈!öܲÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲ ü•yö !öÓ˚«˛Ó˚
ˆ°áܲ– ~üö !ܲå%È Îy òyò% ܲáöÄ•z •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö öy– xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ï˛#Ó  òyÓòyˆÏ•
ò?˛ @ˇÃ#ˆÏ‹øÓ˚ Ó˚y!eÎy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌy– xyüÓ˚y Ó,•òyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ í%˛ü%Ó˚ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ ÷ï˛yü–
!ï˛!ö Ó°ˆÏï˛ö xyÓ˚ xy!ü ÷öï˛yü– !ï˛!ö Ó°ˆÏï˛ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xï˛#ï˛ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌyó ӈϰ
ˆÎˆÏï˛ö üyÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fliï˛ ò%ƒ!ï˛üÎ˚ åÈyÎ˚y˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ܲÌy ÎyˆÏܲ xyçÄ @ˇÃyüÓy§#Ó˚y
§y!hsˇÎy˚ ˆÏàyÓ˚ àhsˇÓƒ˛õÌ ÓˆÏ° ÌyˆÏܲö– Ó°ˆÏï˛ö !öˆÏçÓ˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛!ã≈˛ï˛ ¢)ܲÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò à,•˛õy!°ï˛
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌyñ ≤Ãï˛ƒhsˇ ˜¢¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ°yܲܲy!•!öñ Ó˚*˛õܲÌy xyÓ˚ xï˛#ï˛Ü˛Ìy– à“ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyüÓ˚y ï˛y•z ˆò!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ â%üyï˛yüÈÙÙÙȈû˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢#ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚•y•z ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ àyˆÏÎ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !öï˛yü ܲ¡∫°–
!ܲv ~áöܲyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏyòüÎ˚ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ï˛üyü)!ï≈˛ê˛yˆÏܲ xy!ü ܲáöÄ•z !Óflø,ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öy
ˆ§ê˛y •° Ó,!‹TˆÏܲ üyÌyÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§•z Ó,k˛ ˆ°yܲ!ê˛ !Î!ö ~ܲ=шÏÎ˚ñ xòüƒ ~ÓÇ ö#Ó˚ÓÈÙÙÙÈ~üö
~ܲ xöüö#Î˚ ˆ°yܲ û˛yàƒˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ ÎÑyˆÏܲ ü,ï%˛ƒ åÈyí˛¸y xöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ!ܲå%È•z
ê˛°yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ö– ~•z üyö%£Ï!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z xy!ü ~ܲÓ˚ܲü fl∫•ˆÏhflÏ flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈÈÙÙÙÈ!Î!ö çyˆÏöö öy
ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ ü,ï%˛ƒÓÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– çyˆÏöö öy ç#ÓöyÓ§yˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ ܲÌyó ã˛Ó˚ü ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚
˛õ)Ó≈yû˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲÌy– !ï˛!ö ˆÎ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ÓyàyˆÏö Ó,«˛Ü˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD xy!°DöyÓk˛ •ˆÏÓöÈÙÙÙÈ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓòyÎ˚ çyöyˆÏÓöñ çyöyˆÏÓö Ó,«˛Ó˚y!çÓ˚ !öÉfl∫yÌ≈ åÈyÎ˚yˆÏܲó ~üöܲ# ú˛°ˆÏܲ Îy ˆ§
xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òöÄ áyˆÏÓö öy– ~§Ó âê˛ˆÏÓñ ܲyܲy Îï˛«˛î öy flø,!ï˛ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ç#!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó,!‹TˆÏû˛çy Ó˚yhflÏy !òˆÏÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓ xÌÓy xyܲy¢ xyÓ˚
!ã˛Ó˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ß¿¢#° ï˛yÓ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ !ö!«˛Æ !ö!Óí˛¸ åÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓñ ˆ§•z
ü•y≤Ã!ï˛FåÈyÎ˚y!ê˛ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚•z ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ï˛áö ܲ# Ó°ˆÏÓö !ï˛!ö⁄
xyüyÓ˚ !òòy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü%˛!ê˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ òÓ˚çyÓ˚ ˆã˛Ôܲyë˛ÈÙȧǰ@¿ ܲy¤˛≤ÃhflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ ӈϧ ÌyܲˆÏï˛öÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚ܲyá!ã˛ï˛
!Ó¢y° Ó˚yˆÏï˛ í˛zß√%_´ ÌyÜ˛ï˛ Ü%˛!ê˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚– xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏö í˛zß√%á •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛öÈÙÙÙÈxyܲy¢
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ܲå%È öy ˆçˆÏö•z– xyܲy¢˛õˆÏÌ !òòy ܲáöÄ ˛õ!Ó˚ºüî ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– åÈyÎ˚yÓ,ï˛
Ó,«˛ xyÓ˚ ≤ÃyhsˇˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !öhflÏ∏˛ï˛yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ~ܲy– öÓù•z ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §Ó !ë˛Ü˛ë˛yܲ !åÈ°–
 xyüyÓ˚ òyò% !åȈϰö ~ܲçö ¢)ܲÓ˚˛õy°Ü˛ † 59
!ï˛!ö !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛öñ ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢áy ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö•z !öÓ≈y!˛õï˛ •Î˚ öy– !òòy Ó°ˆÏï˛öó
ÚÚ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ê˛y á%Ó §%®Ó˚– ~ܲÌy ˆû˛ˆÏÓ xy!ü !Ó£Ï] •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!í˛¸ ˆÎ xyüyˆÏܲ ~ܲ!òö üÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ !ë˛Ü˛ ~•z û˛y£ÏyˆÏï˛•z !ï˛!ö Ó°ˆÏï˛ö–
§ˆÏòƒyçyï˛ ¢)ܲÓ˚åÈyöyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ üyˆÏé˛üˆÏôƒ•z ˆòáy ˆÎï˛ñ ò%Ó≈° Ü,˛¢Ü˛yÎ˚ åÈyöyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏï˛
x!öÓyÎ≈Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ë˛yu˛yÎ˚ ܲ‹T ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ •ï˛– xyÓ˚ ¢#ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ° ˆï˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ û˛Î˚yöܲ ܲ‹T ˆû˛yà
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ï˛– ÎyˆÏ•yܲñ Îj)Ó˚ xy!ü çy!öñ ~üö ˆÜ˛yöÄ ¢)ܲÓ˚åÈyöy ܲáöÄ•z üyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚!ö–
≤Ã!ï˛ Ó˚yˆÏï˛•z xyüyÓ˚ òyò%ÈÙÈ!òòy ¢)ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆáyÎ˚yˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎˆÏï˛ö ò%Ó≈° åÈyöy=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛–
ò%Ó≈° åÈyöy=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ •yï˛ÈÙÈ˛õy ô%•zˆÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ !ÓåÈyöyÎ˚ ÷•zˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ö– ~ܲ•z ܲ¡∫°
xyÓ˚ ã˛yòˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲˆÏe ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÜ˛ï˛– åÈyöy=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ ˛õyˆÏ¢ xyüyÓ˚ !òòy ˆï˛y
xöƒ˛õyˆÏ¢ òyò%ÈÙÙÙÈüyé˛áyˆÏö !ï˛öÈÙÈã˛yÓ˚ˆÏê˛ åÈyöy– ï˛yÓ˚y !öÿ˛Î˚•z û˛yÓï˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚y fl∫ˆÏà≈ xyˆÏåÈ–
!°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆàˆÏê˛
[çy!ö≈ ê%˛ ˛õï%≈˛ày°ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xÇ¢!ӈϢ£Ï]
......
xö%Óyò ≠ ï˛˛õï˛# Ó˚y‡ï˛
!ï˛!ö ˆ§•z Ó˚yçyÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇyÎ˚ ü@¿ •ˆÏ°öñ ÎÑyÓ˚ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ !§wy Ó˚yç≤Ãy§yˆÏò !ï˛!ö !ܲå%È ÷ˆÏö!åȈ°
Ï öñ
~ÓÇ ÎÑyˆÏܲ ~ ÓåÈÓ˚ ~•záyˆÏö•z Ó!® ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– öyü ï˛yÓ˚ xyú˛ö‰ˆÏ§yñ §y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛
!ï˛!ö £Ï¤˛– §yôyÓ˚î üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yçyˆÏòÓ˚ xò,ˆÏ‹TÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Î%Ó flõ¢≈ܲyï˛Ó˚ñ ã˛yÓ˚
ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ° xyÓk˛ ~ܲ ˜Óô Ó˚yçy ˆÎ ˛õyÎ˚ã˛y!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆüˆÏé˛Ó˚ ê˛y!° ≤ÃyÎ˚ «˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆú˛°ˆÏåÈöñ ~•z û˛yÓöyñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÎÌy ~ܲ â,îy!ü!◊ï˛ ˆe´yˆÏôÓ˚ í˛zˆoÏ Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ £Ï¤˛ xyú˛ö‰ˆ§Ï y
÷ô%üye !öˆÏÓ≈yô•z !åȈϰö öyñ xöƒyöƒ xyÓ˚Ä xˆÏöܲ e&!ê˛Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ÓÇ¢ÈÙÈÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ çöƒ
ˆÎê%˛Ü%˛ ˆ˛õÔÓ˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö !åÈ°ñ ˆ§•z ˆÎyàƒï˛yê%˛Ü%˛ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛Ä !ï˛!ö Ó!M˛Èï˛ !åȈϰö– ~•z
à“=ˆÏ°y •ˆÏFåÈ ˆ§•z§Ó ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚_´ ܲ°!B˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚
Ó˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚ ܲ°B˛Ä !ܲå%ȈÏï˛•z !ö‹Ò°%£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ö– ö#!ï˛º‹T í˛ü ˆ§Óy!hflÏÎ˚yö ~ÓÇ
~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï °«˛îÎ%_´ ܲy!í≈˛öy°•zöú‰ ˛yöˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ xy!û˛ç‰ Ó˚yçÓLjϢÓ˚ §üy!Æ âˆÏê˛– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ ê˛ü !ï˛ÄˆÏò!§ÄÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y x§yôyÓ˚î Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §üˆÏÎ˚ñ Ó ƒyàyö‰çy
•yí˛z§ñ !§Ç•y§ˆÏö Ó§yÓyÓ˚ çöƒ á%шÏç ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ°ö •zˆÏFåÈñ üyö!§Ü˛û˛yˆÏÓ û˛yÓ˚§yüƒ•#ö
~ܲ ò%Ó,≈_ˆÏܲ– ºüîܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ò%É!áï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ ܲÌyñ !ܲvñ ≤Ãy§yˆÏòÓ˚ üyÓ˚ydܲ £Ïí˛¸ÎˆÏsf
ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y Ó˚yçyñ Ó˚y!öñ •zöú˛yö‰ˆÏï˛ñ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ú˛Ó˚y!§ ~ÓÇ •zï˛y°#Î˚ !≤ÃÎ˚˛õyeÓ˚y
§E˛ˆÏ° •z¶˛ö ç%!àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ˆ§•z flø,!ï˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ ܲyç ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚°– ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚•z
ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ §yôyÓ˚î üyö%£Ïçö çß√y!FåÈ°ñ áyê˛!åÈ° ~ÓÇ üÓ˚!åÈ°ñ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚
ü)°ƒ !ò!FåÈ°– xyÓ˚ ºüîܲyÓ˚# û˛yÓ!åȈϰö ≠ ~üö xˆÏöˆÏܲ ÄáyˆÏö Ó!® •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈöñ
ÎyÓ˚y ◊k˛yÓ˚ ˛õye– !ܲv §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ˆï˛y ~ܲ ˆ◊!îû%˛_´ öÎ˚–
!°§Óö‰ ˆòáyÓ˚ çöƒ ºüîܲyÓ˚# ܲy§‰ˆÏܲ•zÓ˚ !üí˛z!çÄ Ü˛yˆÏflfy =•züyˆÏÓ˚§‰ÈÙÈ~ ˆàˆÏ°ö– ~ˆÏܲ
˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# üˆÏö •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ~ ˆï˛y §ï˛ƒ– ~•záyˆÏö•z Ó˚yáy xyˆÏåÈ ò%Î˚yˆÏï≈˛y
ày°!û˛ÄÈÙÈÓ˚ xÑyܲy e´!öܲy òƒ òü xyú˛ö‰ˆÏ§y ˆ•ö!Ó˚ܲ§‰ñ xyÓ˚ £Ï¤˛ò¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆòÄÎ˚yˆÏ°
ˆâÓ˚y ~Ó˚ §òˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓñ ܲ‹T§yôƒ ≤ÈÏã˛‹TyÓ˚ myÓ˚y x!B˛ï˛ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ «%˛oyܲyÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛Ü,˛!ï˛– !Ó!û˛ß¨ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ~ÓÇ öyöy üyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çy•yçñ §Çâyï˛ åÈyí˛¸y ~ˆÏ°yˆÏüˆÏ°yû˛yˆÏÓ
ò%°ˆÏåÈó !ã˛eܲÓ˚ •Î˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ à!ï˛!Ó!ô §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §¡õ)î≈ xK˛ !åȈϰöñ xÌÓy ~ï˛ê˛y•z ˆÓ!¢
çyöˆÏï˛ö ˆÎ í˛z!ö ˆÎüö á%!¢ ˆï˛üöû˛yˆÏÓ ~шÏܲˆÏåÈö– !üí˛z!çÎ˚yˆÏü xyÓ˚Ä xˆÏöܲ !ܲå%È
xyˆÏåÈñ !ܲv ºüîܲyÓ˚# !ӈϢ£Ïû˛yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y ~ܲ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ö
åÈ!Óñ Îy §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ û˛yˆÏÓ˚ xÓ°%Æñ û)˛!üܲˆÏ¡õ !åÈߨ!û˛ß¨ñ !öˆÏçÓ˚ e´ˆÏüyߨ!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD
!öˆÏç•z !öˆÏçÓ˚ !Óöy¢ §yôö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ò¢≈öyÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õåȈϮÓ˚ fliyö •°ñ í˛z˛õÜ)˛°Óï˛#≈ ~°yܲy=!°– ºüîܲyÓ˚# ò¢≈öyÌ#≈ ööñ !ï˛!ö
•ˆÏFåÈö ~ܲçö ºüîܲyÓ˚#– ~•z ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ~ܲ Óí˛¸ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ– ºüˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yñ
 !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆàˆÏê˛ † 61
Óy!ܲê%˛Ü%˛ •° xö%§¶˛yö– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ •z ~•z üˆÏöyÓ˚ü ˜§Ü˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z!ö ˆÓ!¢ §üÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆ° Ï ö
öyñ ~ÓÇ Î!òÄ Óy ~ˆÏhflÏy!Ó˚°ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !öhflÏÓ˚D çˆÏ° 鲲õyÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆåÈyê˛áyê˛ í%˛Ó ˆòÓyÓ˚
•zˆÏFåÈ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛Ä ÌyˆÏܲñ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ˆ§•z ܲ¡ø!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !öÓ,_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö– ˛õyÜ≈˛ ~ÓÇ Óy!àã˛y
ºüîܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ á%Ó ˛õåȈϮÓ˚ çyÎ˚ày •ÄÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥Äñ ܲƒy!§ˆÏöy ˆÌˆÏܲ §ü%o˜Ï§Ü˛ï˛ xÓ!ô ú%˛°
ˆòÄÎ˚y flÒyˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ xy!ôܲƒ ˆòˆÏá !ï˛!ö ˆ§ ˛õÌ ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ö ≠ ~ ˆÎö Ó˚yç≤Ãy§yˆÏòÓ˚
ܲyˆÏ˛õ≈ˆÏê˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛yñ ò¢≈öyÌ#≈Ó˚y ÎyÓ˚ ày ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ö– áyí˛¸y ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ ˆÎ !öhflÏ∏˛
Ó˚yhflÏy=ˆÏ°y ~шÏܲÈÙȈÓшÏܲ !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆ§áyˆÏö ˛õÑy!ã˛° ˆâÓ˚y Ó¶˛ ˆàê˛ñ ˆÓí˛¸y xyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöy
ú˛î#üö§yÓ˚ ˆé˛y˛õ åÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ !ܲå%ÈÓ˚ ò¢≈ö ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ öy– ~ ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ °yˆÏüö‰ˆÏày öÎ˚
ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ üòƒ˛õ xܲfløyÍ xy!Óû)≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ üö%£Ïƒçy!ï˛Ó˚ ò%ò≈¢yÓ˚ ܲy!•!ö ˆ¢yöyÓ˚
!Ó!öüˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚y!eÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ çöƒ ~ܲáyöy âÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ §¡øï˛ •ˆÏÓö– ºüîܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ
•yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ üy!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ §üy!•ï˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ~Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ•z ˛õyÄÎ˚y !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ
üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ •yí˛¸ˆàÏ yí˛¸ñ üyÌyÓ˚ á%!°Ó˚ xÓ!¢‹TyÇ¢ñ ˆÜ˛yòy°ñ Óyê˛y!°ñ Óy•z§ Ä xöƒyöƒ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ñ
Îy •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Óy ¢yflf#Î˚ xyã˛yÓ˚ÈÙȧÇe´yhsˇ !ç!ö§˛õ_Ó˚Ä •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ó ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!ö xyÓ˚
~ܲÓyÓ˚ !Ó°y§Ó‡° §Ó ˆ•yˆÏê˛°ñ û˛#!ï˛í˛zˆoÏ Ü˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ~•z§Ó Óyàyöñ ˛õÌã˛yÓ˚# ~ÓÇ ˆ•yˆÏê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
°yí˛zˆÏO ÎÑyÓ˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ò,!‹T˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~•z !§k˛yˆÏhsˇ í˛z˛õö#ï˛ •ö ˆÎñ
!ÓŸª§Ç§yÓ˚ !öï˛yhsˇ•z ò%ˆÏÓ≈yôƒ– ~•z ôyÓ˚îyê˛y ~ï˛•z ˆüÔ!°Ü˛ ˆÎñ ºüîܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ !åÈ°
§Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ñ xÌÓy ܲƒy!§ˆÏöyÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ñ Óy ÓƒyÇܲ °%ë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚fl,Òï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ñ !ܲv
~§Ó ç°yO!° !òˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ~Ó˚ í˛zIμ° !òܲ!ê˛ ˆÓˆÏåÈ !öˆÏ°ö–
ˆï˛y xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ~•z •ˆÏFåÈ !°§‰Óö– !ܲv ~•z x!û˛Îyöñ Îy ºüîܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ΈÏÌ‹T û˛#!ï˛≤Ãò
üˆÏö •ˆÏFåÈñ ï˛y ÷Ó˚&Ó˚ xyˆÏàñ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚‰û˛yܲyˆÏ°y§‰ öyˆÏü ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~ܲ ˆüy•öyñ ï˛yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚
xÓ!fliï˛ @ˇÃyü!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ÎyÓyÓ˚ •zˆÏFåÈñ ÄáyˆÏö ~üö !ܲå%È ˆòáyÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈñ Îy ܲ!ï˛˛õÎ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚
çyöyó Îáö üˆÏö •ˆÏÓ !°§‰ÓˆÏö Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# °«˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ üyö%£Ï ~ÓÇ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ üyö%£Ï
ÎÑyÓ˚y ~•z ˜§Ü˛ï˛ÈÙÈ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏ§öñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛ö xyˆÏ§öñ ˆ§ •ˆÏFåÈñ §Ó ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ïñ
ÎyçܲÈÙÈ˛õ!Õ‘Ó˚ !öçfl∫ !àç≈y!ê˛ ˆòáyÓ˚ çöƒ– Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ° ˆï˛üö !ܲå%È üˆÏö •Î˚
öy– ã˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈã˛yÓ˚áyöy ˆòÎ˚y°ñ ~ܲáyöy üye òÓ˚çyñ xyÓ˚ üyÌyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y e´§– ~ܲçö
çyö‰ˆÏ§!öfiê˛ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Óy Ó°ˆÏ°Ä Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö ˆÎñ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~ܲüye ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö •ˆÏFåÈñ
{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yôöy– !ܲv !àˆÏç≈ê˛y ˆÎÈÙÈ•z Óy!öˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÜ%˛ö öy ˆÜ˛öñ ~•z Ó˚ˆÏ«˛ ˆÎ !ï˛!ö ~•z§Ó
ˆû˛ˆÏÓ Óyöyö!ö– x§yôyÓ˚î §%®Ó˚ ê˛y!° !òˆÏÎ˚ xyFåÈy!òï˛ !àˆÏç≈Ó˚ x®Ó˚ü•°ñ ÎyÓ˚ ò¢≈ö
˛õyÄÎ˚y ºüîܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆ§Ôû˛yàƒ Ó°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– e%´ˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !ö!ü≈ï˛ !àˆÏç≈!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÎ xÇ¢
xyí˛¸yxy!í˛¸û˛yˆÏÓ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yÓ˚ üyÌyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ à¡∫%ç!ê˛ åÈyí˛¸yñ ˆòÄÎ˚y°ñ !á°yöñ í˛z˛õÈÙÈ
!á°yö=!°ˆÏï˛ñ ~ÓÇ çyö°yÓ˚ §Ó≈eñ ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ xöö%ܲÓ˚î#Î˚ x°ÇܲyˆÏÓ˚ x°ÇÜ,˛ï˛ñ ~
Î%ˆÏà ~§Ó ܲyç Ü˛ï˛ !Ó§ò,¢û˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ºüîܲyÓ˚# !Î!ö ܲyˆÏåÈ•z ÌyˆÏܲöñ ~áyˆÏö
~ܲÓyÓ˚ öÎ˚ñ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛K˛yÎ˚ xyÓk˛ •ö– ~Ó˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ Óí˛¸ ≤âǧy xyÓ˚
!ܲå%È •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy–
Ü%˛•zˆÏ°çÈÙÈ~ ˛õòy˛õ≈î öy ܲÓ˚yê˛y ˆÓyô•Î˚ñ !ܲå%Èê˛y x!¢‹T ӈϰ üˆÏö •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§áyˆÏö
ˆÎ ò%çö Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ¢y§Ü˛ !åȈϰöñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚yà òüö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ºüîܲyÓ˚# ˆ§•záyˆÏö
ÎyÄÎ˚y !fliÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö ≠ £Ï¤˛ í˛ü ˆçyÎ˚yÄñ !Î!ö !öˆÏçÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛öñ ÚÚÓ˚yçy!ôÓ˚yˆÏçÓ˚
ˆ˛õê˛ ÓƒÌy ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈÛÛ xÌÓy ÚÚÓ˚yçy!ôÓ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ˆã˛Ó˚y ÷ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üyLjϧÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ã˛y•zÛÛ ~ÓÇ
62 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆí˛yöy ܲyÓ˚ˆÏ°yê˛y ˆçyÎ˚y!ܲöyñ ~ܲçö ˆ§Ô¤˛Ó•#ö Ü%˛ã˛e´# ü!•°yñ ܲyê˛y âyˆÏÎ˚ ö%ˆÏöÓ˚ !åȈÏê˛Ó˚
üˆÏï˛yñ ï˛ò%˛õ!Ó˚ !Î!ö !åȈϰöñ ˆé˛yˆÏí˛¸y Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y Ü%˛Í!§ï˛– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y
!öÿ˛Î˚•z á%Ó üçyòyÓ˚ !åÈ°– xyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ ç#Óö •y§ƒÜ˛Ó˚ åÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ ܲ#ÈÙÈ•z Óy •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ܲyÓ˚ÄÓ˚ Óƒ!_´àï˛ ç#Óö §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ºüîܲyÓ˚# !ܲv á%Ó §ï˛Ü≈˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ºüˆÏîÓ˚
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ~•z öÎ˚ ˆÎñ ~•z§Ó !öˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° !ï˛!ö Ü%˛Í!§ï˛ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚ ü%áÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚
í˛zë˛ˆÏÓö ≠ ˆ§•zçöƒ Ó˚y!ö Ìyܲñ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛yê%˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!üܲˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ Ó˚yçy ï˛yÓ˚ ˜˛õ!ê˛Ü˛
x!û˛ˆÏÎyà !öˆÏÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ˆòáy Îyܲñ Ó˚yç≤Ãy§yò !öˆÏç xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲ ≤Ãòyö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ° •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Óy ˜§öƒˆÏòÓ˚ Óy§û˛Óö üˆÏö •ˆÏÓñ Óyñ ˆö˛õã%˛ö àyˆÏí≈˛ö
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ° üˆÏö •ˆÏÓ ˆÎöñ ~ܲ ˆày°y!˛õ Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !Ó¢y° !üë˛y•z– ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎÌye´ˆÏü
ê˛yöy §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ âÓ˚ñ fl∫ï˛sf Óy§û˛Óöñ ~áyˆÏö àyˆÏöÓ˚ âÓ˚ñ Ó˚y!öÓ˚ §yçâÓ˚ñ ã˛ƒyˆÏ˛õ°ñ ~•z
âÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z âÓ˚ñ Ó˚yçܲ#Î˚ ¢Îƒyñ !ÓåÈyöyñ ˆû˛ˆÏö!¢Î˚yö °ƒy¡õ§‰ñ !ܲå%È ˆÓ !çˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyë˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ !ܲå%È •zê˛y!°Ó˚ üyˆÏÓ≈° !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ !ܲv ˆÜ˛yöÄ !Ó÷k˛ xyhsˇ!Ó˚ܲ !¢“ܲ°y Ó°ˆÏï˛
!ܲå%È ˆö•z– §Ó !ܲå%È•z §yçyˆÏöyñ Óí˛¸•z û˛y§yÈÙÈû˛y§yñ ˆã˛yáˆÏܲ §%í˛¸§%!í˛¸ ˆòÓyÓ˚ çöƒ ΈÏÌ‹Tñ
!ܲv ü!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ¢y!hsˇ !Ó!â¯ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x˛õyÓ˚à– ày•zí˛ ï˛yÓ˚ xö%àï˛ ò¢≈öyÌ#≈Ó˚ ò°ˆÏܲñ
ã˛yÓ˚˛õy¢ â%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ â%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáy!FåȈϰöñ ~ÓÇ ~•z§Ó ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ºüîܲyÓ˚# áy!öܲê˛y
!é˛!üˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åȈϰöñ fl∫≤¿ã˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ñ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ ˆ«˛yˆÏû˛Ó˚ xyܲ!fløܲ
xyâyˆÏï˛ !ï˛!ö xܲfløyÍ ã˛üˆÏܲ ˆçˆÏà ĈÏë˛ö–
~áö !ï˛!ö í˛ö‰ Ü%˛•zˆÏçyˆÏê˛Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏö Ó˚yçy ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ˆ˛õˆÏí»˛y çß√@ˇÃ•î ~ÓÇ ü,ï%˛ƒÓÓ˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– !ܲv ~•z §)e˛õyï˛ ~ÓÇ §üy!Æ ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö ˆÜ˛yöÄ xyâyï˛ •yöˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ö ≠
~üö ~ܲ §yòyüyê˛y âê˛öyÓ˚ çöƒ x◊&˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ á%Ó•z •y§ƒÜ˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– Îy
ï˛yˆÏܲ !Óã˛!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°° ˆ§ •ˆÏãåÈñ ~ܲ ˆá˛õyˆÏê˛ xyò¢≈Óyò#ñ ˜òï˛ƒòyöˆÏÓÓ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ܲñ
§¡øyöñ öƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈ!Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚«˛Ü˛ñ ˆ§•z °yÈÙÈüyM˛ÈyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚&î !•çy°ˆÏàyÓ˚* ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ âê˛öy ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆöÄÎ˚y x!B˛ï˛ ò,¢ƒ=!°Ó˚ xÌ≈•#öï˛yÈÙÙÙÈ~•záyˆÏö ~•z ˛õƒyˆÏ°!§Ä òƒ Ü%˛•z°%ƒç ~ ˆÓ˚yˆÏܲ°
ÓƒyˆÏÓy˚ ܲˆÏܲ ˛õï%˛≈ !àç ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !öÄÜœ˛ƒy!§Ü˛y°ˆÏܲ ú˛Ó˚y!§ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èñ
~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲçˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ä ΈÏÌy!ã˛ï˛ §%!Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!ö– !ܲå%È !ܲå%È !ç!ö§ §¡õ)î≈
û%˛°– ˆÓã˛yÓ˚y Ü%˛•zˆÏçyê˛ñ !Î!ö x!ï˛ §yüyöƒ xy•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö ~ÓÇ ï˛yÄ Ü˛òy!ã˛Í ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛öñ
!Î!ö !öˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛õƒÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ ò%Éáܲ‹T §•ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ xyç ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !ã˛eñ
~üö Ó˚y!öÓ˚ Ó˚yç§û˛yÎ˚ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏåÈöñ !Î!öñ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ !Ó®%üyeÄ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ܲå%È
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛Èï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö!öñ ~ÓÇ ~üö ~ܲ Ó˚yçyü•y¢Î˚ !Î!ö §Ó≈òy ÷ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üyǧ
~ÓÇ Ó˚!äö ˛õy!áÓ˚ üyLjϧÓ˚ ≤Èϰyû˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ xyd§ü˛õ≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~ Î!ò §!ï˛ƒ •Î˚
ˆÎ í˛ü‰ ˆ˛õˆÏí»˛y ~•záyˆÏö•z çˆÏß√!åȈϰöñ xyÓ˚ Î!ò !ï˛!ö ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ Ó˚yç˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
û˛yˆÏ°yÈÙÈü®Ó˚ |ˆÏôù≈ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ x!ô!¤˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ü%!_´Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲöñ ï˛ˆÏÓ í˛ö‰ Ü%˛•zˆç Ï yê‰˛ òƒ °y üyM˛Èyñ ~•z ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü,˛!ï˛
x!B˛ï˛ ˆòáyÓ˚ xüÎ≈yòyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ¢yô ˆöÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ Ó ï˛# •ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– xyâyˆÏï˛
xyâyˆÏï˛ ö#° •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ê˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ò%•z Üœ˛yhsˇ •yˆÏï˛ û˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ñ âö âö K˛yö
•yÓ˚yˆÏöy ~ÓÇ K˛yö ˆú˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çöƒñ ˆây°yˆÏê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Äë˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˆã˛yá !öˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö Ó˚yç!¢÷Ó˚
*!•çy°ˆÏày ≠ ˆflõö ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!û˛çyï˛ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ°yܲ–
 !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆàˆÏê˛ † 63
ü%ˆÏá í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ ≤ÃÌü ¢∑ ÷öˆÏï˛ ˛õyöñ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ¢∑ ˆ¢yöyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛üÍܲyÓ˚
§yÓ˚û˛yö‰ˆÏê˛§‰Ü‰˛ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ӈϰ í˛zˆÏë˛!åȈϰöÈÙÙÙÈÎyÓ˚ xö%Óyò ºüîܲyÓ˚# ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚˆ¢yˆÏöy ˆåÈyR !¢÷ñ xyüyˆÏܲ Îáö ~•záyˆÏö•z ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏFåÈñ ˆòˆÏáyñ ˆÎö ~üö !ܲå%È
ˆÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚y öyñ ÎyÓ˚ çöƒñ xyüyˆÏܲ °!Iï˛ ˆÓyô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–ÛÛ xyÓ˚ ~Ä Î!ò §!ï˛ƒ •Î˚ ˆÎñ
ï˛yÓ˚ x!hsˇü ܲyˆÏ°ñ í˛ü ˆ˛õˆÏí»˛y ~áyˆÏö•z ~ˆÏ§!åȈϰöñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ Ü%˛•zˆÏçyê˛ˆÏܲ åÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá
üˆÏö •ˆÏFåÈñ !ï˛!ö ˆÎö ˆâyí˛¸yÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏà ~«%˛!ö ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓö– ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z
Ü%˛•zˆÏçyê˛ !öÿ˛Î˚ •yï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆ˛õˆÏí»˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ӈϰ ÌyܲˆÏÓö ÚÚï˛ˆÏÓ ï%˛!ü ˆö•yï˛•z ü®
ܲˆÏÓ˚y!ö–ÛÛ ~Ó˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ xyŸªy§òyÎ˚ܲ ühsˇÓƒ xyÓ˚ !ܲFå%È •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyÈÙÙÙÈÎy ˆö•yï˛•z ~ܲ
Îͧyüyöƒ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒñ ~ˆÏ•ö ~ܲ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ í˛z!_´–
˛õï%≈˛!àç ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Ó°y •Î˚ öy
[çy!ö≈ ê%˛ ˛õï%≈˛ày°ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xÇ¢!ӈϢ£Ï]
......
xö%Óyò ≠ !üï˛}ܲ Óü≈y
Îye#!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~áöÄ ò#â≈ Îyey Óy!ܲ ≠ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° !ï˛!ö §ü%oï˛ˆÏê˛ ˆöˆÏü ÎyˆÏÓöñ §Ñyï˛yÓ˚
ܲyê˛ˆÏÓö– üшÏï˛ àò≈ˆÏï˛ñ xyü≈yˆÏ§y òƒ !˛õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !§öÓ˚y òy Ó˚§yˆÏï˛ñ x°ˆÏ•y§ ˆò
xy=Î˚yˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õyhsˇy çÑ !ò xyÓ˚yˆÏÎ˚§ÈÙÈ~ !ï˛!ö §Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ܲyê˛ˆÏï˛ §üÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~•z
ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° üˆÏö •Î˚ ˆÎö ï˛y ~ܲ ç#Óöã˛Î≈yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ !ܲv ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyÓ˚•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚
§Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄÓ˚ܲˆÏü ~ܲ í%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ñ ày ˆû˛çyˆÏöyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ á%Ó x“ §üÎ˚– !ï˛!ö ï˛yÓ˚
˛õ%Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎyàƒ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~•z §ü%oï˛ê˛=!°ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!ö•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ú˛Ó˚§y Óƒ!_´–
Îy•zˆÏ•yܲñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛Ä ú˛Ó˚§y ~ܲ Óƒ!_´ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöñ !Î!ö xyÓ˚ ܲáöÄ Îyey ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö öy–
Îye#!ê˛ Îáö § °Ó˚y!™Ä !ò xyÕ√y!™°ÈÙÈ~ ã˛yˆÏã≈˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ í˛zë˛!åȈϰö !ï˛!ö ã˛yˆÏã≈˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ܲyˆÏ°y ˆ˛õy¢yˆÏܲÓ˚ üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy!FåȈϰö– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ã˛yˆÏã≈˛Ó˚
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏM˛ÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ӈϧ Ìyܲy ü!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏ°ö ÎyÓ˚y ܲÓÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xö%¤˛yö ÷Ó˚&
•ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ !åÈ°– ~ܲê˛y òÓ˚çyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ï˛öÓ˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ˆ°áyñ ÚÚã˛yˆÏã≈˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛
•ˆÏ° ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ í˛yÜ%˛öÛÛ– Îye#!ê˛ ~ï˛!òˆÏö ~•z ôÓ˚ˆöÏ Ó˚ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈöñ
!ܲv ~•z âê˛öy í˛z˛õ°ˆÏ«˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y ≤ÃüyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ˆö•zñ ܲyÓ˚î ã˛yˆÏã≈˛Ó˚ òÓ˚çy ˆáy°y•z
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆÎ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ çöƒ ã˛yã≈˛ ˆáy°y !ï˛!ö !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ!ú˛ˆÏö– !ï˛!ö Sü,ï˛ Óƒ!_´!ê˛V
˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï öy ü!•°y Îye#!ê˛ ï˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ üyÌy âyüyˆÏ°ö öyñ ܲyÓ˚î !ï˛!ö §!ï˛ƒ•z xy@ˇÃ•# !åȈϰö
öy– ˆ§áyˆÏö xˆÏöܲ=!° ú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ üy°yñ ˛õy!o ï˛áöÄ xyˆÏ§ö!öñ ü!•°yÓ˚y ӈϧ ~ˆÏܲ
x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD !ú˛§!ú˛§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– Îye#!ê˛Ó˚ ܲ# ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄ !ï˛!ö ã˛yˆÏã≈˛Ó˚ ˛õy¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓö öy ܲyÓ˚î ˆÓM˛È=ˆÏ°y xyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ çyÎ˚ày ˆö•z– !ï˛!ö
!ã˛hsˇyÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°ö ˆÎ !ï˛!ö •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆã˛ÔܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ ~ˆÏàyˆÏï˛•z ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓö öy– ï˛áö •ë˛yÍ
ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö •° S!ï˛!ö ~ê˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓö öy !ܲv ~ê˛y §!ï˛ƒV ˆÎ ˆÜ˛í˛z•z !ܲå%È
üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ öy Î!ò !ï˛!ö ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îyöñ Î!ò !ï˛!ö ˆ¢yܲÓ˚ï˛ üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÌ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆööñ xç%•yï˛ ˆòáyö xyÓ˚ ~•z xfl∫yû˛y!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ Îï˛ê˛y §%ˆÏÎyà ˆòÎ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ü%?˛ !ÓfløˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏáö ˛õ%!°Ü˛yˆÏ˛õ≈y !ò x!°ˆÏû˛•zÓ˚y Óyö≈yí≈˛çÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !Óáƒyï˛ ê˛y!°Ó˚
ܲyçñ x˛õ)Ó≈ à¡∫%çñ Ó˚ˆÏbÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ã˛yã≈˛ê˛y•z– ≤Ãï˛#«˛yÓ˚ï˛ üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚_´ öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
~üöܲ# ÎyÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÌ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !ò° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆüÔö §¡ø!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD !ï˛!ö ≤Ãyî¢!_´ˆÏï˛ û˛Ó˚˛õ%Ó˚
~•z !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ܲyç ü%?˛ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏ°ö– Îáö !ï˛!ö ã˛yã≈˛ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ°öñ ü,ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çöƒ
â^ˇê˛y ÓyçˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°–
°%ˆÏ°ÈÙÈˆï˛ §Ω˛Óï˛ ˆÜ˛í˛z üyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚!ö– ÄáyˆÏö ˛õƒy!Ó˚§ ã˛yã≈˛ Ó¶˛ !åÈ°ñ !üçÓ˚ܲ!ò≈Î˚yˆÏï˛Ä Ó¶˛
!åÈ°ñ ˆöy§y ˆ§öÑÓ˚y òƒ ÜÑ˛ˆÏ§•z§yĈÏï˛Ä ï˛y•z– Îye#!ê˛ ÄáyˆÏö xhsˇï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !§Ç•myÓ˚ Ä
§òÓ˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– ≤ÈÏÓ¢myÓ˚=ˆÏ°y òyÓ˚&î §%®Ó˚ñ §òÓ˚=ˆÏ°y
 ˛õï%≈˛!àç ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Ó°y •Î˚ öy † 65
!ӈϢ£Ï !ܲå%È öÎ˚– !ܲv §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §%®Ó˚ ≤ÈÓÏ ¢myÓ˚ !åÈ° ÜÑ˛ˆÏû˛ ò @ˇÃy§yÈÙÈ~Ó˚– ï˛yÓ˚ çÑyܲçüܲ˛õ)î≈
hflÏΩ˛¢#£Ï≈ Ä !á°yö §ü!ß∫ï˛– ~ê˛y °IyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆ§Ôô!ê˛ û˛@¿ò¢yÎ˚ñ ~ÓÇ ˆÎê%˛Ü%˛
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÄ «˛!ï˛@ˇÃhflÏ– Îye#!ê˛ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏ°ö ~ÓÇ ~ܲê˛y
˛õyö¢y°yÎ˚ ˛õyö ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö– ˆ§áyˆÏö üˆÏö •!FåÈ° ˆ§ ~°yܲyÓ˚ §ühflÏ ï,˛£èyï≈˛ üyö%£Ï çˆÏí˛¸y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°ö–
!ï˛!ö í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏFåÈöñ ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ– !ï˛!ö xy°ˆÏò•zÎ˚y òy ïÑ˛Ó˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ xy°!çˆÏÓ  á%шÏç ˆ˛õˆÏ°ö öy– !ï˛!ö Îáö ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆ•yˆÏê˛ˆÏ° !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Îyö ~ܲê˛y âÓ˚ áy!°
öò# ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏ°ö ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ •yçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyåÈyܲy!åÈ ÓÑyܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ Sxhsˇï˛ ˆ§Ó˚ܲü•z
üˆÏö •° ïÑ˛yÓ˚V §!°Ó˚ÈÙÈ~ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÑÔåȈϰö– !ï˛!ö öy ÌyüyÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ !öˆÏ°öñ ܲyÓ˚î
ˆ§áyöܲyÓ˚ ˛õƒy!Ó˚§ ã˛yˆÏã≈˛ Ó˚yáy 1550 §yˆÏ° ˆ˛õy˛õ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õˆÏ°Ó˚ !Óáƒyï˛ xö%¢y§ö ˛õe
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ ï˛yÓ˚ !åÈ° öy– Ó°y •Î˚ ~ê˛y ~ܲê˛y §%®Ó˚ x°ÇÜ,˛ï˛ ˛õy[%˛!°!˛õ–
Îye#!ê˛ ÄÓ˚ܲü xöƒyöƒ ˛õy[%˛!°!˛õ ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ ú˛ˆÏ° !ï˛!ö á%Ó •ï˛y¢ öö–
í˛z°ˆÏê˛y!òˆÏܲ xÑyï˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ û˛yàƒ á%Ó û˛yˆÏ°y !åÈ°– ò¢ !ü!öê˛ ˆò!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ~•z ã˛yã≈˛Ä
Ó¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛– ã˛yã≈˛ ˆáy°yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ˆáÎ˚y° Ó˚yáy ü%¢!ܲ°ñ ˆ§ê˛y ˆû˛yˆÏçÓ˚ §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çöƒ•z
ˆ•yܲñ ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ§•z §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çˆÏöƒ•z ˆ•yܲ Óy Î%!_´§Çàï˛ û˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˆ•yܲ– û˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ܲyÓ˚î •°ñ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ °â%˛õò ê%˛ƒ!Ó˚fiê˛ ÎyÓ˚y ~•z§Ó ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Îyöñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ xˆÏöˆÏܲ•z •yï˛ê˛yöÄÎ˚y°yÄ xyˆÏåÈö– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z Î!ò ˛õˆÏöˆÏÓy˚ !ü!öê˛ ˆò!Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ xyˆÏ§öñ
ã˛yˆÏã≈˛Ó˚ òÓ˚çy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
§ °Ó˚y!™Ä !ò xyÕ√y!™°ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ xÑyï˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ã˛yã≈˛ˆÏܲ §Ó û%˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y !°!Ì öò# üˆÏö
•Î˚ öy– §Ω˛Óï˛ ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚îñ § °Ó˚y!™ÄÈÙÈˆï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚yܲ fliy˛õï˛ƒ Ä ÓyˆÏÓ˚yܲ ê˛y!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ
!öáÑ%ï˛ ˙ܲƒˆÏÓyô Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– §Ω˛Óï˛ ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚îñ ~•z ã˛yˆÏã≈˛ üƒyö%ˆÏÎ˚!°ö fiê˛y•zˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏD
xy°Çܲy!Ó˚ܲ ê˛y!° áy˛õ áyÎ˚ öyñ ï˛y ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚y Îï˛•z ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚&ö öy ˆÜ˛ö ˆ§ fiê˛y•z°
xö%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Îy xyòˆÏï˛ à!Ìܲ– ~§Ó §ˆÏ_¥Ä xÑyï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ öy ÎyÄÎ˚yê˛y ˆÓyܲyˆÏüy–
xy˛õ!ö •yÓ˚yˆÏÓö x‹Tyò¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ òyÓ˚&î ˆòÓò)ï˛ ÓyòƒÜ˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ñ xöƒ ˆòÓò)ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚
üyÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ é%˛!í˛¸ ~ÓÇ ˆöy§y ˆ§öÑÓ˚y ˆò °%ò≈ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ã˛ƒyˆÏ˛õˆÏ°Ó˚ û˛#£Ïî xy°yòy
Ó˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ ê˛y!°ñ ˆÎ=!° §ú˛°û˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ fliy˛õˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD !üˆÏ¢ ÎyÎ˚–
ÎyÓ˚y û˛yˆÏÓö ˆÎ Óy!í˛¸ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ §Ó ôÓ˚ˆöÏ Ó˚ ˛õyÌÓ˚ xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲ•zñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆü!¢öÈÙÈ~
§yö ÓyˆÏÌ≈ˆÏ°y!üí˛z ã˛yˆÏã≈˛ ÎyÄÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ~ê˛y Î!ò @ˇÃyöy•zê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ñ Óy §yôyÓ˚î °y•züˆÏfiê˛yö
!òˆÏÎ˚ Óy ã˛Ü˛ã˛ˆÏܲ üyˆÏÓ≈° !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~ê˛y Îy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏöܲ
xöƒÓ˚ܲü •ï˛ñ ~üöܲ# Î!ò ˛õyÌÓ˚=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ë˛Ü˛ ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲüû˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛yê˛y •ï˛ ï˛y•ˆÏ°Ä–
ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° ~ê˛y •° °y° §ƒyu˛ˆÏfiê˛yö– Î!òÄ ï˛y û˛#£Ïî «˛îû˛D%Ó˚ñ ï˛Ó% ï˛y ΈÏÌ‹T
¢!_´¢y°# ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ¢ï˛ ¢ï˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ !ê˛ˆÏܲ xyˆÏåÈ– ~Ó˚ x§üyö ˆê˛yö Ä «˛Î˚#û˛ÓˆÏöÓ˚
!Ó!û˛ß¨ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ~ê˛y fl∫Î˚Ç ~ܲê˛y xyܲ£Ï≈î– xyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤ÃyDî!ê˛ ç°ÈÙÈÓyÎ˚%Ó˚
≤Ãû˛yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ ôùLjϧÓ˚ xyӈϕÓ˚ çöƒ üˆÏöyü%?˛Ü˛Ó˚– ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓÑyܲy hflÏΩ˛=ˆÏ°y Sˆ§=ˆÏ°yÄ
§ƒyu˛ˆÏfiê˛yˆÏöÓ˚V Îy ˆày° !á°yö=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ ˆÏåÈ ï˛y ã˛üÍܲyÓ˚ñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎüö ÎyçܲˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÓ!òÓ˚ ˆì˛í˛zˆÏá°yˆÏöy üyˆÏÓ≈°Ä ã˛üÍܲyÓ˚– !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyçܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛õy¢yܲ Ó˚yáÓyÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚
Îye#!ê˛ !≤ÈÏfiê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD §Ç!«˛Æ Óyܲƒy°yˆÏ˛õ §üÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– !≤Ãfiê˛!ê˛ ~ܲçö ¢yhsˇñ K˛yö#
üyö%£Ï !Î!ö §y•zí˛ ˆê˛!ӈϰ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ܲyç ˆÌˆÏܲ ü%á ï%˛ˆÏ°!åȈϰö ï˛yÓ˚ xû˛ƒyàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ó
≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ Ä ï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ≤ÃòyˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ–
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 5
66 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
Îye#!ê˛ ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ°ö– !ï˛!ö !§°‰ˆÏû˛§ÈÙÈ~ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ °«˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈö– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ï˛yÓ˚
ï˛yí˛¸y ˆö•z !ï˛!ö ã˛°yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ çyÎ˚àyñ ò,¢ƒñ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ü%á Ä ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢yöy ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ flø,!ï˛ Ó•ö
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏ°ö– !ï˛!ö Ä•z §ühflÏ xy°‰Ó%ú˛y•zÓ˚y§‰ñ Óy°y•zÎ˚y§‰ ~ÓÇ Ü%˛•zÓ˚ï˛y•zÓ˚y§‰ñ !ÓK˛y˛õˆÏöÓ˚
ˆ•y!í≈˛Çñ §y•zöˆÏ˛õyfiê˛ñ !Ó˚ˆÏ§˛õ¢ö ˆí˛flÒñ ˆÓ˚ˆÏhflÏyÓ˚ÑyÓ˚ ˆüö% ~ÓÇ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ°áy
üˆÏö ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈö– ~•z§Ó !ܲå%È ~ï˛ öyöyö ˜Ó!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ˆ°áy ˆÎ !ï˛!ö !öˆÏçÓ˚ û˛y£Ïy
˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ !ܲöy !ï˛!ö ü%á ˆáy°ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ •yˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ
•zLjÏÓ˚!ç Óy ú˛Ó˚y!§ˆÏï˛ çÓyÓ ˆòÎ˚– Îáö !ï˛!ö ï˛yÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ û˛y£Ïy ˛õï%≈˛!àˆÏç ܲÌy ӈϰöñ
ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ü˛Ü≈˛¢ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~üöܲ# ÷ô% ~ê%˛Ü%˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÎñ •Ñƒyñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y
âÓ˚ áy!° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– Îye#!ê˛ û˛yˆÏÓö !ÓˆÏò¢ ºüˆÏî ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöyÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲ òyÓ˚&î °yàˆÏÓ
ˆÓ˚ˆÏhflÏyÓ˚Ñy Ä ˆ•yˆÏê˛ˆÏ°ñ ˆ˛õê˛Δ° ˆfiê˛¢ˆÏö Ä !ÓüyöÓ®ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õï%≈˛!àç ˆ°áy ˆòáˆÏï˛ñ
!ÓüyöˆÏ§!Óܲy Ä ˛õ%!°¢ˆÏòÓ˚ñ ≤Ãyï˛Ó˚y¢ !öˆÏÎ˚ xy§y ã˛yܲÓ˚y!ö Ä ÄÎ˚y•zö ĈÏÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲ
§yÓ°#°û˛yˆÏÓ ˛õï%≈˛!àç û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ÷öˆÏï˛– !ܲv ~•z üÓ˚#!ã˛Ü˛y 鲰ˆÏ§ ˆòÄÎ˚y
§)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚– ˆ• Ó¶%˛ñ ~•z çyÎ˚ày=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˛õï%≈˛!àç Ó°y •Î˚ öy– á%Ó x“
ˆ°yˆÏܲ•z ˛õï%≈˛!àç ӈϰñ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y §ÇáƒyÎ˚ öà
!ܲv ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ° !ÓˆÏò!¢Ó˚y xyˆÏ§ö ~ÓÇ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ä•z !ÓˆÏò!¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y
fl∫yFåÈ®ƒ !òˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎê˛y Îye#!ê˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ !àˆÏÎ˚Ä xö%û˛Ó ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õåÈ® ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– û˛yˆÏ°y
Ä §%®Ó˚ !ç!ö§ §üyöû˛yˆÏÓ û˛yà •ÄÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ !ܲv ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y !ç!ö§ê˛y
ˆ§ÈÙÈ•z ˛õyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õÎ˚§y !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Îye#!ê˛ xöƒˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏåÈö
öyñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ òy§§%°û˛ üˆÏöyû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏåÈö– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ~°@ˇÃyû˛ÈÙÈ~ ˆÎ§Ó
§ü%oï˛ê˛ xy˛õöyˆÏܲ á%!¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õï%≈˛!àç ¢∑ Ú≤ÃyÎ˚yÛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ öy ܲˆÏÓ˚
•zLjÏÓ˚!ç ¢∑ Ú!Óã˛Û ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Úˆ˛õ¢‰Ü˛yˆÏòyÓ˚Û •ˆÏ°ö Ú!ú˛¢yÓ˚üƒyöÛ xyÓ˚ Î!ò
ê%˛ƒ!Ó˚fiê˛ !Ó˚§ˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ĈÏë˛ ˆï˛y ˆ§=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ •Î˚ Ú•!°ˆÏí˛ !û˛ˆÏ°çÛ Ó°y •Î˚ öÎ˚ˆÏï˛y Ú!û˛°yç
ˆò û˛ƒyܲy™Û Óy Úˆú˛!Ó˚ö‰ÄˆÏê≈˛Û– xÓfliy ~üö•z çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåȈÏåÈ ˆÎ ˛õï%≈˛!àˆÏç ú˛ƒy¢ö
¢ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ¢∑ ˆö•zñ •Î˚ ˆ§ê˛y •zLjÏÓ˚!ç öÎ˚ˆÏï˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ÚÓ%!ê˛Ü˛Û öÎ˚ˆÏï˛y Óy
çyü≈yˆÏö Ó°y •Î˚ ÚˆüyˆÏí˛§ˆÏৢyú˛ê˛Û– Ú§y˛õyÓ˚!ï˛Î˚yÛ !öåÈܲ•z Ú÷Û– xyÓ˚ Î!ò Îye#!ê˛ §Ó
öy•zê˛ Üœ˛yÓ=ˆÏ°y Óy Ó%Î˚y!ê˛§‰ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ SˆÓ !ç!°Î˚yöÓ˚y x§ˆÏã˛ï˛ö ~ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!•Ç§yÎ˚ ˆÎ öyˆÏü
í˛yˆÏܲV öyü Ó°ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ï˛y•ˆÏ° !§ˆÏö§ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˆ˛õÑÔåȈÏöyÓ˚ xyˆÏà Óî≈üy°yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü
x«˛Ó˚ê˛y•z !ï˛!ö ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓö öy– ~áyˆÏö ˛õï%≈˛!àçˆÏܲ ~ï˛ê˛y•z !öã%˛ öçˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy •Î˚
ˆÎ ~°@ˇÃyû˛ ˆÎáyˆÏö §û˛ƒï˛y !öˆÏçÓ˚ ÓÓ≈Ó˚ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏû˛yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ Ó°y
ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~ê˛y ˛õï%≈˛!àçˆÏòÓ˚ çyÎ˚ày ܲyÓ˚î ~áyˆÏö ˛õï%≈˛!àç Ó°y •Î˚ öy–
Îye#!ê˛ xyÓ˚ xö%ˆÏÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö öy– !§°‰ˆÏû˛§ÈÙÈ~ ï˛yÓ˚ §yüˆÏö í˛zÑã%˛ ò%à≈§ˆÏüï˛ ~ܲê˛y í˛zÑã%˛
˛õy•yí˛¸– ˆÎ xyÓ˚ÓÓ˚y ~ê˛y Óy!öˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö ï˛yÓ˚y Î!ò ~áöÄ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ö ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ï˛!ö ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ܲyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆüö% !öˆÏÎ˚ á%!¢ •ˆÏï˛ö ˆÎê˛yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö ≠ !@ˇÃ° ܲÓ˚y §y!í≈˛ö–
ï˛yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ §yüˆÏö ~•z xq$ï˛ Ü˛yÎ˚òy ܲÓ˚y xyÓ˚!Óܲ ˆ°áy ˆÎê˛y !ܲöy x!û˛ôyˆÏöÓ˚
§y•y΃ !öˆÏÎ˚Ä ˛õí˛¸y x§Ω˛Ó– Îye#!ê˛ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°ö ˆÎ •zLjÏÓ˚çñ í˛z_Ó˚
xƒyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyöñ çyü≈yöñ §%•z!í˛¢ñ öÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚!çÎ˚yöñ ú˛Ó˚y!§ ~ÓÇ flõƒy!öÎ˚yí≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ
xˆÏöܲ§üÎ˚ •zï˛y!°Î˚yöˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈÄ ÎÑyÓ˚y ~áyˆÏö xyˆÏ§ö SÎ!òÄ ˆüÎ˚yˆÏï˛y°yÈÙÈˆï˛ ˆÎ
 ˛õï%≈˛!àç ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Ó°y •Î˚ öy † 67
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ ˆòáy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ööV ˛õï%≈˛!àç •° ˆflÀú˛ ~ܲ §•ç ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚
xyÓ˚!Óܲ– §Ó!ܲå%ȈÏï˛•z •Ñƒy ӈϰ !òö xyÓ˚ xy˛õ!ö á%!¢–
Îye#!ê˛ ˆÎê˛y Ó°ˆÏ°ö xyˆÏà•zñ ò%à≈!ê˛ xyÓ˚ÓÓ˚y Óy!öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ~ê˛y û˛@¿ò¢yÎ˚ !ܲv ï˛Ó%Ä
§%®Ó˚– xyÓ˚ ˆÎ °y° ˛õyÌÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ê˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ Sˆü!¢öÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ§rê˛ ÓyˆÏÌ≈yˆÏ°y!üí˛z ã˛yˆÏã≈˛Ó˚
üˆÏï˛yV ~ê˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y xq$ï˛ öï%˛ö xyÓ• !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆÎö ~ê˛yˆÏܲ §òƒ ܲyòy !òˆÏÎ˚ ÓyöyˆÏöy
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆÎê˛y ~áöÄ ˆû˛çy– ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyç=ˆÏ°y !öÿ˛Î˚•z Ó,!‹TˆÏï˛ !û˛çˆÏ° xyÓ˚Ä §%®Ó˚
ˆòáyÎ˚– Îye#!ê˛ §≤âǧ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ã˛cˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üyé˛áyˆÏö ÓyöyˆÏöy !Ó¢y° ˆòÎ˚y°!ê˛ ˆòáˆÏ°öñ
ÎyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ hflÏΩ˛ ü§!çˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y– !ï˛!ö üy!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛°yÓ˚ üÓ˚y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x§yôyÓ˚î xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚Ä
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ö– ˆ§ê˛yÄ xyÓ˚ÓˆÏòÓ˚•z ˆú˛ˆÏ° ˆòÄÎ˚y–
!§°‰ˆÏû˛§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲƒy!Ìí»˛y° à!Ìܲñ ÎyÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ öyöy ܲyç ˆÎê˛y
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚û˛yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ï˛yÓ˚ à!Ìܲ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ˆÏܲ ö‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ܲv ~áyˆÏö fliy˛õˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲÄ
ˆÎê˛y ˆÓ!¢ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ˆ§ê˛y •° xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ§•z °y° §ƒyu˛ˆÏfiê˛yö– ~áyˆÏö ~ê˛y Ó˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y
°yˆÏ°Ó˚ !åȈÏê˛ÄÎ˚y°y •°%ò ˆÌˆÏܲ àû˛#Ó˚ ò?˛ÈÙȘà!Ó˚ܲ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ öyöyö Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛ˆÏe Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ hflÏΩ˛¢#£Ï≈ ÓyöyˆÏöy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ öy hflÏΩ˛ñ !á°yö öy §yôyÓ˚î x°ÇܲÓ˚î ï˛y =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ öÎ˚≠
ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ò,!‹T xyܲyÓ˚ Óy ܲyçˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá öyñ ˆòˆÏá ÷ô% Ó˚Ç– Îáö ò%Ûˆã˛yá û˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ˆòáy •°
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Îye#!ê˛ ˆòáˆÏ°ö ˆÎ !§°‰ˆÏû˛§ ܲƒy!Ìí»˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ xöƒ xyܲ£Ï≈îÄ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ≠ !Ó¢˛õ òü
Ó˚ò!Ó˚ˆÏày ~ÓÇ ˆçÑyÎ˚y @ˇÃyüyˆÏ§y Óy ˆàˆÏhflÏy ˆò ˆ°•zÎ˚yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §üy!ô– ~åÈyí˛¸yÄ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ê˛y!°Ó˚
ܲyç Ä ˆ§yöy!° ˆáyòy•z ܲyç– !ܲv §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ Îye#!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛yö !àç≈yÓ˚
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xLjϢÓ˚ ˆí˛yˆÏüÓ˚ åÈ!Óñ ˆÎáyˆÏö x˛õ)Ó≈û˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°y ≤Ã!ï˛ú˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆÎáyˆÏö
ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õyÌÓ˚•z ~ܲ Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ öÎ˚ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ° !üˆÏ° òyÓ˚&î !ã˛e ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ܲƒy!Ìí»˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ܲê˛y ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ e%´¢ ˆÎê˛y Úe´§ xú˛ ˛õï%≈˛ày°Û öyˆÏü ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
ˆÜ˛í˛z çyˆÏö öy öyüê˛y ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~°– ˛õï%≈˛!àçˆÏòÓ˚ flõ¢≈ ˛õyÄÎ˚y çyÎ˚ày åÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ
˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ öyü ÌyܲÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛yÓ˚î ˆö•z– ˆflÀú˛ Ó°y Îyܲ ˆÎ ~ê˛y üƒyö%ˆÏÎ˚!°ö !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚
~ܲê˛y í˛zòy•Ó˚î Îy ~ܲ Ó˚ˆÏbÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y– ~ܲ˛õyˆÏ¢ !Î÷!á fiê˛ e%´¢!Ók˛ xyÓ˚ xöƒ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ü,ï˛
!á ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD Ü%˛üyÓ˚# ˆü!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ò%ˆÏê˛y û˛#£Ïî xy°yòy Ó˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ !ç!ö§ˆÏܲ ˆÎÓ˚ܲü
fl∫yû˛y!Óܲû˛yˆÏÓ Ä ò,ì˛¸ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ï˛y ò%°≈û˛– Îye#!ê˛ °yˆÏàyÎ˚yÈÙȈï˛
≤ÃyÎ˚ ÌyüˆÏ°öÈÙÈ•z öy– ~ê˛y ÄÎ˚y•zö ˛õyˆÏöÓ˚ §üÎ˚ öÎ˚– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y ˆ˛õˆÏê˛ áyÓyÓ˚ öy ÌyܲˆÏ° ≤ÃÌü
@’yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚•z ï˛y ˛õyöܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚yü≤Ãòû˛yˆÏÓ í˛z£è ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ° xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Î!ò !ï˛!ö
x!ÓˆÏÓã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˛õyö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ö ï˛y ˆ¢£ÏˆÏü¢ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛°ö¢!_´ •Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y ÓÓ˚Ç ~ܲ
@’y§ ÓÓ˚ú˛ ˆòÄÎ˚y ç° áyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚– xï˛~Ó §ÇÎü#Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y !ï˛!ö ˛õƒy!Ó˚§ ã˛yˆÏã≈˛Ó˚ ˛õÌ
áÑ%ˆÏç !öˆÏ°ö ˆÎáyˆÏö ö%ˆÏÎ˚flfy ˆ§öÑÓ˚y òy °%çÈÙÈ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˆ˛õ•z!rê˛Ç ˆÎê˛y !¢“# ˆü§yˆÏòy
ˆò ܲyˆÏflfyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲyç ӈϰ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛– xy¢y ܲÓ˚y Îyܲ ˆÎ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy §!ë˛Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚î
ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyüÓ˚y çyöÓ ~•z ÓyˆÏÓ˚yܲ üyfiê˛yÓ˚!˛õˆÏ§Ó˚ çöƒ ܲyˆÏܲ ôöƒÓyò ˆòÄÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
Îye#!ê˛ ˆáÎ˚y° ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö ˆÎ ~°@ˇÃyû˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ÓƒhflÏ– ày!í˛¸=ˆÏ°y •y!Ó˚ˆÏܲö é˛ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚
üˆÏï˛y– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎö í˛zˆÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– ¢•Ó˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ üyé˛áyˆÏöÓ˚
˛õ!Õ‘ xM˛È°=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆòáy •Î˚ xy˛õò !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y •ï˛ Î!ò ¢•Ó˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ üyé˛áyˆÏö
÷ô% §y•zöˆÏ˛õyˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ çyÎ˚ày ÌyÜ˛ï˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÓyé˛y ˆÎï˛ ˆÜ˛yö ¢•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yö!òˆÏܲ– ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
§Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z §üÎ˚ ÓÑyã˛ï˛– xyÓ˚ Î!ò ˆ•yˆÏê˛°ñ Ó˚&üñ û˛yí˛¸y ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xƒy˛õyê≈˛ˆÏürê˛ñ ˆÓ˚ˆÏhflÏyÓ˚Ñyñ !Óã˛
68 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
Ä ˆÓyÎ˚yê˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ üy!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛°y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆåÈyê˛ñ ˆ§yçy Ó˚yhflÏy ÌyÜ˛ï˛ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyüÓ˚y §Ó≈e
í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ Ä ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ öyÈÙÈÌyܲyÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ˆÏܲ §!ï˛ƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õï˛yü– ˆÎ§Ó ê%˛ƒ!Ó˚fiê˛
~°@ˇÃyû˛ÈÙÈ~ xyˆÏ§ö xÓ¢ƒ•z ~ܲ§ˆÏD ÌyܲˆÏï˛ û˛yˆÏ°yÓyˆÏ§ö–
Îye#!ê˛ !öˆÏçÄ ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ !öˆÏò≈y£Ï öö– !ܲv ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !ï˛!ö ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ܲyçê˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈö
!ï˛!ö xç%•yï˛ ˆòˆÏÓö ˆÎ °yˆÏàyÎ˚y ˆòáyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏhflÏy¡∫yÓ˚ÈÙÈ~ ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ xyÓ˚Ä xˆÏöܲ ˆÓ!¢
xyܲ£Ïî≈ #Î˚ !ç!ö§ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆåÏ È– xyÓ˚ Î!ò !ï˛!ö ï˛yÓ˚ •zFåÈy öy •ˆÏ° ò%ˆêÏ ˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y çyÎ˚àyˆÏï˛Ä
öy ÌyˆÏüöñ ˆ§ê˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° !ï˛!ö å%È!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Óy û˛ƒyܲy™ÈÙÈ~ â%Ó˚ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§ö!ö ÓÓ˚Ç Îyey
ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ܲå%ÈÓ˚ §¶˛yˆÏö– §Óy•z çyˆÏöö ˆÎ §¶˛yˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyç §Ó§üÎ˚•z í˛zˆÏmà˛õ)î≈– !ܲå%È
áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õyÄÎ˚y•z ˆ§Ó˚y ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚– ~ˆÏhflÏy¡∫yÓ˚ÈÙÈ~ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§ê˛y•z •Î˚–
~üöܲ# ¢•Ó˚ê˛yÓ˚ öyüÄ û˛yÓöy!ã˛hsˇyÓ˚ ˆáyÓ˚yܲ ˆçyàyÎ˚ Óy ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆáÑyˆÏç–
ÓyhflψÏÓ ~°@ˇÃyû˛ öyöyö xq$ï˛ öyˆÏü û˛!ï≈˛ ˆÎ=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲüye ≤ÃÌyö%ÎyÎ˚# Ä ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚
!öˆÏòˆ≈ ¢Ï •z ˛õï%!≈ àç Ó°y ã˛ˆÏ°– Ó%ˆòÏ ¢ ~ÓÇ xÑ!òÎ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ê˛y §!ï˛ƒñ ˆÓöˆÏú˛  !§üÈÙÈ~Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÄñ ˆÎáyˆÏö Îye#!ê˛Ó˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ •zˆÏFåÈ xyˆÏåÈñ xшÏòˆÏ°yܲyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÄñ ˆÎê˛y §yüˆÏöÓ˚
˛õˆÏÌ ~ܲ öò# ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ§§ñ ӈϰˆÏܲ•zˆÏü Ä ˛õyòyö≈ñ ˆö: Ä xшÏòˆÏ°ï˛ñ ˆÜ˛°ˆÏú˛¢ Ä
ò%ˆÏàö%ñ Óy ˆ°yˆÏÓyÓ˚yï˛ Ä °%ï˛yÄñ !çxшÏÎ˚§ Ä Üœ˛y!Ó˚™‰ñ !ç°ºy!çˆÏöy ~ÓÇ ˆÓöy!ú ˛üÈÙÈ~Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÄ– !ܲv ~•z §Ó öyˆÏüÓ˚ í˛zͧ §¶˛yö ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ü)° ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãyã˛#ö !òˆÏöÓ˚ flø,!ï˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜òö!®ö ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ ¢ˆÏ∑ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •° ï˛y Îye#!ê˛Ó˚ §#üyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ
àˆÏÓ£Ïîyü)°Ü˛ K˛yö Ä x!û˛K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçöñ ï˛yܲyˆÏöy Ä ˆòáyÓ˚ñ ã˛°yÓ˚ Ä ˆÌˆÏü ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ñ
û˛yÓyÓ˚ Ä !öˆÏçÓ˚ û˛yÓöyˆÏܲ á%ˆÏ° Ó°yÓ˚ ~•z §•ç ܲyç ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ΈÏÌ‹T öÎ˚–
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ° ~ˆÏhflÏy¡∫yÓ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ã˛yã≈˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y ˆåÈyê˛ Ü˛ƒy!Ìí»˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆòáyÎ˚ñ !ë˛Ü˛
ˆÎö xy°‰ˆÏܲyÓy§yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Óí˛¸ ã˛yã≈˛ê˛y @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ç!üˆÏï˛ Ó§yˆÏöyÓ˚ çöƒ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ˆåÈyê˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
~•z Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y•z ~ˆÏܲ òyÓ˚&î çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ܲv ï˛yåÈyí˛¸yÄ ~áyˆÏö x‹Tyò¢
¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ê˛y!°Ó˚ ܲyç Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ xy•‰ñ §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ~áyˆÏö fliy˛õˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚y
ò%ˆÏê˛y hflÏΩ˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆÎÓ˚ܲü ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ° xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ˆö•z– ~üöܲ# Îye#!ê˛Ó˚ xyòˆÏï˛ üˆÏö •Î˚
ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~áyˆÏö !öˆÏÎ˚ xy§y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚
àyÈÙÈ~ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ çyÎ˚ày úÑ˛yܲy öy Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˛õ!°ˆÏö¢#Î˚ xû˛ƒy§ ~ÓÇ x°ÇÜ,˛ï˛ ˆáyòy•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyç
Îy xƒyüyçö#Î˚ °ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y– hflψÏΩ˛ ˆáyòy•z ܲÓ˚y ~ܲê˛y àyåÈÄ ˛õï%≈˛!àç àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛
öÎ˚– ~ê˛y §!ï˛ƒ ˆÎ hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ ö#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ xÇ¢ Ó˚I%Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆòáyÎ˚ Sˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛
Óƒy˛õyÓ˚V xyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ÓyòƒÎsf •yˆÏï˛ ü)!ï≈˛=ˆÏ°yÄ Ä•z §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z !ܲv §Ó !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y
xçyöy xyÓ•– !ܲv ~•z xö%üyˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò%û≈˛yàƒçöܲ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ •°ñ Ä=ˆÏ°y ˆÎ §ƒyu˛ˆÏfiê˛yö
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ï˛y fliyö#Î˚– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆÎ !¢“# ~=ˆÏ°y ˆáyòy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö xöƒ çyÎ˚àyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
~ˆÏ§!åȈϰö– Îy•zˆÏ•yܲ ~ê˛y xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆåÈyR ôÑyôy ˆÎê˛y ã˛y•zˆÏ° ˆÎ ˆÜ˛í˛z §üyôyö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚öñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎüö ~ˆÏhflÏy¡∫yÓ˚ @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ öyüê˛yÄ ~ܲ§üÎ˚ !ܲå%È ~ܲê˛y ˆÓyé˛yï˛–
ˆ˛õyÓ˚‰!ï˛üyÄ ˆ˛õÑÔåȈÏï˛ •ˆÏ° xy˛õöyˆÏܲ ~Ó˚yò öò#Ó˚ SÎ!ò öò# ¢∑ê˛y ~•z ˆüy•öyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
§!ë˛Ü˛ •Î˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î üÑ!§Ü˛ Óy ˆÜ˛Ó˚y!˛õö•yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛õy•yí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ ˆåÈyR ç°ôyÓ˚y ÓˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§
~áyˆÏö !üˆÏ¢ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° •zòyö#Ç ~ê˛y •° §ü%o ÎyÓ˚ ˆì˛í˛z ≤Ãy•zÎ˚y òy Ó˚§y ~ÓÇ ˛õhsˇy ò%
x°ï˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆáˆÏ° ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚V í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ§ï%˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Îye#!ê˛ ã˛yˆÏã≈˛ ˆàˆÏ°ö
~ÓÇ fl∫û˛yÓï˛•z ˆòáˆÏ°ö ˆ§!ê˛ Ó¶˛– !ï˛!ö ï˛Ó% ~ˆÏï˛ á%Ó ~ܲê˛y !öÓ˚y¢ •ˆÏ°ö öy ܲyÓ˚î
 ˛õï%≈˛!àç ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Ó°y •Î˚ öy † 69
ˆ§ÔˆÏôÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y xÇ¢ Óy•zˆÓÏ •˚ z Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ Èñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ hflΩÏ ˛¢#ˆÏ£≈ÓÏ ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ xÇ¢!ê˛ ˆÎáyˆÏö
ˆÎyk˛yˆÏòÓ˚ û˛yflÒÎ≈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– Î!òÄ ~ü!öˆÏï˛ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï !ܲå%È öÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ã˛ï%˛ò≈¢
¢ï˛ˆÏܲ ã˛yã≈˛=!° xˆÏöܲ §üˆÏÎ˚•z ò%à≈ !•§yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ñ ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~!ê˛ x§yôyÓ˚î
ܲyÓ˚î ~áyˆÏö ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï Ä ü!•°y í˛zû˛Î˚ˆÏܲ•z Óü≈ ˛õ!Ó˚!•ï˛ Ä xflf •yˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– Îye#!ê˛
çyöˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° á%!¢ •ˆÏï˛ö ˆÎ ~•z xƒyüyçöÓ˚y ~áyˆÏö ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ ~°– Î!òÄ ~ê˛y §!ï˛ƒ ˆÎ
ˆ§ Î%ˆÏà ü!•°y ˆÎyk˛yÄ !åȈϰöñ ˆÎüö !òí˛z°yˆÏòí˛z§ ~ÓÇ !Ó ï˛ ˆò xy°‰ˆÏüòy§ñ §yôyÓ˚î
Óy!•ö#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï §•ˆÏÎyk˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ÜÑ˛yˆÏô ÜÑ˛yô !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆ¢yöy ÎyÎ˚ öy–
~ê˛y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆáyòy•z ܲy!Ó˚àˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò)Ó˚ò,!‹T≠ !ï˛!ö Ó%ˆÏé˛!åȈϰö ˆÎ ~üö ~ܲ!òö xy§ˆÏÓ Îáö
Î%k˛ê˛y •ˆÏÓ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ü!•°yˆÏòÓ˚Ä !ë˛Ü˛ ˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y xflfôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ~áyˆÏö•z ӈϰ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎ °yˆÏày§ ¢•Ó˚ ˆ§Ó˚ï˛!Ó˚í˛z§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
öyˆÏüÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ñ !Î!ö !û˛!Ó˚Îy˚ ï%˛§‰ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ü,ï˛% ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ °%!çï˛y!öÎ˚yöÈÙȈòÓ˚ ˆöï,˛c !òˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ° Ï ö–
Î!òÄ xyüÓ˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ °%!çï˛y!öÎ˚yöˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~Ó˚!ü!öí˛z§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ≈ï˛üy°y Óy ~ˆÏflf°yÈÙÈ~Ó˚
ˆ§Ó˚Ó˚yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲñ Î%k˛ê˛y ~•z §%ò)Ó˚ ò!«˛ˆÏîÄ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ!åÈ°– ˆ§Ó˚ï˛!Ó˚í˛z§
!Î!ö òyÓ˚&îû˛yˆÏÓ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ˆü!Ó˚í˛z§ Ä §%°yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ °í˛¸y•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åȈϰö SÓy
ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ~Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°V !á ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xy!¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà °%!çï˛y!öÎ˚yöˆÏòÓ˚
myÓ˚y xyü!sfï˛ •ö ˆÓ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ °í˛¸y•zÈÙÈ~ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆöï,˛c ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ– ï˛áöܲyÓ˚
!òˆÏö ˆò¢ˆÏ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy xˆÏöܲˆÏÓ!¢ öüö#Î˚ !åÈ°– Óy •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~ê˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ö!ò≈‹T
òˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ xô#ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆöÄÎ˚yê˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ §ü§ƒy !åÈ° öyñ ÎyÓ˚ üyˆÏö òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
§ˆÏD xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ !òˆÏöÓ˚ ~ê%˛Ü%˛•z ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆÎ Óï≈˛üyˆÏö xyüÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢ û˛!îï˛y ܲ!Ó˚– âê˛öyê˛y
•° ˆÎ ˆ§Ó˚ï˛!Ó˚í˛z§ ~•z xyüsfî @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ ò%Û•yçyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yüyö Ä §yï˛ˆÏ¢y !°!ÓÎ˚yö
ˆ§öy !öˆÏÎ˚ üyí˛z!Ó˚ï˛y!öÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§•z í˛z˛õm#ˆÏ˛õ •y!çÓ˚ •ö– ç°ò§%ƒˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó‡ÓyÓ˚
fl∫“fliyÎ˚# !ܲv ï˛#Ó  °í˛¸y•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ° !ï˛!ö ˆ§áyˆÏö xy◊Î˚ ˆöö– ~•z âê˛öy=ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚î
•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ç!ê˛° xôƒyÎ˚ ˆÎê˛yˆÏܲ xˆÏöˆÏܲ•z §•çû˛yˆÏÓ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ ã˛yö≠ ≤Ã̈Ïü !åÈ° ˆÓ˚yüyöÓ˚yñ
ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ !û˛!§àÌÓ˚y xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ÓÓ˚y– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˛õï%≈˛ày° öyˆÏü ~ܲê˛y ˆò¢
ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲÌy !åÈ° ܲyí˛zrê˛ òü ~!Ó˚ܲ ~ˆÏ°öñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆåȈϰ ~úÑ˛ˆÏ§yñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚
xyÓ˚Ä xˆÏöܲ ~úÑ˛ˆÏ§yñ x“ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçö §yˆÏ™y ~ÓÇ ç%Î˚yñ ˆ˛õˆÏoy Ä üƒyö%Î˚y•z§– ~•z §Ó
!ܲå%È §%ˆÏÎyà !ò°ñ xy°‰Ü˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ü%˛•z!ÓÓ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ !§Óy!hflÏÎ˚yÄÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ò%û≈˛yàƒçöܲ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
üôƒÓï≈˛# §üˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛öçö flõƒy!ö¢ ˆú˛!°˛õˆÏòÓ˚ •y!çÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛– ~•zê%˛Ü%˛•z §Ó–
°yˆÏày§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yüyö ˛õ)Ó≈§)!Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ö °yˆÏܲy!Ó àyÈÙÈˆÜ˛ ˆüy!°Î˚yÄ ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ܲ!òö ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ ˆüˆÏï˛°%§ñ !Î!ö §%°yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §üÌ≈ܲ !åȈϰö Ä ˆ§•z §üÎ˚
!•flõy!öÎ˚y xyˆÏŒê˛!Ó˚Î˚Ó˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢y§Ü˛ !åȈϰö °yˆÏܲy!Ó ày xÓˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ !öˆÏ°ö
SÎï˛!òö öy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç° ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î !ï˛!ö çyöˆÏï˛ö ˆÎ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y•z Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚y
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÎyÓ˚ ç° ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛üï˛y x!ö!ÿ˛ï˛V– ˆ§Ó˚ï˛!Ó˚í˛z§ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃Ó˚ çöƒ
ˆ§öyÓy!•ö# Ä ò%Û•yçyÓ˚ !û˛!hflÏ û˛ˆÏÓ˚ ç° !öˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ°ö– ˆüˆÏï˛°%§ Îáö xƒyÜ%˛•zöy§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
§ˆÏD åÈÎ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ˆ§öyˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛yˆÏ°ö– ˆ§Ó˚ï˛!Ó˚í˛z§ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Î%ˆÏk˛ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏ°ö–
˛õï%˛≈ ày° Ä ~°@ˇÃyû˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚yçy òü !§Óy!hflÎÏ y˚ ÄÈÙÈÄ °yˆÏày§ÈÙÈ~ ~ˆÏ§!åȈ° Ï ö– ¢•ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ°
~ܲê˛y üƒyö%ˆÏÎ˚!°ö çyöy°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ܲ!Ìï˛ xyˆÏåÈ SˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ÓyhflÏÓ ≤Ãüyî ˆö•zV ˆÎ
xy°‰Ü˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ü%˛•z!ÓÓ˚ÈÙÈ~ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà Ó˚yçy Ä•z çyöy°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ü%_´ ˆû˛yˆÏç xÇ¢ ˆöö–
70 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆ§ ÎyeyÎ˚ Ó˚yçy ˆÎ ÷ô% !öˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãyî •yÓ˚yö ï˛y•z öÎ˚ñ ˛õï%≈˛ày° !öˆÏçÓ˚ fl∫yô#öï˛yÄ •yÓ˚yÎ˚–
Î!ò xyüÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ ¢y§öܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲy•z ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆòáÓ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏܲ ôöƒÓyò ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚
!ӈϢ£Ï !ܲå%È ˆö•zñ !ܲv ˆçÑyÎ˚yÄ Ü%˛!ï˛ˆÏ°•zˆÏÓ˚yÈÙÈÜ,˛ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ü)!ï≈˛!ê˛ !ç° •zÎ˚y™ ˆflÒyÎ˚ƒyˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ ÓÎ˚ɧ!¶˛Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲüÓÎ˚flÒñ !ö‹õy˛õ ~ܲ ï˛Ó˚&î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáyÎ˚ñ ˆÎ
ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y° ˆá°yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏÓüye !öˆÏçÓ˚ !¢Ó˚flfyî á%ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ xyÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ Ü˛áö ï˛yÓ˚
üy Óy ôye# ~ˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ âyü ü%ˆÏåÈ ˆòˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏÓ ≠ ÚˆÓyܲy ˆåȈϰ ˆÜ˛yÌyܲyÓ˚ÊÛ
fl∫“Ó%!k˛ñ ¢!_´•#ö Ä Ü˛ï,≈˛c¢y°# !§Óy!hflÏÎ˚yÄ ˆò !û˛§‰ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ §ühflÏ !Ó˛õò
!öˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈöñ Îye#!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~•z ü)!ï≈˛!ê˛•z ≤ÃyÎ˚ ΈÏÌ‹T ï˛y «˛üy ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ çöƒ– •yçyÓ˚
•yçyÓ˚ !ܲˆÏ°y!üê˛yÓ˚ ˆâyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ä ~ï˛Ó˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆü¢yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ ü)!ï≈˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ
Îye#!ê˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚Ä ˆÓ!¢ û˛yˆÏ°y ˆ°ˆÏàˆÏåÈ–
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xyüÓ˚y !§Óy!hflÏÎ˚yÄÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°!åÈ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ ˆ§rê˛ !§Óy!hflÏÎ˚yö ã˛yˆÏã≈˛ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚
˛õy°y– Äë˛yÓ˚ ˛õÌê˛y áyí˛¸y– Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ •° ò!«˛î!òˆÏܲÓ˚
òÓ˚çyê˛yñ ˆÎê˛y ˆÓ˚ˆÏö§Ñy§ xyˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ ~ܲ òyÓ˚&î !öò¢≈ö– ~ˆÏï˛ fl∫yû˛y!Óܲû˛yˆÏÓ•z üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
û˛yflÒÎ≈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ !ܲv ˆ§ê˛y ~áyˆÏö á%Ó §%!ö˛õ%îû˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆ§•z §ühflÏ °ï˛y˛õyï˛y
Ä ç#ÓçvÓ˚ û˛yflÒÎ≈Ä Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Îy ~ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ §ÓyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆöy§y ˆ§öˆÏ•yÓ˚y ˆò ˆ@’y!Ó˚Î˚yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y x!ï˛Ó˚!Oï˛ åÈ!Óñ Îy ü•ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚
§ˆÏD áy˛õ áyÎ˚ñ ˆÎ ü•_¥ §Ó§üˆÏÎ˚•z ˆÎ Óƒ!_´ ï˛y °yû˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ Óy ÎyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛y Ó!£Ï≈ï˛
•ˆÏFåÈ ˆ§•z Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ •ÄÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
°yˆÏày§ÈÙÈ~ ~ܲê˛y òy§ ˆÜ˛öyˆÏÓã˛yÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚Ä Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ Î!òÄ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ê˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ á%Ó à!Ó≈ï˛
üˆÏö •Î˚ öy– ~ê˛y ≤Ãy§y ˆò ˆÓ˚˛õy!ÓœÜ˛yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ í˛zÑã%˛ ܲÓ˚y ≤’ƒyê˛ú˛ˆÏü≈Ó˚ üˆÏï˛yñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏé˛
ܲï˛Ü˛=ˆÏ°y !˛õ°yÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈ– ~•z çyÎ˚àyˆÏï˛•z ≤Ã!¢«˛î≤ÃyÆ !öˆÏ@ˇÃy ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï Ä §%ˆÏí˛Ô°
hflψÏöÓ˚ !öˆÏ@ˇÃy ü!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ !ö°yü ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ°yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yˆÏöy •ï˛ !ܲöy ï˛y çyöy ÎyÎ˚
öy– Îáö Îye#!ê˛ ÓyçyÓ˚!ê˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ°ö !ï˛!ö ≤ÃyÎ˚ á%шÏç ˛õy!FåȈϰö öy– Óy!í˛¸ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚
!ç!ö§˛õe Ä ˆüyê˛Ó˚Óy•zˆÏܲ ˆflÒyÎ˚ƒyÓ˚ê˛y û˛!ï≈˛ñ ˆÎö xyô%!öܲ Î%à ï˛yÓ˚ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ühflÏ
üÎ˚°y òyˆÏàÓ˚ !ã˛•´ ü%ˆÏåÈ ˆú˛°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏåÈ– Îye#!ê˛ Î!ò °yˆÏày§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ «˛üï˛y¢y°# ˆÜ˛í˛z
•ˆÏï˛ö ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~áyˆÏö !ܲå%È !¢Ü˛° °y!àˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛öó ˆÎáyˆÏö üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ àÓy!ò˛õ÷Ó˚
üˆÏï˛y !Ó!e´ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ ï˛y ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö xyÓ˚ §Ω˛Óï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ÄÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ü)!ï≈˛
Ó˚yáˆÏï˛öñ ˆÎüö òü ~!Ó˚ܲ !Î!ö ~•z ÓƒÓ§y ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãû)˛ï˛ °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö–
ï˛yÓ˚ üöˆÏܲ ¢yhsˇ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ Îye#!ê˛ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï §yö ~ïÑ˛!öÄ òy °yˆÏày§ ~Ó˚ ã˛yˆÏã˛≈ ˆàˆÏ°ö–
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ê˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ !ܲå%È üˆÏö •Î˚ öyó áy!° ˛õyÌÓ˚ñ ~ܲê˛y áy!° Ü%˛°%!Dñ ¢C
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆâÓ˚y ~ܲê˛y ˆåÈyê˛ ˆày° çyöy°yñ ~ܲ•zÓ˚ܲüû˛yˆÏÓ ˆáyòy•z ܲÓ˚y xy!û˛çy!ï˛Ü˛ !ã˛•´–
!ܲv ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ï˛ ˆ§yöy!° ˆáyòy•z ܲyçñ ~ï˛ Ü˛yˆÏë˛Ó˚ ˆáyòy•zñ
fl;˛°ñ ˆ¢Ü˛í˛¸ Óy °ï˛yÎ˚ ~ï˛ Ü˛yê˛y !ã˛Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆã˛Ó˚yÓ SÎyÓ˚y ~ï˛ öyò%§ö%ò%§ ˆÎ ï˛y ¢y°#öï˛yÓ˚
üyey åÈyí˛¸yÎ˚Vñ ~ï˛ àyÓ˚àˆÏÎ˚°1 ~ÓÇ !ú˛àyÓ˚ˆÏ•ˆÏí˛Ó˚2ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï Îye#!ê˛Ó˚ §üÎ˚
~° ~•z §Ó!ܲå%ÈÓ˚ §yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚y Îy ï˛yÓ˚ xy!ôˆÏܲƒÓ˚ çöƒ ã˛yÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ òü
xyê˛ˆÏܲ ˆòÎ˚ xÌã˛ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ~ܲ ü•ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆÓyôÄ çyàyÎ˚– ˆòˆÏá üˆÏö •Î˚ §yö ~ïÑ˛!öÄ
1. ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆáyòy•z ܲÓ˚y òyöÓ#Î˚ ü)!ï≈˛–
2. §yôyÓ˚îï˛ çy•yˆÏçÓ˚ §yüˆÏö °yàyˆÏöy xyÓ«˛ ˆáyòy•z ü)!ï≈˛–
 ˛õï%≈˛!àç ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Ó°y •Î˚ öy † 71
òy °yˆÏày§ÈÙÈ~ ˆ§Ó˚y ܲyë˛ÈÙȈáyòy•zܲyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ üyÌy ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ áyÓ˚y˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ó ÓyˆÏÓ˚yܲ
Î%ˆÏà Îy !ܲå%È í˛zqy!Óï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ó•z ~áyˆÏö Óï≈˛üyö– ~áyˆÏö §Ó!ܲå%È•z á%Ó û˛yˆÏ°yû˛yˆÏÓ
ܲÓ˚y öÎ˚ñ ~ÓÇ §Ó§üˆÏÎ˚ ï˛y e&!ê˛•#öÄ öÎ˚ !ܲv ~•z û%˛°=ˆÏ°yÄ §Ó!ü!°ˆÏÎ˚ üˆÏö òyà
ܲyê˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– e&!ê˛ Îáö öçˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆã˛yá ˆÌˆÏü ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ e&!ê˛Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ã˛yÎ˚ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚•z SÎye#!ê˛Ó˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚V ï˛yˆÏܲ û˛y!§ˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ òyöÓ#Î˚ ö,ï˛ƒ– Î!ò
x‹Tyò¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õƒyˆÏöˆÏ° xy!dܲ í˛zß!¨ ï˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ ˆ§hsˇ xƒysi!öÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ Óî≈öy SˆÎê˛yˆÏܲ
°%ˆÏ°ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !ã˛eܲÓ˚ Ó˚y§!ܲˆÏöy ~Ó˚ ܲyç ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲÓ˚y •Î˚V öy ÌyÜ˛ï˛ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•zÓ˚ܲü
çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏö ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢•z ~ï˛Ó˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ ˛õy!Ì≈Ó ≤Èϰyû˛öñ ˆ§áyˆÏö ≤ÃyÌ≈öyÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y
!öˆÏÎ˚ ΈÏÌ‹T §ˆÏ®• ÌyÜ˛ï˛–
ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ åÈyòê˛y !˛õˆÏ˛õÈÙÈ!á°yˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y xyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ò%ɧy•§# ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ xÑyܲy åÈ!Ó Îy
áyí˛¸y ˆòÎ˚y° ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ xö%ܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ üyˆÏÓ≈ˆÏ°Ó˚ hflÏΩ˛ñ ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ çyöy°y ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ
ˆáyò !á°yöê˛y•zñ ˆÎê˛yˆÏܲ ÓyhflˆÏ ÓÏ Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏöܲ ˆÓ!¢ ò)ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ӈϰ üˆÏö •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yöy=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
ã˛yÓ˚çö §%§üyã˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲ Îye#!ê˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ §ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !§!°Ç ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆé˛y°yˆÏöy ì˛yˆÏ° xy!û˛çy!ï˛Ü˛ !ã˛•´ xÑyܲyñ x‹Tyò¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÎÓ˚ܲüê˛y ÌyÜ˛ï˛– ~ê˛y •°
≤Ãï˛yÓ˚îyÓ˚ Ó˚yçƒñ ܲ“öyÓ˚ Ó˚y烖 !ܲv Îye#!ê˛ §ï˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD•z Ó°ˆÏÓö ˆÎ ~ê˛y òyÓ˚&îû˛yˆÏÓ
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– çƒy!ü!ï˛Ó˚ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°OˆÏÜ˛Ä òyÓ˚&îû˛yˆÏÓ çÎ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆÜ˛ ~шÏܲˆÏåÈö ~•z
!§!°Ç⁄ ˆÜ˛í˛z çyˆÏö öy–
ˆÎ ˆÜ˛í˛z ã˛yã≈˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ çyò%âˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚öñ !ܲÇÓy §Ó˚y§!Ó˚•z ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö– °yˆÏày§ÈÙÈ~
ˆÓ¢ !ܲå%È ò¢≈ö#Î˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ fliyö Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆÎ=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ û˛yˆÏ°yû˛yˆÏÓ !ÓÓÓ˚î ˆòÄÎ˚yñ
˛õƒy!°Ä!°!Ìܲ Î%à ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚yüyö Î%à ˛õÎ≈hsˇ– Îye#!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ïû˛yˆÏÓ ˛õåÈ® ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö
xy•zˆÏÓ!Ó˚Î˚yö Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ !ç!ö§=ˆÏ°y ≠ ~ܲê˛y ˆÓ yˆÏOÓ˚ ˆ•°ˆÏüê˛ñ •yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆåÈyê˛
ü)!ï≈˛ñ ˆ§Ó˚y!üˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õye ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚Ä xöƒyöƒ !ç!ö§˛õe– ü)!ï≈˛ê˛y xq$ï˛ó ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y •yï˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ Ó%ܲê˛y ì˛yܲyñ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲê˛y •yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÔöyDñ ú˛ˆÏ° ~ê˛y Ó°y x§Ω˛Ó ~ê˛y ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ü)!ï≈˛
öy öyÓ˚# ü)!ï≈˛– !ܲv çyò%âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ö,Ü%˛°!ÓK˛yö !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xÇ¢ê˛y §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ xyܲ£Ï≈ˆÏîÓ˚
òy!Ó Ó˚yˆÏá– ~ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ xyM˛È!°Ü˛ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyçñ ÎyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ @ˇÃyüƒ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ Ä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà≤Ãîy°# û˛yˆÏ°yû˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ xyÓ˚ !ܲå%È ˆë˛°y ày!í˛¸ñ ˆöÔܲyñ üyåÈ ôÓ˚yÓ˚ §Ó˚Oyü
~ÓÇ ~ܲê˛y ç°ã˛ˆÏe´Ó˚ üˆÏí˛°– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !ܲå%È º*î !ÓÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ öü%öyÄ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈó ò%•z üyÌyÄÎ˚y°y ~ܲê˛y !Óí˛¸y°ñ åÈÎ˚ ˛õy ÄÎ˚y°y ~ܲê˛y åÈyà°åÈyöy ~ÓÇ
xöƒyöƒ !ܲå%È !ç!ö§ Îy xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yû˛y!Óܲï˛yÓ˚ Ä e&!ê˛•#öï˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ «%˛] ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ܲv §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ °yˆÏày§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ çyò%âˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÓyhflψÏÓ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y ˆÎ ày•zí˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ S~ÓÇ !ï˛!ö !ܲ ú˛yˆÏÓ˚yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y•z çyò%âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xôƒ«˛ñ !Î!ö ˆ§ ܲÌy fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
˛õˆÏ«˛ á%Ó•z °yç%ܲ⁄V– Îye#!ê˛ Îáö ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ú˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ §yüˆÏö Óy ܲˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚
§yüˆÏö Óy xyM˛È!°Ü˛ ˆ˛õy¢yܲ ˛õÓ˚y ü)!ï≈˛Ó˚ §yüˆÏö òÑyí˛¸y!FåȈϰö ˆ˛õåÈö ˆÌˆÏܲ !ú˛§!ú˛§
fl∫ˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ÷öˆÏï˛ ˛õy!FåȈϰö ày•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ Óƒyáƒyñ x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö#Î˚ û˛yˆÏÓ ˛≤Ã!ï˛ÓyÓ˚•z ÎyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï
ܲÌy Úüyö%£ÛÏ – xyÓ˚Ä û˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°ñ ôÓ˚&ö Îye#!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓˆÏï˛Ó˚ é%˛!í˛¸Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏåÈöñ ˆÎê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ !ö!ò≈‹T ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çöƒ ~ܲòü §!ë˛Ü˛ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈó ày•zí˛!ê˛ ˛õy
!ê˛ˆÏ˛õ !ê˛ˆÏ˛õ xy§ˆÏÓö xyÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏÓö ≠ ÚˆçˆÏ°Ó˚ é%˛!í˛¸Û– ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ fl∫“ !ÓÓ˚!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÎö
!ï˛!ö Ó°ˆÏåÈö ~ê˛y ܲyÓ˚ ܲyçñ !ï˛!ö ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö ≠ Úüyö%£ÏÛ– ~Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ §ˆÏ®•
72 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆö•z– ï˛yÓ˚ ÎyeyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~ˆÏ§ °yˆÏày§ÈÙÈ~ Îye#!ê˛ x!hsˇü ¢∑!ê˛ ÷öˆÏ°ö–
çyò%âˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ á!öç oÓƒñ fiê˛ƒy¡õñ xyM˛È!°Ü˛ •z!ï˛•y§ Sòü üƒyö%ˆÏÎ˚°ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
çöƒ ôöƒÓyòVñ ˛õï˛yܲyñ åÈ!Óñ ˛õyã≈˛ˆÏüˆÏrê˛Ó˚ §Ç@ˇÃ•– Îye#!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ≤Ãò¢≈ö#Î˚ !ç!öˆÏ§Ó˚
üˆÏôƒ §Ω˛Óï˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ •° ~ܲ ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ¢ï˛Ü˛#Î˚ !í˛˛õ!ê˛á‰3 ˆÎê˛yˆÏܲ ú ˛y!™ˆÏflÒy
ˆò ܲƒyˆÏ¡õy§‰ ~Ó˚ ܲyç Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ÎyˆÏï˛ !ã˛!eï˛ xƒyöƒyö‰!§ˆÏÎ˚¢ö4 ~ÓÇ
ˆ≤ÈÏçˆÏrê˛¢ö‰5– ÷ô% ~ê˛y•z °yˆÏày§ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ΈÏÌ‹T ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!ܲv ~áö Îye#!ê˛ !ú˛!öˆÏhflÏÓ˚Ó˚y ò% §%°ÈÙÈ~ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö– ~ê˛y•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï §#üyöy– xÓ¢ƒ•z
xöƒyöƒ @ˇÃyü Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆÎüö ~!flõˆÏ§ñ xy°‰üyˆÏòöyñ Ó%ˆÏòÑ¢ñ Ó˚yˆÏ˛õyçy•zÓ˚y Óy !û˛°y ò% !Óflõ%ñ
!ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y e´ü¢•z ܲüˆÏåÈ Ä xˆÏöܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ò)ˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ~•z§Ó ~°yܲyÎ˚ •!°ˆÏí˛ •yí˛z§=ˆÏ°y
öy Ìyܲï˛ñ ~ çyÎ˚àyê˛y §•ˆÏç•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ_´ çOyˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ï˛–
Îye#!ê˛ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆ˛õÑÔåȈÏï˛ ÓƒyÜ%˛°– ï˛yˆÏܲ ~áöÄ Ó˚yˆÏ˛õyçy•zÓ˚yÈÙÈˆï˛ xÓ!fliï˛ ã˛yˆÏã≈˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ– Ä•z ã˛yˆÏã≈˛Ó˚ ê˛yÄÎ˚yÓ˚ x‹Tû%˛çyܲyÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏö Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆöy§y ˆ§öˆÏ•yÓ˚y ˆò
~öܲyÓ˚öy§yÄÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ¢ï˛Ü˛#Î˚ ˆ˛õ•z!rê˛Çñ Îy «˛!ï˛@ˇÃhflÏ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ä ~áöÄ §%®Ó˚–
ܲyˆÏåÈ•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆöy§y ˆ§öÑÓ˚y ò% =òy°%˛õÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ã˛ƒyˆÏ˛õ°ñ Îy eˆÏÎ˚yò¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ öy•zê˛ˆÏòÓ˚
§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ §ˆÏû˛ƒÓ˚ myÓ˚y fliy!˛õï˛ •Î˚– ˆ§áyˆÏö Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆ◊¤˛ !ܲå%È !á°yö Îy Îye#!ê˛ ~áöÄ
ˆòˆÏáö!ö– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!ö !ÓfløÎ˚y!û˛û)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏÓö !û˛°y ò% !Óflõ%ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ã˛yˆÏã≈˛Ó˚ §yòy
ˆí˛yü !ܲv ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓö öy ܲyÓ˚î ˛õy!o ¢•Ó˚ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛í˛z
çyˆÏö öy !ï˛!ö ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚– !ܲv ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hsˇ !ï˛!ö ˆ§yçy ˛õˆÏÌ §yˆÏ@ˇÃ§‰ÈÙÈ~ ÎyˆÏÓö– ˆ§áyö
ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ§yàÓ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ܲƒyÓ ò §Ñ !ûÖ˛ˆÏ§hsˇÈÙÈ~ ÎyˆÏÓö– ~•zÓyÓ˚ •yÄÎ˚y ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚
§ü%ˆoÏ Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ Ó•zˆåÏ È– !òܲ !ë˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ çöƒ ~áyˆÏö ~ܲê˛y !Ó¢y° •yÄÎ˚y ܲ¡õy§ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ È–
•yÄÎ˚y Ä ˆçyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆì˛í˛z ü¢°y m#˛õ˛õ%O6 xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çöƒ çy•yç ˛õyë˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛
§!ë˛Ü˛– !ܲv Îye#!ê˛ Óy!í˛¸ !ú˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yö– !ï˛!ö xyÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓö öy– áyí˛¸y•z ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ °¡∫û˛yˆÏÓ §ü%o !ë˛Ü˛ ˛õM˛Èy¢ !üê˛yÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛– ï˛°yÎ˚ ˆì˛í˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y !öÉ¢ˆÏ∑ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚
ày ô%•zˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏFåÈ– ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yê˛y•z ~ܲ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y–
Îye#!ê˛ ï˛#Ó˚ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö– !ï˛!ö ï˛yÓ˚ Îyey§)!ã˛Ó˚ xhsˇû%≈˛_´ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö
xy°‰ˆÏçç%Ó˚ ÎyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸=!° §yÓ˚ ˆÓшÏô Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ñ •yÄÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ñ
xˆÏò!üÓ˚yñ !û˛°y öû˛y ˆò !ü°ú˛hsˇ§‰ ~ÓÇ !üÓ˚y öò#Ó˚ ¢yhsˇ ˆüy•öyñ Îy ~áö ÓöƒyÓ˚ çˆÏ°
û˛Ó˚˛õ%Ó˚ öÎ˚ñ !§ˆÏö§ñ ÎyÓ˚ ÓÑyô û˛yäy ç°ˆÏܲ §ü%o •z!ï˛üˆÏôƒ•z •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚
!ï˛!ö §y!hsˇÎy˚ ˆÏày ò% ˆÜ˛ˆÏ§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xöƒyöƒ ôùǧyӈϢˆÏ£Ï ÎyˆÏÓö– ÎyˆÏÓö !üÓ˚!Ó àyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yüyö
¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏö ≤Ãyã˛#ö ˆÓ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ܲ òyÓ˚&î ˛õ!Õ‘ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ– ï˛y üˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
ܲ“öyÓ˚ üyÎ˚yçy° ˆÓyˆÏö ˆÎö ˆê˛yày ˛õ!Ó˚!•ï˛ ˆÓ˚yüyöÓ˚y ˆflÒyÎ˚ƒyˆÏÓ˚ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ ú˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚
Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Ä §%ò)Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ xy•zˆÏöÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~•z ˆòˆÏ¢•z !ï˛!ö !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚
ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö– ï˛yÓ˚ Îyey ˆ¢£Ï–
3. ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ˛õƒyˆÏö° ܲÓ˚y ˆ˛õ•z!rê˛Ç ÎyˆÏܲ Ó•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
4. Ü%˛üyÓ˚# ˆü!Ó˚ˆÏܲ !Î÷Ó˚ çˆÏß√Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÓò)ï˛ ˆà!Ó ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óyï≈˛y K˛y˛õö–
5. Presentation of Jesus at the Temple
6. Spice isles.

§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚
[ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏåÈö ≠ òˆÏO!°öy ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y]
......
xö%Óyò ≠ í˛zòÎ˚¢ÇܲÓ˚ Óü≈y
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ xy˛õöyÓ˚ üö ˆÜ˛üö ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ~ê˛y !ë˛Ü˛ !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ üö ˆÜ˛üö ܲÓ˚y Óy öy ܲÓ˚y öÎ˚– Î!ò ~•z üö
ˆÜ˛üö ܲÓ˚yñ ܲ!ÓÓ˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏ° ~•z ˆ§!rê˛ˆÏürê˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆüÓ˚&òˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆ§•z
¢#ï˛° xö%û)˛!ï˛ ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚ xy!ü ï˛y xö%û˛Ó ܲ!Ó˚ öy– xy!ü !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌy
û˛y!Ó– ÄáyˆÏö xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ Ó¶%˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ È xyÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛üˆÏôƒ•z xyüÓ˚y ÄáyˆÏö
Îy•zñ !ܲv !°§ÓˆÏö xy!ü ~áö Îy xö%û˛Ó ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y •°ñ xy!ü çy!ö öy
xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÎyÓ– xy!ü ~áö xyÓ˚ çy!ö öy !°§ÓˆÏö ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•Î˚– Îáö xy!ü ~áyˆÏö !ܲå%È!òˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒñ Óy ò%Û ~ܲ §ÆyˆÏ•Ó˚ çöƒ Ìy!ܲ
xy!ü xÓ¢ƒ•z xyüyÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏöy xû˛ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy•z– !ܲv xy!ü
§Ó§üˆÏÎ˚•z ~áyˆÏö Îï˛ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ §Ω˛Ó !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yÓ˚ ܲÌy û˛y!Ó– xy!ü
~•z çyÎ˚ày xyÓ˚ ~áyöܲyÓ˚ ˆ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õåÈ® ܲ!Ó˚– xy!ü ~áyˆÏö û˛yˆÏ°y•z
Ìy!ܲ– xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ öy xy!ü ܲáöÄ ~áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÓ– •Ñƒyñ xy!ü
ÎyÓ Ü˛yÓ˚î ˆ¢£ÏˆÏü¢ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §Óy•zˆÏܲ•z ~ܲ!òö §Ó ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ
!ܲv xy!ü ÷ô%üye xyüyÓ˚ •zFåÈyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛•z ÎyÓ–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ xy˛õ!ö ÌyܲˆÏï˛ö ~ÓÇ ~ï˛ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ï˛y ˆåȈÏí˛¸
Îáö xy˛õ!ö °ƒyOyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ°öñ xy˛õ!ö !ܲ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD•z !öˆÏçˆÏܲ
üy!öˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏ°ö⁄ öy!ܲ xy˛õ!ö xy˛õöyÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ܲü≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xû˛yÓˆÏÓyô
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö⁄
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ xy!ü §•ˆÏç•z üy!öˆÏÎ˚ !ö•z– xy!ü !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ˆ§•z ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ üyö%£Ï ӈϰ üˆÏö
ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ç#Óö ç!ê˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ° öy– xy!ü §Ó§üˆÏÎ˚•z !öˆÏçÓ˚
ç#Óö ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏܲ öyê˛Ü˛#Î˚ öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y ˆ§ û˛yˆÏ°y•z ˆ•yܲ Óy
áyÓ˚y˛õ– xy!ü Ä•z ü%•)ï≈˛=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆflÀú˛ Îy˛õö ܲ!Ó˚– xy!ü xÓ¢ƒ•z ò%Éá
˛õy•zñ xy!ü ~ê˛y xö%û˛Ó ܲ!Ó˚ !ܲv xy!ü....xöƒû˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ° xy!ü xyܲ£Ïî≈ #Î˚
•ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ á%Ñ!ç öy–
xy!ü ~áö ~ܲê˛y Ó•z !°á!åÈ– xyüyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ xˆÏöܲ ˆÓ!¢ xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚
xy˛õöyˆÏܲ Ó°y ܲ# Îsfîy xy!ü §•ƒ ܲÓ˚!åÈñ ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õyÎ˚ˆÏî ˆÎ §ü§ƒyñ
ç!ê˛° öƒyˆÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏû˛Ó˚ é˛yˆÏü°y– xy!ü Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!åÈ ˆÎ xy!ü ï˛y•z ܲ!Ó˚ Îy
xyüyˆÏܲ Îï˛ê˛y §Ω˛Ó fl∫yû˛y!Óܲû˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆ°áyê˛y
•° ã˛yܲ!Ó˚– xy!ü xyüyÓ˚ ܲyçˆÏܲ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy !•§yˆÏÓ ˆò!á öy
ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD !ܲå%È Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆö•z– xy!ü ~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛yñ Óy
74 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
~ܲê˛yÓ˚ §yüˆÏö xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ¢∑ §yçy•z ~ܲê˛y à“ Ó°yÓ˚ çöƒñ ~üö ~ܲê˛y
!ܲå%È Ó°yÓ˚ çöƒ Îy xy!ü =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Óy í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲ!Ó˚ñ xhsˇï˛
xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !ܲå%È öÎ˚– xy!ü ~ê˛yˆÏܲ xyüyÓ˚ ܲyç ӈϰ üˆÏö
ܲ!Ó˚–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ xy˛õ!ö ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄ xy˛õ!ö !ܲ ˆÓ˚yç ˆ°ˆÏáö⁄
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ Îáö xy!ü ~üö ܲyˆÏç !öÓ˚ï˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçöñ SˆÎüö ôÓ˚&ö
í˛z˛õöƒy§Vñ xy!ü ˆÓ˚yç !°!á– xÓ¢ƒ•z xy!ü Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ §ÓÓ˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ ÓyôyÓ˚
ü%ˆÏáyü%!á ••z ~ÓÇ ºüˆÏîÓ˚ ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÄ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó¶˛Ü˛ï˛y âˆÏê˛ñ !ܲv ï˛y Óyò !òˆÏ°
xy!ü û˛#£Ïî !öÎ˚!üï˛– xy!ü û˛#£Ïî !öÎ˚üüy!ú˛Ü˛– xy!ü !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ˆçyÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚
öy ˆÓ˚yç !ö!ò≈‹T ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ â^ˇê˛y ܲyç ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ çöƒñ !ܲv xy!ü ˆÓ˚yç !ö!ò≈‹T
˛õ!Ó˚üyî ܲyç ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zñ ˆÎê˛y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ò%Û ˛õ,¤˛y– xyç §Ü˛yˆÏ°
xy!ü ~ܲê˛y öï%˛ö í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ò%•z ˛õ,¤˛y !°ˆÏá!åÈñ ܲy° xyÓ˚Ä ò%•z ˛õ,¤˛y
!°áÓ– xy˛õ!ö û˛yÓˆÏï˛•z ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö ˆÎ ˆÓ˚yç ò%•z ˛õ,¤˛y á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ öÎ˚ñ !ܲv
xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛yç Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Îy xyüyˆÏܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈxöƒyöƒ ˆ°áyñ !ã˛!ë˛Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚
ˆòÄÎ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y ˆÓ˚yç ò%Û˛õyï˛y !°áˆÏ° ÓåȈÏÓ˚ ï˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚ xyê˛ˆÏ¢y
˛õyï˛y òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚– ˆ¢£ÏˆÏü¢ñ xy!ü ˆÓ¢ fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ– xyüyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xq$ï˛ fl∫û˛yÓ
ˆö•z– xy!ü öyê˛Ü˛#Î˚ï˛y ܲ!Ó˚ öy– §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ñ xy!ü ˆ°áyÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yˆÏܲ
ˆÓ˚yüy!rê˛§y•zç ܲ!Ó˚ öy– §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ xy!ü ˆÎ Îsfîy §•ƒ ܲ!Ó˚ xy!ü
ï˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ Ó!° öy– úÑ˛yܲy ˛õ,¤˛yÓ˚ û˛Î˚ñ Ó˚y•zê˛y§≈ ÓœÜ˛ñ ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎ§Ó xyüÓ˚y ÷!ö ï˛y xyüyÓ˚ ˆö•z– Ä•z §ü§ƒy=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛yÄ xyüyÓ˚
ˆö•zñ !ܲv ˆÎˆÏܲyöÄ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° xöƒ ˆÎˆÏܲyöÄ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÎÓ˚ܲü
§ü§ƒy ÌyˆÏܲ xyüyÓ˚ ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xˆÏöܲ §üÎ˚ ˆ§Ó˚ܲü âˆÏê˛ öy xy!ü
ˆÎÓ˚ܲüê˛y ã˛y•zñ Óy xˆÏöܲ §üÎ˚ !ܲå%È •Î˚•z öy– Îáö ˆ§Ó˚ܲü âˆÏê˛ öy !ë˛Ü˛
ˆÎÓ˚ܲü xy!ü ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yüñ xyüyˆÏܲ Óyôƒ •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y ˆÎÓ˚ܲü ï˛yˆÏܲ
ˆ§û˛yˆÏÓ•z @ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ xy˛õ!ö !ܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏáö⁄
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ •Ñƒyñ xy!ü ï˛y•z ܲ!Ó˚– Üœ˛y!§Ü˛ ê˛y•z˛õÓ˚y•zê˛yˆÏÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ˆ°áy ˆ¢£Ï Ó•z Ú!°§Óö
xÓˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏôÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§Û– §!ï˛ƒ ܲÌy •° !ܲˆÏÓyˆÏí˛≈ üy!öˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏï˛ xyüyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
§ü§ƒy•z •Î˚!ö– ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˜¢°#Ó˚ «˛!ï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ Îy Ó°y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ xy!ü üˆÏö ܲ!Ó˚ öy ~ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ «˛!ï˛ •Î˚ñ xhsˇï˛ Î!ò ~ê˛y
ˆ§û˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ xy!ü ܲ!Ó˚ ê˛y•z˛õÓ˚y•zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ–
xy!ü ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§ê˛y•z ܲ!Ó˚ xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~áöÄ ê˛y•z˛õÓ˚y•zê˛yÓ˚
ÌyܲˆÏ° ˆÎê˛y ܲÓ˚ï˛yüñ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒê˛y ÷ô% ~•z ˆÎ ~ê˛y ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ñ ˆÓ!¢
xyÓ˚yüòyÎ˚ܲ xyÓ˚ o&ï˛ï˛Ó˚– §Ó!ܲå%È•z xyÓ˚Ä û˛yˆÏ°y– xyüyÓ˚ ˆ°áyÎ˚
ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ ˆö•z– ÄÓ˚ܲü Ó°ˆÏ° òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ˆÎ •yˆÏï˛
ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ê˛y•z˛õÓ˚y•zê˛yˆÏÓ˚ !°áˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Ä ˜¢°#Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö •ˆÏÓ–
xy!ü üˆÏö ܲ!Ó˚ öy ï˛y •Î˚– Î!ò ܲyÓ˚ÄÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˜¢°# ÌyˆÏܲñ !öˆÏçÓ˚
¢∑û˛y[˛yÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ ï˛y ˛õy°ê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ï⁄
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ † 75
Îy•zˆ•Ï yܲñ xyüyÓ˚ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ §ˆÏDñ åÈy˛õy ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyüyÓ˚ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y
¢!_´¢y°# ˆÎyà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ S~ÓÇ ~ê˛y fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ ˆÎ xyüyÓ˚ ï˛y Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛V–
åÈy˛õyˆÏöy ܲyàç åÈyí˛¸y xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚....
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ ˆÎ xy˛õöyÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓ ≤Ãüyî ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ •Ñƒyñ ˆ§ê˛y•z–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ ≤Ã!ï˛!òö Ä•z ò%•z ˛õ,¤˛y ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xy˛õ!ö !ܲ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö âê˛yö⁄
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ Îáö xy!ü ~ܲê˛y ܲyç ˆ¢£Ï ܲ!Ó˚ñ xy!ü ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ˆ°áyê˛y xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!í˛¸–
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ä•z §üÎ˚ !ܲå%È ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö •Î˚– ˜¢°# Óy !ö!ò≈‹T !í˛ˆÏê˛•z° §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛öñ Óy ˆ°áyê˛y xyÓ˚Ä §!ë˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛öÈÙÙÙÈ!ܲv ܲáöÄ•z Óí˛¸
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö öÎ˚– xyüyÓ˚ ˆ°áyÓ˚ öÓù•z ¢ï˛yÇ¢•z xyüyÓ˚ ˆ°áyê˛yÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ xyÓ˚
ï˛y ÄÓ˚ܲü•z ÌyˆÏܲ– xˆÏöܲ ˆ°áܲ•z ˆÎê˛y ܲˆÏÓö˚ à“ê˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ü%˛!í˛¸ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚
§yÓ˚yÇ¢ ˆ°áyñ ˆÎê˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ xy!¢ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ Ó˚*˛õyhsˇ!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚
xyí˛¸y•zˆ¢Ï y ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ñ xy!ü ï˛y ܲ!Ó˚ öy– xy!ü ÄÓ˚ܲü ܲ!Ó˚ öy– xyüyÓ˚ Ó•z=ˆÏ°y
Ó•z !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ§áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ĈÏ벖 ~áö xyüyÓ˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ ~ܲê˛y öï%˛ö í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ~ܲˆÏ¢y Ó!e¢ ˛õ,¤˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆÎê˛yˆÏܲ xy!ü
~ܲˆÏ¢y xy!¢ ˛õ,¤˛yÎ˚ ˛õy°ê˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚Ó öy– ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ§ê˛y•z– ~•z ˛õ,¤˛y=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ˆ§Ó˚ܲü
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö öÎ˚ ˆÎê˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö •ï˛ Î!ò xy!ü ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ܲå%ÈÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü á§í˛¸yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ï˛yü ˆÎê˛y fl∫yû˛y!Óܲû˛yˆÏÓ•z ˜òˆÏâ≈ƒ Óy !ӣψÏÎ˚ xöƒ ˆã˛•yÓ˚y
!öï˛– ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö ˆÎê%˛Ü%˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y üyˆÏöyߨÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !ܲå%È
öÎ˚–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ ï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏö xy˛õ!ö ~ܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy !öˆÏÎ˚•z ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ •Ñƒyñ xy!ü ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏö ˆ˛õÑÔåȈïÏ ˛ ˆàˆÏ° xyüyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚
ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲv ~ê˛y
ܲáöÄ•z ôÓ˚yÓÑyôy ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“öy öÎ˚– ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ xy!ü ï˛y•z Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z xy!ü
ˆÎê˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zñ !ܲv ˆ§•z í˛zˆÏj¢ƒÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ öüö#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xy!ü
~ê˛y ˆÓyé˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ çöƒ ~•z í˛z˛õüyê˛y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ≠ xy!ü çy!ö ˆÎ xy!ü
!°§Óö ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ˛õyˆÏï≈˛yÈÙÈ~ ÎyÓ !ܲv xy!ü çy!ö öy ˆÎ Îyeyê˛y §Ó˚° ˆÓ˚áyÎ˚
•ˆÏÓ !ܲ öy– xy!ü ~üöܲ# ܲyˆÏhflˆÏ ° Ï y Ó yˆÏB˛y •ˆÏÎÄ
˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎê˛y ˆÓyܲyÓ˚
üˆÏï˛y ˆ¢yöyÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ܲyˆÏhflψϰy Ó yˆÏB˛y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ üôƒáyˆÏöÈÙÙÙÈ≤ÃyÎ˚ flõƒy!ö¢
§#üyˆÏhsˇÈÙÙÙÈxyÓ˚ !°§Óö Ä ˆ˛õyˆÏï≈˛y ò%ˆÏê˛y•z xƒyê˛°ƒy!rê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎê˛y
xy!ü Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z ˆ§ê˛y •°ñ xy!ü ˆÎ ˆÓ˚áy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y çyÎ˚ày ˆÌˆÏܲ
xöƒ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ Îyï˛yÎ˚yï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ ï˛y §Ó§üÎ˚•z §!˛õ≈°– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~ê˛y
öƒyˆÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏû˛Ó˚ àë˛öˆÏܲ xö%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎê˛yÓ˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~áyˆÏö ÄáyˆÏö !ܲå%È
òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ Îy xyˆÏà òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ !åÈ° öy– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ öƒyˆÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏû˛Ó˚
ˆáÎ˚y° Ó˚yáy í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ܲå%È ˛õ)Ó≈ !öô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ öÎ˚– Î!ò ~ܲê˛y à“ xyˆÏà
ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˛õ)Ó≈!öô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~üöܲ# Î!ò ~ê˛yÄ §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ˆÎ ï˛y àˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï
!í˛ˆÏê˛•z° xÓ!ô ˛õ)Ó≈!öô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ÈÙÙÙȈ§•z ˆ°áy ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ÓƒÌ≈– Ó•z!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛áö
76 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
Óyôƒ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ x!hflψÏcÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z x!hflÏcüyö ÌyܲˆÏï˛– ~ܲê˛y Ó•z
x!hflÏc °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò xyüyˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y Ó•z x!hflÏc °yû˛ ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z
ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ x!hflÏcÓyö ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏö xy!ü ~üö !ܲå%È Ü˛Ó˚!åÈ
ˆÎê˛y ˆÎ à“ê˛y Ó°y •ˆÏFåÈ !ë˛Ü˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ xy˛õ!ö §Ó§üÎ˚ ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö⁄
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ §Ó§üÎ˚– ˆ°áyÓ˚ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ !åÈ° öy– xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚
~û˛yˆÏÓ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ xyüyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §Ω˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ Sxy!ü çy!ö öy xöƒÓ˚y
ܲ# Ó°ˆÏÓöV ~üö ܲyç ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏüy ¢!_´¢y°#– xyüyÓ˚ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ü%•ï) ≈˛ ˆáÎ˚y° Ó˚yˆÏá xyˆÏà ܲ# âˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈ– !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎüö ˆÜ˛í˛z !ܲå%È ÓyöyÓyÓ˚
§üÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ §Ó !ç!ö§ˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Óƒy°y™ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ
~ܲê˛y Ó•zÄ ˆ§û˛yˆÏÓ•z !Óܲy¢ °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y !öˆÏç•z !öˆÏçÓ˚ Î%!_´ á%шÏç
ˆöÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ˛õ)Ó≈!öô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛yë˛yˆÏüyˆÏܲ @ˇÃ•î öy ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# Ó°ˆÏÓö⁄ xy˛õöyÓ˚ àˆÏ“Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚eÓ˚y xy˛õöyˆÏܲ ܲáöÄ
xyÿ˛Î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ xy!ü ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ öy ˆÎ !ܲå%È ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ç#Óö ÌyˆÏܲ
xyÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xö%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ˆ°áܲˆÏܲ §yÓôyö ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛
!ï˛!ö ~ܲê˛y ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~üö !ܲå%È öy ܲÓ˚yö Îy Ä•z ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ Óƒ!_´c
!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ñ !ܲv ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ fl∫yô#öï˛y ˆö•z– ã˛!Ó˚e ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ Ó!®ñ
xyüyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ Ó!®ñ !ܲv ˆ§ ~üöû˛yˆÏÓ Ó!® ˆÎ ˆ§ çyˆÏö öy ˆÎ ˆ§ Ó!®–
ã˛!Ó˚eÓ˚y §%ˆïÏ ˛yÎ˚ Óyôy !ܲv §%ˆïÏ ˛y=ˆÏ°y xy°ày– ã˛!Ó˚eÓ˚y fl∫yô#öï˛yÓ˚ üÓ˚#!ã˛Ü˛y
í˛z˛õˆÏû˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ§áyˆÏö ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy ˆÎáyˆÏö xy!ü ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÎˆÏï˛ !òˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z öy– Îáö ÄÓ˚ܲü •Î˚ñ ˆ°áܲˆÏܲ §%ˆÏï˛y ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆê˛ˆÏö ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
Ó°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ xy!ü ~áyöܲyÓ˚ x!ôܲï≈˛y– ~ܲê˛y à“ ï˛yˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ÓˆÏFåÈòƒ– ã˛!Ó˚eÓ˚y í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ ˆ§•z ܲyë˛yˆÏüyÓ˚ çöƒ Îy ˆ°áܲ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yö– Îáö xy!ü ~ܲê˛y ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ö ܲ!Ó˚ xy!ü çy!ö ï˛yˆÏܲ
xyüyÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çö Ä ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyüyÓ˚ ܲ# °yàˆÏÓñ !ܲv ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛ ï˛áöÄ
!Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚!öñ ï˛y à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏFåÈ– xy!ü ã˛!Ó˚eê˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚!åÈ !ܲv ~ܲ!òܲ
!òˆÏÎ˚ ~ê˛y ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛Ó˚ fl∫!öü≈yî ÎyˆÏï˛ xy!ü §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ܲ!Ó˚– xÌ≈yÍ xy!ü
ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&k˛û˛yˆÏÓ àë˛ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öy– xyüyÓ˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z í˛z!ã˛ï˛
ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛ˆÏܲ §¡øyö ܲÓ˚yñ öy•ˆÏ° ï˛y ~üö ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ Îy ï˛yÓ˚
myÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó öÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó*˚ ˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ xy!ü ~ܲê˛y ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
x˛õÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öy Î!ò ï˛y Ä•z ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ °!çˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– Ä•z
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy åÈyí˛¸y ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ üyˆÏö òÑyí˛¸yˆÏÓ öy– ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ Ä•z ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
öƒy΃ï˛y ≤ÃüyˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ Ä•z ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö– xy!ü ~ܲê˛y í˛zòy•Ó˚î !ò!FåÈ–
ÚÓy°ï˛yçyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Óœü%®yÛ ~ܲê˛y ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ à“– Ó›ï˛ñ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ~ê˛y
~ܲê˛y §%®Ó˚ ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ à“– !ܲv ÷ô% Ó•zê˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~ˆÏ§•z xy!ü ˆáÎ˚y°
ܲÓ˚°yüñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ ܲÌy åÈyí˛¸y•z xy!ü ~ܲê˛y ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ à“ !°ˆÏá!åÈ–
ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ xyüÓ˚y Îy Ó%!é˛ Óy°ï˛yçyÓ˚ Óy !Óœü%®y ˆÜ˛í˛z•z ~ˆÏܲ
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ † 77
x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆ§ ܲÌy=ˆÏ°y ӈϰ öy– ˛õyë˛Ü˛ û˛yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö ˆÎ ~ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛
!ܲv ï˛y öÎ˚– xy!ü•z ≤ÃÌü xyÿ˛Î≈ ••z– xy!ü û˛yÓ°yüñ ~ê˛y ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ xy!ü ~ܲê˛y ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ à“ !°ˆÏá!åÈ ~ܲê˛yÄ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ ܲÌy Óy
§Ç°y˛õ åÈyí˛¸y– ܲ“öy ܲÓ˚&ö ˆÎ û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ §üÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õ%ö§≈ÇflÒÓˆ˚ îÏ
xy!ü ˆéÑ˛yˆÏܲÓ˚ üyÌyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç°y˛õ ˛õy°ê˛y°yü xyÓ˚ ~áyˆÏö ÄáyˆÏö
ò%Û~ܲê˛y ¢∑ ˆì˛yܲy°yüÈÙÙÙȈ§ê˛y §¡õ)îû≈ ˛yˆÏÓ Ä•z ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏòÓ˚ !ü̃y Óî≈öy •ˆÏÓ–
xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚y à“ê˛yÓ˚ Óï≈˛üyö ˆã˛•yÓ˚y öy çyöˆÏ°Ä Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓö ˆÎ ˆ§•z à“ê˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ öy ˆÜ˛yöÄ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ üyˆÏö òÑyí˛¸yˆÏFåÈ öy–
~•z ã˛!Ó˚eÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y ≤ÃÌü ˛õ,¤˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyåÈyܲy!åÈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Ü˛#
ܲˆÏÓ˚ •ë˛yÍ ò%ˆÏ¢y ˛õM˛Èy¢ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Úˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy!§Û⁄
ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ §ï˛ï˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ xy!ü ˆ§ê˛y•z ˆÓyé˛y•z ≠ ï˛yˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~üö ܲyç öy
ܲÓ˚yˆÏöy Îy ï˛yÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ Îyñ ï˛yÓ˚ xhsˇ°≈#ö üyö!§Ü˛ï˛y
ï˛yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyç öy ܲÓ˚yˆÏöy– ܲyÓ˚î í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛!Ó˚e ~ܲ!ê˛
x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ üyö%£Ï– ÚÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xƒyu˛ !˛õ§ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ öyï˛y¢y ~ܲçö x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ üyö%£Ïñ
Úe´y•zü xƒyu˛ ˛õy!ö¢ˆÏürê˛ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚y¢Ü˛°!öܲû˛ ~ܲçö x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ üyö%£Ïñ Úòƒ
ˆÓ˚í˛ xƒyu˛ òƒ ÓœƒyܲÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ç%!°ˆÏÎö˚ ~ܲçö x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ üyö%£Ï §y!•ï˛ƒ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
çö§Çáƒy Óyí˛¸yÎ˚– xyüÓ˚y ~•z !ï˛ö!ê˛ ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏܲ ~Ó˚ܲü üyö%£Ï û˛y!Ó öy ÎyˆÏòÓ˚
x!hflcÏ ˆö•z– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ˆflÀú˛ ~ܲï˛yí˛¸y ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !öü≈yî SÎyˆÏܲ
xyüÓ˚y Ó•z Ó!°V ӈϰ û˛y!Ó öy– xyüÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üyö%£Ï û˛y!Ó–
xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ñ §Ó Å˛õöƒy!§ˆÏܲÓ˚•z Äê˛y•z fl∫≤¿ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y
ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ ã˛!Ó˚e ÚÓƒ!_´ÛˆÏï˛ Ó˚*˛õyhsˇ!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ xy˛õöyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛ˆÏܲ xy˛õ!ö ÚÓƒ!_´Û !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏÓö⁄
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ §Ω˛Óï˛ñ xy!ü xö%üyö ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ û%˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°!åÈñ !ܲv §!ï˛ƒ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛
ܲ#ñ xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ Úòƒ üƒyö%Î˚y° xú˛ ˆ˛õ•z!rê˛Ç xƒyu˛ ܲƒy!°@ˇÃy!ú˛ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚
ˆ˛õ•zrê˛yÓ˚ ~•zã˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Úx° òƒ ˆöü§‰ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ§öÓ˚ ˆ•yˆÏ§ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ xyüyÓ˚ §Ó
ã˛!Ó˚eÓ˚y•z §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ°yܲ– xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î xyüyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
ã˛!Ó˚e•z ˆÜ˛yöÄ ÓyhflÓÏ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ˆflÀú˛ öܲ° Óy xö%ܲÓ˚î öÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒˆÏܲ•z
!öˆÏçˆÏܲ ~•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏï˛ ÚˆÓшÏã˛Û ÌyܲyÓ˚ çöƒ– ï˛yÓ˚y
ܲy“!öܲ ˆ°yܲ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ÷ô% ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ê˛y ˆö•z– xy!ü ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆò!á–
ï˛ˆÏÓ xyüÓ˚y çy!ö ˆÎ ˆ°áܲÓ˚y ˛õ«˛˛õyï˛@ˇÃhflÏ •ö....
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ÚÓœy•zu˛ˆÏö§‰ÛÈÙÈ~ í˛y_´yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ flf# á%Ó•z !ö!ò≈‹T ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒ!_´– xyüyÓ˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ !ö!ò≈‹T üyö!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛FåÈ!ÓÄ xyˆÏåÈñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎüö
ÚÓœy•zu˛ˆÏö§‰ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xöƒyöƒ ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÄ xyˆÏåÈñ Î!òÄ àˆÏ“ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
xö%˛õ%C !ÓÓÓ˚î ˆö•z–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ~ê˛y ÷ˆÏö á%!¢ •°yü ˆÎ xy˛õöyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ï˛y ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ á%Ó !ö!ò≈‹T üyö!§Ü˛
≤Ã!ï˛FåÈ!Ó Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆÎê˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ Óî≈öyÓ˚ çöƒ öÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î
í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚Ä ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Óî≈öy•z ˆö•z– xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ öy
ˆÜ˛yöÄ ã˛!Ó˚ˆeÏ Ó˚ öyܲ Óy !ã˛Ó%ܲ ܲ#Ó˚ܲü ï˛yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆîÏ Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ü)°ƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ È–
78 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
xyüyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy •° ˆÎ ˛õyë˛Ü˛Ó˚y•z x“ x“ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e àë˛ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õåÈ® ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö– ˆ°áܲ û˛yˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö Î!ò ~•z
ܲyçê˛y ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ˆòö–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ ÚÓœy•zu˛ˆÏö§‰ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyê˛y ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •°⁄
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ xyüyÓ˚ §Ó í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ˆÎÓ˚ܲü •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ÚÓœy•zu˛ˆÏö§Û ~üö ~ܲê˛y
xy•z!í˛Î˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ Îy •ë˛yÍ xyüyÓ˚ üyÌyÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ– Sxy!ü !ë˛Ü˛ çy!ö
öy ~ê˛y•z !ë˛Ü˛ âê˛öy !ܲöyñ !ܲv xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~Ó˚ˆãÏ ˛ˆÏÎ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y Óƒyáƒy ˆö•zV–
xy!ü ~ܲê˛y ˆÓ˚ˆÏhflÏyÓ˚ÑyÎ˚ °yˆÏM˛ÈÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ ӈϧ!åÈ°yüñ ï˛áö •ë˛yÍñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
ܲyÓ˚î åÈyí˛¸y•z xy!ü û˛yÓ°yüñ Î!ò xyüÓ˚y §Óy•z x¶˛ •ï˛yü⁄ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎö
xyüyÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ñ xy!ü û˛yÓ°yüñ !ܲv xy§ˆÏ° xyüÓ˚y §!ï˛ƒ•z
x¶˛– ~ê˛y•z !åÈ° í˛z˛õöƒy§ê˛yÓ˚ çß√– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ ÷ô%üye ÷Ó˚&Ó˚ âê˛öyÓ!°
û˛yÓˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ xyÓ˚ âê˛öyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ çß√yˆÏï˛ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛
û˛Î˚yÓ•ñ !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ °!çܲ •zflõyï˛ÈÙÈܲ!ë˛ö– ÚÓœy•zu˛ˆÏö§‰ÛÈÙÈ~ ˆÓ!¢ ܲ“öy
ˆö•zñ ˆÜ˛Ó°üye !ö!ü_ Ä ú˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !öÎ˚üüy!ú˛Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ xyüyÓ˚ ÚÓœy•zu˛ˆÏö§‰Û á%Ó û˛yˆÏ°y ˆ°ˆÏà!åÈ°ñ !ܲv à“ê˛y §•ç˛õyë˛ƒ öÎ˚– ܲ!ë˛ö
Ó•z– xö%Óyò á%Ó û˛yˆÏ°y–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ xy˛õ!ö !ܲ çyˆÏöö ˆÎ xyüyÓ˚ ò#â≈!òˆÏöÓ˚ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç xö%Óyòܲ !çÄû˛y!ߨ
ˆ˛õy!ï≈˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚y üyÓ˚y ˆàˆÏåÈö⁄
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ ܲˆÏÓ⁄
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ˆú˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛– ~•zí˛§‰ •ˆÏÎ˚ üyÓ˚y ˆàˆÏåÈö– !ï˛!ö ÚÓœy•zu˛ˆÏö§‰ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xö%Óyò
ܲÓ˚!åȈϰöñ ˆÎê˛y !ï˛!ö üyÓ˚y ÎyÓyÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
í˛y_´yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y Ä£Ï%ˆÏôÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° !ï˛!ö x¶˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y
ˆÓˆÏåÈ !öˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈÄ£Ïô% áyÄÎ˚y Îy ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚Ä !ܲå%È!òö ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ ï˛y öy áyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ÎyÓ˚ xöƒyöƒ !Ó˛õò !åÈ°– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ó°ˆÏ° Ó°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ !ï˛!ö ï˛yÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏܲ §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÌ ˆÓˆÏåÈ ˆöö ~ÓÇ !ï˛!ö
x¶˛c !öˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xö%Óyò ܲÓ˚!åȈ° Ï ö– ˆ§ê˛y ~ܲê˛y û˛Î˚yöܲ xÓfliy
!åÈ°–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ Úòƒ !•!flT… xú˛ òƒ !§ˆÏÎ˚ç xú˛ !°§ÓöÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyê˛y ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ§⁄
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 1972 ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xyüyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~ܲê˛y ôyÓ˚îy !åÈ° ≠ xÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyñ
xÓÓ˚&k˛ ¢•ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ôyÓ˚îy– xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ï˛áöÄ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ !åÈ° öy ˆÎ xÓˆÏÓy˚ ôê˛y
ˆÜ˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛y §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓˆÏÓ˚yô !•§yˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛z벰ñ ˆÎê˛y
xy!ü ≤Ã̈Ïü ˆû˛ˆÏÓ!åÈ°yü ܲy!hflÏ!°Î˚yöˆÏòÓ˚ !°§Óö xÓˆÏÓ˚yô !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆÎê˛y
1384ÈÙÈˆï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD xy!ü xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y xÓˆÏÓ˚yô ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚°yü
ˆÎê˛y myò¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hsˇ xÓˆÏÓ˚yôê˛y !åÈ° ò%ˆÏê˛y ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛
xÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ §Ç!ü◊î– xy!ü ~üö ~ܲ xÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ ܲÌy û˛y!Ó ˆÎê˛y ˆÓ¢
!ܲå%Èܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚ !åÈ°ñ ˆÎáyˆÏö ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ≤Ãçß√ xÓÓ˚&k˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z§ˆÏD ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ
≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ xÓˆÏÓ˚yôܲyÓ˚#– xÌ≈•#ö xÓˆÏÓ˚yô– üyˆÏö ¢•Ó˚ê˛y ˆâÓ˚yÄ Ü˛Ó˚yñ ~ÓÇ
!ܲå%È ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y•z ï˛y ˆâÓ˚yÄ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈñ xÌã˛ ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄê˛yÓ˚•z ˆÜ˛yöÄ
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ † 79
üyˆÏö ˆö•z– ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hsˇ ~•z §Ó!ܲå%È !öˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •° ~ܲê˛y Ó•z ˆÎê˛y !åÈ°
SÓy ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ xy!ü Îy •ÄÎ˚yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yüV •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ï˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
àû˛#Ó˚ û˛yÓöy– •z!ï˛•y§ !ܲ §!ï˛ƒ⁄ xyüÓ˚y ˆÎê˛yˆÏܲ •z!ï˛•y§ Ó!° ï˛y !ܲ
˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y à“ê˛y•z ӈϰ⁄ Ó›ï˛ •z!ï˛•y§ •° !ú˛Ü˛¢ö– ï˛y ~•z çöƒ öÎ˚ ˆÎ
•z!ï˛•y§ ܲy“!öܲ ï˛Ìƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛Ìƒ=ˆÏ°y ÓyhflÏÓñ !ܲv Ä•z
ï˛Ìƒ=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ÓöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ çöƒ•z •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ ΈÏÌ‹T !ú˛Ü˛¢ö Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ö!ò≈‹Tñ
!öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ ˆçyí˛¸y !òˆÏÎ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ Îy •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚
ܲy!•!öˆÏܲ ~ܲ xÌ≈ ≤Ãòyö ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ܲê˛y ܲy!•!öüy°y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ä•z
ܲy!•!öüy°y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏöܲ !ç!ö§ˆÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏï˛ •Î˚– §Ó§üˆÏΕ˚ z
~üö xˆÏöܲ ï˛Ìƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Îy •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚!ö– Î!ò ï˛yÓ˚y •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ xöƒÓ˚ܲü ôyÓ˚îy !òï˛– •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ
ܲáöÄ•z §%!ö!ò≈‹T ˛õyë˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛z˛õfliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ öÎ˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z•z Ó°ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy ˆÎ ~ê˛y ~Ó˚ܲü ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xy!ü Ó°!åÈ ~ê˛y ~Ó˚ܲüû˛yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈ–
Úòƒ !•!flT… xú˛ òƒ !§ˆÏÎ˚ç xú˛ !°§ÓöÛ !öåÈܲ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ xö%¢#°ö
öÎ˚– ~ê˛y §!ï˛ƒ âê˛öy !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ •z!ï˛•y§ Ä xö%üyö !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚
§Ω˛yÓöyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇyû˛yÓöyñ !ܲv !ü̃y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ öÎ˚ñ Î!òÄ ~ê˛y ˆôÑyܲy
ˆòÎ˚– x!ú˛!§Î˚y° •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ §Ó§üÎ˚•z ÚöyÛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆüyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛
Îy !ܲöy xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xöƒÓ˚ܲü ڕуyÛ ˆ¢áyÎ˚– ~ê˛y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚
ç#Óö !òˆÏ Î ˚ ñ !ú˛Ü˛¢ˆÏ ö Ó˚ ç#Óö !òˆÏ Î ˚ ñ xyò¢≈ Ó yˆÏ ò Ó˚ ç#Óö !òˆÏ Î ˚ –
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó*˚ ˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !Ó≤’Ó •° ÚöyÛñ !ܲv ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ Óy §üˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
§ˆÏD ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ Ä•z ÚöyÛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ ÚxyˆÏK˛Û ˆï˛ó xï˛~Ó ï˛áö ï˛y
xyˆÏÓ˚ܲê˛y ÚöyÛ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õfliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– xy!ü üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ û˛y!Ó ˆÎ
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ çÓ˚&!Ó˚ ¢∑ •° ÚöyÛ– ~üöܲ# Î!ò Ä•z ÚöyÛÈÙÈê˛y
û%˛°ÈÙÈÄ •Î˚ ÄÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ û˛yˆÏ°y !ç!ö§ xyˆÏ§ ï˛y ˆö!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !òܲê˛yÓ˚
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏöܲ ˆÓ!¢– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚*˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ Óï≈˛üyö !ÓŸª ˆÎÓ˚ܲü ï˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ ÚöyÛ– ~•z Ó•zê˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛y xˆÏöܲ ܲü í˛zFã˛y!û˛°y£Ï#ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ÚöyÛÈÙÈê˛y
ˆåÈyRñ !ܲv ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥Ä ~ê˛y ~ܲçˆÏöÓ˚ ç#Óö ˛õy°ê˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ «˛üï˛y Ó˚yˆÏá–
x!ú˛!§Î˚y° •z!ï˛•y§ ӈϰ ˆÎ e%´ˆÏ§í˛Ü˛yÓ˚#Ó˚y ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚yçyˆÏܲ 1147ÈÙÈ~
xyÓyÓ˚ !°§Óö çÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– ˆ§•z ÓyˆÏܲƒ ~ܲê˛y ÚöyÛ
Ó§yˆÏöyÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° Ó˚y•zü%ˆÏ®y ÷ô% xyˆÏÓ˚ܲê˛y •z!ï˛•y§ !°áˆÏï˛•z ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!ö
ÓÓ˚Ç ˆ§ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ç#Óö ˛õy°ê˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ Ó˚yhflyÏ Ä á%ˆ° Ï !åÈ°– Ä•z Óyܲƒ!ê˛ˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ ˆÎ ç#ÓöÎy˛õö ܲÓ˚!åÈ° ˆ§ê˛yˆÏÜ˛Ä ˆ§ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ä•z xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚
ï˛yˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ xöƒ hflψÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˜òö!®ö ç#Óö ˆÌˆÏܲñ
ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏöÓ˚ ô)§Ó˚ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲñ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£Ï]ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ ü%!_´ ˆòÎ˚– ˆ§
xöƒ hflψÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ üy!Ó˚Î˚y §yÓ˚yÈÙÈÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆì˛yˆÏܲ–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ Úòƒ !•!flT… xú˛ òƒ !§ˆÏÎ˚ç xú˛ !°§ÓöÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y Ó•zê˛yˆÏï˛•z Ó˚y•zü%ˆÏ®y xyÓ˚
üy!Ó˚Î˚y §yÓ˚yˆÏܲ x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Óƒ!_´ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛z˛õfliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ!öˆÏçÓ˚
¢•ˆÏÓ˚•z ï˛yÓ˚y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ°yܲ– ï˛yÓ˚y ~üöܲ# ~ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ ü%Ó˚ ӈϰ í˛yˆÏܲ–
80 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ •Ñƒyñ ˆ§ê˛y•z– ˆ§ê˛y•z– ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hsˇ xy!ü !ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎ xyüÓ˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ï˛y•z–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ ÚxyüÓ˚yÛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ xy˛õ!ö ˛õï%≈˛!àçˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏåÈö⁄
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ •Ñƒyñ !ܲv ÷ô% ˛õï%≈˛!àçÓ˚y öÎ˚– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §Óy•zˆÏܲ•z ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
¢•Ó˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ xy!ü ˆÓyé˛y!FåÈ ~ܲ§ˆÏD Óy§ ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y í˛z˛õyÎ˚ñ !ܲv
~ܲ•z §ˆÏD xyüÓ˚y ˆÎö Ä•z ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ Ó!•Ó˚yàï˛ñ ü%Ó˚– ü%Ó˚ ~•z xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÎñ
~ܲçö ü%Ó˚ ~ܲ•z§ˆÏD ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲû˛yˆÏÓ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
xy°yòy– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆ§ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ°yܲ ï˛y•z ˆ§ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ü%Ó˚ñ
xöƒ ˆ°yܲñ xyàvܲñ xçyöy ˆ°yܲñ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ˆÎ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §#üyöyÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛Ä ï˛yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ¢•Ó˚ˆÏܲ Óò°yˆÏï˛– xyüÓ˚y •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy¢y ܲÓ˚!åÈ–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ xï˛#ˆÏï˛ xy˛õ!ö xˆÏöܲÓyÓ˚ ˛õï%˛≈ ày° !öˆÏÎ˚ xy˛õöyÓ˚ í˛zˆmÏ ˆÏàÓ˚ ܲÌy flõ‹Tû˛yˆÏÓ
ӈϰˆÏåÈö– Óï≈˛üyö ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ xÓfliy ~ÓÇ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚yö •zí˛z!öÎ˚ˆÏö ~Ó˚
ˆÎyàòyˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“öy !öˆÏÎ˚ xy˛õ!ö ܲ# û˛yˆÏÓö⁄
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ~ܲê˛y í˛zòy•Ó˚î !ò!FåÈ– ~ܲê˛y §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚ Joao Deus de Pinheito !Î!ö
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚yö •zí˛z!öÎ˚ˆÏö xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ!ü¢öyÓ˚ !åȈϰöñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ ˛õï%≈˛!àç
§yÇÓy!òܲ !çˆÏK˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xy˛õöyÓ˚ !ܲ üˆÏö •Î˚ öy ˆÎ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ Úçyï˛#Î˚
§yÓ≈ˆÏû˛ÔücÛ xˆÏöܲê˛y•z •yÓ˚yˆÏöyÓ˚ û˛Î˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ⁄ ï˛yÓ˚ çÓyÓ !åÈ°ñ Úçyï˛#Î˚
§yÓ≈ˆÏû˛ÔücÛ üyˆÏö ܲ#⁄ |ö!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲçö ˛õï%≈˛!àç §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ x!ú˛ˆÏ§
˛õò@ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö öy ܲyÓ˚î Tagus öò#ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy !Ó !ê˛¢ ˆöÔÓy!•ö#Ó˚
xƒyí˛!üÓ˚y° ˆ§ xö%ü!ï˛ !òˆÏï˛ö öy– ~•z ӈϰ !ï˛!ö •y§ˆÏ°ö– ~•z
˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ âê˛öyˆÏܲ !Î!ö üçyÓ˚ ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚yö •zí˛z!öÎ˚ˆÏö
ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ܲ ˆ§Ó˚ܲü ܲ!ü¢öyÓ˚ Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄ ~ÓÇ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ !ܲ
§yÓ≈ˆÏû˛Ôüc •yÓ˚yˆÏöy !öˆÏÎ˚ û˛yÓy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ öÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !ï˛!ö !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ˆÎ
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y !åÈ°•z öy⁄ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚yö •zí˛z!öÎ˚ö Î!ò ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
xöƒyöƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚
òy!Î˚c •…y§ ˛õyˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛y•z •ˆÏÓö ÓyhflψÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎê˛yÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆflÀú˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ö!ô– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î Óï≈˛üyˆÏö xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸ ºy!hsˇ •°
àîï˛y!sfܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy– ~•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ àîï˛sf ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öy– ˆÎê˛y ܲyç
ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛y •° xyhsˇç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛Ó˚ ¢!_´– ú˛ˆÏ° ~•z§Ó ܲyçܲˆÏü≈ Î%_´
ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ !öÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y !öåÈܲ ≤Ã!:– ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!_´ Ä xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!_´Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ƒyÓ,!_ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
ˆÎê˛y §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛– ˆ°yˆÏܲ xyüyˆÏܲ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xy˛õ!ö ~Ó˚ ÓòˆÏ° ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏÓö⁄ xy!ü !ܲå%È•z Ó°!åÈ öy–
xy!ü ~ܲ ï%˛FåÈ Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ñ xy!ü ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ ˆÎÓ˚ܲü ˆò!á xy!ü ï˛yˆÏܲ
!öˆÏÎ˚ ÷ô% ˆ§Ó˚ܲüÈÙÈ•z !°!á– ~ˆÏܲ Óò°yˆÏöy xyüyÓ˚ ܲyç öÎ˚– xy!ü ~ܲy
~ܲy•z ~ˆÏܲ Óò°yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó öyñ ~üöܲ# xy!ü çyöÓÄ öy ˆÎ ˆ§ê˛y ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xy!ü ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ Îy ӈϰ !ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y Ó°yˆÏï˛•z !öˆÏçˆÏܲ
§#üyÓk˛ Ó˚y!á– ~áö ≤ß¿ê˛y •° xyüyˆÏܲ ÚÎ!òÛ !ܲå%È §üyôyö Ó°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ † 81
ˆ§ê˛y ï˛y•ˆÏ° ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄ xy!ü ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ó°Ó ˆÎê˛yˆÏܲ xy!ü xˆÏöܲ§üÎ˚
ӈϰ!åÈ Ú˛õÿ˛yÍàyü# í˛zߨÎ˚öÛñ ˆÎê˛y xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲê˛y fl∫!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ܲÌyñ ܲyÓ˚î
í˛zߨÎ˚ö ÷ô% §yüˆÏöÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ•z ÎyÎ˚– §•ç û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏ° Ú˛õÿ˛yÍàyü# í˛zߨÎ˚öÛ
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚ ≠ xyüÓ˚y ˆÎ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ!åÈ xyüÓ˚y üyˆÏö ôö#Ó˚y öÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç
í˛zFã˛ÈÙÈüôƒ!Ó_Ó˚yÈÙÙÙÈï˛yˆÏï˛ xyüÓ˚y xyÓ˚yüòyÎ˚ܲ û˛yˆÏÓ•z ÓÑy!ã˛– Ú˛õÿ˛yÍàyü#
í˛zߨÎ˚öÛ xˆÏÌ≈ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ã˛°%ö xyüÓ˚y §Óy•z ˆÌˆÏü Îy•z xyÓ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ òÑyí˛¸y•z
ˆ§•z ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚y !˛õåȈÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏåÈ– xÓ¢ƒ•z ~ê˛y
•zí˛zˆÏê˛y!˛õÎ˚yö– xy!ü °yöçyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛ÈÙÈ~ Ìy!ܲñ ˆÎê˛y ~ܲê˛y m#˛õ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õM˛Èy¢
•yçyÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ Óy§ xyÓ˚ ÓyòÓy!ܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ Îy âˆÏê˛ ï˛y âˆÏê˛– xy!ü ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
eyîܲï≈˛y •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xyܲyA«˛y ܲ!Ó˚ öyñ !ܲv xy!ü á%Ó §Ó˚° ~•z !ÓŸªy§ !öˆÏÎ˚
ÓÑy!ã˛ ˆÎ ~•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ# xyÓ˚Ä û˛yˆÏ°y çyÎ˚ày •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z
xyÓ˚Ä û˛yˆÏ°y çyÎ˚ày ÓyöyˆÏöy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z !ÓŸªy§ xyüyˆÏܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎ xy!ü ˆÎ !ӈϟª Óy§ ܲ!Ó˚ xy!ü ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õåÈ® ܲ!Ó˚ öy– xy!ü ˆÎ !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ#
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ ˆò!á xyüyÓ˚ •zí˛zˆÏê˛y!˛õÎ˚yö ò,!‹TˆÏܲ üyú˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö ˆ§ê˛y •ˆÏÓ
÷ˆÏû˛Ó˚– Î!ò xyüÓ˚y ò% çö ˆçˆÏà í˛z!ë˛ xyÓ˚ Ó!° ˆÎ xyç xy!ü ܲyÓ˚Ä
«˛!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚Ó öy xyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚!òö Î!ò xyÓyÓ˚ ï˛y Ó!° ~ÓÇ ÓyhflψÏÓ Ä•z ܲÌyüˆÏï˛y
ç#ÓöÎy˛õö ܲ!Ó˚ñ á%Ó x“ §üˆÏÎ˚•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ˛õy°ˆÏê˛ ÎyˆÏÓ– xÓ¢ƒ•z ~ê˛y
xyç=!ÓÈÙÙÙÈ~Ó˚ܲü ܲáöÄ•z •ˆÏÓ öy– ~•z §Ó!ܲå%È•z xyüyˆÏܲ Óï≈˛üyö !ӈϟª
Î%!_´Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚yÎ˚– ~•zçˆÏöƒ•z xy!ü ÚÓœy•zu˛ˆÏö§‰Û !°ˆÏá!åÈ–
~ê˛y•z xyüyˆÏܲ ˆë˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆ§•z ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ Îy ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚=ˆÏ°y
!öˆÏÎ˚ û˛yˆÏÓ–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ xy˛õ!ö ӈϰˆÏåÈö ˆÎ ÚÓœy•zu˛ˆÏö§‰Û xy˛õöyÓ˚ ˆ°áy §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ܲ!ë˛ö í˛z˛õöƒy§–
~ê˛y !ܲ ~çöƒ ˆÎñ ˆŸªï˛ x¶˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ü•yüyÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ !ö¤%˛Ó˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ ~•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°áÓyÓ˚ xfl∫!hflÏ §ˆÏ_¥Ä
xy˛õ!ö ~ܲçö xy¢yÓyò#⁄
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ xy!ü ˜öÓ˚y¢ƒÓyò#ñ !ܲv ~ï˛ê˛y ö•z ˆÎ !öˆÏçÓ˚ üyÌyÎ˚ =!° ܲÓ˚Ó– xy˛õ!ö
ˆÎ !ö¤%˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏåÈö ï˛y ˜òö!®ö !ö¤%˛Ó˚ï˛y Îy ÷ô% í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ öÎ˚
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ó≈e•z âˆÏê˛– ~ÓÇ Óï≈˛üyˆÏö xyüÓ˚y §Óy•z ˆŸªï˛ x¶˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ü•yüyÓ˚#ˆÏï˛
xye´yhsˇ– ÚÓœy•zu˛ˆÏö§‰Û •° üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ Î%!_´Ó˚ x¶˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ó˚*˛õܲ– ~•z x¶˛c
ˆÜ˛yöÄ §ü§ƒy åÈyí˛¸y•z xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xö%ü!ï˛ ˆòÎ˚ üD° @ˇÃˆ•Ï Ó˚ !¢°yhflÓÏ ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚
çöƒ ˆ§áyˆÏö ü•yܲy¢Îyö ˛õyë˛yˆÏï˛ Îáö !ܲöy ~ܲ•z §üˆÏÎ˚ °«˛ °«˛ üyö%£Ï
~•z @ˇÃˆÏ• xöy•yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– •Î˚ xyüÓ˚y x¶˛ öÎ˚ˆÏï˛y ˛õyà°–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ Úòƒ ˆfiê˛yö Ó˚ƒyú˛ê˛ÛÈÙÈÄ §yüy!çܲ §ü§ƒy !öˆÏÎ˚–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ xy§ˆÏ° ~ê˛y !ë˛Ü˛ ï˛y öÎ˚ !ܲv ˆ°yˆÏܲ ~ê˛yˆÏܲ ˆ§Ó˚ܲüû˛yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°– ˆ°yˆÏܲ ~ê˛yˆÏܲ •zí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy•zˆÓÏ !Ó˚Îy˚ ö í˛z˛õm#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó!FåÈßï¨ ˛y
!•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– xÓ¢ƒ•z Äê˛y àˆÏ“Ó˚ xÇ¢ñ xy§ˆÏ° Äê˛y•z •Î˚ ≠
xy•zˆÏÓ!Ó˚Î˚yö í˛z˛õm#˛õ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FåÈߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xƒyê˛°ƒy!rê˛Ü˛
ü•y§yàˆÏÓ˚ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ÎyÎ˚– !ܲv xy!ü ˆÎê˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!åÈ°yü ˆ§ê˛y •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 6
82 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y öÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ üyˆÏö•z •Î˚ öy– xy!ü
ˆÎê˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°yü ~ÓÇ ~áöÄ ˆÎê˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z ï˛y •° xy!ü ˆÎê˛yˆÏܲ
§!ï˛ƒ ӈϰ !ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ ≠ ˛õï%≈˛ày° Ä ˆflõˆÏöÓ˚ ü)° ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚yö
öÎ˚– xy!ü ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎê˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yüñ ÷ö%öñ xyüÓ˚y !ã˛Ó˚ܲy°
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚yö !åÈ°yüñ xyüÓ˚y •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚yö ~ÓÇ xyüÓ˚y !ã˛Ó˚ܲy°
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚yöÈÙÈ•z ÌyܲÓÈÙÙÙÈxyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ܲå%È •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆö•z–
!ܲv xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xöƒyöƒ òyÎ˚Ók˛ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ñ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ Ä
û˛y£Ïyï˛y!_¥Ü˛ òyÎ˚Ók˛ï˛y– xï˛~Ó xyüÓ˚y ˆÎö Óy!ܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FåÈߨ
öy ••zñ ò!«˛î xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FåÈߨ öy ••zñ xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FåÈߨ
öy ••z– ~ê˛y ˆÜ˛yöÄ öÓƒÈÙÈÅ˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ Óy§öy öÎ˚ñ !ܲv Úòƒ ˆfiê˛yö
Ó˚ƒyú˛ê˛ÛÈÙÈ~ ˆÎê˛y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° xy•zˆÏÓ!Ó˚Î˚yö í˛z˛õm#˛õ ò!«˛î xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲy Ä
xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ ~ˆÏ§ ˆÌˆÏü ÌyܲˆÏÓñ ~Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y ܲyÓ˚î xyˆÏåÈ– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î
•° xyüÓ˚y §yÓ˚yç#Óö ܲyê˛y•z ò!«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ à“ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ò!«˛î ò!«˛î ò!«˛îñ
xÌã˛ ò!«˛î §Ó§üˆÏÎ˚•z ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyñ ~üöܲ# Îáö ï˛y í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ
ï˛áöÄ–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ xy˛õöyÓ˚ Ú°yöçyˆÏÓ˚yï˛ í˛yÎ˚!Ó˚ÛˆÏï˛ xy˛õ!ö !öí˛z •zÎ˚ˆÏÜ≈˛ xy˛õöyÓ˚ àï˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÎyeyÓ˚ ܲÌy !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö ˆÎ Ä•z ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ò!«˛î •° í˛z_Ó˚
üƒyö•yê˛ˆÏö–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ •Ñƒyñ ò!«˛î •° í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ xyüyˆÏܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ Úí˛yÎ˚!Ó˚§‰ÛÈÙÈ~ xy˛õöyÓ˚ ˆã˛°!§ ˆ•yˆÏê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Óî≈öy
xy!ü í˛z˛õˆÏû˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ÄÉñ Äê˛y û˛Î˚yÓ• Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ !åÈ°– xyüyÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛ xyüyˆÏܲ ÄáyˆÏö ˛õyë˛yö
!ܲv xy!ü ~áöÄ çy!ö öy ~ê˛y ܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“öy !åÈ°– ÄÓ˚y ˆû˛ˆÏÓ!åȈϰö
ˆÎ xy!ü ӈϰ!åÈ ÄáyˆÏö ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈÈÙÙÙÈ!ܲv xy!ü ܲáöÄ ï˛y Ó!°!ö–
xy!ü Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ•yˆÏê˛°ê˛yˆÏܲ !ã˛öï˛yü ~ÓÇ xy!ü û˛yÓï˛yü ˆÎ ~ê˛y
û˛#£Ïî xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ñ !ܲv xy!ü ܲáöÄ•z Ó!°!öñ !≤’çñ xyüyˆÏܲ ˆã˛°!§
ˆ•yˆÏê˛ˆÏ° Ó˚yá%ö– xyüyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ï˛yÓ˚y xyüyˆÏܲ ˆ§áyˆÏö ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åȈϰö ܲyÓ˚î
ˆ•yˆÏê˛°ê˛yÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ •z!ï˛•y§ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ Èñ !ܲv Î!ò xyüyˆÏܲ •z!ï˛•y§ §ü,k˛ ~ܲê˛y
xfl∫!hflÏܲÓ˚ ˆ•yˆÏê˛° Ä •z!ï˛•y§ åÈyí˛¸y ~ܲê˛y xyÓ˚yüòyÎ˚ܲ ˆ•yˆÏê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ
˛õåÈ® ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •Î˚....xy!ü ~áöÄ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ Ó!°ñ !ܲv ~ê˛y ܲ#Ê xy!ü ܲáöÄ
ÄÓ˚ܲü çyÎ˚ày ˆò!á!ö–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ Ä °y!ï˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÎ˚ xy˛õöyÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ xÌã˛
xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÎ˚ á%Ó Ü˛ü ˛õyë˛Ü˛–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ !§!Ó˚Î˚y§ !ç!ö§ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyö ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ á%Ó ~ܲê˛y ˛õåÈ® •Î˚
öy– Î!òÄ ~ê˛y xq$ï˛ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎ xy!ü xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyˆÏï˛ ˆÎ !Ó˚!û˛í˛z=ˆÏ°y ˛õy•z
ˆ§=ˆÏ°y á%Ó•z û˛yˆÏ°y–
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ üï˛yüï˛ !ܲ xy˛õöyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈⁄
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ † 83 84 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ •° xyüyÓ˚ ܲyçê˛y û˛yˆÏ°yû˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y– xyüyÓ˚ üyö xyüÓ˚y !Óã˛yÓ˚Ó%!k˛§¡õߨ ≤Ãyî#⁄ xyüÓ˚y ܲÌy Ó!° ӈϰ⁄ û˛y!Ó ÓˆÏ°⁄ §,!‹T
xö%ÎyÎ˚# û˛yˆÏ°y ܲyç •°ÈÙÙÙÈÓ•zê˛y ˆ§û˛yˆÏÓ ˆ°áy ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ xy!ü ~ê˛yˆÏܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ӈϰ⁄ Î!òÄ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z §Ó!ܲå%ÈÓ˚ «˛üï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ xyüÓ˚y
!°áˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z– ~ê˛y xyüyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~ê˛y ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÎ§Ó ˆö!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ Ä !ö¤%˛Ó˚ ܲyç ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !öÓ˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
xyÓ˚ §Ó!ܲå%ÈÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y•z– ~ܲçö üy §hsˇyˆÏöÓ˚ çß√ ˆòö ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ~ê˛y ΈÏÌ‹T öÎ˚– ~ê˛y ~ܲê˛y ˜ö!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÎê˛y xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ û˛yˆÏ°yê˛y•z xy¢y ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ !ܲv ç#Óöê˛y §hsˇyˆÏöÓ˚ñ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ öÎ˚– ˆ§•z xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •ÄÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ xyÓ˚ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z xy!ü §y!•ï˛ƒ !öˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚
!¢÷•z ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓöˆÏܲ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ xöƒÓ˚yÄ ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓöˆÏܲ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ !òö !òö xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛ü xy@ˇÃ•#– üyˆÏé˛üyˆÏé˛ xy!ü û˛y!Óñ xy!ü ã˛y•z xyüÓ˚y
ˆÎê˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z ï˛yÓ˚ üy ˆÎ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ ˆòˆÏá!åȈϰö ˆ§Ó˚ܲü •ˆÏÓ öy– ˆÎö ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö ~•z @ˇÃ• ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ˆÎˆÏï˛ öy ˛õy!Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î Î!ò xyüÓ˚y ü•y!ӈϟª
öyöyôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyüyÓ˚ Ó•z=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ òyÓ˚&î §üyòˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫≤¿ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!í˛¸ñ §Ω˛yÓöy á%Ó•z ܲü ˆÎ xyüÓ˚y ˆ§áyˆÏö ~áyöܲyÓ˚ ï%˛°öyÎ˚
ˆòˆÏá xyüyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ °yû˛ ˆö•z ܲyÓ˚î Ä•z ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚y ˆÎüöû˛yˆÏÓ á%!¢ xyüyÓ˚ xöƒÓ˚ܲü ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚Ó– Î!ò xyüÓ˚y ÓyhflψÏÓ•z ü•y!ӈϟª xöƒe Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
Ó•zˆÏܲ @ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö– xy!ü Ó°Ó öy ˆÎ xyüyÓ˚ Ó•z=ˆÏ°y ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ á%!¢ ˛õy!Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~ÓÇ xy!ü !ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ öy ˆÎ xyüÓ˚y ï˛y ˛õyÓ˚Ó ï˛ˆÏÓ xyüÓ˚y
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒï˛y Ó˚yˆÏá ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏö òÑyí˛¸yˆÏÓ ~ܲê˛y Ó•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ü)°ƒ ï˛yÓ˚ ü•y!ÓŸªˆÏܲ §Çe´y!üï˛ Ü˛Ó˚Ó– xyüÓ˚y §Ω˛Óï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ û˛y•zÓ˚y§
˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !öû≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyüÓ˚y çy!ö ˆ§ê˛y §!ï˛ƒ öÎ˚– ÎyÓ˚y ˆ§Ôû˛yàƒe´ˆÏü ~•z @ˇÃˆÏ••z çˆÏí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ xy!ü !ܲå%Èܲy°
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§y ≠ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲy ºüˆÏîÓ˚ §üÎ˚ xy˛õ!ö Fall River-~Ä !àˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö ˆÎê˛y xyˆÏà ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ Îáö xy!ü ~ܲê˛y §%˛õyÓ˚ˆÏöyû˛yÓ˚
üƒy§yã%˛ˆÏ§ê˛§‰ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y çyÎ˚ày ˆÎáyˆÏö xˆÏöܲ ˛õï%˛≈ !àç ܲ!üí˛z!ö!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ È– !ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲÌy ˛õí˛¸°yü– Ä•z !ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° §,‹T xyˆÏ°y !ï˛ö ã˛yÓ˚
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ •Ñƒyñ x!û˛Óy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyüyÓ˚ !ܲå%È ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD....ÎyÓ˚y ÓåÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåȈÏåÈ– Ä•z xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~áyˆÏö xy§ˆÏï˛ ~ܲˆÏ¢y
ˆÎˆÏܲyöÄ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˆ•yܲ xyüyÓ˚ ˆ°áyÎ˚ xy@ˇÃ•#– xyÿ˛Î≈çöܲû˛yˆÏÓ xy!ü ˆåÈ£Ï!R •yçyÓ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ˆ°ˆÏàˆÏåÈ– xy!ü û˛yÓ°yüñ Îyܲñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !Ó˛õò
ˆ◊yï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ û˛yˆÏ°y !û˛í˛¸ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yüñ Î!òÄ !òö !òö xy!ü §y!•ï˛ƒ ˆö•zñ xyüÓ˚y ܲáöÄ•z Úxï˛Ûò)Ó˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó öy–*
!öˆÏÎ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛ü xy@ˇÃ•#– xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ Äê˛y ~ܲê˛y í˛z°ˆÏê˛y
ܲÌyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆ¢yöyÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚î xy!ü !°!á xyÓ˚ xy!ü Î!ò Ó•zÈÙÈ•z !°!á xyÓ˚
ܲ# !öˆÏÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄ ˆÓ¢ñ xy!ü !°!á !ܲv ˆ°áܲ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚
xyˆÏàÄ xy!ü ˆÓшÏã˛ !åÈ°yü ~ÓÇ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ç#ÓöÎy˛õöÓ˚ï˛ xyÓ˚ ˆÎ ܲyÓ˚ÄÓ˚ °ƒyOyˆÏÓ˚yï˛ñ üyã≈˛ 1997
§ühflÏ í˛zˆÏmà xyüyÓ˚Ä !åÈ°– xy!ü !ܲå%Èܲy° xyˆÏà ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó yàyÎ˚
ˆà!åÈ°yü xyüyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏü≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y §ˆÏ¡ø°ˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒñ !ܲv xyüÓ˚y
xyÓ˚Ä xˆÏöܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ܲÌy Ó°°yüñ ˆÎüö ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ Óï≈˛üyö xÓfliy
Ä ~ !öˆÏÎ˚ ܲ# ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xy!ü üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ Ó!° ˆÎ üyöÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§
á%Ó•z ç!ê˛° üˆÏö •Î˚ !ܲv xy§ˆÏ° ï˛y á%Ó•z §•ç– xyüÓ˚y çy!ö ˆÎ xyüÓ˚y
~ܲ !•ÇflÀ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ Óy§ ܲ!Ó˚– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ |ôù≈ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ !•Ç§yÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õ÷•ï˛ƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Óy xöƒ ܲyÓ˚ÄÓ˚ ˆ§ ܲyçê˛y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ xyüÓ˚y ˆáˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– xyüÓ˚y ú˛° !åÈÖ!í˛¸ó xyüÓ˚y ~üöܲ#
ú%˛° ï%˛!° xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ §yçyˆÏöyÓ˚ çöƒ– ~•z §Ó!ܲå%È•z xöƒ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ !•Ç§yÓ˚ ܲyç– ˛õ÷Ó˚yÄ ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲü ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≠ üyÜ˛í˛¸§y üy!åȈÏòÓ˚
áyÎ˚ñ üy!åÈÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎê˛y áyÎ˚ Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ˆ§ê˛y áyÎ˚– Îy•zˆÏ•yܲñ ~ܲê˛y !Ó¢y°
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ≠ ˛õ÷Ó˚y !ö¤%˛Ó˚ öÎ˚– Îáö ~ܲê˛y üyÜ˛í˛¸§y ~ܲê˛y üy!åȈÏܲ
ï˛yÓ˚ çyˆÏ° çí˛¸yˆÏFåÈñ ˆ§ !öåÈܲ•z xyàyü#ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ áyÓyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚!ú ˛çyˆÏÓê˚ ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°
Ó˚yáˆÏåÈ– !ö¤%˛Ó˚ï˛y üyö%£Ï xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˛õ÷Ó˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ öyñ xyüÓ˚y ܲ!Ó˚– xyüÓ˚y ~•z @ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲüye !ö¤%˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#–
~•z ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î xyüyˆÏܲ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿ ˆë˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆÎê˛y xy!ü ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ˜Óô *§y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚!ê˛ ˛õƒy!Ó˚§ !Ó˚!û˛í˛z üƒyà!çö ˆÌˆÏܲ à,•#ï˛– ≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛y° ≠ 1997
ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲ!Ó˚ ≠ Î!ò xyüÓ˚y !ö¤%˛Ó˚ ••z xyüÓ˚y ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ
ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö

ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö
ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö

ˆ•y ˆÏ§ §y Ó˚y üy ˆÏày

ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö

ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö

ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§
......
Ó˚!Óö ˛õy°
ܲƒyöy!Ó˚ m#˛õ˛õ%ˆÏOÓ˚ Lanzarote @ˇÃyü ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õï%≈˛!àç ˆ°áܲ Jose SaramagoÈÙÈÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ
§ÇÓyò Îáö åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸° ˆò¢ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ ï˛áö ܲ!ï˛˛õÎ˚ x•ÇÓ,ï˛ §y!•ï˛ƒ!Óò åÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚
§Óy•z §yï˛y!¢ ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ä•z Ó,k˛ˆÏܲ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢yܲyï≈˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆöyˆÏÓ°
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ӈϰ ~•z ˆ¢yܲ öÎ˚ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áy üˆÏöy•Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° !ÓŸªÓy§#Ó˚ñ ï˛y•z ~•z
ˆ¢yܲ– 1998ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ û˛y£ÏˆÏî !ï˛!ö ӈϰ!åȈϰöÈÙÙÙÈÚ~ܲ xˆÏÌ≈ ~üö ܲÌy
Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Óî≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ñ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ¢∑ !òˆÏÎ˚ñ ˛õ,¤˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ñ
Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó•z !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyë˛Ü˛üˆÏö xyüyÓ˚ §,‹T ã˛!Ó˚e=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ%шÏï˛ !òˆÏï˛ §ú˛° •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ–
!ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ ~•z §Ó §,‹T ã˛!Ó˚e öy ÌyܲˆÏ° xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ xy!üc xç≈ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛yü öyñ
~Ó˚y öy ÌyܲˆÏ° xyüyÓ˚ ç#Óö •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ï˛ ˆÓ!ë˛Ü˛ ~ܲ ˆflÒã˛ñ ≤Ã!ï˛◊&!ï˛ ˆÎüö !ÓhflÏÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛◊&!ï˛•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ñ ~ܲê˛y ˆ¢yˆÏܲÓ˚ x!hflÏc Îy •ˆÏÎ˚ Äë˛yÓ˚ ܲÌyñ ï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ï˛
öy–Û ~ܲÌy §Óy•z Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö öy– ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏ°•z Óí˛¸ ˆ°áܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ö öyñ ˛õyë˛Ü˛
üˆÏö Ó#ç Ó˛õˆÏöÓ˚ §yú˛°ƒ ܲÛçö ˆ°áܲ•z Óy §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö–
˛õï%≈˛!àç §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ~ܲüye ˆöyˆÏÓ°û)˛!£Ïï˛ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Ribatejo ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚
Azinhaga xM˛ÈˆÏ° çß√@ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ö 1922 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 16 öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛y ˆ•yˆÏ§ ˆò
ˆ§Ô§yñ ≤ÃÌü !ÓŸªÎ%ˆkÏ ˛ ˆày°®yç Óy!•ö#Ó˚ ˜§!öܲ– ò%ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆ§Ï ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §Óy•z !°§ÓˆÏö
ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§– ÓyÓy ê˛Δy!ú˛Ü˛ ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ñ üy à,•fli âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyã˛yܲy!ã˛ §yú˛§%ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyç ˆöÎ˚–
fl%҈ϰÓ˚ å%È!ê˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆÎˆÏï˛ö xy!çö•yày @ˇÃyˆÏüñ ˆÎáyˆÏö ÌyÜ˛ï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!¢!«˛ï˛
ã˛y!£Ï ë˛yÜ%˛ò≈y ë˛yÜ%˛üy– ˆåÈyê˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§•z fl%Ò° ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚ öyüˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ˆê˛Ü˛!ö!§Î˚yö
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˆöÄÎ˚y •°ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ §yÇÓy!òܲï˛yñ xö%Óyòܲ Ä ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç– xˆÏöܲ
ܲy!Î˚ܲ ◊ˆÏüÓ˚ ܲyçÄ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈàƒyÓ˚yç ˆüܲy!öˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyçñ ĈÏΰ ˚ ˆÏú˛Î˚yÓ˚ ~ˆÏç!™Ó˚
ï˛òyÓ˚ܲܲyÓ˚#ñ åÈy˛õyáyöyÓ˚ üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ñ ≤Ã&ú˛!Ó˚í˛yÓ˚ñ xö%ÓyòˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyçñ §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏe hflÏΩ˛
!°áˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyç– 1944ÈÙÈ~ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö •z”˛y ˆÓ˚•z§ ˆÜ˛ñ ˆ§ !åÈ° ˆÓ˚° ˆÜ˛y¡õy!öÓ˚
ê˛y•z!˛õfiê˛ñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ öyüçyòy ˆáyòy•z!¢“#– ~ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆû˛ˆÏä ÎyÎ˚ 1970ÈÙÈ~–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày 1969ÈÙÈ~ ˛õï%≈˛ày°ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲü%ƒ!öfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎyà ˆòöñ ˆòˆÏ¢ ï˛áö !ü!°ê˛y!Ó˚
~ܲöyÎ˚ܲï˛sfñ ܲü%ƒ!öfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ !ö!£Ïk˛– 1975ÈÙÈ~ !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §ÇÓyò˛õe Diario de
NoticiasÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §• §¡õyòˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ê˛y ˆà°– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆ°ˆÏáö ~•z âê˛öy ç#ÓˆÏö
§yú˛°ƒ•z xyö°ñ ˆ°áܲ çß√ §Ω˛Ó •°– 1979 ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !ï˛!ö ÷ô% !°ˆÏá•z ˆàˆÏåÈö–
1988ÈÙÈˆï˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ •° §yÇÓy!òܲ !˛õ°yÓ˚ ˆò° !Ó˚ÄÈÙÈÓ˚ §ˆÏD– 1991ÈÙÈ~ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
Îáö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ The Gospel According to Jesus Christ !ö!£Ïk˛ ܲÓ˚° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˛õï%˛≈ ày°
ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆflõö#Î˚ m#˛õ °yOyˆÏÓ˚yê˛ÈÙÈ~ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ °yàˆÏ°ö– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyÎ˚
!ü!¢ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö !üÌñ fl∫ˆÏò!¢ •z!ï˛•y§ Ä ˛õÓ˚yÓyhflÏÓ# ܲ“öy– ï˛yˆÏï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ܲ
88 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
â,îyû˛Ó˚y ã˛y£ÏyˆÏí˛¸ x!û˛K˛ï˛y !öû≈˛Ó˚ !ÓŸªy§– !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö xˆÏöܲ Ó˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyñ öyê˛Ü˛ñ ˆåÈyê˛à“ñ
í˛z˛õöƒy§ñ ܲ!Óï˛yñ Îyeyàyöñ í˛yˆÏÎ˚!Ó˚ñ ºüî ܲy!•!ö–
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yˆÏöy Îyܲ– Ú!ã˛eܲü≈ Ä !°!˛õܲ°yÓ˚ §yÓ˚@ˇÃsiÛ
í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ~•z öyüܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ çöƒ•z ≤ÃÌü !òˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!‹T xyܲ£Ïî≈ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ ö– ˛õ%öü%o≈ ˆÏîÓ˚
§üÎ˚ ˆÓyé˛y ÎyÎ˚ ~!ê˛ !ã˛eܲ°y !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ó•z öÎ˚– xy!üÓ˚ çÓy!öˆÏï˛ 35!ê˛ ˆåÈyê˛ Óí˛¸ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚
í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲçö !mï˛#Î˚ §y!Ó˚Ó˚ !ã˛eܲˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xö%û˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲÌy xyˆÏåÈñ !Î!ö !¢ˆÏ“ !Ó÷k˛ï˛yñ
Ó›!ö¤˛y §¶˛yö ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ ≤Ã!ï˛û˛y xyÓ˚ àí˛¸˛õí˛¸ï˛y üyˆÏöÓ˚ ú˛yÓ˚yܲ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛yö– §üÎ˚ÈÙÈܲy°
§y°yçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜fl∫Ó˚ï˛y!sfܲ í˛zͲõ#í˛¸ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ܲê˛y ÓåÈÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~áyˆÏö Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ xyӈϕ
Ó°y •ˆÏFåÈ ~ܲê˛y ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ ܲy!•!ö– Ú•Û •° ˆ˛õyˆÏê˛Δ≈ê˛ ˆ˛õfiê˛yÓ˚ñ ~ܲ ≤Ãû˛yÓ¢y°# !¢“˛õ!ï˛
Ú§Û ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ˛õyˆÏê˛Δê≈ ˛ xÑyܲˆÏï˛ !òˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°– Ú•Û üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õyˆÏê˛Δê≈ ˛ xÑyܲy xy§ˆÏ° !öç ≤Ã!ï˛Ü,˛!ï˛
xÑyܲyñ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyç xyÓ˚Ä x!û˛Óƒ!_´ü)°Ü˛ñ xyÓ˚Ä §ï˛ƒ!ö¤˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛– Ú•Û åÈ!Ó
xÑyܲˆÏï˛ xÑyܲˆÏï˛ ˆ°áyÎ˚ é%Ñ˛ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ ˆòˆÏá ~ ò%ˆÏê˛y ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚ !öû≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ~•z !ã˛eܲÓ˚†
ˆ°áܲ û˛#Ó˚&ñ !öÓ˚y˛õ_y •#öï˛yÎ˚ ˆû˛yˆÏàñ xhsˇÓ#≈«˛î≤ÃÓîñ §ˆÏ®•≤ÃÓî– !ã˛eܲˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤ÃîÎ˚°#°y
ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚Ç Ä ¢∑ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ í˛zˆÏ_çöyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ •yˆÏö– !ã˛eܲÓ˚ •zê˛y!°Ó˚ çyò%âÓ˚ñ
àƒy°y!Ó˚=ˆÏ°y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õ!ÿ˛!ü §û˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ §%!ÓöƒhflÏ ˙!ï˛•ƒˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ §ˆÏD
§ˆÏD Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ Ä §yüy!çܲ í˛zÍܲZ˛yñ ˜fl∫Ó˚yã˛yÓ˚ò)!£Ïï˛ §yüy!çܲ Ä ˜ö!ï˛Ü˛ xôɲõï˛öˆÏܲ
Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– §y°yçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ =Æ ˛õ%!°¢ !ã˛eܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ Ó¶%˛ˆÏܲ ˆ@ˇÃÆyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆ§ û˛Î˚ Ä
x!ÓŸªyˆÏ§ ˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ òüöö#!ï˛Ó˚ û˛Î˚yÓ•ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆ≤Ãü ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ !Óòƒüyö ¢y§öÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ ˛õï˛ö ~ÓÇ öyÓ˚# §y!ߨˆôÏ ƒÓ˚ í˛z£èï˛yñ xy!°DöÓk˛ï˛yÓ˚
åÈ!Ó– í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç xö%Óyòܲ ӈϰöÈÙÙÙÈ~áyˆÏö ܲ“ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ ܲyç ˆ§Ô®Î≈ˆÏÓ_yÓ˚
§ˆÏD ö#!ï˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ñ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ §ˆÏD §yüy!çܲ Ä Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ §üß∫Î˚ˆÏܲ =Ó˚&c
ˆòÎ˚– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !¢“ܲ°y ~ܲ çyò%ܲ!Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈e´üñ Îy flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ çyàÓ˚&ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
•yÓ˚yˆÏöy ≤çߨï˛y !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ñ ü,ï%˛ƒû˛Î˚ˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏá ò)ˆÏÓ˚–
‘Journey to Portugal’ í˛z˛õöƒy§ öÎ˚– ~áyˆÏö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ x!ß∫‹T ˜fl∫Ó˚ï˛sf xÓ§yˆÏöÓ˚
˛õˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓåȈÏÓ˚ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ xyò¢≈ àˆÏí˛¸ Äë˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy– !ï˛!ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏò¢ˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲö §ˆÏï˛ç ˆã˛yáñ öÓ#ö !ÓfløÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚– ~áyˆÏö !ï˛!ö Óî≈ܲˆÏܲ ≤ÃÌü ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòöÈÙÙÙÈ
~ܲ!òˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ñ xöƒ!òˆÏܲ !öç §#üyÓk˛ï˛yÎ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛ö– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá
xˆÏöܲ x!ÓŸªy§ƒ âê˛öyÄ– ~ܲçö ≤ß¿ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ åÈ° xö!û˛K˛ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ӣψÎÏ ˚ xy@ˇÃ•#
•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö– ~Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ ӈϰ!åȈϰöñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yü¢≈ Journey
to Portugal ˆÌˆÏܲ– ~ê˛y ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ~•z ܲy“!öܲ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚yüˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ çöƒ ˆ°áܲˆÏܲ
≤âǧy•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö– xˆÏöܲ ܲÌyÓ˚ ÓƒOöy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° !ܲv ~áyˆÏö– Levantado do Chao
Ó•z!ê˛ •° ≤ÃÌü !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ~ܲ ò!Ó˚o ã˛y!£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ï˛ö ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲy!•!öñ Îy
ã˛ˆÏ° xy§ˆÏåÈ 1974ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~!≤ð ˛õÎ≈hsˇñ ~•z ï˛y!Ó˚áê˛y •° ˛õï%≈˛!àç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚– à“ Ó°y
•ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏܲy!_´ ~ÓÇ §Ç°y˛õ üyôƒˆÏü–
ÚÓy°ê˛y§yÓ˚ Ä !Óœü%u˛yÛ x‹Tyò¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛õê˛û)˛!üˆÏï˛ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~ ~ܲê˛y ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ à“ñ âê˛öy
âê˛ˆÏåÈ üyú‰˛Ó˚y ܲöˆÏû˛ˆÏrê˛ñ ~áö fliyö!ê˛ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ê%˛ƒ!Ó˚fiê˛ xyܲ£Ï≈ˆÏîÓ˚ çyÎ˚ày– ò%Ûçö ï˛Ó˚&î
ˆ≤Ã!üܲ ˆ≤Ã!üܲy ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏåÈ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ã˛!Ó˚ˆeÏ Ó˚ §ˆÏDÈÙÙÙÈÎyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xyˆÏåÈ §Çà#ï˛ Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛y
Ä •y˛õ≈!§Ü˛!í≈˛fiê˛ ˆí˛yˆÏü!öˆÏܲy flÒyÓ˚°y!_ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛ Óyï≈˛ˆÏ°y!üí˛z ˆò =§üyÄñ !Î!ö
 ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Ä ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ † 89
xyܲy¢Îyö !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~ §Ó ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y •zöÜ%˛•z!碈ÏöÓ˚ åÈyÎ˚yÎ˚– ˆ≤Ã!üܲ
ˆ≤Ã!üܲy ˆÜ˛ˆÏwñ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲáöÄ ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåÈyê˛ §Ó˚° ÓyˆÏܲƒñ ܲáöÄ ˛õÓ˚yÓyhflÏÓ ÓyˆÏܲƒñ ܲáöÄ
ˆåÈò!ã˛•´•#ö xö%ˆFÏ åȈòÏ Ü˛Ìy Ó°ˆÏåÈñ Îy í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ §!e´Î˚ï˛yñ ˆ§!ê˛ÇˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §!e´Î˚ï˛y âö#û)˛ï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– 1711 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õï%≈˛ày°ñ !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚˛õ)î≈ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆ≤Ãü˛õyà° í˛z°D ú ˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ñ
Óƒ!û˛ã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ààö!ÓòyÓ˚# ˆfl‘yàyöñ Ó˚Î˚y° !≤Ù ~ܲçö ê˛yˆÏà≈ê˛ ≤Ãyܲ!ê˛§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ
x§•yÎ˚ öy!ÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ Óî≈üÎ˚ ˆ˛õy¢yܲ˛õÓ˚y ü!•°yÓ˚y í˛z˛õˆÏû˛yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ôü≈ï˛ƒyà#
Ä çyò%ܲÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ x!@¿ò?˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒÓÓ˚î– ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ •zöÜ%˛•z!ç¢ö xyÓ˚ ˆ≤’ˆÏàÓ˚ û˛Î˚yÓ•ï˛yñ
üyˆÏé˛ ã˛üÍܲyÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î Ä çyò%üÎ˚ ~ܲ ܲy!•!ö– ~áyˆÏö xyˆÏåÈ conflicting reality of
visionaries and the authorities of the Church and monarchy–
~ÓyÓ˚ xy§y Îyܲ The year of the Death of Ricardo Reis í˛z˛õöƒy§ ≤çˆÏD–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~ܲ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚ •z!Dï˛ ˆòö ˆÎ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ Î!ò ˛õï%≈˛!àç •ö ï˛y•ˆÏ°•z ~•z
í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌû˛yˆÏÓ ï˛y!Ó˚ú˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~ í˛z˛õöƒy§ xyfl∫yòö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏ° ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ Ä §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆàÔÓ˚ˆÏÓÓ˚ í˛zj#Æ §üÎ˚ñ §y¡ÀyˆÏçƒÓ˚ à!Ó˚üy
ˆÌˆÏܲ §y°yçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !í˛ˆÏQê˛yÓ˚!¢ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü xyàüö ôù!ö ˛õÎ≈hsˇ çyöˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !Ó˚ܲyˆÏò≈y
ˆÓ˚•z§ •° ≤Ãáƒyï˛ ˛õï%≈˛!àç ܲ!Ó ú˛yö≈yˆÏ®y ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÈÙÈÓ˚ S1888ÈÙÈ1935V xˆÏöܲ=ˆÏ°yÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ åÈp öyü– ~ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ~•z ò%•z öyüÎ%_´ Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚ ܲÌy ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü
˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ !Óáƒyï˛ Ü˛!Ó Camões §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ä !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xˆÏöܲ !ܲå%È ˆÓyé˛y
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˆ˛õˆÏ¢yÎ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛yö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ !ï˛ö!ê˛ ≤Ãôyö åÈpöyü (Alvaro de campos,
Alberto Caeiro ~ÓÇ Ricardo Reis) ˆ§=ˆÏ°y ÷ô%•z öyü öÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç Ó‡ü%á# Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚
ˆòƒyï˛Ü˛ñ xyÓ˚ ~•z Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚ Ó‡ü%!áï˛y ˆ§ ˆï˛y xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏöˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z ÌyˆÏܲñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
x§Çრ§_yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ Ó•ö ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚y ӈϰ!åȈϰö ‘a constant and organic
tendency towards depersonalizaion and make believe’ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲÌyñ ˆ§ê˛y üyÌyÎ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚•z§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y xܲ˛õê˛û˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ˆÏã˛‹T ~ÓÇ ~ܲ alter ego-ˆÜ˛ ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáö öÛê˛y üy§ñ ï˛áö ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ܲÓÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏö ˆÓ˚•z§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD Ó¶%˛c öÓ#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yöñ ˆÓ˚•z§ ï˛áö Ó y!çˆÏ°
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ !öÓ≈y§ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈö ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°– ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚y ¢Ó˚#Ó˚# !ã˛eî ÎyÓï˛#Î˚
˛õ%Cï˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ñ ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲå%Èê˛y ˛õ![˛!ï˛ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yñ ˆ§yöyÓ˚ !Ó˚ˆÏüÓ˚ ã˛¢üyñ ˆåÈyR ˆàÑyú˛ñ
ˆåÈyR ü%áñ å%ÈшÏã˛yˆÏ°y !ã˛Ó%ܲó xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆ§ÔçöƒÎ%_´– ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲå%Èê˛y öyû≈˛y§ñ ˆÓ¢ çÓÓ˚òhflÏ
ˆ˛õy¢yˆÏܲ §!Iï˛ñ §æyhsˇ xyÓû˛yÓ–
ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚y ܲáöÄ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!öñ Ophelia Queiroz-~Ó˚ §ˆÏD x“ܲy°#ö ˆ≤Ãü !åÈ°–
ˆÎÔöï˛yÓ˚ xyû˛y§Ä !åÈ°– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆ≤Ãü xˆÏ˛õ«˛y Ó¶%˛c•z !åÈ° ܲy!A«˛ï˛ñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yˆÏï˛
xyܲyA«˛yÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ öyñ ˆÓòöyÄ Ü˛ü •Î˚– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚ ç#ÓöÓƒy˛õ#
xyí˛¸y°!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛yñ Ó˚•§ƒüÎ˚ï˛yñ ç!ê˛°ï˛yˆÏܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö Îy xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ =Ó˚&c
˛õyˆÏFåÈ– ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚ xy@ˇÃ• !åÈ° Ó‡ÓƒyÆÈÙÙÙÈܲ!Óï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆàyˆÏή
˚ y ܲy!•!öñ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆçƒy!ï˛£Ïñ ôü≈ï˛_¥ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ãï˛ï˛_¥ñ çyò% ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚yç!ü!flf!à!Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈöyöy !ܲå%ȈÏï˛– !ï˛!ö anti-
conformist, ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî !Óï˛!Ü≈˛ï˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ò¢≈ö û˛yÓöy §yÓ˚@ˇÃy•# ~ÓÇ
!Ó¢,C°ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒôyÓ˚îy •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ xyû˛yàyí≈˛ myÓ˚y xö%≤Ãy!îï˛ñ öÓƒ §üyçï˛sf#ˆÏòÓ˚
˛õÓ˚#«˛y myÓ˚y ≤Ãy!îï˛ñ !ܲí˛z!Ófiê˛ ~ÓÇ !ú˛í˛zã˛y!Ó˚fiê˛ myÓ˚y §O#!Óï˛– ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓƒ
90 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
üƒy!öˆÏú˛ˆÏfiê˛yˆÏܲ Paulismo xyáƒy !òˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ° Ï ö– ÓyhflÓÏ ~ÓÇ !Óü)ˆïÏ ˛≈ Ó˚ñ ܲ!ÓÓ˚ xyhsˇÓ˚ xö%û˛Ó
Ä Ó›§ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲï˛yÎ˚ xy@ˇÃ•# !ï˛!ö– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ï˛yˆÏܲ Óƒ!_´àˆÏï˛ °%E˛y!Î˚ï˛ñ üö
Ä ˆüçyˆÏçÓ˚ mˆÏ®μ x!fliï˛ñ xyhsˇÓ˚ !öç≈öï˛yÎ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛yˆÏ°öñ ~ ܲ!Ó
Ó°ˆÏï˛öÈÙÙÙÈxy!ü ˆÜ˛ ï˛y çy!ö öy xy!üñ xyüyÓ˚ xydyˆÏÜ˛Ä çy!ö öy xy!ü– !Ó˚ܲyˆÏí≈˛y
ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÈÙÈÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏe ~ܲ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ !òܲñ ~ܲ ܲ“ã˛!Ó˚eñ ˆÎ ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚ û˛yÓöyˆÏܲ û˛y£Ïy
ˆòÎ˚ñ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲ öyê˛Ü˛#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚y !öˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ!ÓhflyÏ ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
IJõÓ˚ !û˛!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚•§z ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛ˆÏܲ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ö– ˆÓ˚•§z ü%_´ !ã˛hsˇÜ˛ñ û˛yàƒÓyò#ñ Ó˚«˛î¢#°
!á fiê˛#Î˚ï˛yÎ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ô#ñ !á fiê˛ˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓö˚ – §ï˛ƒñ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓö˚ !ï˛!öñ ˆòÓï˛yÓ˚yÄ
xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– ï˛ˆÏÓ û˛yˆÏàƒÓ˚ «˛üï˛y x§#ü– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ï˛Ó˚D«%˛∏˛ !e¢ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚
˛õï%≈˛ày° ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏöö !Ó˚ܲyˆÏí≈˛y ˆÓ˚•z§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá Óy ˆú˛ö≈yˆÏ®y ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚
ò,!‹TˆÏܲyˆÏî– ~ ܲy°ê˛y •° ú˛ƒy!§Óyò# Ó˚yçˆÏcÓ˚ñ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyöÓ#Î˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚
ܲy°– ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚•z§ Ä ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚ û˛y£ÏƒòyˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD !ü!¢ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆ°áܲ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ˆŸ’£Ïydܲ û˛!D ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ û˛!ӣσ͈ÏÜ˛Ä •z!Dï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˆ°áܲ ÷ô% !ÓŸªˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ°
ôˆÏÓ˚ö öyñ ï˛yÓ˚ ü)°ƒˆÏÓyôˆÏÜ˛Ä ≤Èϟ¿ çç≈!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ~û˛yˆÏÓ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ àû˛#Ó˚ üyöÓï˛yÓ˚
xyò¢≈ ú%˛ˆÏê˛ ÄˆÏ벖 ˆ°áܲñ ï˛yÓ˚ §,‹T ã˛!Ó˚ˆeÏ Ó˚yñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çμ°çμˆ° Ï my!®μܲï˛y ˆ§ ˆï˛y ˛õï%˛≈ !àç
ˆö¢ˆÏöÓ˚•z my!®μܲï˛yñ §y•§ çy!•Ó˚ñ xyd§ˆÏhsˇy£Ïñ !ü!‹TܲüˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆòy°yã˛°ï˛yˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ°
ôˆÏÓ˚– ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÈÙÈÓ˚ Äí˛=!°Ó˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ˛õä‰!_´=!° ˆÓ˚•z§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛öyÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ܲÌyÓyï≈˛yÎ˚ x!hflψÏcÓ˚ Îyï˛öy ú%˛ˆÏê˛ ÄˆÏë˛ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !Ó˛õ%°ï˛y Ä !öÓ˚hsˇÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛yÓ˚îyÓ˚ üyˆÏ鲖
~ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ˆ≤Ãü ≤çD xyˆÏåÈ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y §yÓ ≤’ê˛ öÎ˚– ò%çö ~ܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ !û˛ß¨ü%á# öyÓ˚#
ã˛!Ó˚e xyˆÏåÈ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y ˆ°ˆÏà!åÈ° ˆÓ˚•ˆz §Ï Ó˚– ~ܲçö ˆ•yˆÏê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ !°!í˛Î˚yñ
ˆÎ ˆÎÔöï˛y Ä à,•˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î≈yÓ˚ xyŸªy§ !òˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ° xÌ≈ åÈyí˛¸y•z– ˆ§ ˆÎö ˆÓ˚•§z ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Äí˛=!°ˆÏï˛
Ó!î≈ï˛ xyò¢≈y!Î˚ï˛ öyÓ˚#Ó˚ §ˆÏàye– xyÓ˚ ˆÎ öyÓ˚#!ê˛ !ï˛!ö x!û˛çyï˛ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ üyÓ˚ˆÏ§®yñ ÎÑyÓ˚
fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ ç#ÓöÓy§öy Óƒy•ï˛ •Î˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Óe´ï˛yñ ö%ˆ° Ï y •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ çöƒ– !°!í˛Î˚y Ä üyÓ˚ˆ§Ï ®y
ˆÎö üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚# ܲyüöy ~ÓÇ xôÓ˚y xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ xyܲ£Ï≈ˆÏîÓ˚ üôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚hsˇö ÓƒÓôyˆÏöÓ˚
üˆÏï˛y– ~•z ò%•z öyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z•z ˆÓ˚•zˆÏ§Ó˚ Óƒ!_´àï˛ ç#Óöï,˛£èy ~ÓÇ §yüy!çܲ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚
m®μ ˆâyã˛yˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ •Î˚!öñ ÓÓ˚Ç ˆ§ ˆ≤Ã!üܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚Ä §ï˛Ü≈˛ñ x•Çü%á#ñ ò,ì˛¸ òyÎ˚ˆÓÏ yˆÏô
x!öFå%Èܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸!åÈ°– ˆÓ˚•zˆ§Ï Ó˚ ~•z !ã˛hsˇy !eˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õï%˛≈àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó&˚ £Ï Ä öyÓ˚#Ó˚ û˛yÓyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚
mˆÏ®μÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ܲ!Óï˛y ~ÓÇ ò¢≈ö Äï˛ˆÏ≤Ãyï˛û˛yˆÏÓ !üˆÏ¢ xyˆÏåÈ ~
í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§– Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ ˆï˛y çy!öˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö ˆÓ˚•§z ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Äí˛=!°Ó˚ intellectual rigour ~ÓÇ
formal discipline ≤Ã!ï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ü%?˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy– ܲ!ÓÓ˚ stoicism ~ÓÇ ScepticismÄ
¢öy_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö !ï˛!ö ï˛ˆÏÓ !ÓŸª çDüï˛yÎ˚ ˆÓ˚•z§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Åòy§#öƒ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õåÈ® öÎ˚– ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚y
~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚•zˆÏ§Ó˚ §Ç°yˆÏ˛õ ~ê˛y ˆú˛yˆÏê˛ñ !¢“ ~ÓÇ ç#Óö §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Å˛õöƒy!§ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆüçyçê˛yÄ
ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏöÓ˚ ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôy ˆÓyˆÏ•≈§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ FiccionessÈÙÈˆÜ˛ üˆÏö ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ˆòÎ˚– üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#Óö ~ í˛z˛õöƒy§ÈÙÙÙÈ!ӈϟª ç!ê˛° Ä §yü!@ˇÃܲ– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ü%რã˛!Ó˚e
!öÓ˚y˛õ_y•#öñ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ xçyöy fl∫Ó˚ñ Îy ܲyüöy ï˛y!í˛¸ï˛ñ xyd§%á !öÎ˚!sfï˛ñ Îy ~ܲ•z
§ˆÏD !ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚ Ä ê˛Δƒy!çܲ– ã˛ï%˛!ò≈ˆÏܲ ~•z multiple personality Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°
xydfl∫ï˛sfï˛yñ û˛D%Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ü§ƒy– xyüÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ üyö%£Ï {£Ï≈yܲyï˛Ó˚ñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ !öçfl∫
{£Ï≈yñ Îy xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆåÈyê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ã˛hsˇy¢#° üyö%£Ï Óy !¢“#ˆÏܲ
 ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Ä ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ † 91
xöfl∫#ܲyÎ≈ û˛yÓöyÎ˚ ¢y!ü° ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y •° §ï˛ƒñ ≤ÃÓîï˛yñ «˛îfliy!Î˚cñ ~ܲy!ܲcñ ö~èÌ≈ܲ
x!hflÏc §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛– ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚•z§ e´üyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ !öü!Iï˛ •Î˚ xhsˇ•#ö Üœ˛y!hsˇˆÏï˛ñ
üyöÓû˛yˆÏàƒÓ˚ mˆÏ®μ– ~ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ô &Ó˛õˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆçˆÏà ĈÏë˛ ~•z ܲÌyÈÙÙÙÈNo one
escapes his destiny. ü,ï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚y ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ §ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚•z§ˆÏܲ– ç#Óö Ä ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚
ê˛ΔüyˆÏܲ ïÖ˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ Ó%é˛ˆÏÓ⁄ Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ 1935ÈÙÈ36ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲy°ˆÏܲ ï˛Íܲy°#ö
ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !û˛!_ˆÏï˛ ˛õ%ö!ö≈üy≈ î ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ §ˆÏã˛‹T •ö §y°yçyÓ˚ §,‹T atmosphere of frustration
~ÓÇ uncertaintyÈÙÈÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ– ~•z !eˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õï%≈˛ày° ˆÎö ≤ÃhflÏyÓk˛ñ úÑ˛yˆÏò ˛õí˛¸y ç#Óöñ
ˆÎáyˆÏö û˛#Ó˚& ܲZ˛fl∫Ó˚ flõ‹T •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy !ܲå%ȈÏï˛•z– ~•z xyӈϕ•z !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ ˆÓ˚•zˆÏÎ˚§
ˆ£ÏyˆÏ°y ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~ çàÍ ~ܲ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ Ó˚Dy°Î˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ üyö%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚
Ó‡ü%á# û˛yàƒ !öˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– öyê˛Ü˛ Ä öyê˛Ü˛#Î˚ï˛y ~ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ xyòƒhsˇ– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Ó,k˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy°Ü˛ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xydyˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏܲy!_´ Ä §Ç°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ö– ˆ°áܲ
!öÓ˚hsˇÓ˚ §ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòöÈÙÙÙÈüyöÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ܲáöÄ•z !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚y ã˛ˆÏ° öy– ܲ°yÜ%˛¢°ï˛yÓ˚
!òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ˆÏï˛ xyöy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˙!ï˛•ƒ Ä §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyöˆÏܲ– Saramago
draws upon the eloquence and subtlety of post-Renaissance prose, elegant
conceits, frequent circumlocutions, symmetrical phrasings and pungent
satires are exploited to the full. Sû)˛!üܲy Giovanni Pontiero) ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ xyܲ£Ïî
≈ #Î˚
˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yöy ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õ%° !ÓhflyÏ Ó˚# §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ≤çDyÎ˚î ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ §üÌ≈ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ È xï˛#ï˛ Ä Óï≈˛üyˆÏö
xöyÎ˚yˆÏ§ àï˛yÎ˚yï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ çàÍÓî≈öyÎ˚ñ Óyܲ§Ó≈fl∫ï˛yÎ˚ ò,!‹T ÎÌy§Ω˛Ó §Í– Îy
üyö!Óܲñ Îy x˛õy!Ì≈Ó §Ó !ܲå%ȈÏܲ•z !ï˛!ö §y•ˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏD !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– xö%Óyòܲ xyÓ˚
ˆÎ§Ó ≤âǧö#Î˚ ܲ°yˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈö ï˛y •°ÈÙÙÙÈarbitrary shifts of time and
location, multiple focus, flashback, collage, linguistic pastiche, stream of
consciousness §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öy˜Ï¢°# !òˆÏÎ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏܲ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚öñ
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓˆÏܲ ˆáÑyã˛y ˆòöñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ •*òÎ˚ˆÏܲ flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îyö– ~ í˛z˛õöƒy§ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚
!Ó!¢‹T Ó˚ã˛öyñ ï˛y•z §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛Ó˚yÄ ≤âǧy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö !ÓhflÏÓ˚– ~ܲçö ӈϰˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ‘The
best work of Portugal’s leading novelist’ (Martin Symingtom) xyÓ˚ ~ܲçˆÏöÓ˚
üˆÏï˛ÈÙÙÙÈ‘One of the masterpieces of the 1980s––one of the best novels I
have even read.’ (Bruce Allen)
The stone Raft ˛õï%≈˛!àç û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ÓyÓ˚ •Î˚ 1986ÈÙȈï˛ñ xyê˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ •zLjÏÓ˚!çˆÏï˛– ~
í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ü)° ܲÌy •ˆÏFåÈ •zˆÏÓ!Ó˚Î˚yö ˆ˛õ!öö§%°y •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ü•yˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏD Ó¶˛ö !åÈߨ
•ˆÏÎ˚ ü%_´ xÓfliyÎ˚ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ xyê˛°y!rê˛Ü˛ ü•y§yàˆÏÓ˚– ò%!öÎ˚yÓ˚ Ó%ƒˆÏÓ˚ye´yê˛Ó˚y ~•z
xyܲ!fløܲ !Ó˛õÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚ !ܲÇܲï≈˛Óƒ!Óü)ì˛¸ñ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ ã˛!Ó˚e ˛õï%≈˛ày° Ä ˆflõˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyåÈyܲy!åÈ •ˆÏÎ˚
•zˆÏÓ!Ó˚Î˚yö ˆ˛õ!öö§%°yÓ˚ fli°˛õˆÏÌ ~!òܲ ˆ§!òܲ ÎyˆÏFåÈ– ~•z xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ âê˛öyê˛y xy§ˆÏ°
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ܲӰ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ü%!_´Ó˚ ܲÌy çyöyˆÏFåÈ– ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ xfl∫yû˛y!Óܲ
âê˛öy âˆÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚•z xyê˛°y!rê˛Ü˛ ü•y§ü%ˆoÏ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ÎyÄÎ˚yñ xyˆÏçyˆÏÓÈ˚ ÙÈÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ áyÄÎ˚y–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚ ~áyˆÏö ˆŸ’ˆÏ£ÓÏ È˚ ÙÙÙÈ!ï˛!ö í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ~•z !Ó!FåÈßï¨ ˛y !ӣψÎÏ ˚ ≤Ãôyöüsf#ñ
xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…˛õ!ï˛ñ ê%˛ƒ!Ó˚fiê˛ x!ú˛§yÓ˚ñ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚yö ܲü%ƒ!ö!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ°yܲçˆÏöÓ˚ üï˛yüï˛
ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ö– ~ܲò° ~•z âê˛öyÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy çyöyö ˆòÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚•z ~ܲçö ˆçyÎ˚y!ܲü §y§yñ
ˆ§ ~ܲê˛y ˛õyÌÓ˚ å%ȈÏí˛¸ ˆòÎ˚ §ü%ˆÏo– xˆÏöܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ S2007V !«˛Æ ˆ°áܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó¶%˛ˆÏòÓ˚
çy!öˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö ˆÎÈÙÙÙÈ˛õï%≈˛ày°ˆÏܲ ˆflõˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ •ˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ–
92 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
The History of the siege of Lisbon ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚ 1989ÈÙȈï˛ñ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç xö%Óyò §yï˛
ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ âê˛öy !öˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§– Ó˚y•züˆ% uÏ ˛y !§°û˛y üôƒÓÎ˚!§ x!ÓÓy!•ï˛
~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ö §ÇfliyÎ˚ ≤Ã&ú˛ ˆòáyÓ˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§ !°§Óö x!ôܲyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã&ú˛ ˆòáyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ÓyˆÏܲƒ ÚöyÛ Ü˛Ìy!ê˛ Î%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ°
≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚ ü%Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ !°§Óö ˆöÓyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ° e%´ˆÏ¢í˛yÓ˚Ó˚y ˛õï%≈˛!àç Ó˚yçyˆÏܲ
§y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§!ö– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö •z!ï˛•y§˛õyˆÏë˛ !û˛ß¨ï˛y xyˆÏöñ Ó˚y•zü%ˆÏu˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÄ
ôyE˛y ˆòÎ˚– ~•z ˛õ%öÓ˚&k˛yÓ˚ ˛õï%˛≈ ày° Ä ˆflõö ~•z ò%•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z =Ó˚&c˛õ)îñ≈ !á fiê˛yöˆÏòÓ˚
myÓ˚y çÎ˚ Óy ˛õ%ö!Ó≈çÎ˚ñ !°§ÓöˆÏܲ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚yçôyö# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y çÓ˚&!Ó˚ âê˛öy–
Ó˚y•zü%ˆÏu˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î Ó˚•§ƒyÓ,ï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚îñ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛y §)ˆÏe ˆ§ ˛õï%≈˛!àçñ ï˛ˆÏÓ á%Ó ôy!ü≈ܲ ˆ°yܲ
öÎ˚ñ ˆ°yܲ!ê˛ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛õï%˛≈ !àç !á fiê˛#Î˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ xhsˇàï≈ ˛– ~ܲçyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆ§ Ó°ˆÏåÈ ü%Óˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚
¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy!§®y •ÄÎ˚yê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ xö!û˛ˆÏ≤Ãï˛– xöƒ!òˆÏܲ !°§ÓˆÏö çyï˛ñ Ó%!k˛≤ÃyÆñ !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚
˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏöy çyÎ˚ày Îy ü%Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ñ Îy !á fiê˛yö x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ñ ˆ§áyˆÏöÓ˚ Óy!§®y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !°§Óö#Î˚
ü%Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §•yö%û)˛!ï˛ xyˆÏåÈ ÎˆÏÌ‹T– ~•z fl∫ˆÏò!¢ ü%Ó˚Ó˚y !ö¤%˛Ó˚ xye´üîܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
•yˆÏï˛ !Ó˛õÎ≈hflÏñ ÎyÓ˚y ˆò¢ x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ xöy•yˆÏÓ˚ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ Ü%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üyǧ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ
¢•Ó˚ê˛yÓ˚ ˛õï˛öܲyˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y üƒy§yܲyˆÏÓ˚ ¢y!ü° •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~•z ò%•z !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ò,!‹Tû˛!DÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
~ܲ §•yö%û)˛!ï˛¢#° ˛õï%≈˛!àç á,fiê˛#Î˚ ˆÎyk˛yˆÏܲ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓñ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ÎyÓ˚ Óí˛¸ û)˛!üܲy
xyˆÏåÈñ ÎyÓ˚ öyü xyÓ˚Óƒñ ˆÎ ü%§°üyö ÓÇ¢#Î˚ñ xyÓ˚ !á fiê˛yö Ä ü%§°üyöˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ Ó˚_´«˛Î˚#
§ÇâyˆÏï˛ Ä ˛õï%≈˛!àç xM˛ÈˆÏ°Ó˚ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ç#Óö ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ê˛yöñ ôü≈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÎyÈÙÈ•z
ˆ•yܲ– xï˛#ˆÏï˛ fl∫ˆÏò¢û)˛!ü ü%§!°ü x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ •ÄÎ˚y !ӣψÏÎ˚ Å˛õöƒy!§ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛öï˛y ~ÓÇ
˛õƒyˆÏ°fiê˛y•zöÓy§# ≤çˆÏD •zçÓ˚yˆÏÎ˚!° ö#!ï˛Ó˚ Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ï˛#Ó  §üyˆÏ°yã˛öy ~ ≤çˆÏD
!ÓˆÏÓã˛ƒ •Î˚– í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ âê˛öy!ê˛ 1147 §yˆÏ°Ó˚– ≤Ã&ú˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ !ÓÓ˚_´ Ó˚y•zü%ˆÏu˛y
ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ÈÙÙÙÈThe Crusaders did agree to help seize Lisbon. ˆ§ ~•z ÓyˆÏܲƒ ÚöyÛ
ܲÌy!ê˛ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ˆòÎ˚ñ ú˛ˆÏ° •z!ï˛•y§ ÓòˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚– Îáö ~•z Óò° ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ï˛áö !§°û˛yÓ˚
üy!°Ü˛ ã˛ˆÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚ñ xÓ¢ƒ öï%˛ö ~ܲ §¡õyòܲ üy!Ó˚Îy˚ §yÓ˚y !§°û˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !öçfl∫ ò,!‹TˆÜÏ ˛yˆÏî
˛õï%≈˛!àç •z!ï˛•y§ Ó˚ã˛öyÎ˚ í˛zͧy• ˆòÎ˚– •z!ï˛•y§ ~ÓÇ !§°û˛yÓ˚ ç#Óö ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ã˛ˆÏ°–
~ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ !̈ÏüÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xyˆÏåÈ xˆÏöܲ !ܲå%È ÙÙÙÈû˛y£Ïyñ •z!ï˛•y§ñ •z!ï˛•y§ï˛_¥ñ üôƒÎ%ˆÏà
Î%k˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
The Gospel According to Jesus Christ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚ 1991ÈÙÈˆï˛– •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚yö
•zí˛z!öÎ˚ö !°ê˛yÓ˚y!Ó˚ ܲöˆÏê˛ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ çöƒ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ öyü §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚û˛yˆÏÓ ˆây!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
!ܲv ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ xyu˛yÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏe´ê˛y!Ó˚ xú˛ ˆfiê˛ê˛ ˆ§Ô§y
°yÓ˚y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ öyü Óy!ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòö ˛õyˆÏåÈ Ü˛ƒyÌ!°Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ôü≈ xö%û˛ˆÏÓ xyâyï˛ °yˆÏà– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚
xyhsˇç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ ˛õ%öÓ˚yÎ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yû%˛_´ •Î˚– !@ˇÃܲ Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ !öˆÏܲy§
ܲyçyöçy!ܲˆÏ§Ó˚ The Last Temptations of Christ Óy xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyö Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ öü≈yö
ˆü°yÓ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ The Gospel According to the Sun í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~
Ó•zˆÏï˛ à§ˆÏ˛õ° ܲ!Ìï˛ Ü˛y!•!öˆÏܲ ~ܲ ˆŸ’£Ïydܲ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ öï%˛ö
!ܲå%È !üÓ˚yܲ°ñ öï%˛ö !ܲå%È û˛!ӣσÍÓyî# !ï˛!ö •y!çÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ {ŸªÓ˚ Ä ¢Î˚ï˛yö
˛õy˛õ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~ܲ §üˆÏé˛yï˛yÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ö xyÓ˚ !Î÷ !öˆÏçÓ˚ û)˛!üܲy !öˆÏÎ˚ ≤ß¿ ˆï˛yˆÏ°öñ
{ŸªÓ˚ˆÏܲ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O çy!öˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧö– ~ §Ó•z !ï˛!ö í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö ~ܲçö ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ §,çö
 ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Ä ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ † 93
˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ §üyhsˇÓ˚yˆÏ°– üy!Ó˚Î˚y üƒyàí˛yˆÏ°ö ~áyˆÏö ~ܲ ÓyÓ˚Ó!îï˛y ÎyˆÏܲ !Î÷ x˛õy˛õ!Ók˛
öyÓ˚# ü!•üy ˆòö– !Î÷Ó˚ ˛õy˛õ xö%û˛Ó•z ïÖ˛yÓ˚ e%´¢!Ók˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î– üy!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ §y•y΃
!öˆÏÎ˚•z !Î÷ e%´¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ öy!üˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏöö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÓ˚ û˛yàƒ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÄ âˆÏê˛ñ
ˆ¢£Ï ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ˆÓyˆÏé˛öñ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏdyͧà≈ xˆÏöܲ xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !öô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ÈÙÙÙÈ‘The human
heart is never content, and that doing one’s duty does not bring peace of
mind, though those who are easily satisfied would have us believe
otherwise.’ ~ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày §,‹T !Î÷ ~ܲçö !Óºyhsˇ Ä §üyˆÏ°yã˛öˆÏÎyàƒ üyö%£ñÏ
xyÓ˚ ~ܲçö x˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ Ó%ƒˆÏÓ˚ye´yê˛ ~ÓÇ °%!§Ü˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ «˛!ï˛§yôܲ ~ÓÇ §•yö%û)˛!ï˛üÎ˚
ò%‹T– í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ §yü!@ˇÃܲ ˆüçyç ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üyÜ≈˛§Óyò# Ó#«˛î ~ÓÇ §ƒyê˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ñ ܲ!üܲñ ê˛Δƒy!çܲ
≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y §Çà!ë˛ï˛– û˛_´ !á fiê˛yöÓ˚y !ö®y˛õˆÏB˛ xy•ï˛ •ˆÏ°Ä !Î÷ ܲy!•!öÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
~ܲ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ˆ≤ë˛î xö%û˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ {ŸªÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ üyöÓ x!hflÏc !öˆÏÎ˚ öï%˛ö
ܲˆÏÓ˚ û˛yÓyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà xö%û˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– à§ˆÏ˛õ°=!° ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãy§!Dܲ ܲy!•!ö xÇ¢ §Ç@ˇÃ•
Ä í˛z˛õfliy˛õˆÏö ˆ°áܲ ˙!ï˛•ƒ°AâöܲyÓ˚#–
~ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ {ŸªÓ˚ Ä ¢Î˚ï˛yö ˛õyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !üe •Î˚ñ !Î÷ ï˛yÓ˚ û)˛!üܲy !öˆÏÎ˚ ≤ß¿
ˆï˛yˆÏ°ñ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O çyöyÎ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ˆÏܲ– í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲå%È ˛õä‰!_´ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyܲÈÙÙÙÈ
ܲ. xöƒ ò%•z ˆã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y•z !Χy§ñ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õy ò%ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ û˛Ó˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!öñ
ïÖ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ é%˛ˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Ü˛yˆÏë˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ܲ !Ók˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~üö ç#Óö#¢!_´ñ
xÓ!¢‹T ˆö•zñ Îy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ûÑ˛yç •ÄÎ˚y ˛õy ò%ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ˆ§yçy •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
S˛õ,. 10V
á. xyüÓ˚y ~§Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ xï˛#ï˛•z û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ °«˛ƒ !öô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ !ܲv
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆö•z û˛!ӣσ͈Ïܲ ˆòáyÓ˚ñ ÷ô% üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ xyüÓ˚y !ܲå%È •z!Dï˛ ˛õy•zñ
ˆÎüö xyˆÏåÈ à§ˆÏ˛õˆÏ°ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ xyÓyÓ˚ !Ó¢ò Óƒyáƒy !ܲå%È ˆ°áy •Î˚!ö– !ܲå%È í˛zòy•Ó˚î
~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !öÎ˚!ï˛ ˆÓyé˛yˆÏöy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– S˛õ,. 82V
à. ~ï˛«˛î xyüÓ˚y Îy Ó°°yü ï˛yÓ˚ §Ó•z §%§üyã˛yÓ˚ Óy ܲÌyü,ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD §D!ï˛˛õ)î≈ öÎ˚ñ
•Î˚ˆÏï˛y xyüÓ˚y ˆÎyˆÏ§ˆÏú˛Ó˚ ˛õ%ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õòÎyeyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ܲÌy !Óflø,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yü–
S˛õ,. 113V
â. ˆÎ üˆÏöÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ Óy çyöyÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÎ xò,¢ƒ ˆçò ïÑ˛yÓ˚ S!Î÷Ó˚V xyˆÏà !åÈ°ñ ˆ§ê˛y
ï˛áö xyÓ˚ !åÈ° öy.... S˛õ,. 126V
ä. ~§Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ Óî≈öy ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ü)° âê˛öyê˛yÓ˚ çöƒ
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒñ ˆ§Ó˚ܲü !ΧyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆü£Ï˛õy°Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛ âê˛öyÓ˚ Óî≈öy
~áyˆÏö ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ öyñ ܲyÓ˚î ~ ܲy!•!öÓ˚ ü)° ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ á%Ó Ü˛ü í˛z˛õç#Óƒ•z ï˛y
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– S˛õ,. 129V
ã˛. !Χy§ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ°ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z Ó˚•§ƒüÎ˚ §D# ˆòÓò)ï˛ öÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛ööy ˆòÓò)ï˛Ó˚y §Ó§üÎ˚
{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ =îܲ#ï≈˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚– S˛õ,. 130V
åÈ. §!ï˛ƒ ܲÌy •°ñ xyüÓ˚y çy!ö öy Óy çy!öñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ê˛y ò%ɈÏá û˛Ó˚yñ ò%û≈˛yàƒ xyàyåÈyÓ˚
üˆÏï˛y ˛õyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ĈÏ벖 ~§Ó ܲÌy xÓ¢ƒ üÓ˚î¢#°Ó˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èñ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚
ã˛í˛¸y•zñ í˛zï˛Ó˚y•z âyï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛âyï˛ xyÓ˚ !Óí˛¸¡∫öy §•zˆÏï˛ §•zˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ~§Ó ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛
!¢ˆÏáˆÏåÈ– S˛õ,. 186V
94 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ç. !Χy§ öyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÎ üyö%£Ïê˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ {ŸªÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏï˛ ã˛y!FåȈϰöñ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ
!òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö çyò%ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §yüyöƒ ˆÓ!¢ !ܲå%È ˆÜ˛Ó˚yü!ï˛– ....üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚ •Î˚
~üö ܲyç•z !Χy§ ܲÓ˚ï˛.... S˛˛õ,. 196V
é˛. !Χy§ ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ•z ï˛yܲy° ˆòá° {ŸªÓ˚ Î!ò òy!í˛¸ åÈyí˛¸y •ˆÏï˛ö ï˛y•ˆÏ° ò%çöˆÏܲ
Îüç ӈϰ ã˛y°yˆÏöy ˆÎï˛– Sò%çö = {ŸªÓ˚ Ä ¢Î˚ï˛yöV S˛õ,. 207V
~è. Îy !ܲå%ÈÓ˚ §ˆÏD {ŸªÓ˚ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ¢Î˚ï˛yöÄ ç!í˛¸ï˛– S˛õ,. 207V
ê˛. ÓyåÈy xyüyÓ˚ñ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ÓŸªy§ Ä xyò¢≈ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚
û˛yˆÏ°y í˛z˛õyÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆö•z– S!Î÷ˆÏܲ {ŸªÓ˚V ˛S˛õ,. 208V
ë˛. ~üö üˆÏö ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ˆö•z ˆÎñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !Χy§ {ŸªÓ˚ ≤Ãò_ «˛üï˛yÎ˚ ÷ô% üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
x§%á §yÓ˚yï˛ xyÓ˚ ˛õy˛õ ü%_´•z ܲÓ˚ï˛– S˛õ,. 229V
í˛. !ï˛!ö S{ŸªÓ˚V ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î åÈyí˛¸y !ܲå%È Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö öy xyÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%e S!Î÷V xˆÏöܲ !ܲå%È
û%˛ˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲÇÓy xüˆÏöyˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– S˛õ,. 236V
ì˛. !Χy§ Ó%鲰....SïÑ˛yÓ˚V •ï˛ƒyܲy[˛ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ ~ܲ §yçyˆÏöy âê˛öy– S˛õ,. 254V
[í˛zk,˛ï˛ xÇ¢=!° xyÓ#Ó˚ •y§yö xö)!òï˛ñ Ó%ܲ Üœ˛yÓñ ì˛yܲy ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ Ó•z ˆÌˆÏܲ]
Blindness ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ 1995ÈÙÈ~– ~ܲ öyü•#ö ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÎ Ï ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ x¶˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ü•yüyÓ˚#–
~ܲê˛y !öÓ˚yüÎ˚ xy◊Î˚ ˆÜ˛w Óy ~ܲ !öÓ≈y§ö ˆÜ˛w àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y •Î˚ ˆÎáyˆÏö xy°yòy ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yáy •Î˚ x¶˛ˆÏòÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚y ÷ô% §yòy xyˆÏ°y ˆòˆÏá– ~ܲ í˛y_´yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óí˛z fl∫yü#Ó˚ §ˆÏD !öÓ˚yüÎ˚
xy◊Î˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ÎyÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ¢#â  ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ çˆÏí˛¸y •Î˚ x“ !ܲå%È üyö%£Ï ÎyÓ˚y !ܲå%È
˜ö!ï˛Ü˛ ü)°ƒˆÏÓyô áyí˛¸y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ Ó!®ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒñ Îáö !•Ç§y Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚– Úx¶˛c
Ü%˛Í!§ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ û˛yˆÏ°y xy¢#Ó≈yòÛÈÙÙÙÈӈϰ!åȈϰö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ÎyÓ˚y x¶˛ ï˛yÓ˚y
ˆï˛y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ü%˛◊#ï˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ öy– ˆÓyé˛y•z ÎyÎ˚ ~•z ˆòáˆÏï˛ öy ˛õyÄÎ˚yñ ~•z x¶˛c
~ܲê˛y Ó˚*˛õܲ– ~•z Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y ˆ°áܲ !Î!ö ˆ°áܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ üyö%£Ï !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛y!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö
˜fl∫Óï˚ ˛sf Ä !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ üyé˛áyˆÏö ïÖ˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ §yüy!çܲ ò,!‹TÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õܲ– ˆ°áܲ ˆÓyˆÏé˛ö xyüÓ˚yñ
§yôyÓ˚î üyö%£Ï ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öy– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆöyˆÏÓ° û˛y£ÏˆÏî
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ӈϰ!åȈ° Ï öÈÙÙÙÈ~•z Ó•z ˆ°áy •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ° Ú˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ fløÓ˚î ܲ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˆÎ xyüÓ˚y
ç#ÓöˆÏܲ x˛õüyö ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ Î%!_´ˆÏܲ !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ ܲ!Ó˚ñ Ó‡ü%á# §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ã˛y˛õy !òˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ
~•z !ÓŸªçö#ö !ü̃yñ ~ÓÇ üyö%£Ï !öˆÏçˆÏܲ §¡øyö !òˆÏï˛ û%˛ˆÏ° ˆà° ˆÎ!òö ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§
x˛õÓ˚ üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚ §¡øyö !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚° öy–Û ~ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ §Óy•z x¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°ñ
Óƒ!ï˛e´ü í˛y_´yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ flf#– xyÓ˚ x◊&û˛Ó˚y ~ܲ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ ˆ§ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° Ó!®¢y°yÎ˚ ˜ö!ï˛Ü˛
ˆÓyô Ä ¢,C°y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ñ ˆ§ ˆòá° x§•yÎ˚ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xyˆÏe´y¢ñ Ó!®¢y°yÎ˚
xyˆÏ§ öï%˛ö §sfy§– x¶˛Ó˚y àˆÏí˛¸!åÈ° §üyçñ fl∫yü#Ó˚ §ˆÏD !Ó!FåÈßï¨ ˛y ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛ flf#Ä !öˆÏçˆÏܲ
x¶˛ ӈϰ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ï˛öçöˆÏܲ ˛õyÄÎ˚y !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ÎyÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚– ܲyˆÏ°y
ã˛¢üyÄ°y ~ܲ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ˆçˆÏö!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙȧüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x!û˛K˛ï˛y xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆÎ x¶˛üyö%£Ï
ӈϰ !ܲå%È ˆö•zñ xyˆÏåÈ ˆÜ˛Ó° x¶˛c– xyüÓ˚y !ܲ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!‹T¢!_´ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÓÈÙÙÙÈí˛y_´yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
xyÜ%˛!ï˛– í˛z˛õöƒy§ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ ~ܲ §Ω˛yÓöyüÎ˚ñ ˆ°yˆÏܲ ò,!‹T¢!_´ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ
~ܲ!òö ç#ÓöÎyey xyÓyÓ˚ fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏÓ– xyÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈxyüÓ˚y x¶˛ñ !ܲv ˆòáˆÏï˛
˛õy•zñ x¶˛çöï˛y ÎyÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ !ܲv ˆòˆÏá öy– Ó°y Óy‡°ƒñ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Óyܲƒ•z
 ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Ä ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ † 95
Ó˚*˛õܲy!◊ï˛ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒ û˛Ó˚˛õ%Ó–˚ xyÓ˚ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ Ìyܲy ܲÌyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆçˆÏà Äë˛y í˛z˛õ°!∏˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y–
ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙ
ܲ. The eye that is blind transmits the blindness to the eye that sees. S˛õ,.
104V
á. If we cannot live entirely like human beings, at least let us do
everything in our power not to live entirely like animals. S˛õ,. 111V ~ÓÇ
à. Blindness was spreading, not like a sudden tide flooding everything
and carrying all before it but like an insidious infiltration of a thousand
and one turbulent rivulets S˛õ,. 116V
üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ ˆÜ˛Ôï%˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !é˛!°Ü˛ åÈê˛y °yˆÏàÈÙÙÙÈÚ~ܲçö ˛õ%!°¢ ày!í˛¸ÈÙȈã˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲ Óy!í˛¸ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ
!ò°–Û ~ܲy!ôܲÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆÜ˛yöÄ x¶˛ ˛õ%Ó&˚ £Ï x¶˛ ü!•°y ≤çˆÏD Ú÷ˆÏÎy˚ Ó˚Û Ü˛Ìy!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ñ
Îy flõ‹Tï˛ â,îyˆÏÌ≈ ≤ÃÎ%_´– •y!çÓ˚ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏò¢ñ ˆflÀú˛ Ó%ˆÏ°ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ü%ˆÏáyü%!á •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒñ
ÚˆÎê˛y ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ x¶˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ x¶˛c ~ˆÏö ˆòˆÏÓ–Û x¶˛ˆÏcÓ˚
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏû˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ xyˆÏåÈ xyï˛B˛ÈÙÙÙÈÚˆÜ˛í˛z x¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ çyöˆÏ°•z =!° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÓ˚
ˆú˛°y ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ Óy!ܲ ÌyܲˆÏÓ öy....–Û xyˆÏåÈ x¶˛c xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌyñ x¶˛ˆÏc
xû˛ƒhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌyñ xyï˛ˆÏB˛ x¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yñ xyï˛B˛ üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ x¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá
~•z ܲÌy– xyÓ˚ ˛õy•z x¶˛ !•§yÓÓ˚«˛Ü˛ñ x¶˛=u˛yñ x¶˛ ˜§ˆÏöƒÓ˚ x¶˛ •zrê˛y!ö≈Ó˚ñ x¶˛ Ó_´yÓ˚
Ó_,´ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌyÈÙÙÙÈÎyˆÏòÓ˚ §!e´Î˚ï˛y ˛õÓ˚yÓyhflÏÓ xyˆÏ°y !Óܲ#î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xöƒÓ˚y Îáö ò,!‹T •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°ñ ï˛áö ò,!‹Tüyö §yÓ˚y ò%!öÎ˚yÓ˚ x¶˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÌ ˆòáyˆÏöyÓ˚ñ
áyÄÎ˚y ˆçyàyö ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xy¢y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲ öy û˛yÓˆÏåÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆüˆÏÎ˚– ܲyˆÏ°y ˛õ!RÄ°y
~ܲ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸yñ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓñ x¶˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ ˆã˛yáx°y Ó˚yçy– ã˛ï%˛!ò≈ˆÏܲ xyÓç≈öyñ ˆÎö fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ
ç#Óö ã˛°ˆÏåÈ ~üö xçyöy ˆò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ öyöy xyÓç≈öy çüy •ˆÏFåÈ ~áyˆÏöñ ˆö•z áyÓyÓ˚–
Ó!®Ó˚y ã˛y•zˆÏåÈ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ñ ܲyÓ˚î §Çà!ë˛ï˛ Ìyܲy•z ç#Óöñ ü,ï%˛ƒ x§Çàë˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ú˛°– ~•z
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyí˛¸y° ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zÑ!ܲ üyÓ˚ˆÏåÈ xÌ≈ñ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛Ó˚ xyû˛yñ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚
ç#ÓöÓ#«˛y !üˆÏ¢ xyˆÏåÈ ÎyˆÏï˛– xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ x¶˛cñ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x¶˛c ˆ§Ó˚ܲü ò%ˆÏê˛y ≤Ãܲy¢–
ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !e´!ê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ ~áyˆÏö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆÎ xƒy!°à!Ó˚Ó˚ ܲy!Ó˚Ü%˛!Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü
x!ö!ÿ˛ï˛ û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ !ӈϟªÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y xÌ≈ §¶˛yö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yö ˆ°áܲ– Fernanda Elerstadt
ühsˇÓƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ˆò¢ Óƒy˛õ# Óöƒï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ~ ˆÎö ‘a powerful parable about
the fragility of human civilization.’ (New York Times, June 18, 2010)
All the names S1995V ˆÎö ܲyú˛Ü˛y §,‹T Ó%ƒˆÏÓy˚ e´y!ê˛Ü˛ ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ◊k˛y K˛y˛õö–
ˆÓ˚!çflT…yÓ˚ x!ú˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲ öàîƒ Ü˛ü≈ã˛yÓ˚# ~ܲ ü!•°yÓ˚ öyˆÏü xy@ˇÃ•# •ˆÏÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ á%ÑçˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲöñ !ܲv á%ÑçˆÏï˛ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õˆÏí˛¸ !Ó¢,C°y– ˆö¢y@ˇÃhflÏ Ü˛ü≈ã˛yÓ˚# ày!òƒÜ˛ ˆ§ÔüyÈÙÈÓ˚
ÓòˆÏ° §%£ÏüyÎ%_´ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˛õò!Ó Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– Paul Duguid ühsˇÓƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ‘‘It
is not surprising, then, that names, prosaic and esoteric, play intriguing
roles in most of Saramago’s novels, or that his latest called, All the
Names....’ (T.L.S. Pg, March 12, 1999) §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü í˛zˆÏՑრí˛z˛õöƒy§
ÚÓy°ï˛y§yÓ˚ xƒyu˛ !Óœü%u˛yÛ S1982VÈÙÈˆï˛ öyÎ˚ܲ öy!Î˚ܲyÓ˚ öyü !åÈ° xq$ï˛– !Ó˚ܲyˆÏí≈˛y
ˆÓ˚•zˆÏÎ˚§ˆÏܲ ˆÎ í˛z˛õöƒy§ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õï%≈˛!àç üí˛y!ö≈fiê˛ ˆú˛ö≈yˆÏ®y ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°
96 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
~ܲy!ôܲ åÈpöyü !°§Óö x!ôܲyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ä öyü ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ öyöy ôÓ˚ö xyˆÏåÈ–
˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ã˛!Ó˚e=!° üôƒÎ%à#Î˚ ˛õï%≈˛!àçñ •zLjÏÓ˚!çñ xyÓ˚Óƒñ !ܲv xyô%!öܲ öyÎ˚ܲ ÷ô%•z
≤Ã&ú˛ !Ó˚í˛yÓ˚– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ xôƒyÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈöyü Óy ˛õò!Ó Î!ò §!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ•z ܲyˆÏç
°yàï˛ñ Ó°y •Î˚ ~•z ≤Ã&ú˛ !Ó˚í˛yÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ!ê˛Ä !öˆÏçÓ˚ öyüê˛y ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆåÈˆÑ êÏ ˛ !öˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°– xyô%!öܲ
xydcÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy xö%ÎyÎ˚# ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Úx¶˛cÛ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e=!° ÷ô% ò,!‹T•#ö öÎ˚ñ
öyü•#öñ ÷ô% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy Sí˛y_´yÓ˚ñ ˆã˛yÓ˚ñ ˛õ%!°¢ •zï˛ƒy!òV– ˆï˛ü!ö Úx° !ò ˆöü§‰ÛÈÙÈ~
~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛!Ó˚e•z öyüÎ%_´ÈÙÙÙȈ§ ~ܲ öàîƒ Ü˛ü≈ã˛yÓ˚#ÈÙÙÙȈ§öÓ˚ ˆçyˆÏ§– çß√ÈÙÈü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÓ˚!ç!flT…
áyï˛y á%ˆÏ° ˆ§ âyÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ñ x!ú˛§ Ä !öçâˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ òÓ˚çy á%ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚– áƒyï˛öyüyˆÏòÓ˚
áyï˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ~ܲ ü!•°yÓ˚ öyˆÏü ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•°# •Î˚– ˆ§ ˆÓyˆÏé˛ öyü !òˆÏÎ˚ üyö%£Ï!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ˆÓyé˛y ÎyÎ˚ öyñ ï˛áö û˛#Ó˚& ˆ°yܲ!ê˛ ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ •Î˚ ~•z x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ öyÓ˚#Ó˚ áÓÓ˚ !öˆÏï˛– Óï≈˛üyˆÏöÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yöÄ áÓÓ˚ öy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ˆåÈyˆÏê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ xï˛#ˆÏï˛ñ çß√fliyöñ ˜¢¢Óà,•ñ ˛õí˛¸!¢ñ !Óòƒy°Î˚
≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛– ç#!Óï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ §¶˛yö ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ÎyÎ˚ ü,ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛Õ‘yˆÏ¢
ˆüˆÏï˛ ˆ§ ˆ˛õÑÔåÈyÎ˚ ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚•#ö öyÓ˚#Ó˚ úœ˛ƒyˆÏê˛ñ ˆ§áyˆÏö ˆê˛!°ˆÏú˛yö ΈÏsf xˆÏöƒÓ˚
ˆüˆÏ§çÄ ˆüˆÏ°– §üÎ˚•#öï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ ˆ˛õÑÔåÈyÎ˚ §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ¢– ~ܲ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yüˆÏ¢≈
ˆú˛yö ày•zí˛ ˆòáy •°– ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˆ°yܲê˛y û˛yÓ° ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ˆÓ˚!ç!flT…Ó˚ öyüï˛y!°Ü˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚•#ö ç#!Óï˛ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚•#ö ü,ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓñ ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z Óï≈˛üyö Ä xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚
ˆÎyà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ áƒyï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ˛õyˆÏ¢ xáƒyï˛ §yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚Ä ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
The Cave S2000V •° ~ܲ Ü%˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à“ñ ÎyÓ˚y ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õܲ xö%ÎyÎ˚#
=•yÓy§#ñ ÎyÓ˚y ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ üyö%£Ï– Óœy•zu˛ˆÏö§ñ x° !ò ˆöü§ Ä òƒ ˆÜ˛û˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ôyÓ˚yö%§yÓ˚# eÎ˚# Ó˚*˛õܲ í˛z˛õöƒy§ñ Î!òÄ xyáƒyö !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ §Óܲ!ê˛•z xy°yòy– ~ •° xy§ß¨
û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ñ ˆ°yû˛ Ä «˛üï˛yüòü_ï˛yÓ˚ üyé˛áyˆÏö Óƒ!_´Ó˚ fl∫yï˛sfƒÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ à“– ~ xyáƒyˆÏö
xyˆÏåÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛wñ Îy ã˛Ü˛ã˛ˆÏܲñ Ó%ƒˆÏÓ˚yˆÏe´!ê˛Ü˛ñ x!ï˛ «˛üï˛yÓyö fliyöñ Îy ܲˆÏ˛õ≈yˆÏÓ˚ê˛ Óƒy˛õܲ
¢!_´Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !§!≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏöy xy°ˆÏàyÓ˚ñ ~ܲ ÓÎ˚flÒ Ü%˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ üyï≈˛yñ ï˛yÓ˚y Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ û˛yäyˆÏã˛yÓ˚y @ˇÃyüƒ Ü%˛ˆÏüyÓ˚¢y°yÎ˚ñ ˆÎê˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy˛õ !˛õï˛yü•Ó˚
!û˛ˆÏê˛– !§!≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏöyÓ˚ !ç!ö§ !Ó!e´ ã˛ˆÏ° ÷ô% Ä•z ˆÜ˛ˆÏw– ~ çyÎ˚àyê˛y Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ¢!_´ˆÏܲwñ
!ÓÓ˚yê˛ ~°yܲyÓ˚ ˆåÈyR Óy!í˛¸!ê˛ ã˛Ü˛!ü°yöñ ÎyÓ˚y à!Ó˚Ó=ˆÏÓ≈y ˆÜ˛yöÄüˆÏï˛ ˆåÈyR âˆÏÓ˚ ˆáˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÓÑyˆÏã˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ fl∫≤¿˛õ%Ó˚#– üyï≈˛yÓ˚ fl∫yü# Óí˛z xyÓ˚ Ÿª÷Ó˚ˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyE˛y û˛yí˛¸yÓy!í˛¸
ˆ˛õˆÏ°•z ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛ xy@ˇÃ•#– ~•z ˆÜ˛w•z §üyçã˛y°Ü˛– !§!≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏöyÓ˚ üy!ê˛Ó˚ !ç!ö§˛õe Îáö
•z!üˆÏê˛¢ö e´Ü˛y!Ó˚Ó˚ ï%˛°öyÎ˚ x˛õåȈϮÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ï˛áö ˆÓã˛yÓ˚y Ü%˛ˆÏüyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò%!ò≈ö– ˆÜ˛w
ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ã%˛!_´ Óy!ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ x!Ó°ˆÏ¡∫ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆçyàyö ˆòÄÎ˚y !ç!ö§˛õe =òyü ˆÌˆÏܲ
•ë˛yˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°– ï˛áö !§!≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏöyÓ˚ üˆÏö •°ÈÙÙÙȧüÎ˚ Óò°yˆÏFåÈñ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸yÓ˚y !òö =öˆÏåÈñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
xyÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆö•z ˛öï%˛ö ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ñ ˆÓшÏã˛ Ìyܲy ΈÏÌ‹T •°– ~•z •° !ã˛Ó˚hsˇö !ÓŸªy§–
~û˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲê˛y !ö¤%˛Ó˚ ˆ§!rê˛ˆÏürê˛ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyû˛!DˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ àû˛#Ó˚ û˛yÓöyÓy•#–
§üyˆÏç ˆ¢£ÏÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y !öç x!hflÏc ≤ÃüyˆÏî xô#Ó˚ ˆ°yܲê˛y xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöy
!ÓŸªˆÏܲy£Ï ˆòˆÏá !ܲå%È ˛õ%ï%˛° ÓyöyÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢B˛y !åÈ°ñ !ܲv ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ܲï≈˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õåÈ® •ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y Óí˛¸ xí≈˛yÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ï˛áö !§!≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏöy ˛õ%ï%˛° ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° Óò°yÎ˚– û˛yˆÏÓñ ~ÓyÓ˚
Ü%˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ ˛õyí˛¸y ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ÎyˆÏÓñ §D# •ˆÏÓ xyô%!öܲï˛yÓ˚– !ܲv ò%û≈˛yàƒe´ˆÏü ˛õÓ˚yü¢≈òyï˛yÓ˚y Ó°°
~•z ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏöy ôÑyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˛õ%ï%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ ˆö•zñ ï˛áö xˆÏô≈ܲ ܲyç •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ !ܲv xí≈˛yÓ˚ Óy!ï˛°
 ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Ä ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ † 97
•°– •ï˛y¢ !§!≤ÃÎy˚ ˆÏöy ˆÜ˛ˆÏw •y!çÓ˚ñ §yÓ˚y!òö ˆâyˆÏÓ˚ ~ âˆÏÓ˚ Ä âˆÏÓ–˚ ˆ§ ˆòá° !ÓˆÏöyòˆÏöÓ˚
öï%˛ö ܲyÎ˚òyÈÙÙÙȈÎáyˆÏö í˛zˆÏ_çöy ˆ˛õy•yÎ˚ ܲï≈˛yÓ˚y Ü,˛!eü Ó,!‹TˆÏï˛ñ ΈÏsf Óyï˛y§ ÓÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚ú˛
˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ~ •° ~ܲ ˆö¢yñ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ üçy ˆ˛õˆÏ°•z !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏ°– ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ =•yÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚
üˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ üyö%£ÏÓ˚yÄ öܲ!° çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ Óy!§®y– ï˛ˆÏÓ •zˆÏFåÈ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°•z ˛õy°yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~
í˛z˛õöƒy§ •ï˛y¢yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°y !Óܲ#î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛Ôï%˛Ü˛Ä xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈSxˆÏöܲ ˆòÓï˛y ܲyòy
!òˆÏÎ˚ !ç!ö§ ÓyöyÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛yòy û˛yˆÏ°yÓyˆÏ§ !ܲ öy çyöy ò%‹ÒÓ˚V ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü%˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ê˛yÓ˚ üyöÓï˛yñ
ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ xyܲyA«˛y ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆüyˆÏåÈ öy– Ó°y Óy‡°ƒñ ˆ°yܲ à“ôÑyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ~ í˛z˛õöƒy§
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ü%რÓ˚ã˛öy ӈϰ àîƒ •ÓyÓ˚ öÎ˚–
Seeing ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° 2004ÈÙÈ~ñ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ §ƒyê˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ˛õê˛û)˛!ü
ÚÓœy•zu˛ˆÏö§Û í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õê˛û)˛!ü ~ܲ•zÈÙÙÙȈ§•z öyü•#ö Ó˚yçôyö#– ˆ§áyˆÏö öyà!Ó˚ܲÓ˚y
ÓœƒyܲˆÏû˛yê˛ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfliy ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– à“ §)ã˛öy ~•zû˛yˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈöyà!Ó˚ܲÓ˚y
§ˆÏÓ ò,!‹T¢!_´ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ ˜òö!®ö ܲyˆÏç ܲˆÏü≈ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§ §Ó ܲyˆÏÎ≈
ò,!‹TÓ˚ ≤ÃyáÎ≈ °yˆÏà öy– ˆû˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ !òö ~°ñ 83% ˆ°yܲ §yï˛ §Ü˛yˆÏ° ˆû˛yê˛ !òˆÏï˛ ˆà°
öyñ ˆÓÓ˚&° ˆ¢£Ï !ÓˆÏܲˆÏ° xyÓ˚ Óœƒyܲ Óƒy°ê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~°– ~ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ ˛õyˆÏÓö
Ó%ƒˆÏÓy˚ e´yê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !Óü)ì˛¸ï˛yñ §yÇÓy!òܲˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆ_
Ï çöyñ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !•!fiê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ ñ öyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ •y°Ü˛y
x§•ˆÏÎyàñ Îáö ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆû˛yê˛ ˆÜ˛üö !òˆÏ°öñ ï˛yÓ˚y !ܲå%È ÓˆÏ° öyñ üˆÏö
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚yê˛y•z ˆÓxy•z!ö– §ƒyê˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ôï%˛Ü˛≤Ãò– ï˛ˆÏÓ §Óê˛y•z !ܲ ï˛y•z⁄ ˆÓyé˛y ÎyˆÏFåÈ
ˆÎ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xô#ˆÏö öyà!Ó˚ܲÓ˚yñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆû˛yê˛ ˆòÄÎ˚yê˛y xÌ≈•#ö– ï˛áö fl∫Ó˚y‹T…üsf# ˆây£Ïîy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏ°ö ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yüˆÏö §sfy§ üyÌy ã˛yí˛¸y !òˆÏFåÈ– xöƒ üsf#Ó˚y xy˛õ!_ çyöyˆÏ° Ä
çÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfliy ˆây£Ïîy •°– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏe ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚°ñ ˆò¢ xÓÓ˚&k˛– ˆÓyüy ˛õí˛¸°ñ
!ü!í˛Î˚y Ó°° §sfy§Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyçñ x“ !ܲå%È ˆ°yܲ üyÓ˚y ˆà°– 17% ˆ°yܲ ÎyÓ˚y !ã˛!•´ï˛
Óƒy°ê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ÓƒÌ≈ •°ñ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ܲï≈˛yÓ˚y Ó˚yç§í˛¸Ü˛ Ó¶˛
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ û%˛ˆÏ°!åÈ°– ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ §sfy§Óyò#Ó˚y ¢yhsˇû˛yˆÏÓ í˛zmy› •ÄÎ˚y üyö%£ˆÏ òÏ Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚ !ú˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛
§y•y΃ ܲÓ˚°ñ §ˆÏD Ìyܲ°ÈÙÙÙÈã˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §Ó˚Oyüñ Ó˚&ˆÏ˛õyÓ˚ Óí˛¸ Ìy°yñ ˆ˛õ!fiê˛Çñ ë˛yÜ%˛ò≈y
ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚üyˆÏòÓ˚– ˆÜ˛Ôï%˛Ü˛ ~ÓyÓ˚ Óò°yˆÏFåÈñ ˆê˛ö¢ö Óyí˛¸ˆÏåÈ– ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚y ~ÓyÓ˚ §yüˆÏö xyˆÏ§ñ
§Óy•z öyü•#öñ Óƒ!ï˛e´ü ~ܲ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ñ öyü ܲöfiê˛ƒyrê˛ñ ˆ§•z x¶˛c í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ x◊&§ç°
Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚– üsf#Ó˚y «˛üï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ û˛Î˚yöܲ ÓƒhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰– ~ܲ ˛õ%!°¢ §%˛õy!Ó˚ˆÏrê˛ˆÏu˛rê˛ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚
ˆ°yܲ ˛õyë˛yˆÏ°ö ˆ§•z ü!•°yÓ˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç !Î!ö ã˛yÓ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà §Óy•z x¶˛ •ˆÏ°Ä ò,!‹T
•yÓ˚yö!ö– ܲï≈˛yÈÙÙÙÈplague of white blindness ~ÓÇ plague of blank ballotsÈÙÈ~Ó˚
ˆÎyà§)e á%ÑçˆÏï˛ °yàˆÏ°ö– ~•z ˛õ%!°¢Ü˛ï≈˛y•z •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ò,!‹T §•yÎ˚ܲ– !ï˛!ö
˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ Ä•z ü!•°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !öˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§öñ !Î!ö !åȈϰö ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ Ó•zˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°yܲÓ!ï≈˛Ü˛y–
~ Ó•z xyˆÏàÓ˚ê˛yÓ˚ í˛z°ˆÏê˛yÈÙÙÙÈã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ xyÓ˚Ä x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚–
The Elephant’s Journey ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚ 2008ÈÙÈ~ñ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç xö%Óyò ò% ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚– ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢
¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ à“– 1551ÈÙÈ~ Ó˚yçy ˆçyÎ˚yÄ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏú˛ xyÜ≈˛!í˛í˛zܲ
üƒy!:!ü!°Î˚yöˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çöƒ ~ܲ xööƒ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛yö– ˆ§!ê˛ •°ÈÙÙÙȧˆÏ°yüö öyˆÏü
~ܲê˛y •y!ï˛– •y!ï˛ Îyey ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ !°§Óö ˆÌˆÏܲñ ÎyÎ˚ Viennawas, Îyey˛õˆÏÌ xˆÏöܲ
!ܲå%È ˆòˆÏáñ ˛õ![˛ï˛ñ •z!ï˛•y§!Óòñ §yôyÓ˚î öyöy ühsˇÓƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆ°yܲܲy!•!ö xÓ°¡∫ö
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ~ܲ í˛z˛õöƒy§ñ Îy El pais ˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ ‘a
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 7
98 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
triumph of language, imagination and humor’. §ˆÏ°yüö Ä ï˛yÓ˚ üy‡ï˛ ÷ºñ
ÌyÜ˛ï˛ ÓyˆÏç xÓfliyÎ˚ Ó˚yç≤Ãy§yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏî– Ó˚yçy Ä Ó˚y!öÓ˚ öçˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ° !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓyˆÏåÈö– ï˛áö•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §yçyˆÏöyˆÏàyåÈyˆÏöy ÷Ó˚& •Î˚– ÷ºˆÏܲ ˆòÄÎ˚y •° ò% ≤Ãfli
öï%˛ö ˆ˛õy¢yܲñ §ˆÏ°yüöˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ û˛yˆÏ°yû˛yˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚y §#üyöy ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆflõˆÏö
Castelio RadrigoÈÙÈˆï˛ ÎyÎ˚ñ xyÜ≈˛!í˛í˛zܲ û˛ƒy°yˆÏí˛y!°ˆÏí˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆòáy ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÜ≈˛!í˛í˛zܲñ
ï˛yÓ˚ öï%˛ö Óí˛zñ Ó˚yç≤ÕÓ˚# §ˆÏüï˛ñ ÷º Ä §ˆÏ°yüö ü•yˆÏò¢ ˛õ!Ó˚e´üyÎ˚ ÓyÓ˚ •Î˚ñ ˆÎ
ü•yˆÏòˆÏ¢ !Ó˚ú˛ˆÏü≈¢ö xyÓ˚ à,•Î%k˛– ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õÌ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° í˛z_Ó˚ •zï˛y!°ÈÙÙÙȈçˆÏöyÎ˚yñ
!˛õÎ˚yˆÏ§ö‰çyñ üyvÎ˚yñ ˆû˛ˆÏÓy˚ öyñ ˆû˛!ö§ñ ˆê˛ΔˆrÏ ê˛yÈÙÙÙȈ§áyˆÏö ï˛áö §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ x!ôˆÏÓ¢ö ã˛°ˆÏåÈ–
ï˛yÓ˚y xy°˛õ§ x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ û˛Î˚yÓ• •z§yˆÏÜ≈˛y Ä ˆÓ ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õy§ x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚– xӈϢˆÏ£Ï
ˆ˛õÔÑåÈyÎ˚ Ó˚yç ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ !û˛ˆÏÎ˚öyÎ˚– •y!ï˛!ê˛Ó˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ºüî xyö®òyÎ˚ܲñ Ó%!k˛ò#Æ à“ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
•Î˚ !üeï˛y Ä xƒyí˛ˆÏû˛M˛ÈyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §ˆÏ°yüˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆ°yܲàˆÏ“ ˛õ!Ó˚ºüî ˛õÌ §%flõ‹T
öÎ˚ñ ï˛y•z ˆ°áܲ !öü≈yî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ~ܲ aura of mystery ˆÎ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ïÑ˛yÓ˚
§•çò,‹T ˜¢°#– í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï xLjϢ ˆ°áܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö •y!ï˛!ê˛Ó˚ x!hsˇü ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛–
ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î çyöy ÎyÎ˚ öyñ ï˛áö ˆï˛y !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ xyô%!öܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛ !åÈ° öy– •y!ï˛!ê˛Ó˚
ˆ§ÓyÄ ˆüˆÏ°!ö– üÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆ°yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ §yüˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õy ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Ä£Ï%ô
°y!àˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yçÓy!í˛¸Ó˚ òÓ˚çyÎ˚ åÈyï˛yñ ê%˛!˛õñ °y!ë˛ ˆé˛y°yˆÏöyÓ˚ á%Ñ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÷ºˆÏܲ ˆÓï˛ö åÈyí˛¸yÄ
Óܲ!¢§ ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ~•z ê˛yܲy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ~ܲê˛y áFã˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏöñ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õˆÏë˛ ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆöÎ˚ !öç
!ç!ö§˛õe– ӈϰ!åÈ° !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ !°§ÓˆÏöñ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyˆÏòÔ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° !ܲ öy ˆÜ˛ çyˆÏö–
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ §Æy• ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyÜ≈˛!í˛í˛zܲ !ã˛!ë˛ ˛õyë˛yÎ˚ ˛õï%≈˛!àç Ó˚yçyˆÏܲ– ï˛yˆÏï˛ §%ˆÏ°üyˆÏöÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚
ܲÌy ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛ˆÏÓ !û˛ˆÏÎö˚ yÓy§# Ü,˛ï˛K˛ñ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yܲyÓ˚ !òˆÏö•z ˆ§ ~ܲ ÓyFã˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãyî ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°–
!ã˛!ë˛Ó˚ üyÓ˚ú˛ï˛ §ˆÏ°yüöÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ§ÇÓyˆÏò §Óy•z ò%Éá ˛õyÎ˚ñ Ó˚y!ö ÜÑ˛yòˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ÜÑ˛yòˆÏï˛
ÜÑ˛yòˆÏï˛ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ âˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ òÓ˚çy Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yÓ˚y !òö ÜÑ˛yˆÏò– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆ¢£Ï ˛õ,¤˛yÎ˚ çyöyö
§y°çÓ%à≈ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ Ó_,´ï˛y ˆòÓyÓ˚ xyüsfî öy ˆ˛õˆÏ°ñ Ú•y!ï˛Û öyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏhflÏyÓ˚ÑyÎ˚ ˆáˆÏï˛
öy ˆàˆÏ°ñ ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåÈyê˛ Ü˛yˆÏë˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚&ܲyˆÏç ~•z ˆ°yܲàˆÏ“Ó˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î öy ˆòáˆÏ° ~ í˛z˛õöƒy§
ˆ°áy •ï˛ öy– Independent ˛õ!eܲy !°ˆÏá!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈ‘Nothing I can remember reading
tells me more, and with such arresting humour and simplicity, about the
imposture of the times we live in.’ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ Ursula Le Guin ˆ°ˆÏáöÈÙÙÙÈ‘He
writes with wit, with heartbreaking dignity, and with the simplicity of a
great artist in full control of his art. Let us listen to a true elder of our
people, a man of tears, a man of wisdom.’
xˆÏöܲ ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚•z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ öyü í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •!FåÈ° ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çöƒ– ï˛ˆÏÓ
˛õï%≈˛!àçû˛y£Ï# xyÓ˚Ä ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ !åȈϰöñ ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈÓ y!ç!°Î˚yö ˆçyˆÏç≈ xyüyˆÏòy–
Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˛õ%Ó˚fl,Òï˛ •ˆÏ°ö 1998ÈÙÈ~– ˆ˛õˆÏ°ö í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ çöƒ That combine
surrealist experimentation with a kind of sardonic peasant pragmatism. fl∫ˆòÏ ˆÏ¢
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ü◊ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y– ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˆây£ÏîyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚•z çöàî á%!¢ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚
§Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï Ó•z 4 °yá ܲ!˛õ !Ó!e´ •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ x“ !ܲå%È ~!°ê˛ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !ï˛!ö x˛õåȈϮÓ˚–
ܲyÓ˚î ïÑ˛yÓ˚ unaccomodating personality !°§ÓˆÏö ˆ°yˆÏܲ Ó°ï˛ !ï˛!ö öy!ܲ cold,
arrogant, unsympatheticñ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ û˛_´Ó˚y ӈϰ !ï˛!ö prickly character. ˛õï%˛≈ !àç
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÜÑ˛yê˛yÎ˚ «˛ï˛!Ó«˛ï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Óyô≈ˆÏܲƒ xyhsˇç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ áƒy!ï˛ ˛õyö–
 ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Ä ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ † 99
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ã˛y!£Ï âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•ƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö fatalistic pragmatism. !Óáƒyï˛
§üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ xyÓ˚!û˛Ç ˆ•yˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ narrative sensibility •° caustic
Ä shrewd. ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏe !üˆÏ¢ xyˆÏåÈ flinty skepticism ~ÓÇ fantasy-Ó˚
!òˆÏܲ ˆéÑ˛yܲ– í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ xyˆÏåÈ ã˛y˛õy ˆÜ˛Ôï%˛Ü˛ñ !ï˛!ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ û˛oñ ò,ì˛¸ï˛y•#ö ü%რã˛!Ó˚eˆÏܲ
!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°ö üƒy!çˆÏܲñ ˆÎáyˆÏö ˆò¢ !Ó!FåÈߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ü)° û)˛á[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲñ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ã˛ˆÏ°
§ü%ˆoÏ ñ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏà ÎyÎ˚ x¶˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ü•yüyÓ˚#ñ x‹Tyò¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ~ܲ !ÓŸªy§âyï˛Ü˛ ˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ !•ï˛
•zöÜ%˛•z!ç¢ö ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy°yÎ˚ í˛zí˛¸hsˇ ΈÏsfñ Îy ã˛ˆÏ° üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •zFåÈyÎ˚– ~•z folk-tale
sensibility ï˛yˆÏܲ üôƒ!Ó_ñ öyà!Ó˚ܲ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyö Ä ˛õ!ÿ˛ü •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ §ÇˆÏÓòö ˆ§y!û˛ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ ˆ°áܲ Ó%°àyܲˆÏû˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y öÎ˚ñ
ò!«˛î xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲ#Î˚ ‡!°ˆÏÎ˚y ˆÜ˛yï≈˛y§yÓ˚ Óy xyí˛ˆÏÕ≥˛y !ÓÎ˚Î˚ ܲy§yˆÏÓ˚§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y öÎ˚–
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ˜fl∫Óï˚ ˛ˆÏsf ú˛ƒyrê˛y!§ Ä xƒy!°à!Ó˚ xy§yê˛y•z fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ– §y°yçyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ó˚yçcܲyˆÏ°•z
ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ Óí˛¸ xÇ¢– §y°yçyÓ˚ â,îy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö xyô%!öܲï˛yˆÏܲ– ˛õåÈ®
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö ˆåÈyê˛ à!Ó˚Ó ã˛y!£Ïñ ܲƒyÌ!°Ü˛ñ xö%àï˛ ˆ°yܲçö– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ÓyÓy §y°yçyÓ˚
xy§ˆÏ° ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ°yܲñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ê˛Δy!ú˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ°yܲñ xyˆÏhflÏ xyˆÏhflÏ ˆåȈϰ Óy˛õ !û˛ß¨ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛ˆÏ°
ÎyÎ˚–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày xyÜ,˛‹T •ö ܲü%ƒ!öfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛– §y°yçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜fl∫Ó˚ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !åÈ° ܲü%ƒ!öfiê˛
˛õy!ê≈˛ñ ï˛y•z ܲü%ƒ!öfiê˛Ó˚y ܲ‹T ˆû˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– âê˛öyã˛ˆÏe´ !ï˛!ö ܲáöÄ ˆ@ˇÃÆyÓ˚ •ö!ö– 25
~!≤ðñ 1974 !ÓˆÏoy•# Óyü §¢flf ¢!_´ §ú˛° !ÓˆÏoy• ã˛y°yÎ˚ !°§Óö Ä ˆ˛õyˆÏê≈˛yˆÏï˛ñ
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆöï˛yÓ˚y ˆ@ˇÃÆyÓ˚ •Î˚ñ çöï˛y Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ˆöˆÏü ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyöˆÏ®– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ï˛áö ~ܲ
ܲyàˆÏç– ~ê˛y ˛ú˛ƒy!§fiê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲyàçñ (Diario de Noticias) çyï˛#Î˚ •Î˚ñ ܲü%ƒ!öfiê˛
xy!ô˛õï˛ƒüÎ˚ §ÇÓyò˛õe •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆí˛˛õ%!ê˛ !í˛ˆÏÓ˚QÓ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày flõ‹T ܲÌyÓ˚ ˆ°yܲñ
ï˛Ü≈˛!≤ÃÎ˚ ööñ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ §•Ü˛ü#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÜ≈˛¢– 1975ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ öˆÏû˛¡∫ˆÏÓ˚ Óyü
~ܲyLjϢÓ˚ myÓ˚y £Ïí˛¸Îsfñ ˆò¢ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆ§y¢ƒy° ˆí˛ˆÏüye´yê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày åÈÑyê˛y•z •öñ
˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ ò›Ó˚ ˆ°áܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ Îyö– §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛Ó˚y Ó°ˆÏåÈö !Ó˚ܲyˆÏí˛≈ y ˆÓ˚•§z !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ˆÏï˛•z
!í˛Ü˛ˆÏê˛ê˛Ó˚!¢˛õ !öˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y xyˆÏåÈ– í˛z˛õöƒy§ ÷Ó˚& 1935ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ìü̈Ïüñ
Óöƒy≤’y!Óï˛ ¢#ˆÏï˛ñ ˆÓ˚•z§ !ú˛Ó˚ˆåÏ È Ó¶%˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚ ü,ï˛% ƒÓ˚ áÓÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏΖ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ Ó!•Ó˚ˆD
xyˆÏåÈ stultifying polite trivialities, !ܲv !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ !ÓŸª •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚
!Ó˛õÎ≈ÎÈ˚ ÙÙÙÈú˛  ƒyˆÏB˛y ˆflõö ≤Ãçyï˛sfˆÜÏ ˛ =шíÏ ˛¸y ܲÓ˚ˆåÏ Èñ ü%ˆ§Ï y!°ö# xy!Ó!§!öÎ˚y x!û˛Îyö ܲÓ˚ˆåÏ Èñ
!•ê˛°yÓ˚ éÑ˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆåÏ È ˆã˛ˆÏܲyˆÏŸ’yû˛y!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚– ˆÓ˚•§z xÓ¢ƒ Ó˚«˛î¢#° Ó˚yçï˛sf#– ~ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§
~ÓÇ xöƒe !Ó˚Î˚y!°!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ öö!Ó˚Î˚y!°!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Îyï˛yÎ˚yï˛ñ x!hflÏ ˆÌˆÏܲ xö!hflψÏc– ≤ÃÌü
§ú˛° í˛z˛õöƒy§ ÚÓy°Ìy§yÓ˚ xƒyu˛ !Óœ$ü%u˛yÛ •°ÈÙÙÙÈeccentric, rambling, humorous,
touching–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ •° ˆåÈò!ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚
í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ Óyܲƒ ã˛°ˆÏï˛•z ÌyˆÏܲñ ÷ô% üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ Ü˛üñ ~ ˆÎö àˆÏòƒÓ˚ Óöƒyñ ÎyˆÏï˛ öƒyˆÏÓ!˚ ê˛û˛
˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛îñ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ !ã˛hsˇyñ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ §Ç°y˛õ ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ç°y˛õ !ã˛•´•#ö– ܲÌyÓyï≈˛yÎ˚ ˆÎö internal
monologue ã˛ˆÏ° üˆÏö •Î˚– ~ ˆÎö ~ܲ !öÉ¢∑ ã˛°!Fã˛eñ ¢)öƒ ˆ≤ë˛yà,ˆÏ•ñ ~ܲçö üye
ò¢≈ܲñ ˆÎ ÓyܲƒÓyà#¢– ~•z o‹Ty•z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ öƒyˆÏÓê˚ ˛Ó˚ñ ˆÎ Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˆö•zñ ˆÎ xyˆÏåÈ §Ó í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§– James Wood ӈϰˆÏåÈö ~•z öƒyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
100 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
fl∫Ó˚ •° ~ܲ ô)ï≈˛ Ó,k˛ ˛õï%≈˛!àç ã˛y!£ÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎ §Ó !ܲå%È çyˆÏö xyÓyÓ˚ çyˆÏöÄ öy– ÄÑÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚
Ó˚!§ˆÏܲÓ˚ñ ˆÎ ÓòˆÏüçy!çñ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ •zÎ˚y!Ü≈˛Ä ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎ ˆ°yܲÓ%!° ˛õåÈ®
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ôü≈ܲÌy !öˆÏÎ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ã˛y°yÎ˚ Sû˛àÓyˆÏöÓ˚ !ܲ ~ܲê˛y ˆã˛yá öy !ܲ ò%ˆÏê˛y⁄ ¢Î˚ï˛yö !ܲ
í˛zí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄V §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Óî≈öü%áƒï˛y ˆÓyé˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ã˛y!Óܲy!ë˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ï˛y
•°ÈÙÙÙÈÚ§y!•ï˛ƒ üyˆÏö ˆï˛y ÷ô% Óî≈öy öÎ˚ñ üyö%£Ï Ä §üÎ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ÓƒÓˆÏFåÈò– ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ xö%§¶˛yö
!öˆÏçÓ˚ñ xˆÏöƒÓ˚–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ öƒyˆÏÓê˚ ˛Ó˚ ò%çˆÏö•z •ï˛y¢y@ˇÃhfl–Ï ˆ°áܲ ӈϰöñ xyüÓ˚y x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ §üˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
Óy!§®yñ Îáö fl∫yô#öï˛y ܲüˆÏåÈñ ˆÎáyˆÏö §üyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆö•zñ Îáö §Ó≈@ˇÃy§#
¢y§öï˛sfñ Ó‡çy!ï˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏ˛õ≈yˆÏÓ˚¢öñ ÓyçyÓ˚≤ÃyDîñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xyò¢≈ ã˛yÎ˚ öyñ xyÓ˚ ôü#≈Î˚
x§!•£%èï˛y ˆÓˆÏí˛¸•z ã˛ˆÏ°– í˛z˛õöƒy§ !ܲ ˛˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ û˛yˆÏ°y çyÎ˚ày ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
˜ö!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õöƒy§ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ §yü!Î˚ܲû˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãû˛y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ §Ó≈yD#î •ï˛y¢y ÌyܲˆÏ°Ä ï˛yÓ˚ xyí˛¸y° ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zÑ!ܲé%Ñ˛!ܲ üyˆÏÓ˚
•zí˛zˆêÏ ˛y!˛õÎ˚yÓ˚ 鲰ܲy!ö– !°§Óö xÓˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏôÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ˆÎüö xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ%öü)°≈ ƒyÎ˚ö
ã˛ˆÏ°ñ öÓƒˆÏã˛ï˛öy≤ÃyÆ ≤Ã&ú˛ !Ó˚í˛yÓ˚ •yˆÏö xhsˇâ≈yï˛– ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÓòˆÏ° •z!ï˛•y§
ÓòˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày xˆÏöܲ §üÎ˚ ï%˛FåÈï˛yˆÏܲ xy◊Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö !ܲv ï˛yˆÏܲ x!ï˛e´üö#Î˚ üyey ˆòö
ˆŸ’£Ï!ü!◊ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ôï%˛ˆÏܲñ ÎyÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !öç §,‹T çà͈Ïܲ !Óo*˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈§)!Ó˚
˛õï%≈˛!àç ˆ°áܲ Eca de QueirosÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày •y§ƒÓ˚§ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö Îy
~ܲ•z §ˆÏD •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ §Ó≈Óƒy˛õ# ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°#–
§üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ James Wood 2008ÈÙÈ~ ӈϰ!åȈϰöÈÙÙÙȈçyˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~ܲ•z§ˆÏD
öÓƒï˛yÓyò# Ä ˙!ï˛•ƒ˛õsi#– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò#â≈ xyû˛yäy àòƒñ ÎyˆÏï˛ xö%ˆÏFåÈòû˛yà ˆö•zñ í˛zk,˛!ï˛!ã˛•´
ˆö•zñ ˆòˆÏá üˆÏö •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö üí˛y!ö≈fiê˛ñ !ܲv ≤ÃyÎ˚¢ öƒyˆÏÓ¢˚ ö !öÎ˚sˆf îÏ Ú@ˇÃyüƒ ˆÜ˛yÓ˚y§Û
û˛!Düyñ Îy ã˛y!£Ï §yÓ˚ˆÏ°ƒ ˛õ)î≈ñ ï˛y ˆòˆÏá ˆ°áܲ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ öüö#Î˚ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy •Î˚–
~ܲ!òˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö ˆÎö !öåÈܲ à“ ÓˆÏ°•z ÎyˆÏFåÈöñ xöƒ!òˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏ° ï˛ˆÏ° xy§ˆÏåÈ §ï˛ƒ §¶˛yö
xyÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x§Çfl,Òï˛ öƒyˆÏÓê˚ ˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §yÓ˚°ƒÈÙÙÙÈ~§Ó•z ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õˆÏí˛¸– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~ܲ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚
Ï çyöyö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲ!ê˛ !ö!ò≈‹T §üÎ˚ myÓ˚y !Óû˛_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ– ˆ§ê˛y
ˆÓyô•Î˚ !Î÷ˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~° Ó˚*˛õܲ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yÈÙÙÙÈÓœy•zu˛ˆÏö§ñ x° !ò ˆöü§‰ñ ˆÜ˛û˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ ÎÌyÌ≈ Óí˛¸ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y Ú§yÓ˚y
ç#Óö ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy°ˆÏê˛ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty e´üyàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈö–Û
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ §hflÏyÎ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óí˛¸ ôyE˛y ˆÓyô•Î˚ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ú˛ƒy!§hflÏ Ó˚yçcÈÙÙÙÈ
1926 ˆÌˆÏܲ 1974– ~•z Ó˚yçcñ ~•z ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ò%ö#≈!ï˛ Ä ˆfl∫FåÈyã˛y!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ ¢yáy≤âyáy
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ìü !öÓ≈yã˛ˆÏö ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ– xöƒ!òˆÏܲ ~ܲ§üÎ˚ ܲü%ƒ!öfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛
§ò§ƒ •ÄÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥Ä 1969ÈÙÈ~ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°ö ˛õy!ê≈˛ÈÙȧüyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ !òܲñ !Î÷!á fiê˛
ç#ÓöˆÏܲ!wܲ í˛z˛õöƒy§ !°ˆÏá ôü≈!ö¤˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚*˛õï˛y xç≈ö– xàï˛ƒy ˆfl∫FåÈy!öÓ≈y§ö ~ÓÇ
Ó˚*˛õܲy◊Î˚ ~ÓÇ üyöÓ §Ω˛yÓöyÎ˚ xy¢y !öÓ˚y¢yÎ˚ ˆòyò%°ƒüyö– xï˛#ï˛ Ä Óï≈˛üyˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yö §yôyÓ˚î üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá•z– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ û˛y£Ïy ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ä ú%˛ˆÏê˛
ĈÏë˛ ˆ§•z üüc– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ï˛y•z ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày fl∫ˆÏòˆÏ¢ Ä !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ xydyÓ˚ xyd#Î˚–

§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ
~ܲ x!û˛öÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ܲy!•!ö
......
ü%Ü%˛° =•
xydܲÌö
xyüyÓ˚ òyòyü¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xˆÏöܲê˛y•z ÓÎ˚§ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z ≤Ãyã˛#ö ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ !ï˛!ö Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚!åȈϰö ˆÎ !ï˛!ö •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xyÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢!òö ÓÑyã˛ˆÏÓö öy– àû˛#Ó˚ Ó˚y!_ˆÏÓ˚ Îáö §Óy•z â%ˆÏü
xˆÏã˛ï˛ö ï˛áö !ï˛!ö Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ í˛zˆÏë˛yˆÏö ˆÎ àyåÈ=!° !åÈ° ˆ§=!°ˆÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyòÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛öñ
xyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ç° ˆú˛°ˆÏï˛ö– ï˛áö •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Óy ˆçƒyÍfl¨yÓ˚ ì˛° ӈϕ ÎyˆÏFåÈ ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ñ
!ܲÇÓy •Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ hfl∏Ï ˛ !ÓŸª §Ç§yÓ˚–
ˆ§•z Ó˚ܲü §üˆÏÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ •ë˛yÍ•z â%ü ˆû˛ˆÏä ˆàˆÏ° •yï˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚
ˆòáï˛yü xyüyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy òyòyü¢y•z !ÓåÈyöyÎ˚ ˆö•z– ˆòáï˛yü xyˆÏ°y x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚
í˛zˆÏë˛yˆÏöÓ˚ àyåÈ=!°ˆÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö xyòÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ xˆÏé˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÜÑ˛yòˆÏåÈö– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y
!ï˛!ö û˛yÓˆÏï˛ö ˆÎ •z• ç#ÓˆÏö àyåÈ=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆòáy •ˆÏÓ öyñ ï˛y•z–
~üö xˆÏöܲ!òö•z •ï˛ Îáö òyòyü¢y•z Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ áyÄÎ˚y ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏ° xyüyˆÏܲ ˆí˛ˆÏܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛öñ
ÈÙÙÙÈÚÚã˛° ˆ•yˆÏ§ñ ã˛° xyüÓ˚y xyç ˆáy°y xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ñ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ â%ˆÏüy•z– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ í˛zˆÏë˛yˆÏö !ï˛ö!ê˛ í%˛ü%Ó˚ àyåÈ !åÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óí˛¸ ˆÎ àyåÈê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛°yÎ˚
xy!ü x!ï˛ í˛zͧyˆÏ• !ÓåÈyöy ˛õyï˛ï˛yü– áí˛¸ !Ó!åȈÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ܲ¡∫° ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛yü
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓåÈyöy– ˆ§•z !ÓåÈyöyÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ òyòyü¢y•z à“ Ó°ˆÏï˛ö Îï˛«˛î öy xy!ü â%!üˆÏÎ˚
˛õ!í˛¸– òyòyü¢y•z Ó°ˆÏï˛ö !ÓŸª Ó ·˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ó˚•ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ à“ñ û)˛ï˛ ˆ≤Ãï˛ ˜òï˛ƒ òyˆÏöyÓ˚ à“ñ
Ó˚*˛õܲÌyÓ˚ ܲy!•!ö– Ó°ˆÏï˛ö xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ñ Ü˛ï˛ Ó˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ Î%k˛!Ó@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚
ܲÌy– xy!ü ˆ§•z§Ó à“ ÷öˆÏï˛ ÷öˆÏï˛ â%!üˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ xyˆÏà ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õï˛yü ~ܲê˛y
í˛zI° μ ö«˛e ˆÎö •ë˛yÍ•z àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ üàí˛yˆÏ° ˆöˆÏü ~°– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ í˛y°˛õy°yÓ˚
xyí˛¸yˆÏ° °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸°– ö«˛e!ê˛ˆÏܲ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õí˛¸ï˛ !òàˆÏhsˇ !Óhfl,Ïï˛
~ܲ xyܲy¢àDyÓ˚ ˆflÀyï˛– ˆ§•z Ó˚&ˆÏ˛õy!° xyܲy¢àDyÓ˚ ˆflÀyï˛ˆÏܲ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ òyòyü¢y•z Ó°ˆÏï˛öñ
ÚÓ%ç!° ˆ•yˆÏ§ñ Äê˛y•z •° §yö!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏàyˆÏï˛ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÌ– ï˛áö ã˛yÓ˚˛õy¢ ÷ö¢yö– ~ܲ
!ö!ÿ˛hsˇ !öhflÏ∏˛ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~•z xyܲy¢àDyÓ˚ ˆflÀyï˛y xyüyˆÏܲ û˛y!§ˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛– ˆ§•z
Ó˚&ˆÏ˛õy!° ˆflÀyˆÏï˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ û˛y§ˆÏï˛ û˛y§ˆÏï˛ xy!ü ~ܲê˛y §üÎ˚ â%!üˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ï˛yü– â%ˆÏüÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
xy!ü fl∫≤¿ ˆòáï˛yü– òyòyü¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó°y à“ Ü˛y!•!öÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ û)˛ï˛ ˆ≤Ãï˛ñ ˜òï˛ƒñ
òyˆÏöyñ Ó˚*˛õܲÌyÓ˚ Ó˚yçܲöƒyñ ˛õ«˛#Ó˚yç ˆâyí˛¸y §Ó xyüyÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ !û˛í˛¸ ܲÓ˚ï˛–
Îï˛ §Ü˛yˆÏ°•z xyüyÓ˚ â%ü û˛yä%ܲ öy ˆÜ˛öñ â%ü ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ ˆòáï˛yü òyòyü¢y•z ï˛yÓ˚
~ܲüye §¡∫° åÈÛ!ê˛ ÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ã˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈö– xy!ü ï˛áö ܲ¡∫° xyÓ˚ áˆÏí˛¸Ó˚
!ÓåÈyöy =!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛yö ˆåȈÏí˛¸ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÎï˛yü– Îï˛ §Ü˛yˆÏ°•z í˛z!ë˛ öy
ˆÜ˛ö ˆòáï˛yü !ò!òüy ï˛yÓ˚Ä xyˆÏà í˛zˆÏë˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈö– §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyçܲˆÏü≈ ˆ°ˆÏà ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈö–
102 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
xy!ü Îáö Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎï˛yü ï˛áöÄ xyüyÓ˚ ã%˛ˆÏ° ò%Û~ܲ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y áí˛¸Ü%˛ˆÏê˛y ˆ°ˆÏà
ÌyÜ˛ï˛– âˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yܲy üye !ò!òüy xyüyˆÏܲ àÓ˚ü ܲ!ú˛ xyÓ˚ Ó˚&!ê˛ ˆáˆÏï˛ !òˆÏï˛ö– xy!ü ܲ!ú˛
ˆáˆÏï˛ ˆáˆÏï˛ !ò!òüyˆÏܲ xyüyÓ˚ ˆòáy fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ ܲÌy=ˆÏ°y Ó°ï˛yü– Ó°ï˛yü Ä•z§Ó fl∫≤¿
ˆòˆÏá ܲ#Ó˚ܲü û˛Î˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ– !ò!òüy §Ó ÷ˆÏö Ó°ˆÏï˛öÈÙÙÙÈÚò)Ó˚ ˆ•yˆÏ§ñ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ åÈ!Ó !öˆÏÎ˚
û˛Î˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ !ܲå%È ˆö•z– fl∫≤¿ ܲáöÄ §!ï˛ƒ •Î˚ öy ˆÓ˚–Û xy!ü !ܲv òyòyü¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó°y
à“=ˆÏ°y !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ï˛yü– xyüyÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy åÈ!Ó=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ï˛yü–
û˛Î˚ ˆ˛õï˛yü– xyüyÓ˚ §Ó§üˆÏÎ˚•z üˆÏö •ï˛ òyòyü¢y•z ܲï˛!ܲå%È çyˆÏöö– ï˛yÓ˚ ï%˛°öyÎ˚
!ò!òüy Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛ü çyˆÏöö–
xyÓ˚ ~ܲê%˛ Óí˛¸ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°yü ˆÎñ !ò!òüyÄ Ü˛ü çyˆÏöö ˆÎ ï˛yÄ !ë˛Ü˛
öÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ï˛áö•z Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛yü ˆÎ !ò!òüyÄ fl∫≤¿ ˆòˆÏáö– ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !òö §¶˛ƒyÓ˚
xyܲyˆÏ¢ Îáö ~ܲê˛y ~ܲê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ú%˛ˆÏê˛ í˛zë˛ï˛ ï˛áö xyüyˆÏܲ ˆí˛ˆÏܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛öñÈÙÙÙÈÚˆòá
ˆòá ˆ•yˆÏ§ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ê˛y Ü˛ï˛ §%®Ó˚– ~•z ˛§%®Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ê˛y ˆåȈÏí˛¸ xyüyÓ˚ñ çy!ö§ ˆï˛yñ üˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎˆÏï˛Ä •zˆFÏ åÈ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ öy– òyòyü¢y•z üyÓ˚y ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !ò!òüy á%Ó•z ~ܲ°y •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ°
Ï ö–
ï˛áö ˆï˛y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§Ä ܲü •Î˚!ö– òy!Ó˚o ˆÎö xyÓ˚Ä ˆÓ!¢ ˆÓ!¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ӈϧ!åÈ°–
§Ç§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyÓ˚&î xû˛yÓ xöê˛ö– xöy•yÓ˚ñ xô≈y•yÓ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z §ˆÏD í˛zòÎ˚yhflÏ ˛õ!Ó˚◊ü–
òyòyü¢y•z ˆÎ§Ó ܲyç=ˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛öñ ˆ§•z§Ó ܲyç=ˆÏ°y !ò!òüyˆÏܲ•z ~ܲy •yˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
•ï˛– á%Ó ˆû˛yˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ üyˆÏë˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚yˆÏöy– ç° ÓˆÏÎ˚ xyöyñ ܲyë˛ Ü˛yê˛yñ í˛zö%ö
ôÓ˚yˆÏöy– Ó˚yߨy ܲÓ˚yñ Óy§ö üyçyñ ܲy˛õí˛¸ ܲyã˛yñ ~Ó˚ܲü §Ó ܲyç– ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ä !åÈ° ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚
!àˆÏÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ åÈyöy !Ó!e´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÎ˚§y ˆçyàyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚yñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˛õÎ˚§y ˆ˛õˆÏ° ÓyçyÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ !ç!ö§˛õe !ܲˆÏö üyÌyÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏÎ˚ xyöyñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yߨy ܲÓ˚yÈÙÙÙÈ§Ó Ü˛yç
!ò!òüyˆÏܲ ~ܲy •yˆÏï˛•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ï˛– ï˛yˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ üï˛ö !mï˛#Î˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ≤Ãyî# !åÈ°
öy– ~ï˛§Ó §ˆÏ_¥Ä !ò!òüyˆÏܲ ܲáöÄ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !Óï,˛£èyñ ~üöܲ# ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ó˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚
xö#•y ˆ˛õy£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆò!á!ö– ç#ÓöˆÏܲ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲã%˛°Ä ܲˆÏü!ö– xyÓ˚ ï˛y•z
ç#ÓöˆÏܲ ~ï˛ê˛y•z û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§ˆÏï˛ö ˆÎ üˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ö öy– xy!ü ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏé˛!åÈ°yü ˆÎ
~ê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î ü,ï%˛ƒû˛Î˚ ӈϰ x!û˛!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆ§Ó˚ܲü!ê˛ !åÈ° öy–
ˆÎê˛y !åÈ° ï˛y •° ç#ÓöˆÏܲ ï˛#Ó û˛yˆÏÓ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ ˆÎ x˛õyÓ˚ xyö®ñ ˆ§•z xyö® ˆÌˆÏܲ
!Ó!FåÈߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÓòöyñ ˆÎ xyÜ%˛!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚•z ≤Ãܲy¢ üye– xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z x˛õy!Ì≈Ó
û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y•z ï˛yˆÏܲ §%®Ó˚ï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°!åÈ°– xyüyÓ˚ !ò!òüy !åȈϰö x§yüyöƒy Ó˚*˛õÓï˛#–
Îï˛•z ï˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ– ï˛ï˛•z ˆÎö ï˛yÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÄ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y•z
àyì˛¸ï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚Ä Ó˚*˛õ§# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°!åÈ°–
˜¢¢ˆÏÓ ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yˆÏÓ˚
1922 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 16 öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚ ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏá ~ܲ û)˛!ü•#ö ã˛y!£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ çß√– xy°ˆÏüyu˛y
öò#Ó˚ ò!«˛î ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó˚ÓyˆÏï˛ˆÏåÈy ˆç°yÓ˚ xy!çöˆÏ•öy @ˇÃyˆÏü– @ˇÃyü!ê˛ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚yçôyö#
!°§ÓÑ ˆÌˆÏܲ üye 100 !ܲˆÏ°y!üê˛yÓ˚ ò)ˆÏÓ˚– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ !˛õï˛y !åȈϰö ˆ•yˆÏ§ òy §%§yñ üy
üy!Ó˚Î˚y òy !˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏï˛ï˛– !ܲv ĈÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xöƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !åÈ°– xy§ˆÏ° Ä•z
xM˛ÈˆÏ° ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ çÇ!° í˛z!qò ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚üyˆÏî çß√yï˛– xï˛ƒhsˇ à!Ó˚Ó ÎyÓ˚y ò%ˆÏÓ°y
ò%ü%ˆÏë˛y ˆáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ öy ï˛yÓ˚y Ä•z í˛z!qò ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ç#ÓöôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ≠ ~ܲ x!û˛öÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ܲy!•!ö † 103
¢y°%ܲñ ܲ°!üñ ˆüˆÏê˛ xy°%ñ §çˆÏö •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ç#ÓöôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ x§Çრüyö%£Ï–
ܲï˛Ü˛ê˛y ˆ§•zÓ˚ܲü xyÓ˚ !Ü˛Ê ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲ® çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z!qò!ê˛Ó˚ öyü §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày– ÎyÓ˚y ~•z
í˛z!qò!ê˛ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ç#ÓöôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚•z fliyö#Î˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ Ú§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÛ öyˆÏü !ã˛!•´ï˛
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ•yˆÏ§ òy §%§yÈÙÈÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ @ˇÃyˆÏü Ú§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÛ öyˆÏü•z ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !åÈ°– ˛õ%e
§hsˇyö çß√@ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ çß√Ó,_yhsˇ !°!˛õÓk˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ !Î!ö !°!˛õÓk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ˆ§•z
ˆÓ˚!çflT…yÓ˚ û˛oˆÏ°yܲ!ê˛ fl∫ï˛É≤ÃÓ,_ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%e §hsˇyö!ê˛Ó˚ öyü !°!˛õÓk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ˆ•yˆÏ§
òy §%§y §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày– !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ ≤Ã̈Ïü ˆÜ˛í˛z•z ˆáÎ˚y° ܲˆÏÓö˚ !ö– ˆáÎ˚y° •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ° Îáö ˆåȈ° Ï !ê˛
fl%҈ϰ û˛!ï≈˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˆà°– ï˛áö•z ˆåȈϰ!ê˛ ≤ÃÌü çyöˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° ˆÎ xy§ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ öyü
ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày– ï˛áö ï˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ §yï˛–
14 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ï˛yÓ˚ òyòyü¢yÎ˚ñ !ò!òüyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ò)Ó˚ xhsˇÓ≈ï˛#≈ !û˛ß¨ ~ܲê˛y
àÑyˆÏÎ˚ xy!◊ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏåÈö– òyòyü¢y•z ˆçˆÏÓ˚!öˆÏüy ˆü!Ó˚öˆÏ•y xyÓ˚ !ò!òüy ˆçyˆÏ§ú˛y
ˆã˛!ܲ§öyˆÏòÓ˚ ç!ü !çˆÏÓ˚ï˛ ÓˆÏ° !ܲå%È•z !åÈ° öy– !åÈ° §¡∫° Ó°ˆÏï˛ 6!ê˛ ÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚– ˆ§•z
÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°ö ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç§yÓ˚ ã˛°ï˛– ï˛y åÈyí˛¸y xöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ç#!Óܲy
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !åÈ° öy– ÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚=!°Ó˚ ≤Ãçöö «˛üï˛yÓ˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚•z ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ !öû≈˛Ó˚¢#° !åÈ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§Ç§yÓ˚– ÷ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ åÈyöy=!° ~ܲê%˛ Óí˛¸ •ˆÏ°•z ˆ§=ˆÏ°y ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ xÌÓy àÑyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆ°yܲçöˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !Ó!e´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y •ï˛– ï˛y•z ÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Îbxy!_ ÎyˆÏï˛ !ë˛Ü˛
üï˛ö •Î˚ ˆ§•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛#«¯˛ öçÓ˚ ÌyÜ˛ï˛ §Ó≈«˛î– ¢#ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ° Óy•zˆÓÏ ˚ Îáö xˆÏé˛yˆÏÓ˚
ï%˛£ÏyÓ˚˛õyï˛ •ˆÏFåÈñ Îáö âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ˆÏö Ó˚yáy ˛õyö#Î˚ ç°Ä çˆÏü ÓÓ˚ú˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛ ï˛áö
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ !ò!òüy ÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ xyöˆÏï˛öñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓåÈyöyÎ˚
ï%˛ˆÏ° ÷•zˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ö– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ܲ¡∫° ã˛y˛õy !òˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛öñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ôˆÏÓ˚ â%ˆüÏ yˆÏï˛ö– ≤Ãã˛[˛ ¢#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !ò!òüy xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎy˚ Ó˚=ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Äü !òˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáï˛– •yí˛¸Ü˛Ñy˛õyˆÏöy ¢#ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ¢Ó˚#Ó˚
ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– ~•z !Ó!ã˛e Óƒ!_´àï˛ x!û˛K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày xÓ¢ƒ
!ï˛Î≈ܲ û˛!DˆÏï˛ Ü˛ê˛y«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ä åÈyˆÏí˛¸ö!ö ˆÎñ ˆö•yï˛•z ˛õ÷≤Ã#!ï˛Ó˚ çöƒ•z !ò!òüy òyòyü¢y•z
ˆÎ ÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§ˆÏï˛öñ öy!ܲ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ á%òÜ%Ñ˛ˆÏí˛¸yê%˛Ü%˛Ä Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
ˆ§ê˛y Ó°y ܲ!ë˛ö– ÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ܲå%È •ˆÏ°ñ Ä=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y üˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ܲ˛õyˆÏ° ˆÎ xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛‹T ˆ°áy •ˆÏÓñ !ò!òüyÓ˚ Ó˚yߨyâˆÏÓ˚ •Ñy!í˛¸ ã˛í˛¸ˆÏÓ öy ˆ§•z ò%!ÿ˛hsˇy
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!ï˛ÓƒhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáï˛ §Ó≈«˛î– xyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ xöƒ !ܲå%È û˛yÓyÓ˚ xÓܲy¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
á%Ó Ü˛ü•z !åÈ°–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày xï˛ƒhsˇ ˆüôyÓ# åÈye !åȈ° Ï ö– ≤ÃÌü ç#ÓˆÏö fl%Òˆ° Ï í˛Ó° ˆ≤ÃyˆÏüy¢öÄ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ° Ï ö
~ܲÓyÓ˚– !ܲv ˛õí˛¸y÷öyÓ˚ áÓ˚ã˛ ã˛y°yˆÏöy ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ x§Ω˛Ó !åÈ°– ú˛ˆÏ° •zflÒ% ˆ° Ï Ó˚
à![˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöyÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!öܲ ˛õí˛¸y÷öyÎ˚ •z!ï˛ ê˛yöˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
x!û˛û˛yÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛áö ~ܲüye !ã˛hsˇy !åÈ° ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ ˆ§ ò%Û˛õÎ˚§y ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yç
ò%ˆÏÓ°y ò%ü%ˆÏë˛y áyÓyÓ˚ ˆçyàyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xˆÏöܲ û˛yÓöy !ã˛hsˇy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y !ë˛Ü˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö ˆÎñ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲê˛y ˆê˛Ü˛!öܲƒy° fl%҈ϰ û˛!ï≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ
ï˛yÓ˚ xhsˇï˛ áyÄÎ˚y ˛õÓ˚yÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ öy– ú˛ˆÏ° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y ˆüyê˛Ó˚
ˆüܲy!öˆÏܲÓ˚ fl%҈ϰ û˛!ï≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y •°– ˆ§áyˆÏö ˆ§ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyç !¢áˆÏï˛ !¢áˆÏï˛•z
!ܲå%È !ܲå%È ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ xˆÏöƒÓ˚ à°@ˇÃ• •ˆÏÎ˚ ç#ÓöôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
104 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
•ˆÏÓ öy– ˛õÑyã˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆ§•z ˆê˛Ü˛!öܲƒy° fl%Òˆ° Ï ˆüyê˛Ó˚ ˆüܲy!öˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç !¢áˆÏ°ö–
12 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ !ï˛!ö ˆê˛Ü˛!öܲƒy° fl%҈ϰ û˛!ï≈˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰöñ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö Îáö ï˛áö
ï˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ 17– ˆê˛Ü˛!öܲƒy° fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ §yD ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD !ï˛!ö ~ܲ!ê˛ àƒyˆÏÓ˚ˆÏç
ˆüyê˛Ó˚ ˆüܲy!öˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç ˆ˛õˆÏ°ö– ÷Ó˚& •° ï˛yÓ˚ ܲü≈ç#Óö– ï˛ï˛!òˆÏö !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛
ˆçyÓ˚ ܲòˆÏü ˆàyê˛y •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xyܲy¢ Óyï˛y§ ï˛åÈöåÈ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏFåÈ– ~ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ˆÎ
ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ê˛y ˆ˛õˆÏ°ö ˆ§!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ§y¢ƒy° ĈÏΰ ˚ ˆÏú˛Î˚yÓ˚ §y!û≈˛ˆÏ§ xƒyí˛!ü!öˆÏflT!… ê˛ˆÏû˛Ó˚ !§!û˛°
§yÓ˚ˆÏû˛ˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ܲyç– ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆüyê˛Ó˚ àƒyˆÏÓ˚ˆÏçÓ˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ê˛y åÈyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ •°– 1949 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ§•z
§üÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !ܲå%Èê˛y !Ìï%˛Ä •ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö !ï˛!ö– !ܲå%È!òˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ä Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°ö ˆÓ˚°ÄˆÏÎ˚
x!ú˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲçö ê˛y•z!˛õfiê˛ •z°í˛y ˆÓ˚•z•z§ÈÙÈˆÜ˛– ÓåÈÓ˚ !ï˛ˆÏöܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ ܲöƒy
§hsˇyö û˛yˆÏÎ˚y°yöˆÏï˛ÈÙÈÓ˚y û˛yˆÏÎ˚y°yöˆÏï˛•z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ~ܲüye §hsˇyö– !ܲv !ÓˆÏÎ˚ê˛y ˆ¢£Ï
˛õÎ≈hsˇ !ê˛Ü˛° öy– ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ê˛yÄ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆà° 1948 §yˆÏ°– ï˛áö ï˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ 26–
1950 §y° öyàyò §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏö ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒhsˇ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ §%ˆÏÎyà xyˆÏ§– !ï˛!ö
ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏ°ö ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy¢öy §Çfliy ‘Estidious Cor’ ~Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãyí˛yܲ¢ö üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ–
ˆ§•z ã˛yܲ!Ó˚!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !ܲå%È ˆÓ!¢ ˛õÎ˚§y ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ !ï˛!ö xö%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ï˛ˆÏÓ ÷ô%üye ˛õÎ˚§y ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ !ï˛!ö xö%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç
ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ï˛y öÎ˚– xöƒyöƒ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚Ó˚ üï˛ö ˆ§•z ≤Ãܲy¢öy §ÇfliyÓ˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚!ê˛Ä ˆï˛üö
üçÓ%ï˛ !åÈ° öy– ú˛ˆÏ° ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çöƒ ~ܲê˛y !Óܲ“ ú ˛rê˛ ˆáy°yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– ï˛y
åÈyí˛¸yÄ !åÈ° xö%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ fl≥)˛!ï≈˛– ˆ§•z §)ˆÏe x!ï˛ x“
§üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ•z !ï˛!ö xö%Óyò ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°öÈÙÙÙÈCollette, jean cassou, Maupassant, Andre
Barrard, Tolstoy, Baudelaire, Hegel •zï˛ƒy!ò xˆÏöˆÏܲÓ˚•z Ó˚ã˛öy– ˆ§•z§ˆÏD @ˇÃsi
§üyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ ܲyçÄ !ï˛!ö ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– ~•z ≤Ãܲy¢öy §Çfliy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §üˆÏÎ˚Ä
§yÓ˚y«˛î x!öÿ˛Î˚ï˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xyÓyÓ˚Ä ï˛yˆÏܲ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆáyÎ˚yˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
ˆê˛Ü˛!öܲƒy° fl%҈ϰ åÈyeyÓfliyˆÏï˛•z Îáö ï˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ §ˆÏÓüye 12 ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– •zí˛z!öÎ˚ö
•zˆÏ°Ü˛¢ˆÏö !ï˛!ö ˆçˆÏï˛ö ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y£Ïyôƒ«˛ !öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •ö– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !ï˛!ö §!e´Î˚
Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ö ~ÓÇ ˛õï%≈˛ày° ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§•z !Ó≤’ˆÏÓ xÇ¢@ˇÃ•î
ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– ~ÓÇ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü §y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆöï,˛ˆÏc í˛zߨ#ï˛ •ö–
~•z §üˆÏÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ö– ~ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óyü˛õsi# ˛õ!eܲyÈÙÙÙÈ‘Dianico
de Noticias’ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §¡õyòܲ Ä üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ !öÎ%_´ •ˆÏ°ö– •z!ï˛üˆÏôƒ ˛õï%˛≈ àyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛
˛õy°yÓòˆÏ°Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ° Ó˚yï˛yÓ˚y!ï˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓÓ˚áyhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ˆ¢£ÏˆÏü¢ ï˛yÓ˚
§yÇÓy!òܲï˛yÓ˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ê˛yÄ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆà°– xÓ¢ƒ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ Óò° ܲÓ˚yñ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ÓÓ˚áyhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yñ ~ÓÇ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚Ó˚ !öÓ˚y˛õ_y•#öï˛yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö •Ñy!˛õˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛!åȈϰö– !ï˛!ö
~ê˛yÄ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åȈϰö ˆÎñ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓöy ˆö•z Ó°ˆÏ°•z ã˛ˆÏ°–
~ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•z !ï˛!ö !ë˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö ˆÎñ §ÓÓ˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ ܲyç ˆÌˆÏܲ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆöˆÏÓö–
xyÓ˚ §Ó≈«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÜ˛Ó° §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚•z §yôöy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓö– ~ÓyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ •ï˛y¢y öÎ˚–
~üö !ã˛hsˇy öÎ˚ ˆÎñ ï˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ öï%˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲå%È Ó°yÓ˚ ˆö•zñ ˆ°áyÓ˚ çöƒ !ö!ò≈‹T ˆÜ˛yöÄ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆö•z– ~ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö !öˆÏçÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáyü%!á òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏ°ö ˆÎñ ˆ°áܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ï˛yÓ˚ «˛üï˛y ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛– §Ó !môy m®μ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !ï˛!ö ˆÎö §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ü)°üˆÏM˛È ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ •ˆÏ°ö–
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ≠ ~ܲ x!û˛öÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ܲy!•!ö † 105
•z!ï˛üˆÏôƒ 1970 §yˆÏ° !°í˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓy• !ÓˆÏFåÈò âˆÏê˛ ˆà°– Ä•z ÓåÈÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z
˛õï%≈˛!àç ˆ°!áܲy •z§yˆÏÓ°y òy ˆöyˆÏÓàyÈÙÈÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y §¡õÜ≈˛ fliy!˛õï˛ •Î˚– ˆ§•z
§¡õÜ≈˛ ã˛ˆÏ° 1986 §y° ˛õÎ≈hsˇ– 1986 §yˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ •Î˚ ~ܲçö flõƒy!ö¢
§yÇÓy!òܲ !˛õˆÏï˛yˆÏÓ˚y ˆí˛° !Ó˚ÄÈÙÈÓ˚ §ˆÏD– 1988 §yˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ˛õï%≈˛!àç
û˛y£Ïy ˆÌˆÏܲ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §Ó Ó˚ã˛öy•z !˛õˆÏï˛yÓ˚y xö%Óyò ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö flõƒy!ö¢ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚–
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xyܲ£Ïî≈ ñ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyñ xö%û˛Ó
òyòyÓ˚ xܲfløyÍ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ @ˇÃyüyM˛È° ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ !°§ÓÑ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚
Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛öñ ӈϰˆÏåÈöÄ Ó‡ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆÎ @ˇÃyü ˆÌˆÏܲ
¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° xy§yÓ˚ âê˛öy!ê˛ Î!ò öy âê˛ï˛ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö•z ˆ°áܲ
•ˆÏÎ˚ Äë˛y §Ω˛Ó •ï˛ öy–
ò)Ó˚ ˜¢¢ˆÏÓ òyòyü¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ öyöyÓ˚ܲü à“ Ü˛y!•!ö ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈû)˛ï˛ñ ˆ≤Ãï˛ñ ˜òï˛ƒòyˆÏöyñ
Ó˚yçyÈÙÈÓ˚yçí˛¸yñ Î%k˛!Ó@ˇÃ•ñ ˆ˛õÔÓ˚y!îܲ à“ñ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ ܲy!•!öñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ •z!ï˛•y§
•zï˛ƒy!ò Îáö ÷öˆÏï˛öñ ï˛áö xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆ§=ˆÏ°y xï˛ƒhsˇ !ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒ ÓˆÏ°•z ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö
•ï˛– ˆ§•z§Ó ܲy“!öܲ ÎyeyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•z ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ“öyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛!åÈ°– §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
í˛zˆßÏ √£Ï öy •ˆÏ°Ä fl≥%˛Ó˚î ˆï˛y ï˛áö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z– ˆÎ ˆê˛Ü˛!öܲƒy° fl%Òˆ° Ï !ï˛!ö ˛õí˛¸y÷öy ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èöñ
ˆ§•z fl%Ò°!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyë˛yàyÓ˚ !åÈ°– ˆê˛Ü˛!öܲƒy° fl%Ò° •ˆÏ°Äñ ˆ§•z ˛õyë˛yàyˆÏÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
@ˇÃsÄ i !åÈ° !ÓhflÓÏ –˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ!˛õ˛õy§% üö ˆ§•z §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ û˛y[˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xöyÎ˚yˆÏ§
Ó˚§@ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !¢ˆÏá!åÈ°– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y §!e´Î˚ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xÇ¢@ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛
˛õ%hflÏܲ˛õyˆÏë˛Ä ï˛yÓ˚ xӈϕ°y ÌyˆÏܲ!ö– ˆÎ ≤Ãܲy¢öy §ÇfliyÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ܲyç ܲÓ˚!åȈϰöñ ˆÎ
§y¶˛ƒ ˜ò!öˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö ܲyç ܲÓ˚!åȈϰöñ §Ó çyÎ˚àyˆÏï˛•z ï˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° öyüܲÓ˚y
ˆ°áܲ ˆ°!áܲyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ÄÎ˚y– §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î §¡õ)î≈ •ˆÏï˛
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy ~•z§Ó !ܲå%ÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ xÌÓy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ≤Ãû˛yˆÏÓ•z–
1947 §y° öyàyò §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ï˛ö !ï˛ö!ê˛ í˛z˛õöƒy§ !°áˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– ï˛yÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ‘The widow’ !û˛ß¨ ~ܲ!ê˛ öyˆÏü ‘The Land of sin’ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
Óy!ܲ ò%ˆÏê˛yÈÙÙÙÈ‘The Skylight’ ~ÓÇ ‘Honey and the Gall’ Óy ‘May be Louis,
son of Jadius’ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ˛õyï˛y ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚•z xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !°ˆÏá í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö!ö Óy
ˆ°ˆÏáö!ö– ܲyÓ˚î ï˛áö ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ öï%˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲå%È Ó°yÓ˚ ˆö•z–
öï%˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ û˛yÓöy !ï˛!ö ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ å%ÈшÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈö öy– ú˛ˆÏ° 1947 §yˆÏ° ‘The
Land of sin’ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ò#â≈ 19 ÓåÈÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ 1966 §y° ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !ï˛!ö
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ çàÍ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆfl∫FåÈy !öÓ≈y§ö !öˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– ˆfl∫FåÈy !öÓ≈y§ö ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎ
˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛ xyÓ˚ ˛õ!eܲyÄÎ˚y°yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– !ï˛!ö ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ò)ˆÓÏ ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ°
Ï ö– ò% ~ܲ ÓåȈÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z ï˛yˆÏܲ û%˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ° ˛õï%˛≈ àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛
§yÓ˚fl∫ï˛ §üyç– ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z ò#â≈ܲy°#ö xö%˛õ!fli!ï˛ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ ˆï˛üö
ˆÜ˛yöÄ öçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏí˛¸!ö– ò#â≈ 19 ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !mï˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚ xyd≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö
ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓƒ§Çܲ°ö ‘Probably Joy’ @ˇÃsi!ê˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚– 1966 §yˆÏ°
ï˛áö ï˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ 45– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ !ï˛!ö e´üyàï˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö– xyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏü
ÌyˆÏܲö!ö– ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ í˛z˛õöƒy§ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
106 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
19 ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ 45 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ñ Îáö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày §!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ ˛õy
Ó˚yáˆÏ°öñ á%Ó•z xyÿ˛ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÎñ ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ ˆï˛üö ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óí˛¸ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ÓyôyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#ö
•ˆÏï˛ •Î˚!ö– x!ã˛ˆÏÓ•˚ z ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ ˛õy!ë˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ §yí˛¸y çyàyˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ!˚ åÈ°–
!Óàï˛ 19!ê˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑Ä í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!öñ !ܲÇÓy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Ä
ï˛#Ó  ܲê˛y«˛ ܲÓ˚y åÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ !ܲå%È•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!öñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ xÓyܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚– ÷ô%
xÓyܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ öÎ˚ñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ •yˆÏï˛ üyÌy ܲyê˛ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy üƒy!ê˛!ö xy•zí˛° ˛õï%≈˛!àç ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚
~ܲ ôyE˛yÎ˚ !˛õåȈÏö ˆú˛ˆÏ°– !ï˛!ö é˛ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ üï˛ö ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°!åȈϰö–
45 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Îáö !mï˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚ xyd≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö ï˛áö !ï˛!ö ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚
§y!•ï˛ƒ çàˆÏï˛ §¡õ)î≈ Ó˚ܲü û˛yˆÏÓ !Óflø,ï˛– !öɧˆÏ®ˆÏ• Ó yï˛ƒÄ ˆï˛y ÓˆÏê˛•z– !ܲv 15
ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ•z xÌ≈yÍ £Ïyê˛ ÓåȈÏÓ˚ ˛õy ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z ˆòˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ áƒy!ï˛Ó˚
xyö®ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ fl¨yï˛ •!FåȈϰö– !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õï%≈˛ày° ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §!e´Î˚
§ò§ƒ !åȈϰö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày– 1969 §yˆÏ° !ï˛!ö ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒ •ö ~ÓÇ xyü,ï%˛ƒ !ï˛!ö
ܲ!üí˛z!öçˆÏü !ÓŸªy§ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åȈϰö– ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏܲ §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z öy!hflÏܲ xyÓ˚ !öÓ˚y¢yÓyò# ӈϰ•z
ˆçˆÏö!åÈ°– ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áy !öˆÏÎ˚ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ é˛í˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛!åÈ°– ÷ô% ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ° öÎ˚– ˆàyê˛y
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õñ ~üöܲ# û˛ƒy!ê˛Ü˛yˆÏöÄ ï˛yˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ !ÓÓyò !Ó§ÇÓyò ܲü •Î˚!ö– ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛
öy!hflÏܲï˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ !öÓ˚y¢yÓyˆÏòÓ˚ x!û˛ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ï˛ç≈ö# í˛z!aï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó≈e•z– ~•z
x!û˛ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ü)° ˆÜ˛ˆÏw !åÈ° Ó˚«˛î¢#°ï˛yñ ˆû˛òyˆÏû˛ˆÏòÓ˚ m®μ xyÓ˚ §Çܲ#î≈ï˛yÓ˚ òΩ˛–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Ó˚«˛î¢#°ˆÏòÓ˚ xye´üî ~ï˛ê˛y•z ã˛Ó˚ü xyܲyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ Îáö
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öy •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ (European Literary Award) çöƒ
üˆÏöyö#ï˛ •!FåÈ° ï˛áö Ó˚«˛î¢#° ˆüÔ°Óyò#Ó˚y ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛#Ó  !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲö– ˆ§•z
!ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛yÎ˚ ˛õï%≈˛ày° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚Ä ¢y!ü° •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ú˛ˆÏ° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆ§•z ˛˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
Ó!M˛Èï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö–
!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ £ÏyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §!e´Î˚ §ò§ƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ Ó‡
!öÎ≈yï˛öñ xӈϕ°y x˛õüyö §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ° ï˛áö ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛
˛õy!ê≈˛ !ö!£Ïk˛ ӈϰ ˆây!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°– öÓù•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ‘Gospel according
to Jesus Christ’, ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD @ˇÃsi!ê˛ !ö!£Ïk˛ ӈϰ ˆây!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– ܲyÓ˚î
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˆÎ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ôü#≈Î˚ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§ xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ !ï˛!ö ôü≈ˆÏoy•#–
@ˇÃsi!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !Î÷!á fiê˛ˆÏܲ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üyöÓ˛õ%e !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆòáˆÏï˛ Óy ˆòáyˆÏï˛
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– Ó°y Óy‡°ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˆüÔ°Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆe´yˆÏôÓ˚ í˛zˆÏoܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– û˛ƒy!ê˛Ü˛yö !§!ê˛
ˆÌˆÏÜ˛Ä §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ï˛#Ó  §üyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xyÓ˚ ï˛áö ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ° ã˛Ó˚ü ò!«˛î˛õsi#ˆÏòÓ˚
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚– ˆ§•z §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢ƒ x˛õòfli ܲˆÏÓ˚– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !öˆÏç xï˛ƒhsˇ
x˛õüy!öï˛ ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ~ÓÇ Ü˛y°!Ó°¡∫ öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õï%≈˛ày° ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ ˆöö–
˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ §#üyˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆflõˆÏöÓ˚ ˆû˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ §#üyÎ˚ !fliï˛ °yöçyˆÏÓ˚y!í˛ m#ˆÏ˛õ
§flf#ܲ ã˛ˆÏ° Îyö– §ü%ˆÏo ˆâÓ˚y !öç≈öï˛ü ~•z m#ˆÏ˛õ !ï˛!ö !öç≈öï˛yˆÏܲ xyfl∫yòö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲö– àï˛ ò%Ûò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚Ä ˆÓ!¢ §üÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ~•z m#ˆÏ˛õ §flf#ܲ Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– Ó‡!òö
xyˆÏà §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ çàÍ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö ˆfl∫FåÈy !öÓ≈y§ö !öˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– ï˛áö !ï˛!ö !åȈϰö
xáƒyï˛öyüy– òy!Ó˚o˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ §y!•ï˛ƒ !˛õ˛õy§% ~ܲçö ˆ°áܲ üye– ï˛yÓ˚ !ï˛ö ò¢Ü˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
!ï˛!ö Îáö fl∫ˆÏò¢ ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆflõˆÏöÓ˚ û)˛áˆÏ[˛ ˆfl∫FåÈy!öÓ≈y§ˆÏö ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ°ö ï˛áö !ܲv
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ≠ ~ܲ x!û˛öÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ܲy!•!ö † 107
!ï˛!ö ~ܲçö áƒyï˛öyüy ˆ°áܲ– ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ §y!•ï˛ƒ ï˛áö ˆòˆÏ¢ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ çö!≤ÃÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚
í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày xï˛ƒhsˇ ܲyï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏZ˛•z ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ӈϰ!åȈϰö ˆÎñ Ú....ò%ɈÏáÓ˚ ˛õye Îáö
ܲyöyÎ˚ ܲyöyÎ˚ ˛õ)î≈ •Î˚ ï˛áö !öˆÏçˆÏܲ•z ܲ!ë˛ö •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– xyÓ˚ ˆ§•zÓ˚ܲü §üˆÏÎ˚•z
üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ ܲ!ë˛ö ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ!ë˛öï˛Ó˚ !§k˛yhsˇ !öˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎüö xyüyˆÏÜ˛Ä !öˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆfl∫FåÈyÎ˚ ˆò¢ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !öÓ≈y§ˆÏö ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛–....Û çß√û)˛!üÓ˚ üyÎ˚y xÓ¢ƒ ï˛yˆÏܲ
xyˆÏ‹T˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ ˆÓшÏô ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åÈ°–˛ ï˛y•z ÓåȈÏÓ˚ xˆÏöܲÓyÓ˚•z !ï˛!ö å%ȈÏê˛ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛ö !°§ÓÑ
¢•ˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏò¢ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°– ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö ˆòˆÏ¢ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓö
!ܲ öy ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ΈÏÌ‹T §ˆÏ®• !åÈ°–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z §ˆÏ®• xÓ¢ƒ•z xü)°Ü˛ !åÈ° öy– fl∫ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï≈˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xyhsˇ!Ó˚ܲ xy¢y
˛õ)î≈ •Î˚!ö– 2010ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 18 ç%ö ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏá ܲƒyöy!Ó˚ m#˛õ˛õ%ˆÏOÓ˚ °yöçyˆÏÓ˚yï˛ m#ˆÏ˛õ ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ç#Óö xÓ§yö •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– ï˛áö ï˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° 87 ÓåÈÓ˚– ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚•z
!ï˛!ö !°í˛zˆÏܲy!üÎ˚y myÓ˚y xye´yhsˇ !åȈϰö– 18 ç%ö §Ü˛yˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ flf#Ó˚ §ˆÏD ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛
Ó°ˆÏï˛•z !ï˛!ö xï˛ƒhsˇ x§%fli •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åȈϰö– ˆ§•z !òö•z ï˛yÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ñ
x!ï˛!≤ÃÎ˚ ˆ§•z m#ˆÏ˛õñ ˆÎ m#ˆÏ˛õ ˆfl∫FåÈy !öÓ≈y§ˆÏöÓ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚=!°ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!ö ˆÜ˛Ó°•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
üˆÏôƒ xÓày•ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– !öç≈öï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ü[˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ flf# åÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛í˛z Îáö ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢
ÌyˆÏܲ!ö– Îáö üyöÓ ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ !ã˛hsˇyÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ü@¿ ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏåÈöñ ˆ§•z m#ˆÏ˛õ !öˆÏçÓ˚
Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛•z ï˛yÓ˚ ܲü≈üÎ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ xÓ§yö âˆÏê˛ ˆà°–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒˆÏï˛ ˆ¢yˆÏܲÓ˚ åÈyÎ˚y ˆöˆÏü ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ §yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛– ˆÎáyˆÏö•z üyöÓôü≈
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛ö üyö%£Ïçö Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ˆÎáyˆÏö•z xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ñ x˛õüyöñ !öÎ≈yï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚
•ˆÏFåÈö Ó%û%˛«%˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ üyöÓ §hsˇyöñ ˆÎáyˆÏö•z Î%!_´•#ö ˆüÔ°Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ åÈ°ã˛yï%˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛
§!Iï˛ ü%ˆÏáyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛yÓ˚îyÎ˚ !Óºyhsˇ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöñ •ˆÏFåÈö üyö%£ÏÈÙÙÙȈ§áyˆÏö•z ~•z ˆ°áܲ!ê˛Ó˚
ü,ï%˛ƒ ܲ!ë˛ö xyâyï˛ ˆ•ˆÏöˆÏåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ç#Óö ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲ öï%˛ö
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §%Ó˚ ôù!öï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆ§•z ôù!ö !ܲv xy¢y•#öï˛yÓ˚ öÎ˚– öÎ˚ ˆ•ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚
˛õò¢∑– ˆ§•z ôù!öˆÏï˛ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ üyöÓ §û˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ ï˛#Ó  §Ω˛yÓöyÓ˚
•z!Dï˛– ˆ§•z •z!Dï˛ xӈϕ°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xÓܲy¢ ˆö•z– xӈϕ°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xÌ≈•z ˆ§áyˆÏö fl∫áyï˛
§!°ˆÏ° xyd•öö üye–
ˆöyˆÏÓ° §y!•ï˛ƒ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ÈÙÈ1998
1901 §yˆÏ° §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !Óû˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §)ã˛öy •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày•z
≤ÃÌü ˛õï%≈˛!àç !Î!ö ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚!ê˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ°ö 1998 §yˆÏ°ñ 76 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§– •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚
û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ !ï˛!ö•z ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ çö !Î!ö ~•z ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚!ê˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ°ö–
ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚•z ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛õܲˆÏòÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ öyü
ˆ¢yöy Îy!FåÈ°– 1998 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛õܲˆÏòÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚
xyÓ˚ 4 çö ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ öyü ˆ¢yöy Îy!FåÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚y •ˆÏ°ö §°üö Ó˚&¢!òñ !ü=ˆÏΰ ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏÓy˚ àyñ
xyhsˇ!öÄ ˆ°yˆÏÓy xy°ï%˛!°§ ~ÓÇ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày– ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ï˛öçö ˛õï%≈˛!àç û˛y£ÏyÓ˚
ˆ°áܲ– ≤çDï˛ üˆÏö Ó˚yáyê˛y çÓ˚&!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢öy §Çfliy=!° á%Ó•z ï˛Í˛õÓ˚
~ÓÇ ¢!_´¢y°#– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚•z xÜœ˛yhsˇ ˆã˛‹TyÎ˚ 1998 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ú ˛yB˛ú%˛ê˛ Ó•zˆÏü°yÓ˚ ˆú˛yܲy°
!Ìü •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˛õï%≈˛ày°– ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ°áܲ §üyç ~ÓÇ ≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛Ó˚y §Óy•z Ó˚#!ï˛üˆÏï˛y í˛zˆÏë˛
108 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆ°ˆÏà!åÈ° ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ§ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆ°áܲ ~•z ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §!¡ø!°ï˛ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ÓƒÌ≈ •Î˚!ö– ú ˛yB˛ú%˛ê˛ Ó•zˆÏü°yÓ˚ ˆú˛yܲy° !Ìü ˆ§
ÓåÈÓ˚ !öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˛õï%≈˛ày°– ê˛y•zü§ ˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ !°§ÓÑ §ÇÓyòòyï˛y ~!°§ö Ó˚Óyê≈˛§
ˆï˛y xyòy ç° ˆáˆÏÎ˚ e´üyàï˛ !°á!åȈϰö ˆÎñ ˆ§ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˆÎö ˛õï%≈˛!àç ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆ°áܲˆÏܲ
˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy !ÓˆÏÓã˛öy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ê˛y•zü§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲçö §yÇÓy!òܲ ~!Ó˚ܲy
ÄÎ˚yàöyÓ˚ ˆï˛y Ó˚#!ï˛üˆÏï˛y û˛!ӣσmyî# ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ò!FåȈ° Ï ö ˆÎñ 1998 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ófl˚ ÒyÓ˚
˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚•z í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈ– §Ó !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ !ü!í˛Î˚y ÄÎ˚y°≈í˛ñ ˆ°áܲ Ä ≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛
§üyç ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆáˆÏÎ˚yˆÏá!Î˚ öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲˆÏçyê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ˆàyê˛y •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ~ܲê˛y xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ xyÓ•yÄÎ˚y §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– •zˆÏï˛yüˆÏôƒ
ˆ§•z ÓåÈÓ•˚ z °u˛ˆÏöÓ˚ Ú!ò •z!u˛ˆÏ˛õöˆÏí˛rê˛Û ˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏò¢ òƈÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ˛õ%Ófl˚ ÒyÓ˚!ê˛ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚
çöƒ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ !öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚° ï˛yÓ˚ ‘The year of the death of Ricardo
Ruis’ @ˇÃsi!ê˛Ó˚ çöƒ– Ó°y Óy‡°ƒ ~•z ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ≤Ãy!Æ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚
ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ xˆÏöܲê˛y•z ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !ò°– ~ÓÇ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚!ê˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ°ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày–
ï˛áö !ï˛!ö 76 ÓåÈÓ˚ x!ï˛e´ü ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ÓåÈÓ˚•z xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ üyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü !òˆÏܲ Îáö §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚!ê˛ ˆây£Ïîy
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛áö•z §yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ç%ˆÏí˛¸ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ é˛í˛¸ ĈÏë˛ 1998 §yˆÏ°Ä ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!ï˛e´ü
•Î˚!ö– ˆ§•z ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚!ê˛ ˆây!£Ïï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD ÎÌyÓ˚#!ï˛ ã˛y˛õyö í˛zˆÏï˛yÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛•z
Ìyܲ°– •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õeÈÙÈ˛õ!eܲy=!° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛
!ӈϣÏyò‰àyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜ò!öܲ ˆï˛y §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ §%•z!í˛¢ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ܲ!ü!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ܲê˛y«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !°áˆÏï˛•z Ìyܲ° ˆÎñ ÚˆÓˆÏåÈ ˆÓˆÏåÈ §%•!z í˛¢ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ܲ!ü!ê˛ ÷ô% ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚•z
˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– ˆÎö §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚y ööñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ «˛üï˛y§¡õߨ !ü!í˛Î˚y•z
!ë˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ Ü˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ófl˚ ÒyÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ ܲyˆÏܲ öÎ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆöÏ Ó˚ ~ܲˆÏò¢ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛
§%fli §y!•ï˛ƒ !Óã˛yÓ˚•z ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !çˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– §Ó Ó˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ Óyôy !Ó˛õ!_ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ñ
ÓƒÌ≈ܲyüˆÏòÓ˚ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öy í˛zˆ˛Ï õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ܲ!ü!ê˛ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ 1998 §yˆÏ°Ó˚
ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛õܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ò°– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆò¢ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ÈÙÈ˛õy!ë˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üö çÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö–
ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛õܲˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛üܲ≤Ãò í˛z˛õöƒy§ ‘The Prize’ !°ˆÏá!åȈϰö
xyÓ˚!û˛Ç ˆfiê˛yö– ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˆây!£Ïï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §üˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãy˛õܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ !åȈϰö– ܲ#
ܲÓ˚!åȈϰö ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó¢ò !ÓÓÓ˚î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ˆÏï˛– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÄ xö%Ó˚*˛õ
~ܲ!ê˛ à“ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ È– xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ üyˆÏ§ !ӈϟªÓ˚ Ó,•_ü Ó•zˆüÏ °y ú ˛yB˛ú%˛ê˛ Ó•zˆüÏ °yˆÏï˛ xÇ¢@ˇÃ•î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !°§ÓÑ ˆÌˆÏܲ ú ˛yB˛ú%˛ˆÏê˛ ~ˆÏ§!åȈϰö– ܲyÓ˚î ˛õï%≈˛ày° !åÈ° Ä•z ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
ú ˛yB˛ú%˛ê˛ Ó•zˆÏü°yÓ˚ ˆú˛yܲy¢ !Ìü– Ó•zˆÏü°y ˆ¢£Ï •ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z !ï˛!ö !°§ÓÑÈÙÈˆï˛ ˆú˛Ó˚yÓ˚
çöƒ !ÓüyöÓ®ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ!åȈϰö– ˆ§áyˆÏö ~üöܲ# ˆÓy!í≈˛Ç ˛õy§ !öˆÏÎ˚ !ÓüyˆÏö í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛
ÎyˆÏÓö– ˆ§•z §üˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆây£Ïîy ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏö xyˆÏ§– ˆây£Ïܲ ӈϰ!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙȈ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
xy˛õ!ö ~•z ü%•ˆ) ïÏ ˛≈ ú ˛yB˛ú%˛ê˛ Ó•zˆüÏ °yÎ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§%ö– Ó•zˆüÏ °yÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z xy˛õöyˆÏܲ §ÇÓô≈öy
ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îñ ~ ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚
xy˛õöyˆÏܲ•z ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xàï˛ƒy !°§ÓÑÈÙÈÓ˚ !Óüyö ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Ó•zˆÏü°yÎ˚
ˆú˛Ó˚ï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ö– ˆ§áyˆÏö ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ §ÇÓô≈öy çyöyˆÏöy •°– !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ §%•z!í˛¢ xyܲyˆÏò!üÓ˚
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ≠ ~ܲ x!û˛öÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ܲy!•!ö † 109
≤Ã!ï˛!ö!ôÓ˚y ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ §ÇÓô≈öy çyöyˆÏ°ö– ˆ§ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü)°ƒ !åÈ°
9ñ50ñ000 í˛°yÓ˚– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ x!û˛ö®ö çyöyˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ §%•z!í˛¢ xyܲyˆÏò!üÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!ö!ôÓ˚y ӈϰ!åȈϰöñ....~•z ÓåÈÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !Óû˛yˆÏà ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ
xy˛õöyˆÏܲ xyüÓ˚y x!û˛ö®ö çyöy!FåÈ– ˆöyˆÏÓ° ܲ!ü!ê˛ xy˛õöyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ §yôöy ~ÓÇ
xy˛õöyÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ í˛z˛õöƒy§=!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ á%шÏç ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ܲ xï%˛°ö#Î˚ Ó˚ã˛öy˜Ï¢°#– xyÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~ܲ x!û˛öÓ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ §¶˛yöñ ~ܲ xˆÏüyâ xÌã˛ !ï˛Î≈ܲ ò,!‹Tû˛!DüyÓ˚ •z!Dï˛–
xy˛õöyÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ü[˛ˆÏ° ˆÎüö !Óô,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Ó•üyö ˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒÓ˚ ˆüy••#ö !ÓÓÓ˚îñ
fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆï˛ü!ö ï˛yÓ˚•z ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xy˛õ!ö xy˛õöyÓ˚ ï˛#«¯˛ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü flõ‹Tû˛yˆÏÓ
üˆÏöyˆÏÎyà !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö Óï≈˛üyö §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ˆÏܲ– xyÓ˚ ~•z§Ó !ܲå%ÈÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
~ܲ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ û)˛!ü ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ˆÎ û)˛!üˆÏï˛ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ܲy!A«˛ï˛ çÎ˚àyö ôù!öï˛ •Î˚–
xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z §Çà#ï˛üÎ˚ï˛y !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏö üyÎ˚yñ üüï˛yñ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y xyÓ˚ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xö%§¶˛yö–
xyÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ~ܲ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õyÎ˚î ܲyüöyÓ˚ çöƒ ï˛#Ó  xyÜ%˛!ï˛– ܲ“öyÓ˚ !˛õˆÏë˛ §ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ xy˛õ!ö fl∫≤¿ xyÓ˚ ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ §#üyhsˇˆÏÓ˚áy ü%ˆÏåÈ !òˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ü%ˆÏåÈ !òˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö
§Ó≈y!ôܲ ˆû˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ Ä ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ÓƒÓôyˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛•´–....
ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ófl˚ ÒyÓ˚ ≤Ãòyö í˛zͧˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ≤Ãáƒyï˛ §y!•ï˛ƒ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ E. D. Maccullough
ï˛yÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòˆÏö !°ˆÏá!åȈϰöÈÙÙÙÈÚ....ˆ§•z ˆÎ ˆÓ˚yày §Ó˚& ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üyö%£Ïê˛y– ÎyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá
§Ó §üÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y ≤ß¿ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ï˛ Ó!B˛üñ ~ï˛ ç!ê˛° Ü%˛!ê˛° ˛õÌ
x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ~•z ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ≤Ãòyö í˛zͧˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õyò≤Ãò#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚
í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •ÄÎ˚yê˛y §•ç ܲyç !åÈ° öy– ÓÓ˚Ç Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ á%Ó•z ܲ!ë˛ö !åÈ°– ˆüyê˛Ó˚
ˆüܲy!öˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆê˛Δ!öÇ !öˆÏï˛ !öˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ˆåȈϰ!ê˛ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˆåÈyR °y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó•z !öˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yï˛ ˆçˆÏà ܲyÓƒ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲyhsˇû˛yˆÏÓ•z ü@¿ ÌyÜ˛ï˛– 14 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§
˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˆåȈϰ!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ç%ˆÏï˛y ĈÏë˛!ö– §Ü˛yˆÏ° áˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ !ÓåÈyöy ˆÌˆÏܲ Äë˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
ˆåȈϰ!ê˛Ó˚ üyÌyÎ˚ áˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆ°ˆÏà ÌyÜ˛ï˛– ˆ§•z ˆåȈϰ!ê˛ xyç ã˛üÍܲyÓ˚ ˆ˛õy¢yܲ
˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ 鲰ü° §¶˛ƒyÎ˚ §%•z!í˛¢ xyܲyˆÏò!üÓ˚ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ !Óï˛Ó˚î#Ó˚ Ó˚yçܲ#Î˚
xö%¤˛yˆÏö í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ §yüˆÏö !ӈϟªÓ˚ Ó‡ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x§Çრ!Óò?˛çˆÏöÓ˚y §y@ˇÃˆÏ•
ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– ÷öˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏåÈö !ï˛!ö ܲ# ӈϰö– xyç#Óö ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ ~•z
üyö%£Ï!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ܲ ü%‡ü%≈‡ ܲƒyˆÏüÓ˚yÓ˚ úœ˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛ §%§!Iï˛ xö%¤˛yˆÏö
§Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛Få¥È!§ï˛ ≤âǧyÓ˚ ܲ°Ü˛ˆÏÕ‘yˆÏ° !ܲå%Èê˛y ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ó•¥° !Óç!í˛¸ï˛ üˆÏö
•!FåÈ°– !ï˛!ö üyÌy !öã%˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢yhsˇû˛yˆÏÓ x!Ó◊yhsˇû˛yˆÏÓ Ó!£Ï≈ï˛ §Ó ≤âǧy fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!ö!FåȈϰö– xyÓ˚ ò¢≈ܲy§ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü §y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!Ó‹T ï˛yÓ˚ flf#ˆÏܲ üˆÏM˛È í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§yÓ˚ çöƒ
ÓƒÌ≈ xö%ˆÏÓ˚yô çyöy!FåȈϰö– xö%¤˛yˆÏöÓ˚ !ܲå%Èê˛y xyˆÏà ~ܲ!ê˛ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §üÎ˚ !ï˛!ö
Ó°!åȈϰöñ.... ~•z 9ñ50ñ000 í˛°yÓ˚ ü)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ !öɧˆÏ®ˆÏ• x!ï˛ ü)°ƒÓyö– !ܲv
ç#ÓöˆÏܲ ÓòˆÏ° ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ üï˛ö ܲáöÄ•z öÎ˚–Û....
˛õ%Ófl˚ ÒyÓ˚ !Óï˛Ó˚î#Ó˚ xö%¤˛yˆÏö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày xyô â^ˇê˛y Ó_,´ï˛y !òˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ°
Ï ö– xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z Ó_,´ï˛yÓ˚
üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•z !ï˛!ö ï˛yÓ˚ !öçfl∫ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ xyÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ òyÎ˚Ók˛ï˛yÓ˚ flõ!‹TܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Ó°ˆÏ°öñ....xyüyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ (Man and Women of paper and
ink), öyÎ˚ܲ xyüyÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õåÈ® üï˛ö ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ˆ§ xyüyÓ˚ •zFåÈy x!öFåÈyÓ˚ ü)°ƒ
110 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
!òï˛– ˛õ%ï%˛° öyˆÏã˛Ó˚ üï˛ö ˆ§ xyüyÓ˚ •zˆÏFåÈÎ˚ñ öyã˛ï˛ öí˛¸ï˛ ã˛í˛¸ï˛ñ ܲÌy Ó°ï˛– !ܲv Îï˛•z
!òö ˆà° ï˛ï˛•z ˆÎö xyüyÓ˚ xÓyܲ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õy°yÄ Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲ°– ~ܲ!òö ˆòá°yüñ
ˆ§•z •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ xyüyÓ˚ ü!öÓ– xyÓ˚ xy!ü ï˛yÓ˚•z xD%!°ˆÏ•°ˆÏö ˆöˆÏã˛ ã˛ˆÏ°!åÈ– x«˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛õÓ˚ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ñ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
e´ü¢ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xy!ü Îy !åÈ°yüñ ˆ§•z xyüyˆÏܲ xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !ï˛° !ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚
!öü≈yî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– ˆ§•z §ˆÏD xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ§Ä e´üyàï˛ !ö!ü≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– xyüyÓ˚
!ÓŸªy§ xyüyÓ˚ §Ó öyÎ˚ܲ öy!Î˚ܲyˆÏòÓ˚ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ xy!ü ~•z xy!ü •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛yü öy
ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö•z ˆ§•z§Ó ã˛!Ó˚e=!°Ó˚ ܲÌyñ û˛yÓû˛!Dñ û˛y£Ïy Óy ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ xö%û˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ !e´Î˚y
≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !ܲå%È xyüyÓ˚ û˛y[˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆö•z ӈϰ•z xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚– xy!ü !ÓŸªy§
ܲ!Ó˚ öy ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ !û˛ß¨ ˆÜ˛yöÄ x!hflÏc xÓ!¢‹T Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
xyüyˆÏܲ «˛üy ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö Î!ò xy˛õöyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ ˆ§ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y x!ï˛ ï%˛FåÈ– x!ï˛ öà
xy!ü !ܲv §!ÓöˆÏÎ˚ Ó°Ó ˆÎñ xyüyˆÏܲ ˆ§ê˛y•z xyüyÓ˚ ÎÌy§Ó≈fl∫–....
ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ !Óï˛Ó˚î# xö%¤˛yˆÏö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ Ó_,´ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ê˛y•z ç%ˆÏí˛¸ !åÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ Óy°Ü˛
ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚– ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲÌyñ í˛zˆÏë˛yˆÏö ˆáy°y xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ñ áˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ !ÓåÈyöyÎ˚
÷ˆÏÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ òyòyü¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ à“ ˆ¢yöyÓ˚ ܲÌy ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ܲy!Î˚ܲ ◊ˆÏü !öˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ ï˛yÓ˚
Ó,k˛ òyòyü¢y•zñ Ó,k˛y !ò!òüyÓ˚ xöy•yÓ˚ xô≈y•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌyñ xÌã˛ é˛°üˆÏ° ö«˛eÓ˚y!çÓ˚
ö#ˆÏã˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ ~ܲ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ çöƒÄ ç#Óö !Óü%á •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ö!ö ˆ§•z ܲÌy–
ç#ÓöÎy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD §¡õ,_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲáö ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y §%®Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §%®Ó˚ï˛Ó˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈö ï˛yÓ˚ ܲy!•!ö •zï˛ƒy!ò– ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛Ó_,´ï˛yÓ˚ §)ã˛öy•z !ï˛!ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö ~•z ӈϰ
ˆÎñ ÚxyüyÓ˚ ˆã˛öy ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ÎyˆÏܲ xyüyÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ K˛yö#ñ ˛õ![˛ï˛ ӈϰ xyüyÓ˚
üˆÏö •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èñ !ï˛!ö xyüyÓ˚ òyòyü¢y•z– !ï˛!ö !öÓ˚«˛Ó˚ !åȈ°Ï öñ !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ ˆ¢ˆÏáö!ö–Û....
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° !öˆÏçÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ӈϰˆÏåÈöñ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
§üˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÙÙÙÈ....xy!ü ˆÓ!¢ ܲÌy Ó!° öy– ˆÓ!¢ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öy– ˆ•ˆÏ§ ˆ•ˆÏ§ §Óy•zˆÏܲ
á%!¢ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ä ˛õy!Ó˚ öy– ˆ§•z ˆã˛‹TyÄ Ü˛!Ó˚ öy– xy!ü ÷ô%•z !°!á–Û xy˛õyï˛ò,!‹TˆïÏ ˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ
xï˛ƒhsˇ òy!Ω˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ x•ÇܲyÓ˚# ~ܲ !§!öܲ üˆÏö •ï˛ xˆÏöˆÏܲÓ˚– ܲyÓ˚î !ï˛!ö ܲü ܲÌy
ӈϰöñ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ á%Ó•z ܲü !åÈ°– Ó¶%˛c ܲÓ˚yñ Ó¶%˛c Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§
ˆöÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ܲòy!ã˛ï˛ xö%û˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– xï˛ƒhsˇ ôü≈!ÓŸªy§# ˛õï%≈˛!àçˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚
öy!hflÜÏ ˛ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒñ ï˛yÓ˚ e´üyàï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yö !ÓˆÏÓy˚ !ôï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆï˛üöû˛yˆÏÓ @ˇÃ•îˆÏÎyàƒ
•ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ö!ö !ë˛Ü˛•zñ !ܲv ˆ§•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˆï˛üö üyÌyÓƒÌy !åÈ° öy– ï˛yÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ çö!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛y !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§=!°Ó˚ !Ó!e´ xyܲy¢ å%ÈшÏÎ˚ !åÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z çö!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛y xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ
Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ §üÎ˚ °yˆÏà!ö– 19 ÓåÈÓ˚ ˆ°yÜ˛ã˛«%˛Ó˚ xhsˇÓy˚ ˆÏ° S1947ÈÙÈ1966V
ÌyܲyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ò%Û~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD ˆ§•z fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ü!í˛Î˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚fli •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚!ö– ï˛yÓ˚ !öÓ≈y§öܲˆÏ“Ó˚ 19 ÓåȈÏÓ˚
˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü §y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˛õe˛õ!eܲyñ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ˛õï%≈˛!àç ˆ°áܲÈÙȈ°!áܲy ˆÜ˛í˛z•z ï˛yˆÏܲ
fløÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓö˚ !ö– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !öˆÏç•z ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ühsˇÓƒ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ åȈ°
Ï öñ ~•z §üˆÏÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ xö%˛õ!fli!ï˛
≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z ˆã˛yá ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ~•z 19 ÓåȈÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õöƒy§
ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– ï˛Ó% e´üyàï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈö–
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ≠ ~ܲ x!û˛öÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ܲy!•!ö † 111
•Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~üö •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÎ !Óo*˛õydܲ •z!Dï˛ !åÈ°ñ ˆÎ òyÎ˚Ók˛ï˛yÓ˚
ܲÌy !åÈ° ˆ§=ˆÏ°y !ü!í˛Î˚y ÓƒÓ˚öˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏöyüˆÏï˛y •Î˚!ö– ܲyÓ˚î •Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y ˆÎ Úˆ§y˛õ !§ˆÏfiê˛üÛ–
ˆÎ ˛õ˛õ ܲy°ã˛yÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ xÓfliyö ܲÓ˚!åȈϰö !ï˛!ö– fl∫û˛yÓï˛•z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ° Îï˛ öyñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó‡=î ˆÓ!¢ ˛õåȈϮÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyd≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚!åȈϰö
!ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ çö!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚Ä öyöyÓ˚ܲü ܲòÌ≈ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
˛õï%˛à≈yˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ û˛yà ˆ°áܲ•z !Óàï˛ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚– xyˆÏhsˇy!öÄ ˆ°yˆÏÓyñ §y!Ó˚Ä
òy ܲyÓ˚û˛yˆÏ°yñ xày!hsˇöy ˆÓ°yñ xy°üy•z ˆï˛y ú˛y!Ó˚Î˚yñ !ܲÇÓy ˆ•yˆÏ§ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏï˛y §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z
Ó˚«˛î¢#° û˛yÓôyÓ˚yÎ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ˆ§•z û˛yÓôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ%!‹TܲÓ˚îÄ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~ˆÏòÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ ˆ•yˆÏ§ ܲyÓ˚û˛yˆÏ°yÓ˚ öyü ˆöyˆÏÓ° ܲ!ü!ê˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓã˛öyÎ˚ !åÈ° ӈϰ•z ˆ¢yöy !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
~Ó˚y åÈyí˛¸y ܲ!Ó ú˛yö≈yˆÏ®y ˆ˛õˆÏöyÎ˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õï%≈˛!àç §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ x@ˇÃî# ӈϰ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲö– ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÈÙÈÓ˚ ˆÎ í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ (The year of the death of Ricardo
Ruis) áƒy!ï˛ !ÓŸªç%ˆÏí˛¸ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ ˆ§•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°yÎ˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ The death
of Recardo Ruis’ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xÓ°¡∫ˆÏö•z Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– !ë˛Ü˛ xÓ°¡∫ö Ó°yê˛y ˆÓyô •Î˚ !ë˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÓ
öy– Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛eˆÏܲ xÓ°¡∫ö ܲˆÏÓ˚•z Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ˆ˛õˆÏöyÎ˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚
~Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛öy!ê˛ !åÈ° ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓÓ˚îôü≈# Ó˚ã˛öy– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ܲ°ˆÏü ˆ§!ê˛ ~ܲ xܲ“ö#Î˚ çyò%
ÓƒhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚Çü¢yˆÏ°Ó˚ fl≥%˛!°D åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– @ˇÃsi!ê˛ •zˆÏï˛yüˆÏôƒ 30!ê˛ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ñ xö)!òï
˛•ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È– ≤çDï˛ñ fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ ú˛ü≈ˆÜÏ ˛ xÓ°¡∫ö ܲˆÏÓ•˚ z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
§y!•ï˛ƒ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §)ã˛öy– xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ܲy!ÓƒÜ˛ üyö!§Ü˛ï˛yˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö xyü,ï%˛ƒ ˛°y°ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
2006 §yˆÏ° Îáö ˆ°ÓyöˆÏö Î%k˛ ã˛°ˆÏåÈñ ï˛áö !ܲv §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ã%˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ ÌyˆÏܲö!ö–
ï˛y!Ó˚ܲ xy!°ñ çö Óyç≈yÓ˚ñ ˆöyÎ˚yü ã˛ü!flÒñ ~í%˛Î˚yˆÏí≈˛y ày!°Î˚yˆÏöÄñ öyÄ!ü !Üœ˛ˆÏÎ˚öñ •ƒyÓ˚”˛
ˆú˛!öê˛yÓ˚ñ xÓ˚&¶˛ï˛# Ó˚yÎ˚ Ä çö •yÄÎ˚yí≈˛ !ü° •zï˛ƒy!ò xˆÏöˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆ§•z Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚
xÓ§yöܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòˆÏö fl∫y«˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ §Ω˛yÓ˚
ç#ÓöyÓ§yˆÏöÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày û˛y!Óï˛ !åȈϰö
Ï öÈÙÙÙÈEssays on Blindness– ˆÓ¢ !ܲå%È!òö
ˆ§•z !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ §Ω˛yÓƒ öyüÄ !ï˛!ö !ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ åȈ°
ôˆÏÓ˚•z ӈϰ Îy!FåȈϰö ˆÎñ !°áˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ !ï˛!ö xyö® xö%û˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ö öy– !ï˛!ö Ó°ˆÏï˛ö
ˆ°áyê˛yÄ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyç– xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z Î!ò ӈϰö ˆÎñ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ xyö® •ï˛–
ˆ§ ܲÌyÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ xyfliy ܲü–Û §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày öyöyö §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §üÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏåÈö ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
í˛zFã˛y¢y !ï˛!ö ܲáöÄ ˆ˛õy£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– ç#ÓˆÏö Îyñ Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ !ï˛!ö ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ï˛yˆÏï˛•z !ï˛!ö
ï,˛Æ– !°áˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲòü•z û˛yˆÏ°y °yˆÏà öy Ó°yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~ê˛yÄ !ï˛!ö xܲ˛õˆÏê˛
fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆÎñ ˆÎ §Ó !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö !ã˛hsˇy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆ§=ˆÏ°y ~ܲüye ˆ°áyÓ˚
üyôƒˆÏü•z ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛!ê˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– xöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄû˛yˆÏÓ•z öÎ˚– ˛õyë˛Ü˛ÈÙÈ˛õy!ë˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ xöƒ
ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ü!í˛Î˚y Óy ú˛ˆÏü≈Ó˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ Óy¶˛Ó#
~!°çyˆÏÓÌ ú˛yÓ˚§ÄÎ˚yÌ≈ ê˛!ö ü!Ó˚¢ˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ~ܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ §)e
ôˆÏÓ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ühsˇÓƒ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yüˆÏö ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ!˚ åȈ°Ï ö– §yÓ˚üyˆÏày ï˛yÓ˚ ˆò¢ˆÏܲñ
˛õï%≈˛!àç û˛y£ÏyˆÏܲ ܲï˛ê˛y û˛yˆÏ°yˆÏӈϧ!åȈϰö ˆ§ê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z ühsˇÓƒ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°•z ˆÓyé˛y
ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ‘Having been a writer in portugese language is a great honour and
112 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
gives one a feeling of enormous responsibility are respect for all the
writers before me !’
!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ üyé˛yüy!é˛ §üÎ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ ˛õy ˆÓ˚ˆÏá xöyÎ˚yˆÏ§ !ï˛!ö ܲÌy
§y!•ï˛ƒñ ˆ°yܲ §y!•ï˛ƒñ xyÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏîÓ˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ çyò% ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§üÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyÎ˚ ï˛#«¯˛ ˆŸ’£Ï xyÓ˚ ï˛#Î≈ܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïîô!ü≈ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyö ˆÎüö
˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ !Óô,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆï˛üö•z ï˛yÓ˚˛ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ !ï˛!ö !Óã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ≤Ãyã˛#ö
Ó•üyö ˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒÓ˚ fl∫≤¿üÎ˚ çàˆÏï˛– xy§ˆÏ° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛ö ~ÓÇ
ˆ§yFã˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ •° ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ òyÎ˚Ók˛ï˛y– üyöÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ˜Ó£Ïüƒñ ò%Éá òy!Ó˚oñ
xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ xöyã˛yÓ˚ í˛zͲõ#í˛¸ö •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ åÈ!Ó ~шÏܲ•z •yï˛ ô%ˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°ö!ö– ï˛#«¯˛ ˆŸ’£Ï xyÓ˚
!Óo*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲ£ÏyâyˆÏï˛ çç≈!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ §Ó û˛yˆÏ°y üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y •yçyÓ˚
•yçyÓ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏåÈö– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z xye´üˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y!îï˛
xyâyï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyÓ˚ ˛õyö!ö ôü#≈Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yö=!°– ≤ây§!öܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yö=!° xyÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y
üyö%£Ï §yçyÓ˚ xû˛ƒy§=!°Ä– ~ ÎyÓÍ Ü,˛ï˛ §Ó Ó˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ §üˆÏé˛yï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ flõ‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
ï˛yÓ˚ x!û˛ˆÏÎyà– üyöÓ§û˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ~•z ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ !ã˛ey!Î˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙȈÎö üyöÓ
§û˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ ˆÜ˛Ó°•z ~ܲ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§– ï˛yÓ˚•z ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ !öÓ˚y¢yÓyò#
üˆÏö •ÄÎ˚yê˛y xfl∫yû˛y!Óܲ öÎ˚– ~•z x!û˛ˆÏÎyà ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ xyçß√ ÷öˆÏï˛Ä •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ܲv
!ï˛!ö §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ú˛ˆÏê˛y@ˇÃy!ú˛Ó˚ ã˛ã≈˛y ܲˆÏÓö˚ !ö– ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !öˆÏüy≈ • ò,!‹Tû˛!DÓ˚ xö%§¶˛yö ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö–
ˆ§•z xö%§¶˛yˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ•˚ z ӈϰˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈÚxy!ü ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛– xyüyÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ flõ‹T §Ó ã˛!Ó˚e=!°Ó˚
üï˛ö xy!üÄ xï˛ƒhsˇ §yôyÓ˚î– §yòyüyê˛y ç#ÓöÎy˛õö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z xû˛ƒhflÏ– §üyˆÏçÓ˚ xöƒyöƒ
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ üï˛ö §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ fl∫!öˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ xD%°ôyÓ˚#Ó˚y Îáö ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ •ö xÌ≈ xyÓ˚
«˛üï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õ!_Ó˚ òˆÏΩ˛ fl∫yÌ≈!ã˛hsˇyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ xöƒ !ܲå%È û˛yÓyÓ˚ xÓܲy¢ Ó˚yˆÏáö öy– ï˛áö
§!ÓöˆÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ï˛yÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢öyÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü üyöÓôˆÏüÓ≈ ˚ ï˛Ìy üyö%£ˆÏ ÜÏ ˛ !ç!ï˛ˆÏÎ˚
!öˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ö– £Ïí˛¸ÎsfܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ˛õÓ˚yhflÏ •Î˚–
ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ܲ!ü!ê˛ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!û˛ö®ö ˛õˆÏe ӈϰ!åȈϰöÈÙÙÙÈWho
with parables, sustained by imagination. Compassion and irony
continuously enables as once again to apprehend an illusory reality. ˆöyˆÏÓ°
˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˆây!£Ïï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §yÇÓy!òܲˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
ӈϰ!åȈ° Ï öñ....ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ófl˚ ÒyÓ˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ xy!ü ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ܲ!üí˛z!öçˆÏüÓ˚ xyò¢≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öy– ~•z ò%!ê˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛yˆÏܲ Î!ò ˆÓˆÏåÈ !öˆÏï˛ xyüyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚
ï˛y•ˆÏ° xy!ü !ö!m≈ôyÎ˚ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚!ê˛ §!ÓöˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛Ó˚ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛Ä Ó˚y!ç– Ü˛yÓ˚î
xy!ü ~ܲçö ◊üç#Ó# üyö%£Ï– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ~ܲ öy!Î˚ܲy ӈϰö ˆÎ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
◊üç#Ó# üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y §Ó §üˆÏÎ˚•z ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛– ˆ§ !ï˛!ö ܲ!üí˛z!öçˆÏü ò#!«˛ï˛ ˆ•yö Óy öy
ˆ•yö–Û
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ‘The Stone Raft’ í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° 1986 §yˆÏ°– Ó•z!ê˛
•zLjÏÓ˚!çˆÏï˛ xö)!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° 1994 §yˆÏ°– ˆ°áܲ í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ §˜ÏÓ≈Ó Ü˛y“!öܲ
ܲy!•!öÓ˚ xÓï˛yÓ˚îy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~•z ܲy!•!ö!ê˛ ~•zÓ˚ܲü ≠ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ü)° û)˛á[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ≠ ~ܲ x!û˛öÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ܲy!•!ö † 113
•ë˛yÍ•z !Ó!FåÈߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ xy•zˆÏÓ˚!ÓÎ˚yö í˛z˛õm#˛õ!ê˛– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ •y° åÈyí˛¸y ˆö!û˛ˆÏà¢ö
åÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ó˚ܲü Îsf åÈyí˛¸y•z §ü%ˆÏo ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– û˛y§ˆÏï˛ û˛y§ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õm#˛õ!ê˛
e´ü¢ ˆÎö ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò!«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– ˆÎö ˆ§!ê˛ á%шÏç ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ
öï%˛ö ˆÜ˛yöÄ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ !öü≈yî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~üö fliyö– ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆû˛°yÓ˚ ~•z xö%§¶˛yö
÷ô% §¶˛yö ܲˆÏÓ˚•z «˛yhsˇ •Î˚ öy– ˆ§ xy¢y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎ Î!ò ˆàyê˛y •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õê˛y•z ~•z
Ó˚ܲüû˛yˆÏÓ §ü%ˆÏo ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ˛õí˛¸ï˛– ï˛y•ˆÏ° •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Å˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy˛õ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !ܲå%Èê˛y
xhsˇï˛ °yâÓ •ï˛–
~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛!Ó˚e Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ 6!ê˛– ò%!ê˛ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï– !ï˛öçö öyÓ˚#– xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚–
ˆ§•z û˛y§üyö ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆû˛°yÓ˚ ~ܲ ≤Ãyhsˇ ˆÌˆÏܲ xöƒ ≤Ãyhsˇ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ã˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚ ~•z åÈ!ê˛
ã˛!Ó˚e– ï˛Ó˚D«%˛∏˛ í˛z_y° §ü%ˆÏoÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ û˛y§ˆÏï˛ û˛y§ˆÏï˛ e´üyàï˛ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ xö%§¶˛yö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y xàï˛ƒy àhsˇÓƒ•#öû˛yˆÏÓ !öÎ˚sfî•#öû˛yˆÏÓ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ã˛ˆÏ°– xyÓ˚ ˆ§•zÓ˚ܲüû˛yˆÏÓ
û˛y§ˆÏï˛ û˛y§ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ üyö!§Ü˛ ÷!k˛Ü˛Ó˚î âê˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎÓ˚ܲü
ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xû˛ƒy§ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !åÈ° ˆ§•z ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏe ˛õy°yÓò° âê˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï xyÓ˚ öyÓ˚#
ã˛!Ó˚e=!°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎö §Ó !ܲå%È Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ ÷k˛ fl∫ˆ≤Ï ¿Ó˚ ˆò¢ !öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚
ܲÌy•z ï˛yÓ˚y û˛yÓˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚!ê˛Ó˚Ä xyã˛Ó˚î ÓòˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ§!ê˛Ä ˆÎö xöƒ
§Ó §yÓ˚ˆÏüÎ˚§%°û˛ fl∫û˛yÓ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
‘The stone Raft’-~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !°áˆÏ°ö !ë˛Ü˛ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ôü#≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õöƒy§ The
History of siege of lisbon– Ó•z!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •° ‘The stone Raft’ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚
!ï˛ö ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ 1989 §yˆÏ°– •zLjÏÓ˚!ç xö%Óyò ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •° 1996 §yˆÏ°– ‘The
stone Raft’ Î!ò û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~•z Ó•z!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛
xï˛#ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚– ˆ°áܲ ~•z @ˇÃˆÏsi xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§˛õyë˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ !òˆÏï˛ ã˛yö öy–
@ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ öyÎ˚ܲ ~ܲçö ≤Ã&ú˛!Ó˚í˛yÓ˚– !ï˛!ö •z!ï˛•y§ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã&ú˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ xï˛ƒhsˇ
~ܲˆÏâˆÏÎ!˚ üÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ Îyö– Üœ˛yhsˇ xÓ§yò@ˇÃhflÏ öyÎ˚ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ üˆÏö •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚
Ó•zˆÏï˛ §Ó ܲy!•!ö=!°•z âˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ° ˆ°áy ÌyܲˆÏåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏ®• •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚
~ܲê˛y §üˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ˆÎáyˆÏö ˆÎáyˆÏö ڕуyÛ ˆ°áy xyˆÏåÈ ˆ§áyˆÏö ˆ§áyˆÏö ÚöyÛ !°ˆÏá !òˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲö– ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ ˆÎ ~áö •z!ï˛•y§ •ˆÏ°Ä ~ܲê˛y §üÎ˚ ˆï˛y !åÈ° Îáö ˆ§ê˛y ç#Óhsˇ
!åÈ°– ˆ°áܲ üçy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ühsˇÓƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ã˛yö ˆÎ Ú!í˛!°ê˛Û §y•zöê˛y öy ÌyܲˆÏ° ܲ#
û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚ x§%!Óôy•z öy •ï˛– xyˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ° Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛Ìy §%!Óôy•z öy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ 1991 §yˆÏ° ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •° ï˛yÓ˚ ‘The Gospel according to Jesus Christ’–
~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ Óƒ!_´c xöüö#Î˚ ò,ì˛¸ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD í˛zqy!§ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ï˛!ö
çyöyˆÏ°ö ˆÎ •z!ï˛•y§ ˆÎ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ x«˛üñ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆ§•z ܲÌy xöyÎ˚yˆÏ§•z ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç xö%Óyò xyüÓ˚y ˆ˛õ°yü 1993 §yˆÏ°– í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD Ó˚«˛î¢#° ˆüÔ°Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ôÎ≈ã˛% ƒ!ï˛ âê˛°– ˛õï%˛≈ àyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚«˛î¢#°
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚– û˛y!ê˛Ü˛yö !§!ê˛ñ í˛z@ˇÃ˛õsi#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~üöܲ# ôü≈û˛#Ó˚& ˛õï%≈˛!àçˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲyÇ¢
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ ôü≈ˆÏoy•# x!û˛ˆÏÎyˆÏà x!û˛Î%_´ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ °yà°– ˆ§•z §üˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#Ó˚yñ !ã˛hsˇy¢#° !¢!«˛ï˛ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y í»˛•zÇÓ˚&ˆÏü ˛õ!°!ê˛: ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z xû˛ƒhflÏ ÎyÓ˚y
§Ó≈ âê˛öyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ çyöyˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z Ó˚yÎ˚ §Óy•z ˆüˆÏö ˆöˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ܲü
≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yˆÏï˛•z xû˛ƒhflÏ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚fl∫ˆÏÓ˚ ˆà° ˆà° Ó˚Ó ï%˛ˆÏ° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ ï%˛FåÈ ï˛y!FåÈ°ƒ
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 8
114 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ä !môy ܲÓ˚° öy– xÓ¢ƒ Ú•ƒyÇÛ @ˇÃ&˛õ§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ö!ôˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲyÇ¢•z ~•z ˆ¢yÓ˚ˆÏày°
ï%˛ˆÏ°!åÈ°ñ §Ü˛ˆÏ° öÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àyeòyˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y ܲyÓ˚î ~üö •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ !ü!í˛Î˚yÓ˚
ܲ°ƒyˆÏî ˆüÔÓ˚!¢˛õyRy ç!üˆÏÎ˚ üƒyê˛!ö xy•zí˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy ~•z§Ó ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ §ú˛° üyö%£ç Ï ö
ˆÎö ˆüˆÏö•z !öˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ° öy ˆÎ 19 ÓåÈÓ˚ ö#Ó˚Ó ~ÓÇ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ çàÍ ˆÌˆÏܲ !öÓ≈y!§ï˛
~ܲçö Ó˚yï˛yÓ˚y!ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó§yÓ˚ xy§ö ôˆÏÓ˚ ê˛yö !òˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏåÈ–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ˆÏï˛ û˛#üÓ˚&ˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛yˆÏܲ !ì˛° å%ȈÏí˛¸!åȈϰö– !ï˛!ö ≤ß¿ ï%˛°ˆÏ°ö
ˆÜ˛ö ~ÓÇ Ü˛#û˛yˆÏÓ ò%ÛÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢÷ˆÏòÓ˚ !ö!Ó≈ã˛yÓ˚ •ï˛ƒy°#°y (Massacrae of
innocents) ˆòáyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ä üyö%£Ïçöñ ~üöܲ# {ŸªÓ˚Ä •yï˛ =!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ñ üö =!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧ
ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ°áܲ ~•z !öÓ˚&_y˛õ ã%˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲy üyö%£ÏçöˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆçyˆÏ§ú˛ˆÏܲ xy°yòyû˛yˆÏÓ•z !ã˛!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˆã˛ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö– ï˛yˆÏܲ §Ç¢Î˚yFåÈßñ¨ xö%ï˛Æ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z
ˆòáˆÏåÈö ˆ°áܲ– ˆçyˆÏ§ú˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãyî Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî x§Çრ!¢÷ˆÏܲ •ï˛ƒy°#°yÎ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲçö üyö!Óܲ ˆã˛ï˛öy§¡õߨ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ üï˛ö•z x§•yÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
!Î÷ˆÏܲ üyö%£Ï !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çöƒ•z Ó˚«˛î¢#°Ó˚y ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ «%˛∏˛ •ˆÏFåÈö–
xöƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày çy!öˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö ˆÎñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˜¢¢ˆÏÓ @ˇÃyüàˆÏOÓ˚ üyö%£ç Ï öˆÏòÓ˚
xüyö%!£Ïܲ òy!Ó˚o•z ï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛y=Ó˚&– §Ü˛y° ˆÌˆÏܲ §¶˛ƒy ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˛õ!Ó˚◊ü ܲˆÏÓÄ ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ò%ˆÓÏ °y
ò%ü%ˆÏë˛y áyÓyÓ˚ ˆçyàyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛ü •Î˚ öy– ˆ§•z åÈ!Ó!ê˛ˆÏܲ §yüˆÏö ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ
ï˛yÓ˚ !ï˛Î≈ܲ Óyã˛öû˛!DˆÏï˛ Ü˛ê˛y«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛yö ˆÎ ~•z§Ó §Ó˚°ñ §Í üyö%£ÏçöˆÏòÓ˚
çöƒ û˛y!Óï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ û˛yö ܲˆÏÓ˚ §%≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ §üyç xyd≤çyò °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÎ˚
ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ e´üyàï˛ ≤Ãï˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~üöܲ# í˛z˛õy§öy ˆÜ˛w=!°Ó˚ myÓ˚yÄñ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚y‹T…Îsfñ ç!üÓ˚ üy!°ˆÏܲÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏò ˛õˆÏò ë˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó°y§ ~ÓÇ
!Ó_Óy§öy ã˛!Ó˚ï˛yÌ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ôö§¡õˆÏòÓ˚ hfl)Ï˛õ !öü≈yî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°– ~ÓÇ ~•z ≤Ã!e´Î˚y
xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ öÎ˚– ~•z ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ÓåȈÓÏ Ó˚ –˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
~•z ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§Ä •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ¢ï˛y∑# !˛õ!åȈÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
ˆÎ §yüy!çܲ °«˛î=!° !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆ§•z §Ó !ã˛•´=!° ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ¢ï˛y∑# ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
xòƒyÓ!ô x!ÓÜ,˛ï˛ xÓfliyÎ˚ x!Óܲ° ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆ§•z §Ó ¢ï˛y∑# ܲyˆÏ°
öÓ˚˛õ!ï˛Ó˚y !åȈϰöñ üsf#ñ xy!üÓ˚ ÄüÓ˚y• öyˆÏÎ˚ÓÓ˚y !åȈϰöñ Ó˚yç§û˛yÎ˚ !ܲÇÓy ç!üòyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
òÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ à!Ó≈ï˛ §ò§ƒÓ,®Ä !åÈ°– •zöÜ%˛•z!秈ÏöÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y ã˛!Ó˚eàï˛û˛yˆÏÓ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚
!òˆÏöÄ x!ï˛üyeyÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Óy ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ ÓòˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– ˆ˛õy¢yܲ ˛õ!Ó˚FåÈò
ú˛ƒy¢ö ÓòˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– !ܲv ÓyhflÏÓ!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ò,¢ƒüÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ~Ó˚y •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z
ê˛Δy!í˛¢ö Ó•ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏåÈ– xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xö%û)˛!ï˛=!° ܲï˛ê˛y üyö!Óܲ •ˆÏï˛
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ x˛õüyöñ ò%Éá ˆÓòöyñ ˆ§•z Ó%!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yñ ˆ§•z x˛õ!flÀÎ˚üyî
û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ çàÍ– ˆ§•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ öyˆÏܲ °yàyü ˛õÓ˚yÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty– ˆ§•z §¡õò ôùLjϧÓ˚
ܲy!•!ö xyÓ˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ !Ó˛õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͧ Ä ÄˆÏòÓ˚ !ö˛õ#í˛¸ö xyÓ˚ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚
ܲy!•!ö–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~ܲ!ê˛ à“ All the Names– §Çܲ°ö!ê˛ 1997 §yˆÏ° ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– 2
ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç xö%Óyò!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z àˆÏ“ ~ܲçö üyö%£Ïñ xÌÓy ~ܲçö
üyö%£Ï# ~ˆÏܲ xöƒ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ çöy á%шÏç ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏFåÈ– ˆ§•z xöhsˇ xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ xyܲyA«˛y•z ˆÎö
§ï˛ƒñ xöƒ !ܲå%È öÎ˚– ˆ§!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ Ä•z üyöÓÈÙÈüyöÓ#Ó˚ x˛õy!Ì≈Ó fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ xˆÏß∫£Ïî–
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ≠ ~ܲ x!û˛öÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ܲy!•!ö † 115
í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚
1986 §yˆÏ° ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° S•zLjÏÓ˚!ç xö%Óyò 1991 §yˆÏ°V The year of the
death Ricardo Reeiss í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˛õï%˛≈ àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲ!Ó ú˛yö≈yˆÏ®y ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚È ÙÈ~Ó˚
The death of Ricardo Reeiss í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ åÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ !°ˆÏá!åȈϰö–
í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !°áˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ö Îáö ï˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ 17– ï˛áöÄ !ï˛!ö ˆüyê˛Ó˚
ˆê˛Δ!öÇ fl%Òˆ°
Ï Ó˚ ˆê˛Δ!öÇ §üyÆ Ü˛ˆÏÓö˚ !ö– Ó˚yï˛ ˆçˆÏà ܲ!Óï˛y ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ xû˛ƒyˆÏ§ !ï˛!ö ˛õï%˛≈ àyˆÏ°Ó˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!eܲy ‘Atena’-ˆï˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ~ܲ =FåÈ Ü˛!Óï˛y ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛#Ó  xyˆÏ°yí˛¸ö xö%û˛Ó
ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– !Ó˚ܲyˆÏí≈˛y ˆÓ˚•z•z§ !åÈ° ܲ!Ó ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚È ÙÈ~Ó˚ åÈpöyü–
x!ã˛ˆÏÓ˚•z !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚È ÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ü%áfli ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ,!_Ó˚ ˆö¢yÎ˚ ˆüˆÏï˛
í˛zë˛ˆÏ°ö– ï˛áöÄ !ï˛!ö çyöˆÏï˛ö öy ˆÎ !Ó˚ܲyˆÏí≈˛y ˆÓ˚•z•z§ ܲ!Ó ú˛yö≈yˆÏ®y ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚È ÙÈ~Ó˚
xˆÏöܲ=!° åÈpöyˆÏüÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛– ˆÓ˚•z•z§ ܲ!Óï˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ï˛ê˛y•z ≤Ãû˛y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ
!ï˛!ö Ä•z 17 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§•z ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õöƒy§ Ó˚ã˛öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ xÓ¢ƒ
ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ö 1986 §yˆÏ°– ~•z ò#â≈ 45†47 ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚– xöƒyöƒ xˆÏöܲ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒÄ
!ï˛!ö !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ û˛y!Óï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏåÈö– ï˛yÓ˚ xÓ¢ƒ 2!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î §Ω˛Ó !åÈ°– ~ܲ!ê˛ÈÙÙÙÈܲ!Ó
ˆ§áyˆÏö ~ܲê˛y çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ !°áˆÏåÈö ˆÎÈÙÙÙȈ§•z üyö%£Ïê˛y•z ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ K˛yö# !Î!ö ~•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ
û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– xyÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ •°ÈÙÙÙȧyÓ˚yüyˆÏày ï˛yÓ˚ òyòyü¢y•zñ !ò!òüyˆÏܲ
ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈö ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ü˛# xÜ%˛Z˛ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚– üˆÏö ܲÓ˚y x§Çàï˛
•ˆÏÓ öy ˆÎñ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày xyÓy°ƒ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ üyö%£ÏçöˆÏܲ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö–
ü•Í ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ üï˛ö ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚È ÙÈ~Ó˚ ~•z ܲ!Óï˛y!ê˛Ä !Ó£ÏyˆÏò xyFåÈß–¨ ~ܲ ܲy“!öܲ ܲy!•!öÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ ܲ!Ó ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏö !öˆÏÎ˚ Îyö– §ü%oÎyeyÓ˚ xÓ§yö •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– çy•yç=!° ~áö
ܲü≈•#ö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– üÓ˚ˆÏã˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈ çy•yç=!°Ó˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚– ~áö ˆ§ fli°ˆÏòˆÏ¢
xˆÏ˛õ«˛üyî– xÌ≈yÍ §ü%oÎyeyÎ˚ öï%˛ö öï%˛ö ˆò¢ xyÓ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆö•z– ~•z
í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ï˛#Î≈ܲ !ӈϟ’£ÏîÈÙÙÙÈï˛y•ˆÏ° !ܲ fli°û˛yàˆÏܲ•z §ü%ˆÏo û˛y!§ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚È ÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ Óƒ!_´àï˛û˛yˆÏÓ ü%?˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Äñ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ïÑ˛yÓ˚ }î
fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ˛õï%≈˛!àç ܲ!Ó °%•z û˛yò òy ܲyüyˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚
ܲyüyˆÏΧ˚ y•z ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ◊¤˛ ܲ!Ó– ܲyüyˆÏΈ˚ §Ï Ó˚ ܲyÓƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !¢«˛y !öˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ°
Ï ö
ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲçö ܲ!Ó ò%Éfli •ˆÏÎ˚Ä !û˛«%˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ üï˛ö ≤ÃyÌ#≈ •ˆÏÎ˚Ä üyÌy í˛zÑã%˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §ühflÏ §üyç §Ç§yÓ˚ ܲ!ÓˆÏܲ Îï˛•z ˆ•öhflÏy ܲÓ˚&ܲñ x˛õüyˆÏö ò?˛ ܲÓ˚&ܲ
ܲ!Ó ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!_´cˆÏܲ !Ó§ç≈ö !òˆÏFåÈö öy– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ öyÎ˚ܲ ˆÎyk˛y !Î!ö ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆòˆÏ¢
Î%k˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yö– öyöyö ˆÓˆÏ¢ â%Ó˚ˆÏï˛ â%Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!ö ˆ˛õÔÑåÈö û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈– •z!ï˛˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Î%k˛
ˆÜ˛ˆÏí˛¸ !öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛yáñ ï˛yÓ˚ üöñ ï˛yÓ˚ •*òÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔÓö ï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ–
1982 §yˆÏ° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !°áˆÏ°ö Balthasar and Blimunda– 1987 §yˆÏ° •zLjÏÓ˚!ç
xö%Óyò ˛õyë˛Ü˛ ˛õy!ë˛Ü˛yÓ˚y •yˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ°ö– ˆ˛õÔÓ˚y!îܲ í˛z˛õܲÌyÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏüyˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛
Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– á%Ó §yÓ°#°û˛yˆÏÓ !ï˛!ö í˛z˛õܲÌyÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ öyÎ˚ܲ
Óy°ÌyçyÓ˚ üyï˛ˆÏÎ˚ö– ï˛yÓ˚ xöƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ öyü §Æ§)Î≈– Î%k˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §üˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y •yï˛
ܲyê˛y ˆàˆÏåÈ– !mï˛#Î˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛!Ó˚e ÎyÓ˚ öyü !Óœü%u˛y– ï˛yÓ˚Ä xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ öyü xyˆÏåÈ
§Æ¢¢#– !Óœü%u˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ «˛üï˛y !åÈ°– ˆ§ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õï˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
116 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# xyˆÏåÈ– ≤Ãyã˛#ö í˛z˛õܲÌyÎ˚ §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ãÑ˛yòÄ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò%çˆÏöÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ àû˛#Ó˚ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ Ìyܲyê˛y•z fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ– í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛!Ó˚e
Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ È– ï˛yÓ˚ öyü ÓyÌ≈!°!üí˛z– !ï˛!ö ˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ !•ï˛– ~•z ˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ !•ï˛!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyܲy¢Îyö xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~•z xyܲy¢Îyö!ê˛ˆÏܲ ã˛y°öy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛Δy° !í˛ˆÏçˆÏ°Ó˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ •Î˚ öy–
üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •zFåÈy¢!_´ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ ã˛y°yˆÏöy ÎyÎ˚– §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˆÎüö §Ó≈e à!ï˛– ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÎüö !ÓöÎ˚ñ ö¡Àï˛yñ §¡øyö#Î˚ˆÏܲ §¡øyö çyöyˆÏöyÓ˚ xy@ˇÃ• Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– Ä•z •zFåÈy¢!_´Ó˚ ˆ§§Ó
!ܲå%È =î ˆö•z– ~áyˆÏö•z ˆ°áܲ Óï≈˛üyˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD §)Î≈ñ ãÑ˛yò xyÓ˚ •zFåÈy¢!_´ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
xyˆÏÓàñ xö%û)˛!ï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòö¢#°ï˛y ˆö•z– ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ôü≈y¶˛Ó˚y !öï˛ƒ!òö öï%˛ö öï%˛ö ¢y!hflÏÓ˚
˛õk˛!ï˛ !öî≈Ζ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ §û˛y=!°ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z !öï˛ƒ öï%˛ö í˛zqy!Óï˛ ¢y!hflÏ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ§•z !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ° xyï≈˛ ˆÓòöyï≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ Ó˚yçy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö §%¢,C°
ôü≈à,•– ˆ§•z ôü≈à,• e´ü¢ Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆàyê˛y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ•z @ˇÃy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°– ˆ§•z§Ó
ôü≈à,ˆÏ• °«˛ °«˛ ◊üç#Ó# üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ !ü!åÈ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– Ó˚yçy !öˆÏçÄ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ#!ï≈˛ ˆòˆÏá
xÓyܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ Îyö– Ó˚yçyÓ˚ xRy!°Ü˛yÓ˚ !öü≈yîܲyÎ≈ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ öy– xyÓ•üyöܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛•z
ÌyˆÏܲ– !ü!åȈϰÓ˚ ◊üç#Ó# üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y Ó˚yçyÓ˚ ~•z !öü≈yîܲyˆÏÎ≈ fl∫û˛yÓï˛•z Üœ˛yhsˇ •Î˚ñ xӧߨ
•Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ üö ˆû˛ˆÏä ÎyÎ˚–
~•z Óy°ÌyçyÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y §Ç°y˛õ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ÈÙÈ˛õy!ë˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚û˛yˆÏÓ öyí˛¸y ˆòÎ˚–
§Ç°y˛õ!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏFåÈñ öyÓ˚#Ó˚y•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ¢y§ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ !Ó°yˆÏ§ ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚–
ˆ§•z fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ çyò%ˆÏï˛•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ üyÌyÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ü%Ü%˛ê˛– xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ üyöÓˆÏܲ
ü!•üy!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– üyöÓ üö•z Ó›ï˛ !òàhsˇ!Óhfl,Ïï˛ xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ üï˛ö•z Ó§%üï˛#ˆÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲñ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §üˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wöyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÚÓ˚_´Ü˛Ó˚Ó#ÛÈÙÈÓ˚ ܲÌy üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– çyˆÏ°Ó˚ !˛õåȈÏö Ó˚yçyÓ˚ x§•yÎ˚ x!û˛¢Æ ç#Óöñ ˆ˛õԈϣÏÓ˚ ôyöñ xyÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚
ö!®ö#Ó˚ ܲˆÏZ˛ ü%!_´Ó˚ xyÓy•ö– Ó˚Oö xy§ˆÏÓ•z ˆ§•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ò,ì˛¸ !ÓŸªy§–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ‘The Cave’ í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ 2001 §yˆÏ°– ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓåÈÓ˚•z ï˛yÓ˚
•zLjÏÓ˚!ç xö%Óyò ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– Ó˚*˛õܲÌyÓ˚ üï˛ö •ˆÏ°Ä !ë˛Ü˛ Ó˚*˛õܲÌy öÎ˚ñ !ܲÇÓy öï%˛ö
§üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ñ öï%˛ö üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ öï%˛ö ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ó˚*˛õܲÌy–
í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ ܲy!•!ö ~•zÓ˚ܲü ≠ ~ܲçö ≤ÃÓ#î Ü%˛Ω˛Ü˛yÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ öyü !§ˆÏ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏöy xy°àÓ˚–
ï˛yÓ˚ ܲöƒy üyï≈˛y xyÓ˚ çyüyï˛y üyˆÏ§≈°– ï˛yÓ˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ° !üˆÏ° Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ü•yöàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆÜ˛wfliˆÏ°– ö#•y!Ó˚ܲy Ü%˛ˆÏOÓ˚ üï˛ö•z ~•z ü•yöàÓ˚!ê˛ x§ÇრӛÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛[˛ â)î≈ˆÏöÓ˚ üôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ o&ï˛à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ e´ü¢ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸•z ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ã˛°hsˇ â)î≈yÎ˚üyö !˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆÎ !òܲê˛yˆÏï˛
åÈyÎ˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆ§•z åÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xy°àÓ˚Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy•yÎ≈ §Ç@ˇÃ• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~û˛yˆÏÓ•z !òö ÎyÎ˚– xˆÏöܲ!òö ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲê˛y §üˆÏÎ˚ xy°àÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ö#•y!Ó˚ܲy §%°û˛
e´üÓô≈üyö ü•yöàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xö%à,•#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ üö ã˛yÎ˚ öy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y §Óy•z ~ܲ§ˆÏD
~ܲ öï%˛ö fl∫yô#ö ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ ˆòˆÏá– ˆ§•z fl∫≤¿ ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çöƒ üö ≤Ãyî !òˆÏÎ˚
öï%˛öû˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚– üyï≈˛y ~ܲçö x!ï˛ Ü%˛¢°# !¢“#– ˆ§Ó˚y!üˆÏܲÓ˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚
!ã˛eyB˛ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÄhflÏyò– ÄÓ˚y ï˛áö §%®Ó˚ §%®Ó˚ ˆ§Ó˚y!üˆÏܲÓ˚ !ã˛!eï˛ ü)!ï≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ö#!ï˛ !öô≈yÓ˚ܲÓ˚y çyöˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó¢y° xí≈˛yÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– Ó°y Óy‡°ƒ ÄÓ˚y
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ≠ ~ܲ x!û˛öÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ܲy!•!ö † 117
!Ó!fløï˛ •Î˚– í˛zòÎ˚yhflÏ ˛õ!Ó˚◊ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÄÓ˚y xí≈˛yÓ˚ xö%ÎyÎ˚# ü)!ï≈˛=!° !öü≈yî ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚•z öyê˛Ü˛#Î˚û˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ x!ú˛§ ˆÌˆÏܲ çyöyˆÏöy •Î˚ ˆÎñ ï˛yÓ˚y û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚ܲü
˛õ%ï%˛° xyÓ˚ !ܲöˆÏÓ öy– ܲyÓ˚î üyˆÏÜ≈˛ê˛ §yˆÏû≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈ ˆÎ ~•z ˛õ%ï%˛°=ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !í˛üƒyu˛ ˆö•z– ú˛ˆÏ° xܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ܲü≈•#ö •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚!Ó•#ö •ˆÏÎ˚ ÄÓ˚y
Óyôƒ •° ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲê˛y ≤Ãy!hsˇÜ˛ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ üy•zˆÏ@ˇÃê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy •° ˆÎ •*òÎ˚•#ö
ˆüàyˆÏ˛õy!°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ≤Ãy!hsˇÜ˛ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ÄÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y §üˆÏÓòöy xyÓ˚ §•yö%û)˛!ï˛Ó˚ §¶˛yö
˛õyˆÏÓ– ÄÓ˚y•z ≤Ãy!hsˇÜ˛ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ xy°àˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çyüyï˛y üyˆÏ§≈° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜ö¢≤ÕÓ˚#Ó˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆ˛õ°–
~ܲ!òö Ó˚y!_Ó˚ˆÏÓ°y xy°àÓ˚ •ë˛yÍ•z ~ܲ û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚ ò,¢ƒ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •ï˛ã˛!Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
ˆà°– Ü,˛!eü ¢•Ó˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ 6!ê˛ ü,ï˛ˆÏò• §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy
xyˆÏåÈ– xy°àÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ°yܲçˆÏöÓ˚y ~Ó˚ܲü ~ܲê˛y x§•ö#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛
xyÓ˚ §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ° öy– üyˆÏ§≈° ï˛yÓ˚ §•Ü˛ü#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ •zhflÏú˛y !òˆÏÎ˚
!ò°– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˛õy Óyí˛¸y°– !ܲv ˆÎ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛yÓ˚y
ˆò¢ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚î=ˆÏ°y ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚!ö– ú˛ˆÏ° ~ÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ
xçyöy àhsˇˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ Ó˚ÄÎ˚yöy !ò°– ~ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲçö §D# Óyí˛¸°– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
~ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ!¢ö# •z§yí≈˛Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆ§•z xˆÏã˛öy xçyöy àhsˇˆÏÓƒÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~•z ã˛°yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ•z •z§yí≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏD xy°àˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– xyÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ §üyÆ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
xܲ“ö#Î˚ Ó˚•§ƒüÎ˚ï˛yñ û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xˆÏüyâ ã%˛¡∫ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚
åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ xöƒyöƒ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !ܲå%È !ܲå%È !ï˛Î≈ܲ ühsˇˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~•z
í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õç#Óƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xy°yòy =Ó˚&c xyˆÏåÈ !ܲöy ˆ§ê˛yÄ §Ω˛Óï˛
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !öÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö–
í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ öyÎ˚ܲ xy°àˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy!ò Óy§ ˆÎ fliyö!ê˛ˆÏï˛ñ ˆ§•z §ï˛ï˛ â)î≈yÎ˚üyö
ö#•y!Ó˚ܲy§%°û˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ öàÓ˚#ñ ˆ§•z öàÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ x§ÇრӛˆÏܲ ˆÎö åÈÑyˆÏã˛ ì˛y°y •ˆÏFåÈñ
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Ü%˛ˆÏüyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛yܲyÎ˚ â%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ â%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ öï%˛ö ˆã˛•yÓ˚y ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏFåÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ ˆ§áyˆÏö
Óƒ!_´§_yÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ âê˛ˆÏåÈó ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ ˆ§áyˆÏö ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ xyˆÏÓàñ §ÇˆÏÓòö¢#°ï˛yñ ö¡Àï˛yñ
§¡øyööy §Ó !ܲå%È ç°yO!° !òˆÏÎ˚ x°ˆÏ«˛ Ìyܲy Óï≈˛üyö §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yã≈˛ •z!OˆÏöÓ˚ üï˛ö•z
§,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ §•flÀ ã˛«%˛Ó˚ ~ܲ ˜òï˛ƒyÜ,˛!ï˛ ÄÎ˚yã˛ ê˛yÄÎ˚yÓ˚– xÓ˚ĈÏÎ˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ üï˛ö•z Look, big
brother is watching you ӈϰ û˛Î˚ ˆòáyˆÏFåÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ ˆ§•z Ó˚_´Ü˛Ó˚Ó#Ó˚ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ üï˛ö
x!ï˛ ¢!_´¢y°# ˆÜ˛yöÄ Óy!î烈ϧÔô !öü≈yîܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ òˆÏ° !˛õˆÏ£Ï !ö!ÿ˛•´ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏåÈ
§)- xö%û)˛!ï˛=ˆÏ°y– §)- !öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zͧü%á=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ x!hflÏc•z Î!ò Ä•z â)î≈yÎ˚üyö
ö#•y!Ó˚ܲy˛õ%ˆÏOÓ˚ üï˛ö ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ܲÇ!e´ê˛ !ü:ã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !öˆÏ«˛!˛õï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
xy°àÓ˚ñ üyˆÏ§≈°ñ üyÜ≈˛y ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ïû˛yˆÏà í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •ÄÎ˚y •z§yí˛zÓ˚yÈÙÙÙÈï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§yüˆÏö x˛õ§,ï˛ •ÄÎ˚y åÈyí˛¸y !mï˛#Î˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆÓyô•Î˚ xyÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ•z öy– ~ܲê˛y !Ó¢y°
ˆüàyˆÏ˛õy!°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ xöƒ§Ó ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåÈyê˛ öàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓfliyö §)!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ
ˆ§áyˆÏöÄ ö#!ï˛Ü˛Ìyñ ü)°ƒˆÏÓyô xyÓ˚ !e´ˆÏÎ˚!ê˛û˛ ú˛ƒyܲy°!ê˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒÄ ú˛yê˛° ôˆÏÓ˚– üyˆÏ§≈°
ˆÎö !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%%!Ó˚ xö%ôyÓö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– ˆ§ üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ S•Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
ˆÎ ˆ§•z ~ܲüye ˆÎ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚V xy°àˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ Ä•z !˛õ[˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
•ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy â)î≈yÎ˚üyö ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏöÓ˚ §yú˛y•z ày•zˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– üyˆÏ§≈ˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ xy°àÓ˚
118 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
!ë˛Ü˛ §yü!Ó˚ܲ öÎ˚ x§yü!Ó˚Ü˛Ä öÎ˚ñ ~üö ~ܲ ≤Ãyhsˇ§#üyÓ˚ üyö%£Ïñ ÎyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ ò%ˆÏê˛yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏï˛Ä !ú˛ê˛ •zö ܲÓ˚y xyÓ˚ §Ω˛Ó öÎ˚–
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ !e´ˆÏÎ˚!ê˛û˛ xy!ê≈˛fiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §M˛ÈˆÏÎ˚ xy=ö °yˆÏà– ˆ§°ú˛ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ x!ï˛ ÎˆÏb !ã˛!eï˛
ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ì˛y°y•z ܲÓ˚y ˆ§Ó˚y!üˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ%ï˛% °=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ôùǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚
ˆ˛õåȈÏöÄ §ˆÏ®• ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ÎyÎ˚– xò,¢ƒ §yã≈˛ •z!OˆÏöÓ˚ üï˛öñ ˆüày ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üï˛ö
ܲyÓ˚y ~•z§Ó !öÎ˚sîf ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛y çyöy ÎyÎ˚ öy– ÷ô% xyí˛¸yˆÏ° xÓfliyöܲyÓ˚# ö#!ï˛ !öô≈yÓ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚
xyˆÏò¢ ˆ¢yöy ÎyÎ˚ ò)Ó˚û˛yˆÏ£Ï–
í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ !Óã˛Ó˚î ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲ“öy xyÓ˚ ÓyhflÓÏ ï˛y ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ fliyöÓò° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•z ã˛!Ó˚e=!°ˆÏܲ
x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ üˆÏö •Î˚ öy– ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎö xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏú˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy
Ó˚_´üyLjϧÓ˚ üyö%£Ï•z §Óy•z– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •yÓû˛yˆÏÓñ ܲyˆÏç ܲˆÏü≈– ~üöܲ# !ã˛hsˇy û˛yÓöyˆÏï˛Ä–
ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ x!ï˛üyeyÎ˚ ÓyhflÏÓ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚•z Óy!§®yñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛“öyÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ üyö%£Ï öö–
ˆ§ê˛y Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ÈÙÈ˛õy!ë˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê%˛Ä x§%!Óôy •Î˚ öy– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚y §Óy•z ˆï˛y
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ üyö%£Ïçö–
~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ˆÏï˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày öyÓ˚#ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y !Ó!¢‹T üyeyÎ˚ xӈϰyܲö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
x!ôܲ ÓÎ˚§ •ˆÏ°Äñ •z§%Î˚yÓ˚y û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ñ û˛yˆÏ°yÓyˆÏ§ó ˆÓ˚yüy™ xyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãüç §Ó
°«˛î=!° ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥)˛!ê˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xy˛õyï˛ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ˆ§ê˛y xfl∫yû˛y!Óܲ üˆÏö
•ˆÏ°Äñ ˆ§ê˛y ˆÎ x!ï˛ üyeyÎ˚ fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ ˆ§ê˛y xy°àÓ˚ xyÓ˚ •z§%Î˚yÓ˚y ˆÎö ~ܲ ˛õy!Ì≈Ó
˛õ!Ó˚îyˆÏüÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ•z ˛õy Óyí˛¸yÎ˚ñ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z !e´Î˚yÎ˚ á%!¢ •Î˚ñ §%á# •Î˚– xy°àˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲöƒyñ
~ܲ xˆÏD Ó‡ Ó˚*˛õ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙȈ§ ܲáöÄ ˛õb#ñ ܲáöÄ çöö#ñ ܲáöÄ Ü˛öƒyñ ܲáöÄ
xyÓyÓ˚ §,!‹T¢#° !¢“#– ~üöܲ# ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ à,•˛õy!°ï˛ §yÓ˚ˆüÏ Î˚!ê˛Ä ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xöƒ §yÓ˚ˆüÏ Î˚Ó˚
üï˛ö•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚•§ƒˆÏܲ Ó˚•§ƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !òˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– Ä•z ˆÎ 6!ê˛ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy ¢ÓˆÏò•ñ ˆ§=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ö §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚•z Óy ܲ#ñ
ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ !åÈ°È ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó§Óy§ !ܲå%È•z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyÎ˚ flõ‹T çyöy ÎyÎ˚ öy– ¢!_´
ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y•zÈÙÙÙÈçˆÏ° ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ÎyÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚ ¢Óñ ˆÜ˛yÌy !åÈ° Óy!í˛¸ÈÙÙÙÈï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ܲÌy ˆÎö xö%Fã˛y!Ó˚ï˛•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛ çyˆÏö üyö%£ˆÏ ÜÏ ˛ û˛Î˚ ˆòáyˆÏöyÓ˚ çöƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFåÈ !ܲöyñ ˆÜ˛ çyˆÏö ï˛yÓ˚y Ä•z çμ°hsˇ â)î≈yÎ˚üyö Ó›!˛õ[˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §ÑˆÏ˛õ
!òˆÏï˛ x§¡øï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° !ܲöyó öy!ܲ Ä•z ü,ï˛ˆÏò•=!°•z xy°àˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ üyï≈˛yÓ˚ñ üyˆÏ§≈ˆÏ°Ó˚ñ
•z§í≈˛Î˚yÓ˚ñ ĈÏòÓ˚ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ê˛yÓ˚ 5!ê˛ °y¢– £Ï¤˛!ê˛ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚– ˆÜ˛ çyˆÏö–
ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ˆÜ˛í˛z öy ˆÜ˛í˛z xÓ¢ƒ•z xyˆÏåÈö !Î!ö Ä•z Ó˚•§ƒ í˛zò‰âyê˛ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§üÌ≈ •ˆÏÓö–
1947 §yˆÏ° ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü í˛z˛õöƒy§ Ú˛õyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆò¢Û ˆÌˆÏܲ 1995 §yˆÏ°
ˆ°áy Úx¶˛cÛ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˆÎ ò#â≈ ˛õòã˛yÓ˚îyÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ñ xÌ≈yÍ 48 ÓåȈÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ
Îï˛•z ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚&ܲ öy ˆÜ˛ö §yÓ˚yç#Óö !ï˛!ö Ä•z ò%!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~•z öÎ˚ ˆÎ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §yÓy°Ü˛c≤Ãy!Æ •Î˚!ö– xÌÓy ܲü •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚î !ï˛!ö xyü,ï%˛ƒ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲˆÏܲñ á![˛ï˛ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ !ü̃yã˛yÓ˚îˆÏܲ û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ ò,!‹T•#öï˛yˆÏܲ !ܲÇÓy Óï≈˛üyˆÏöÓ˚ xˆÏüyâ ôùǧydܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ˆÏܲ Ä•z ò%!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚
ò,!‹TˆÜÏ ˛yî ˆÌˆÏܲ xÌ≈yÍÚx¶˛cÛ xyÓ˚ Ú˛õyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆò¢ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ åÈ!ÓÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲyˆÏã˛ !ï˛!ö ò?˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö–
 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ≠ ~ܲ x!û˛öÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ܲy!•!ö † 119 120 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày 2005 §yˆÏ° Death with interruptions öyˆÏü ˆÎ í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ !°ˆÏá!åȈϰö öö ˆÜ˛yöÄüˆÏï˛•z– !ï˛!ö û˛!ӣσ͈Ïܲ !öˆÏçÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç í˛zͧy•# •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö–
ï˛áö ï˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ 83– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛e ~üö ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆò¢ñ ˆÎ ˆòˆÏ¢ !öí˛z •zÎ˚yÓ˚§ !ï˛!ö •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲy!•!ö=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ≤ß¿ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö ˆ§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ˆí˛ÈÙÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yï˛ üyˆÏ§ ܲyÓ˚Ä ü,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚ öy– ˆ§•z ˆòˆÏ¢ xyôƒy!dܲ Ä Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ §ï˛ƒï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛– xyÓ˚ û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Îy !ܲå%È ≤ÃÓã˛ö ˆ§ê˛yˆÏï˛Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆï˛üö xyfliy
ˆöï˛yÓ˚yñ ~•z §yï˛ üyˆÏ§ ü,ï%˛ƒ•#öï˛yˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛üö!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y Óƒ_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ˆ§ê˛y•z çß√yÎ˚!ö– ~•z ò%ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üyé˛áyˆÏö §ï˛ï˛ •z!ï˛•y§ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ Óï≈˛üyˆÏöÓ˚ åÈ!Ó=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
!ï˛!ö xö%§¶˛yö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Îáö•z ˆÜ˛yöÄ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÓˆÏåÈ !öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆ§•z ˆÜ˛yöÄÓ˚ܲü ÓyôƒÓyôܲï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏò¢ò!¢≈ï˛yÄ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ Üœ˛yhsˇ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xӧߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– •z!ï˛•y§ñ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !ï˛!ö •y°Ü˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ã˛yö!ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §,‹T ã˛!Ó˚eÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏöÓ˚ ï˛y!àˆÏò û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ ~ÓÇ Óï≈˛üyö ˆÎö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓöƒyˆÏ§ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ fliyö Óò° ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xöƒˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà fliy˛õö ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ≤Ãyî˛õî °í˛¸y•z ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §,‹T Óï≈˛üyö ܲáöÄ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy Ó˚yˆÏᖠܲáöÄ •z!ï˛•y§ Óï≈˛üyˆÏöÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ~•z
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ Ü%˛¢#°ÓÓ˚y !Ófl≥˛y!Ó˚ï˛ öàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ Óyôƒ öyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲy!ܲcñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÎsfîyÓ˚ ò%ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ !öÎ˚üüy!ú˛Ü˛û˛yˆÏÓ í˛zͧy!Ó˚ï˛ û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õy°yÓòˆÏ°Ó˚ !öÎ˚yüܲ •ˆÏï˛
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆ§yFã˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ !¢ˆÏáˆÏåÈó ï˛yÓ˚y üyö!Óܲ §¡øyˆÏöÓ˚ xÓüyööy– •ƒyû˛ xyÓ˚ •ƒyû˛ ã˛yö ˆ°áܲ– xÌ≈yÍ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÜÑ˛yˆÏô•z ˆ§•z û˛yÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yö–
öê˛§ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÎ xyܲy¢ ˛õyï˛y° ÓƒÓôyö §,!‹T ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !ï˛Î≈ܲ ~ÓÇ xy§ˆÏ° ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛Ó°•z e´üyàï˛ ~ܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ܲy!•!ö–
üyö!§Ü˛ ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚ Óyï˛yÓÓ˚î §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ã˛y•zˆåÏ Èó ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆ§Ô•yò≈ƒ fliy˛õö ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ≤Ãyî˛õî
≤ÃÎ˚y§ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈó §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚y xy!Ì≈ܲ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏüyÓ˚
ÓyôƒÓyôܲï˛yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ xÌ≈ xö%§¶˛yö ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ Ók˛˛õ!Ó˚ܲÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §¡øyö ï˛yÓ˚ !öçfl∫ û)˛!üˆÏï˛ ˛õ%ö≤Ã≈!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÇܲˆÏ“ !fliÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛
≤Ã!ï˛◊&!ï˛Ók˛ •ˆÏFåÈ– üyöÓ Ä üyöÓ# ôˆÏüÓ≈ ˚ ~•z fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛– Ó°yÓy‡°ƒñ §ˆÏã˛ï˛ö üyöÓÈÙÈüyöÓ#Ó˚
˛õy¢ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ í˛z˛õyÎ˚•z ˆö•z– xyÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛y ˆÜ˛yöÄ Óyã˛Ü˛ K˛yˆÏöÓ˚ í»˛•zÇÓ˚&ü ˆ§ÔçˆÏöƒ ≠ àî¢!_´
!Ó°y§ xÌÓy ܲ!ú˛ ܲy°ã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌÓy üyòܲ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ üyôƒˆÏü öÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ §yòyüyê˛y
fl∫ÎÇ˚ Ü,˛ï˛ ܲyÎ≈!ÓÓÓ˚î#Ó˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ fliy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚ x!û˛ü%á !öˆÏò¢≈ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ xyˆÏÓòö
çyöyÎ˚– ≤Ãáƒyï˛ §y!•ï˛ƒ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ •ƒyÓ˚”˛ Óœü$ !ӈϟªÓ˚ xöƒï˛üñ Ó›ï˛ !mï˛#Î˚ §ÇˆÏÓòö¢#°ñ
§ú˛° Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ ӈϰ ≤âǧy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ܲ flõy•zí˛yÓ˚ ˆê˛Ü˛ˆÏöy°!çÓ˚ ܲÌy•z
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ˆÎ flõy•zí˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛yá §Ó≈e Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆ°áyÓ˚ fiê˛y•z°Ä x!û˛öÓ– ܲáöÄ Ü˛áöÄ ò#â≈ Óyܲƒ Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ ~ܲ
˛õ,¤˛yÓƒy˛õ#Ä •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z Óyܲƒ!ê˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ !ÓöƒyˆÏ§ ÚܲüyÛ ~ܲê˛y =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ û)˛!üܲy
˛õy°ö ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õyï˛y !ï˛!ö ˆ°ˆÏáöñ í˛yÎ˚y°à åÈyí˛¸y•z ã˛ˆÏ° ˆ§•z ò#â≈ ܲÌö–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z ò#â≈ ܲÌö ~ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ Ó˚•§ƒüÎ˚– ~ï˛ê˛y•z ˆÓ!¢ ï˛#Î≈ܲñ ˆŸ’£Ï §ÇÓ!°ï˛ ˆÎ ˛õyë˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ܲáöÄ•z ~ܲˆÏâˆÏÎ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ öy– çy!ö öy §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ~ܲüï˛ •ˆÏÓö !ܲ öy !ܲv
Ú•zí˛z!°!§§ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Óyܲƒ àë˛ö ≤Ãîy°#Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆÎö ~ܲê˛y !ü° °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Ä ܲÓ˚y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆüyê˛ Ü˛Û!ê˛•z Óy í˛z˛õöƒy§ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày– çˆÏß√!åȈϰö 16 öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚ñ 1922 §yˆÏ°–
ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ°ö 18 ç%ö 2010 §yˆÏ°– ~•z 87 ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏö ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ ˆ°áܲ ç#ÓˆÏö
!åÈ° üye 44 ÓåÈÓ˚ SxÓ¢ƒ ≤ÃÌü í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ §üÎ˚ܲy° !•ˆÏ§Ó ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° •Î˚ 65 ÓåÈÓ˚ñ
ÎyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 19 ÓåÈÓ˚•z !åÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !öÓ≈y§ö ˛õÓ≈V– ~•z §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ôˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%hflÏܲ §Çáƒy
üye 28!ê˛– x≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ §Çáƒy 5– ˆÓyé˛y•z ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ !ï˛!ö Îï˛ öy !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ !ã˛hsˇy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏöܲ ˆÓ!¢– xyÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇyÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ âˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲy!•!öˆÏï˛
ˆÎüöñ ˆï˛ü!ö û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆã˛yá ˆú˛Ó˚yˆÏöyÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ä– ~•z •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚
ܲ!Ìï˛ Ü˛y!•!ö xyÓ˚ û˛!ӈϣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ xܲ!Ìï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÓ˚ üôƒáyˆÏö Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Óï≈˛üyö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
ˆ§•z Óï≈˛üyöˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ •z!ï˛•y§ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ !ܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
xôÓ˚y•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏFåÈÊ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆ§•z xçyöyñ xöyàï˛ û˛!ӣσ͈Ïܲ ˆüˆÏö !öˆÏï˛ Ó˚y!ç

≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ Îyey
......
xü°Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ü[˛°
I never kept sheep,
But it’s if I’d done so,
My soul is like a shepherd.
It knows wind and sea
Walking hand in hand with the seasons
Observing, and following along.
ܲ!Ó Ü˛áöÄ ˆû˛í˛¸y ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°ö öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚ áy!° üˆÏö •ï˛ñ !ï˛!ö ˆÎö ï˛y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
üˆÏö •ï˛ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xhsˇˆÏò≈Óï˛y ˆÎö ~ܲçö ˆü£Ï˛õy°Ü˛ñ §yàÓ˚ Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏD ÎyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛
xyˆÏåÈó ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆû˛í˛¸yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÎyÓ˚ §üyö öçÓ˚ó ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ üÓ˚÷ˆÏü•z !Î!ö ˆû˛í˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD •yˆÏï˛
•yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ã˛ˆÏ°ö– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y_´ ˛õä‰!_´=!° !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ !Ó!¢‹T ˛õï%≈˛!àç ܲ!Ó
ú˛yö≈yˆÏ®y ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚y Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ‘The Keeper of Sheep’ ¢#£Ï≈ܲ ܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ‘I never kept
sheep’ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ xÇ¢ÈÙÙÙÈܲyˆÏΕ˚ Óz &˚ åÈpöyˆÏü ˆ°áy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆò¢ydˆÏÓyôܲ ܲ!Óï˛y– ˆÎÈÙÈܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚
ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚ xhsˇˆÏò≈Óï˛y ˆò¢ÈÙÈܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓ x!hflψÏcÓ˚ ˆÓ!òˆÏï˛ x!ô!¤˛ï˛– §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ §üƒÜ˛
çyöyÓ˚ çöƒ ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚y !ÓK˛yöñ §üyç!ÓK˛yö Ä x!ô!Óòƒy xôƒÎ˚ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ !åÈ° ~ܲ!ê˛ §yü!@ˇÃܲ ò,!‹Tñ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓŸªçö#ö ò¢≈ö– ~ܲ §Ó≈ydܲ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §¶˛yö ˆüˆÏ°
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚– ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó§_y!ê˛ §yü)!•Ü˛ ˆã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ xÇ¢ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ §Ó≈òy•z !åÈ° !e´Î˚–
ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ≤Ãîï˛ Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ÈÙÈܲ!Ó ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ !ÓŸªÓ#«˛yÎ˚Ä xyˆÏåÈ ~ܲ §ü@ˇÃ
ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ xyˆÏåÈ ~üö ~ܲ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ !ÓŸªˆÏÓyôñ Îy §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z_y˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ
í˛z!aï˛ÈÙÙÙÈÎy xy˛õö ˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛– Óƒ!_´§_y §Ç°@¿ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Ä !ÓŸªy§ˆÏܲ
!ï˛!ö öy®!öܲ Ä ≤ÃyܲÓ˚!îܲ !ÓöƒyˆÏ§ xöyÎ˚yˆÏ§ !ÓŸªçö#ö üyeyÎ˚ í˛zß#¨ ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– §üܲyˆÏ°Ó˚
xy•zˆÏÓÓ˚#Î˚ í˛z˛õm#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xöƒï˛ü Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày í˛z_´ í˛z˛õm#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ Ä
˜¢¢Ó°y!°ï˛ flø,!ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚•z !öü≈yî ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈû˛yÓöyÓ˚ ˆÓyôÓ#ç!ê˛–
Ó#çï˛°yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ !ï˛!ö ˆû˛yˆÏ°ö!öñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òöÄ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§=!° ~üö ~ܲÈÙÈ~ܲê˛y
!Ì °yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y üˆÏö •Î˚ñ Îy ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ü!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ç!ê˛° çê˛ á%ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚ û˛yÓöyÓ˚
≤Ã!e´Î˚yˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ó ˆã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ ˛õyí˛¸ˆÏܲ àyì˛¸ ˛õ!°Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ˛õ%‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ãy!Ÿ¿Ü˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– í˛z˛õöƒy§!¢ˆÏ“ !ï˛!ö ˆÜ˛yöÄ x§yÓ˚ ܲ“öyü)!ï≈˛ ~шÏܲ Îyö!ö– ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ !òܲ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ÈÙÈܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !û˛!_ˆÏï˛ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~ܲ ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!àܲ ÓƒyܲÓ˚î Ä ≤ÃܲÓ˚î !ï˛!ö í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚
Îyö– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày•z ˛õï≈˛%àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲüye ˆöyˆÏÓ° çÎ˚# ˆ°áܲ–
§Ç!«˛Æ ç#ÓöܲÌy
!ÓŸªáƒyï˛ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ ~í˛üu˛ í˛z•z°§ˆÏöÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒÈÙȧüyˆÏ°yã˛öyü)°Ü˛ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî ≤çˆÏD
xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ ≤Ãáƒyï˛ xyô%!öܲ §y!•ï˛ƒ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ ˆí˛!û˛í˛ ˆí˛ˆÏã˛§
122 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
!°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘Wilson works, on the whole, from the writer’s life to his
work, explaining the latter with reference to the former. More technical
psychological criticism often works from the work to the writer, using
the work as the equivalent of the confession on the psychiatrist’s couch
and proceeding to draw conclusions about the writer’s life and state of
mind. This is more dangerous, because it does not sufficiently allow for
the formal element in art and too often naively assumes that the artist
works with complete emotional spontaneity.’’1 xÌ≈yÍ üöhflÏy!_¥Ü˛ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÎÑyÓ˚y x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛àï˛ Ó˚#!ï˛ xö%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚y x!ôܲyÇ¢•z §,!‹TÓ˚
ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ flÀ‹TyˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓö˚ ó flÀ‹TyÓ˚ ç#Óö Ä üˆÏöyû˛!DˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓö˚ – ~ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛
flÀ‹TyÓ˚ xhsˇç≈#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §üƒÜ˛ §¶˛yö ˆüˆÏ° öy ӈϰ ï˛y xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî–
˛õ«˛yhsˇˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ í˛z•z°§ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ‘Dickens : The Two Scrooges’ ¢#£Ï≈ܲ ¢ï˛y!ôܲ
˛õ,¤˛yÈÙȧ¡∫!°ï˛ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ üöhflÏy!_¥Ü˛ !ö!Ó˚ˆÏá !í˛ˆÏܲˆÏ™Ó˚ §y!•ï˛ƒÜ,˛!ï˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚
flÀ‹Tyç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !ö!_´ˆÏï˛ §,!‹TˆÏܲ !öÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö Îy ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ !öÓ˚#«˛î ˆÌˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛– üöhflÏ_¥ Ä §üyçï˛_¥ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ò%ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §üß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ xy˛õö ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö !í˛ˆÏܲ™#Î˚
í˛z˛õöƒy§!¢“§_y !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ° !í˛ˆÏܲ™#Î˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ !ӈϟªÓ˚ xhsˇˆÏ°≈yˆÏܲ
ÎÌyÎÌ í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ö í˛z•z°§ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xö%Ó˚*˛õû˛yˆÏÓ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
§,!‹TˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §_y!ê˛ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §,!‹TˆÏܲ
!ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y çÓ˚&!Ó˚– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ü•Í !¢“§,!‹TˆïÏ ˛•z flÀ‹TyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ‡Ó‡ !ã˛eyB˛ö
öÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈflÀ‹TyÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üˆÏöyû˛!D•z !ã˛!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÎyÓ˚ §ˆÏD !üˆÏ¢ ÌyˆÏܲ flÀ‹TyÓ˚
!ÓŸªÓ#«˛y– í˛z•z°§ö#Î˚ ˛õˆÏÌ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ !ÓŸªÓ#«˛yˆÏܲ xö%ôyÓö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z ~•z §Ç!«˛Æ
ç#ÓöܲÌy–
˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏê˛ˆÏçy ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xy!çö•yày @ˇÃyü– @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˛õy¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° xy°ü®y
öò#– Ó˚yçôyö# ¢•Ó˚ !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏü ~ܲˆÏ¢y !ܲ!ü ò)ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fliï˛– ~ @ˇÃyˆÏü
òy!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ ç°åÈy˛õ flõ‹T ò,¢ƒüyö •ˆÏ°Ä ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈÙÈ°y!°ï˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yÓ˚°ƒ Ä •y!§ x¡‘yö
ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏåÈñ fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ åȈϮ xöhsˇ ≤ÃÓ•üyö xy°ü®yÓ˚ ˆflÀyˆÏï˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày öyüܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ Óöƒ í˛z!qò xyˆÏåÈ– ˆ§ˆÏòˆÏ¢ à!Ó˚ÓÈÙÈ=ˆÏÓ≈yÓ˚y Îy ~ܲòy ˆ§k˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ç#ÓöÎy˛õö
ܲÓ˚ï˛– ~•z @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ~ܲ û)˛!ü•#ö ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ 1922 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 16 öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
çß√– ˆ•yˆÏ§ !ò ˆ§yçy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛y– ≤ÃÌü !ÓŸªÎ%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ §üÎ˚ ú ˛yˆÏ™ ˆày°®yç ˆ§öyÓy!•ö#ˆÏï˛
!öÎ%_´ !åȈϰö– üy üy!Ó˚ !ò !˛õˆÏí˛í˛ !åȈϰö ¢)ܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°Ü˛ ~ܲ ò!Ó˚o ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆüˆÏÎ˚– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ çß√!òˆÏöÓ˚ !Óºy!hsˇ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~ܲ xçyöy à“ xyˆÏåÈ Îy !ï˛!ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚
‘Small Memories’ öyüܲ flø,!ï˛Ü˛ÌyÎ˚ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö– çˆÏß√Ó˚ ö!Ìû%˛_´Ü˛Ó˚î˛õe§• §Ó
ö!̈Ïï˛•z çˆÏß√Ó˚ !òö •° 18 öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚– çˆÏß√Ó˚ §üÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓy ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §%ÓyˆÏò !åȈϰö
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§ §üˆÏÎ˚ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ° !öÎ˚ü !åÈ° çˆÏß√Ó˚ !ï˛!Ó˚¢ !òˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ öyü ö!Ìû%˛_´ öy
•ˆÏ° ç!Ó˚üyöy !òˆÏï˛ •ï˛– öyü ö!Ìû%˛_´ ܲÓ˚y öy •ˆÏ° x˜ÏÓô çˆÏß√Ó˚ x!û˛ˆÏÎyˆÏà x!û˛Î%_´
•ˆÏï˛ •ï˛– ˆ§ §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ÓyÓyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§y §Ω˛Ó !åÈ° öy– ˆÜ˛yöÄ xyd#Î˚Ä
ˆ§ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˆöö!ö– ç!Ó˚üyöy !òˆÏÎ˚ ö!Ìû%˛_´Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿Ä ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !åÈ°
x«˛üï˛y– xàï˛ƒy ÓyÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï≈˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#«˛yÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •Î˚– flø,!ï˛Ü˛ÌyÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘....we waited for his return, and so as not to have to
 ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ Îyey † 123
cough up for the fine (any amount, however small, would have been too
much for the family’s pocket), two days were added to my actual date of
birth, and the problem was solved. Life in Azinhaga being what it was,
painful and difficult, men would often go away to work for weeks on
end, which is why, I couldn’t have been the first or the last example of
such minor deceits. When I die, I will be two days older than the birthdate
on my identity card, but I hope no one will notice.’’2 ~•z xydflø,!ï˛Ó˚ üôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ x§FåÈ°ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ flõ‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ ú%˛ˆÏê˛ ÄˆÏ벖
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲû˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !òöÄ §FåÈ° !åÈ° öy– òy!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ §ˆÏD ïÑ˛yÓ˚
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˆÎyà çß√°@¿ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z– ÷ô% xy!Ì≈ܲ x§FåÈ°ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ çß√ï˛y!Ó˚á ò%Û!òö
!˛õ!åȈÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– flø,!ï˛Ü˛ÌyÎ˚ !ï˛!ö !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘I had hardly any toys and those I
had were made of tin and had been bought in the street from itinerent
sellers.’’3 xÌ≈yÍ ˜¢¢ˆÏÓ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆá°öy•z !åÈ° öyó Îy §Ó
!åÈ° ˆ§§Ó !ê˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ˆú˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏöy !ÓˆÏe´ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ–
≤ÃÌü !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ !ï˛_´ x!û˛K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ•yˆÏ§ !ò ˆ§yçyÓ˚ xy!çö•yày @ˇÃyˆÏü Óy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
•zˆÏFåÈê˛y•z ö‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– !ï˛!ö @ˇÃyü åÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ ˆöö– flf#ÈÙÈ˛õ%e !öˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ö
!°§ÓˆÏö– !°§ÓöÈÙÙÙÈ˛õï%˛≈ àyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚yçôyö#– xï˛#ï˛ ˙!ï˛•ƒ Ä Óï≈˛üyˆÏöÓ˚ ÅIμ°ƒ ~•z ò%ÛˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
§üß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ï%˛Ó˚ˆÏflÒÓ˚ Ó˚yçôyö# ¢•Ó˚ •zhflÏyöÓ%ˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y•z !°§ÓöÄ xï˛#ï˛ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚
ôùǧyӈϢ£Ï Ä xyô%!öܲ ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛yܲ!ã˛Ü˛ƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ܲ ¢•Ó˚– ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyö !àç≈yÓ˚
üy!ê˛Ó˚ !öã˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •Î˚ !á fiê˛˛õ)Ó≈ x‹Tü ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ !ú˛!ö¢#Î˚ §û˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ !öò¢≈ö– ÎyÓ˚
öyöyö ˆÜ˛yˆÏî !üˆÏ¢ xyˆÏåÈ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛zI° μ Ó‡ xôƒyÎ˚ó !üˆÏ¢ xyˆÏåÈ Î%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ çÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yçˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
ܲy!•!ö– ˆï˛!ç ˆâyí˛¸yñ ö%öñ xƒyí˛ˆÏû˛M˛ÈyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çöƒ ˆÎÈÙÈ¢•Ó˚!ê˛ xyçÄ •z!ï˛•y§áƒyï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏåÈ !ÓŸªüyöˆÏ§– ÚÚ~•z ¢•Ó˚ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åȈϰö xˆÏöܲ ˛õï≈˛%!àç
x!û˛Îye# öï%˛ö ˆò¢ñ öï%˛ö Ó˚yhflÏy áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ– û˛yˆÏflÒy òy àyüy ~áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z
û˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ í˛zˆj
Ï ˆÏ¢ §ú˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ åȈ°
Ï ö– !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ áƒy!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆàÔÓ˚Ó ~áöÄ x«%˛]– xyçÄ
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ñ ÓƒÓ§yÈÙÈÓy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ xöƒï˛ü ˛õ#ë˛fliyö ~•z ¢•Ó˚–ÛÛ4 ~üö ~ܲ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Ä
xyô%!öܲ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ Ó!hflψÏï˛ ÓyÓyÈÙÈüyÓ˚ §ˆÏDñ ~ܲ ˆåÈyR !öçfl∫ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
˛õyö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày– ï˛áö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˆã˛yˆÏjy– xy!çö•yày @ˇÃyˆÏü ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˜¢¢Ó ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈ ˆÎÔÌ
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ñ xˆÏöˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏD– ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏö ˆÜ˛üö !åÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !°§ÓöÎy˛õö⁄ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
!öçfl∫ û˛yˆÏ£ƒÏ ˛õy•z ≠ ‘‘My Lisbon was always that of the poor neighbourhoods,
and when, many years later, circumstances brought me to live in other
environments, the memory I always preferred to retain was that of the
Lisbon of my early years, the Lisbon of people who possess little and
feel much, still rural in their customs and in their understanding of the
world.’’5 ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ í˛zk,˛!ï˛!ê˛ 15 ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ñ 2008 ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏá ˆ°áy !òöû˛yˆÏ£ÏƒÓ˚ xÇ¢– ˆÎ
ˆÜ˛yöÄ û˛yˆÏ°y í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ˆÎüö ˆò¢ÈÙÈܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓ åÈ!Ó ò#Æ ¢∑!ÓöƒyˆÏ§ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!Î˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲñ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ ˜ò!öܲï˛yÎ˚Ä ˆï˛ü!ö ˆò¢ÈÙÈܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ !ö˛õ%î !ö!°≈Æ
!ã˛eyÎ˚ ˆ Ï î ú% ˛ ˆÏ ê ˛ ÄˆÏ ë ˛– xyô% ! öܲ !°§ÓˆÏ ö Ä §yÓ˚ y üyˆÏ à yÓ˚ ˜Ü˛ˆÏ ¢ yÓ˚ ç#Óö ܲyˆÏ ê ˛
òy!Ó˚oƒÈÙÈܲ^ˇê˛!Ü˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ü[˛ˆÏ°– ˛õy!Ì≈Ó §¡õò ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ §yüyöƒ•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈó
!ÓŸªû˛yÓöy Ä xyòÓ Ü˛yÎ˚òyÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ˆàшÏÎ˚yñ ï˛Ó%Ä ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÃÓ° §ÇˆÏÓòö¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#–
124 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ xˆÏöܲê˛y §üÎ˚ ܲyê˛yö üyüyÓ˚Óy!í˛¸ @ˇÃyˆÏüÈÙÙÙÈüyï˛yü•
ˆç!Ó˚!öˆÏüy ˆü°!Ó˚öˆÏ•y ~ÓÇ üyï˛yü•# ˆçyˆÏ§ú˛y ܲƒy!:öyÓ˚ ˆfl¨•ÈÙÈ!ö!Óí˛¸ §y!ߨˆÏôƒ– òyò%Ó˚
Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ã˛° !åÈ° öy– ¢)ܲÓ˚˛õy°ö !åÈ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy– ò!Ó˚o ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚–
ï˛ˆÏÓ òyò%ÈÙÈxö%£ÏD §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒç#ÓˆÏö àû˛#Ó˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ ˆú˛ˆÏ°!åÈ°– ÚÚÓ°ˆÏ° xï%˛ƒ!_´
•Î˚ öy ˆÎñ üyüyÓ˚Óy!í˛¸ @ˇÃyˆÏü ÌyܲyÓ˚ ˆ§•z §%ò#â≈ x!û˛K˛ï˛y•z !åÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚
ü)° çyÓ˚ܲÓ˚§– Ä•z §üÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ xyˆÏdy˛õ°!∏˛ ~ÓÇ xydò¢≈ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒò¢≈öˆÏܲ
˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yüyeyÎ˚ §O#!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°–ÛÛ6 1998 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆöyˆÏÓ° Ó_,´ï˛yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ~ˆÏE˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚
÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛•z òyò%ÈÙÈ≤çD í˛zay˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– Ó_,´ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ Óyܲƒ!ê˛•z •° ≠ ‘‘The wisest
man I ever knew in my whole life could not read or write.’’ !öÓ˚«˛Ó˚ òyò%ˆÜÏ ˛•z
!ï˛!ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ü@ˇÃ ç#ÓˆÏö ˆòáy ≤ÃyK˛ï˛ü üyö%£Ï ӈϰ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– í˛z_´ Ó_,´ï˛yÎ˚ ÎÑyÓ˚
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ï˛!ö ӈϰˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘At four O’clock in the morning, when the promise
of a new day still lingered over French lands, he got up from his pallet
and left for the fields, taking to pasture the half-dozen pigs whose fertility
nourished him and his wife. My mother’s parents lived on this scarcity,
on the small breeding of pigs that after weaning were sold to the
neighbours in our village Azinhaga in the province of Ribatejo. Their
times names were Jeronimo Meirinho Josefa Caixinha and they were both
illiterate. In winter when the cold of the night grew to the point of freezing
the water in the pots inside the house, they went to the city and fetched
the weaklings among the piglets, taking them to their bed. Under the
coarse blankets, the warmth from the humans saved the little animals
from freezing and rescued them from certain death.’’ ˆû˛yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏê˛ ÓyçˆÏï˛•z
ˆÎÈÙÈüyö%£Ï!ê˛ â%ü ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ =!ê˛ =!ê˛ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ö ã˛yÓ˚îû)˛!üÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏöÈÙÙÙȧˆÏD
ˆàyê˛y åȈÏÎ˚ܲ ¢)ܲÓ˚ Ä ¢)ܲÓ˚åÈyöy !öˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÎyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !öû≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ã˛°ï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §Ç§yÓ˚
!ï˛!ö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ òyò%– xöê˛ˆÏö•z ã˛°ï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §Ç§yÓ˚– üyï,˛hflÏöƒ˛õyö Ó¶˛ •ˆÏ°•z
¢)ܲÓ˚åÈyöy=ˆÏ°y xy!çö•yày @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !Ó!e´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈxÌ≈ í˛z˛õy!ç≈ï˛
•ï˛ ï˛yˆÏï˛•z ã˛°ï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §Ç§yÓ˚– ܲöܲˆÏö ¢#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ •Ñy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáy çˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛°y!ö
˛õÎ≈hsˇ Îáö çˆÏü ÓÓ˚ú˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛ÈÙÙÙÈòÓ% °
≈ ¢)ܲÓ˚åÈyöy=ˆÏ°y Îáö ¢#ˆÏï˛ Ü%˛Ñ ܲˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎï˛ñ òyò%ÈÙÈ!òòy
ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢#ï˛Óflf Ä ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z£èï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ ü,ï%˛ƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ö–
üyöÓ xyÓ˚ ˛õ÷Ó˚ ~•z !öÓ≈ƒyç §•ˆÏÓyôó ¢#ˆÏï˛y£èy!ò m®μ ˆÌˆÏܲ ü%_´ ~üö ≤Ãï˛#ï˛ ˆã˛ï˛öy•z
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ üyö!ÓܲÈÙÈòy¢≈!öܲ Ó%öö!ê˛ˆÏܲ !öÓ˚&_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ñ !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ !ö!ü≈!ï˛ˆÏï˛–
˜¢¢ˆÏÓ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ¢)ܲÓ˚˛õy°ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç òyò%ˆÏܲ öyöyû˛yˆÏÓ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ÷ô% ¢)ܲÓ˚
˛õy°ö öÎ˚ñ ã˛y£ÏÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe òyò%ÈÙÈ!òòy ~ܲ§ˆÏD §üyöï˛yˆÏ° ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ö– ã˛y£ÏÓyˆÏ§Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÄ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ¢yܲÈÙȧÓ!çÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yòy° Ü%˛!˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöó
Ó˚yߨyÓ˚ çöƒ çμy°y!ö ܲyë˛ §Ç@ˇÃ• ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° ï%˛ˆÏ° ò#â≈ ˛õÌ ÜÑ˛yˆÏô ܲˆÏÓ˚
Óy!í˛¸ ÓˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈö– òyò%ÈÙÈ!òòy Îáö Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Óy üyë˛ÈÙȈáˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛öñ §Ó≈«˛î•z
ÌyܲˆÏï˛ö áy!° ˛õyˆÏÎ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y !åȈϰö ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §hsˇyöñ üy!ê˛Ó˚ §hsˇyö– xyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §ˆÏD•z ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§Ó≈«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎyà– xyÌ≈ÈÙÈ•z ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç%!àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ç#Óö#¢!_´– ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üö ï˛y•z !åÈ° xü!°ö–
¢Ó˚#Ó˚ !åÈ° §%fli– fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z ˆï˛y !ö!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §%fliï˛yÓ˚ xy§° !ë˛Ü˛yöy–
òyò%ÈÙÈ!òòyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚Ä ã˛!ê˛ ˆçyˆÏê˛!ö– ˆã˛yˆÏjy ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !ï˛!ö ç%ˆÏï˛y ˆï˛y
 ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ Îyey † 125
ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌyñ ã˛!ê˛Ä ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyö!ö– ~üö•z ~ܲ ò!Ó˚o ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ÈÙÈÄë˛y–
xÓ¢ƒ ~ˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ò%Éá !åÈ° öy– ˜¢¢ˆÏÓ !ê˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ §hflÏy ˆá°öyˆÏï˛•z !ï˛!ö
§v‹T !åȈϰö– ˜m˛õ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !ï˛!ö ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ò,ì˛¸ï˛y– òy!Ó˚oÈÙÈܲ^ˇê˛!ܲï˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !ï˛!ö ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˛õy Óyí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ ¢!_´– ú˛ˆÏ° ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚
˛õˆÏÓ≈•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !ö!ü≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ xyd≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚!ê˛ó àˆÏí˛¸ ĈÏë˛ Óƒ!_´§_y!ê˛– ~üö ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚#
ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !öˆÏçˆÏܲ çyöy •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚– ~•z !öÓ˚&_´ §_y!ê˛•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚
§,çö¢#° Óƒ!_´cˆÏܲ ˛õ%!‹T ç%!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈñ xyü,ï%˛ƒ–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆåÈyê˛ˆÏÓ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !åȈϰö ˆüôyÓ#– ≤ÃyÌ!üܲ fl%҈ϰ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §üˆÏÎ˚•z ˆüôyÓ˚
flõ‹T ≤Ãüyî ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ïÑ˛yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛Ü˛ÌyÎ˚ !°!˛õÓk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö
~û˛yˆÏÓ ≠ ‘‘When I moved from second year to third, Senhor Vairinho, the
headmaster, summoned my father. He told him that I was a good, hard-
working student and capable, therefore, of completing the third and fourth
years in one year only. I would attend the normal third-year classes, while
the more complex fourth-year subjects would be taught in private lessons
given by Senhor Vairinho himself, who lived above the school. Given
that this arrangement would cost him nothing, my father agreed, for Senhor
Vairinho was doing it out of the goodness of his heart....It was a source
of great pride to my family, both in the city and the village, that I passed
the fourth-year exam with distinction.’’7 ~üö•z ˆüôyÓ# åÈye !åȈϰö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày–
ï˛áö !ï˛!ö ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ö @ˇÃyüyÓ˚ fl%҈ϰ– ~°yܲyÓ˚ ~ܲ öyü# fl%҈ϰ– ÓyˆÏÓ˚y ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§•z !ï˛!ö
í˛z_´ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ åÈye §Ç§ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲƒy!¢Î˚yÓ˚ !öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •ö– §Ü˛° !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ•z !ï˛!ö !åȈϰö
xï˛ƒhsˇ !≤ÃÎ˚– Îï˛ !òö ÎyÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y÷öyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy@ˇÃ• àyì˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ àyì˛¸ï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ú˛ˆÏ° e´ü¢ |ôù≈ü%á# •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆüôyÓ˚ @ˇÃyú˛– òy!Ó˚o Óyôy !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy ˆ§•z
ˆÓàˆÏܲ– !ܲv ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yˆÏÓ˚ Îáö !ï˛!ö ˛õy !òˆÏ°öñ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ òy!Ó˚o•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸y÷öyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
xhsˇÓ˚yÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸y°– @ˇÃyüyÓ˚ fl%҈ϰ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸y÷öy ã˛y°yˆÏöyÓ˚ «˛üï˛y ï˛áö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!åÈ° öy– @ˇÃyüyÓ˚ fl%Ò° !åÈ° ~ܲ!ê˛ üyôƒ!üܲ fl%Ò°– ˆ§áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ û˛!ï≈˛ ܲÓ˚yˆÏöy •°
çƒy!Ó àyˆÏ§ xÓ!fliï˛ ~ܲ ˆê˛Ü˛!öܲƒy° ܲˆÏ°ˆÏç– ˆ§áyˆÏöÄ !ï˛!ö üˆÏöyˆÏÎyà §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚
˛õí˛¸y÷öy ܲˆÏÓö˚ – ˛õˆÏí˛¸ö ˛õï%˛≈ !àçñ à!îï˛ñ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒyñ Ó˚§yÎ˚öñ Îsf!öü≈yî!Óòƒyñ •z!ï˛•y§ÈÙÙÙÈ
~üöܲ# ú˛Ó˚y!§ û˛y£Ïy Ä §y!•ï˛ƒÄ– ~ ~ܲ xq$ï˛ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎñ ˆ§•z §üˆÏÎ˚ ˆê˛Ü˛!öܲƒy°
ܲˆÏ°ˆÏçÄ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏöy •ï˛ §y!•ï˛ƒ Ä ú˛Ó˚y!§ û˛y£Ïy– û˛y!àƒ§ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏöy •ï˛Ê ÷ô% §y!•ï˛ƒ Ä
ú˛Ó˚y!§ û˛y£Ïy ˛õí˛¸yˆÏöy •ï˛ ӈϰ•z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày í˛z_´ ܲˆÏ°ˆÏç ˛õí˛¸y÷öyÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy áÑ%ˆÏç
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– ˛õï%≈˛!àç Ä ú˛Ó˚y!§ û˛y£Ïy ~ÓÇ §y!•ï˛ƒ xôƒÎ˚ö ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
§y!•ï˛ƒyö%Ó˚yà ≤ÃÓ° •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏ벖 ܲˆÏ°ç ç#ÓˆÏö !ï˛!ö ~ï˛ Ü˛!Óï˛y ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åȈϰö ~ÓÇ ü%áfli
ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ˆÎñ ç#Óö§yÎ˚yˆÏ•´Ä ˆ§§Ó !ï˛!ö xyÓ,!_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– à!îï˛!ÓK˛yö Ä
Ó°!ÓòƒyÓ˚ K˛yö xç≈ö ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ܲy!ÓƒÜ˛ ≤Ã!ü!ï˛Ä §M˛Èy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ú˛ˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲy!ÓƒÜ˛ï˛yÎ˚ ˆüˆÏ¢ !ÓK˛yöˆÏã˛ï˛öy– ú˛ˆÏ° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ ˆÓyô– òy!Ó˚oÈÙÈ°y!N˛ï˛
˜¢¢ÓÈÙÈ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏö !ï˛!ö ≤Ãy!hsˇÜ˛ üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓöÎsfîyˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ°
Ï ö– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ åȈ°
Ï öñ òy!Ó˚o˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲüye ü%!_´Ó˚
˛õÌ •° üyÜ≈˛§Óyò– !öˆÏçˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö ~ܲçö ‘hormonal communist’ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ !ã˛!eï˛
126 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ° Îáö ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ !ö!£Ïk˛ !åÈ°ñ ï˛áö !ï˛!ö !åȈϰö ~ܲçö
˛õy!ê≈˛ §ò§ƒ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ flõ‹T ôyÓ˚îy ≠ ‘‘His preoccupations and
politics and passions might seem to belong to a past age : a diehard
communist impatient of dictators, subversive of orthodoxies, disrespectful
of international corporations, peasant-born in a marginal country and
identifying himself always with the powerless....’’ xÌ≈yÍ xï˛#ï˛ ç#Óöy!û˛K˛ï˛yÓ˚
§ˆÏD §Çà!ï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ñ xyˆÏÓà Ä Ü˛Ó˚î#Î˚ ܲï≈˛ÓƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚
ö#° öܲ¢y– ˜¢¢ÓÈÙÈ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ §Ç°@¿ ç#Óö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z çß√ !öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ üˆÏöÓ˚
xy!Ó‹T xÓfliy– xyÓ˚ ~•z xy!Ó‹Tï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD !ö!Óí˛¸û˛yˆÏÓ !üˆÏ¢!åÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ˆã˛ï˛öy–
ˆ§ ˆã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ !ö!•ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §ˆÏD §Ç!°Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ §yüy!çܲ ˆÓyô–
üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y– üyö%£ÏÈÙÈ°@¿ ~•z §üyçˆÏÓyô ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈû˛yÓöyÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛
ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏD !üˆÏ¢ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy•ˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ ˆÓàÓyö– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓñ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xhsˇˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!Ìï˛ xyˆÏåÈ Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ xö%àï˛ xö%û)˛ï˛ !öÓ˚#• §Ó x!û˛K˛ï˛yÓ˚
§%Ó˚–
ܲˆÏ°ˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸y ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸ ˆüÓ˚yü!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚áyöyÎ˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆöö–
ܲyç ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲ ˛õyÓ!°Ü˛ °y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !öÎ˚!üï˛ Îyï˛yÎ˚yï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
ܲˆÏ°ˆÏç ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ Ä û˛y£Ïy ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÎÈÙȧy!•ï˛ƒ í˛zã˛yê˛ö ˜ï˛!Ó˚
•ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ï˛y ï,˛Æ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ °y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ §y!•ï˛ƒ ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ°– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!ö
§üyçܲ°ƒyî !Óû˛yˆÏà ܲyç ˛õyö– 1947 §yˆÏ° üye ˛õÑ!ã˛¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö
≤ÃÌü í˛z˛õöƒy§ ‘The Land of Sin’– •z!ï˛üˆÏôƒ !ï˛!ö §Ç§yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏö ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%e§hsˇyöÄ çß√ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ïÑ˛yÓ˚– ≤ÃÌü í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚ ‘The
Sky Light’– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ xq$ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ ö#Ó˚Óï˛yÈÙÙÙÈò#â≈ ö#Ó˚Óï˛y– ò#â≈ í˛z!ö¢ ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆfl∫FåÈy
!öÓ≈y§ö– ~•z !öÓ≈y§öܲyˆÏ° §ÇˆÏày˛õˆÏö ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ܲ!Óï˛y ã˛ã≈˛y– 1966 ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚
≤ÃÌü ܲyÓƒ@ˇÃsi ‘Possible Poems’– 1969 §yˆÏ° ï˛Íܲy°#ö !ö!£Ïk˛ ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛
ˆÎyàòyö– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!ö xö%Óyòñ §yÇÓy!òܲï˛yñ §¡õyòöy •zï˛ƒy!ò öyöy ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´
•ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲö– 1975 §yˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜ò!öܲ ˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°Ü˛ !öÎ%_´ •ö– Ä•z ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚ üyˆÏ§ ˛õï≈˛%àyˆÏ° Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ÈÙȧyü!Ó˚ܲ xû%˛ƒayö âˆÏê˛– e´ü¢ ï˛y !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ üyey
ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyòÈÙÈ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y çyöyˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ fl∫û˛yÓ!§k˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò# ˆ°áö#Ó˚
üyôƒˆÏü– ú˛ˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!ö xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆáÑyç ܲˆÏÓö˚ !ö–
•ˆÏÎ˚ Îyö §Ó≈«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ– 1982 §yˆÏ° Îáö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ £Ïyê˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ñ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚
‘Baltasar and Blimunda’ÈÙÙÙȧyÓ˚yüyˆÏày ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü xyˆÏ°yí˛¸ö §,!‹TܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õöƒy§–
öyñ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ ˆ˛õåȈÏöÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyˆÏï˛ •Î˚!ö– ~ÓyÓ˚ ÷ô% §yüˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏö ã˛°yñ
ò%Ó≈yÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛– à“ñ í˛z˛õöƒy§ñ öyê˛Ü˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò §y!•ï˛ƒ¢yáyÎ˚ öï%˛ö öï%˛ö §ÇˆÏÎyçˆÏöÓ˚
˛õy°y– ‘The Stone Raft’, ‘The Year of Death of Ricardo Reis’, ‘The History
of the Siege of Lisbon’, ‘Blindness’, ‘All the Names’, ‘The Cave’, ‘Death
at Intervals’ •zï˛ƒy!ò í˛z˛õöƒy§ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ~ˆÏö ˆòÎ˚ !ÓŸªáƒy!ï˛– 1998 §yˆÏ° !ï˛!ö
‘Blindness’ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ çöƒ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˛õyö– ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü ˆöyˆÏÓ°çÎ˚#
ˆ°áܲ !ï˛!ö•z– ~Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ 1991 §yˆÏ° ˆ°áy ‘The Gospel According to Jesus
Christ’-~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆî
Ï !ï˛!ö ≤ÃÓ° !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛ ç!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ö– ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛Íܲy°#ö Ó˚«˛î¢#°
 ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ Îyey † 127
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚Ä §Ó˚Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛– ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyˆÏò !ï˛!ö ˛õï%≈˛ày° ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ° Îyö
ܲƒyöy!Ó˚ m#˛õ˛õ%ˆÏO– ~!ê˛ ~üö•z ~ܲ m#˛õ˛õ%O ï˛y ˆflõˆÏöÓ˚ ~°yܲyû%˛_´ñ öy ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚
û)˛á[˛û%˛_´ÈÙÙÙÈï˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ !Óï˛Ü≈˛– !Ó£Ïü ˛õ!Ó˚•y§•z ÓˆÏê˛Ê !Óï˛!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ !Óï˛!Ü≈˛ï˛
fliyˆÏö ˆfl∫FåÈyÈÙÈ!öÓ≈y§ö– xyü,ï%˛ƒ !ï˛!ö ˆ§áyˆÏö•z §flf#ܲ ç#Óö ܲyê˛yö– 18 ç%öñ 2010
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ âˆÏê˛– ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ xyˆÏà !ï˛!ö !°ˆÏá Îyö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï í˛z˛õöƒy§ ‘Cain’ÈÙÙÙÈ2010
§yˆÏ°– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò# §_y!ê˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yöÄ !ÓÓ˚&k˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚!ö ˆ¢£Ï
í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãüyî– xy˛õ§•#ö ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ü,ï%˛ƒ ˆö•z– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚
~ܲ ü)ï≈˛ x!û˛âyï˛– ˛õï%≈˛!àç§_yÓ˚ ~ܲ x!öÓ≈y!˛õï˛ !¢áy– ‘The Notebook’ ¢#£Ï≈ܲ
@ˇÃˆÏsi !ï˛!ö !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘First of all I’m Portuguese, then Iberian, and then, if
I feel it I’m European.’’ öyñ !ï˛!ö ÷ô% •zí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˛õ˛õ!Ìܲ ööñ !ï˛!ö xyç ~ܲ !ÓŸª˛õ!Ìܲ–
Î!òÄ ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓŸªÓ#«˛y!ê˛ í˛zÆ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È òyò%ÈÙÈ!òòyÓ˚ ˆfl¨•!ö!Óí˛¸ §y!ߨˆôÏ ƒ x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛ Óy°ƒç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚
xö%£ÏD# xyÓï≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ– ˜¢¢ÓÈÙÈ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ xü!°ö xyí˛zê˛yö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §,!‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày§y!•ï˛ƒû%˛ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !öˆÏüy≈ • xhsˇÓ_ ,≈ !ê˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆàyê˛y ܲƒyöû˛y§ ç%ˆíÏ ˛¸•z
åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ Óy°ƒflø,!ï˛§Oyï˛ í˛zã˛yê˛ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z_y˛õ– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛
ˆàˆÏ° ~•z í˛zã˛yê˛ö!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓyé˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö– xyÓ˚ ˆ§Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî•z ~•z §Ç!«˛Æ ç#ÓöܲÌyÓ˚
xÓï˛yÓ˚îy–
flø,!ï˛Ü˛Ìy ≠ ˜¢¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ xhsˇˆ°
Ï y≈ ܲ !öü≈yî
flø,!ï˛Ü˛Ìy •° Óƒ!_´Ó˚ xhsˇç≈#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ xyˆÏ°áƒ– flø,!ï˛ü%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ú˛!°ï˛ •Î˚ Ó˚ã˛öyܲyˆÏ°Ó˚
xy!dܲ §_yÓ˚ fl∫ï˛Éfl≥)˛ï≈˛ §ÇÓ˚*˛õ– ˆÎüöñ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ‘Small Memories’ öyüܲ
flø,!ï˛Ü˛Ìy– ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õ,¤˛yÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ Ó˚ã˛öyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xhsˇˆÏ°≈yˆÏܲÓ˚ xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛ xyû˛y§–
‘Journey to Portugal’ ¢#£Ï≈ܲ @ˇÃˆÏsi ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ öyöy ˆÜ˛yˆÏî °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy
xöyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛ •z!ï˛•y§!§k˛ •yçyÓ˚ ï˛_¥ ˆÎüö í%˛Ó%!Ó˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ï%˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏö í˛z_´ @ˇÃˆsÏ i í˛z˛õfliy˛õö
ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ ˆï˛ü!ö ˜¢¢ÓˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ xï˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ x!û˛K˛ï˛y}k˛ öyöy flø,!ï˛ÈÙÈç#ÓyŸ¬ ï%˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏö
í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ ˆòö ‘Small Memories’-~– ~ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏåÈ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §ï˛ƒ!ö¤˛ ˜¢¢Ó Ä
˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚û˛y£Ïƒ– xyˆÏåÈ xܲ˛õê˛ xyˆÏdyˆÏüyã˛ö Ä !öÓ˚yˆÏÓà xyd!ӈϟ’£Ïî– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛!°áˆÏö
xyˆÏåÈ •ˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈÄë˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ ò#!˛õï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÎy •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ñ ç#Óö°@¿– ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ•z
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ üyö§àë˛ö!ê˛ !ö!ò≈‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ó !fliÓ#˚ Ü,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!_´c– Îy e´ü≤ð!¡∫ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ xhsˇ≈§_yˆÏܲ– 181 ˛õ,¤˛yÈÙȧÇÓ!°ï˛ ~•z flø,!ï˛Ü˛Ìy!ê˛
°u˛ˆÏöÓ˚ !û˛ˆÏrê˛ç Ó%܉˛§‰ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛– üyà≈yˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ç%° ˆÜ˛yhflÏyÈÙÈÜ,˛ï˛ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç xö%Óyò!ê˛•z
xyüÓ˚y ˛õ!í˛¸– Îy ˛õˆÏí˛¸ flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˜¢¢ÓÈÙÈfl≥%˛!Ó˚ï˛ flõ®ö ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ§_yÎ˚ üyeyàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ü!ï˛ ~ˆÏö !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ïÑ˛yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛Ü˛Ìy!ê˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö çß√fliyö xy!çö•yàyÓ˚ ≤çD !òˆÏÎ˚–
ܲ!ÓÈÙȧy!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲÈÙÈ~ܲê˛y @ˇÃyü Óy ¢•Ó˚ ܲáöÄ Ü˛áöÄ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yü!@ˇÃܲ
ò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ x!û˛ü%á Óyñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ)î≈yD ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚– ˆÎüöñ •zhflÏyöÓ%° öyüܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢•Ó˚ˆÏܲ
ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ•˚ z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ï%˛Ó˚ˆflÏ ÒÓ˚ ˆöyˆÏÓ°çÎ˚# Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ ÄÓ˚•yö ˛õyü%ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ §y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈû˛yÓöyÓ˚
üü≈§_y!ê˛– ‘Istanbul : Memories and the City’ öyüܲ @ˇÃsi!ê˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ï˛y çyöy
ÎyÎ˚– ˆï˛ü!ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ‘Small Memories’ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° çyöy ÎyÎ˚ñ xy!çö•yày öyüܲ @ˇÃyü
128 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆÌˆÏܲ•z í˛zͧy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ !¢“§_yÓ˚ ü)° §%Ó˚!ê˛– flø,!ï˛Ü˛ÌyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛•z !ï˛!ö
!°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘The village is called Azinhaga and has, so to speak, been
where it is since the dawn of nationhood (it had a charter as early as the
thirteenth century), but nothing remains of that glorious ancient history
except the river that passes right by it (and has done, I imagine, since the
world was created) and which, as far as I know, has never changed
direction, although it has overflowed its bank on innumberable occasions.’’
çy!ï˛c ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ í˛z£yÏ °@¿ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy!çö•yày xyçÄ !ê˛ˆÏܲñ Î!òÄ ï˛yÓ˚ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆàÔÓ˚Ó!ã˛•´
Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ê˛ˆÏܲ xyˆÏåÈ ÷ô% ~ܲ!ê˛ öò#ÈÙÙÙÈxy°ˆÏüyu˛y ï˛yÓ˚ öyü– @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˛õy¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚
Îy ˆï˛ˆÏçy öò#ˆÏï˛ !üˆÏ¢ˆÏåÈ– öyöy ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xy°ˆÏüyu˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛#Ó˚ÈÙȧǰ@¿ ~°yܲy xçflÀÓyÓ˚
≤’y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆ°
Ï Ä !òܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö ܲˆÏÓ!˚ ö ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òöÄ– xy!çö•yày ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z!aï˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
ç#Óö≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚!ê˛Ä ˆï˛ü!ö öyöy ã˛í˛¸y•z x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ x@ˇÃ§Ó˚ •ˆÏ°Ä ˆÜ˛yöÄû˛yˆÏÓ•z ï˛yÓ˚
!òܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚!ö– ï˛yÓ˚ ç#Óö˛õÌ!ê˛ !åÈ° xyç#Óö }ç%ˆÏÓ˚á– xyÓ˚ }ç%ˆÏÓ˚á ˆ§•z
˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ !¢Ü˛í˛¸!ê˛ ˆ˛õÑyï˛y xyˆÏåÈ xy!çö•yàyÓ˚ üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛– ˆÎÈÙÈ@ˇÃyü!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
x!hflÏcˆÏܲ xö%û˛Ó ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ öy– flø,!ï˛Ü˛ÌyÎ˚ !ï˛!ö !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘....in the blind
meanderings of chance it had been written that I would one day return to
Azinhaga to finish being born. Throughout my childhood and my early
adolescence, that poor, rustic village, with its murmuring frontier of green
trees and water, with its low houses surrounded by the silver––grey of
olive trees, sometimes scorched by the burning summer sun, sometimes
gripped by the murderous winter frosts or drowned by the floodwaters
that came in through the front door, was the cradle in which my gestation
was completed....’’ ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z xy!çö•yàyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ Ä ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ĈÏë˛
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˜¢¢ÓÈÙÈ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ܲy°˛õÓ≈– ˆã˛yˆÏjy ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ !ï˛!ö ÓyÓyÈÙÈüyÓ˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ @ˇÃyü ˆåȈÏí˛¸
ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ö !°§Óö ¢•ˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§áyˆÏö•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ fliyÎ˚# Óy§– ˆ§áyˆÏö•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áܲç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚
!ÓhflÏyÓ˚– !°§ÓˆÏö ӈϧ Îáö !ï˛!ö ܲyàçÈÙÈܲ°ü !öˆÏÎ˚ !°áˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§öñ Óy°ƒ x!û˛K˛ï˛yÓ˚
§Ó˚& xy°˛õÌ ôˆÏÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛zÑ!ܲ ˆòÎ˚ xyçß√ ˆòˆÏá xy§y öò#ñ öò#ÈÙÈ°@¿ û)˛ò,¢ƒñ
§Ó%ç àyåÈ˛õy°yñ !Ó!û˛ß¨ }ï%˛ÈÙ˜Ó!¢ˆÏ‹Tƒ ÓòˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚y ç°˛õy•z àyåÈ •zï˛ƒy!ò– xy§ˆÏ°
˜¢¢Ó°y!°ï˛ flø,!ï˛ Ä ◊&!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚üy!eܲ ˆÓyô!ê˛ ≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏ벖
~Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ•z §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛Ó˚y ‘a real insight into the making of a great writer’ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z
≤Ã!e´Î˚y Ä ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ §¶˛yö ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ˜¢¢ÓÓy!•ï˛ ˆÓyô Ä ˆÓy!ô §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
Óƒ!_´§_y!ê˛ˆÏܲ !öô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆ§•z §_y!ê˛ Îáö ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
!ÓŸªÓ#«˛yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓƒyÆ •Î˚ñ ï˛áö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!_´§_y Ä §yü)!•Ü˛ §_yÓ˚ Óy•ƒ !Óû˛yçö ˆÓ˚áy!ê˛
ÎyÎ˚ ü%ˆÏåÈ–
xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãáƒyï˛ ˆ°áܲ xƒyˆÏ°: ˆ•!°Ó˚ ˆ°áy ‘Roots’ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ xyˆÏåÈ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyö
Ü,˛£èyDˆÏòÓ˚ xyd˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢Ü˛í˛¸ ˆáÑyçyÓ˚ ü•yܲy!ÓƒÜ˛ ˜¢!“ܲï˛y– 1750 §yˆÏ°Ó˚
Ó§hsˇÜ˛yˆÏ° ˛õ!ÿ˛ü xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ç%ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ öyüܲ @ˇÃyˆÏü çß√ •Î˚ Ü%˛rê˛y !ܲrê˛ öyüܲ ~ܲ ܲyˆÏ°y
˛õ%e§hsˇyˆÏöÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈí˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !ï˛!ö•z– ~•z Ü%˛rê˛yˆÏܲ Îáö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÎ˚ !Ó!e´
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ e´#ï˛òy§ ÓyöyˆÏöy •Î˚ ï˛áö ï˛yÓ˚ öyüܲÓ˚î •Î˚ ˆê˛y!Ó– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ x!hflÏc Ä
˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒÓ˚ ≤Ãy˜Ïà!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ §)e °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛– xƒyˆÏ°: ˆ§•z •z!ï˛•y§
 ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ Îyey † 129
ï˛Õ‘y¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ç%ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ xü!°ö ˜ö§!à≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyŸª≈ Ä @ˇÃyü#î û)˛ÈÙÈò,ˆÏ¢ƒ ܲyˆÏê˛
Ü%˛rê˛yÓ˚ ˜¢¢Ó Ä ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚– ~•z Óy°ƒflø,!ï˛Ó˚ §%í˛¸D ôˆÏÓ˚•z xƒyˆÏ°: í%˛Ó%!Ó˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y í%˛Ó
!òˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö ü)°!öÓy§# Ü,˛£èyDˆÏòÓ˚ xy!ò≤çD xy!ú ˛Ü˛yˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ à!•ö ï˛ˆÏ°ÈÙÙÙÈxyd˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
xï˛#ï˛ §)e ï%˛ˆÏ° xyöˆÏï˛– xyd˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !û˛ˆÏï˛•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xyd≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
xƒyˆÏ°: Ä §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆÎö xˆÏöܲê˛y ~ܲ– ‘Small Memories’ ‘Roots’-~Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y
ˆÜ˛yöÄ í˛z˛õöƒy§ öÎ˚ñ §Ó≈yˆÏÌ•≈ z ï˛y xydflø,!ï˛– ~áyˆÏöÄ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §%àû˛#Ó˚ xö%§¶˛yö#
ò,!‹T !òˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏöˆÏåÈö òyò%ÈÙÈ!òòyÓ˚ §y!ߨˆÏôƒ !ö‹Ò°%£Ï ˜¢¢ÓÎy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏöyÓ˚ü ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyüÎ˚
≤çD– ~•z ˜¢¢ÓÈÙÈí˛zã˛yê˛ö•z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ !üˆÏ¢ xyˆÏåÈ ö#Ó˚Ó !üö!ï˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y–
ˆöyˆÏÓ°çÎ˚# ܲ!Ó ˆí˛ˆÏÓ˚ܲ ÄÎ˚y°Ü˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛y Îáö ˛õ!í˛¸ñ ˆò!á !¢Ü˛í˛¸ §¶˛yˆÏöÓ˚ §%ï˛#Ó  ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆÜ˛í˛z Óy ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲû˛yˆÏÓ ò%Ó≈°– ˆ˛õåȈÏö ˆÌˆÏܲ •yê˛Îyey ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ܲyܲy
ï˛yí˛¸öy ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛!ÓÓ˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ– xyÓ˚ ~•z í˛zã˛yê˛ö!ê˛ ˆí˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚
ܲyÓƒç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆàyê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚ ç%ˆÏí˛¸•z !åÈ° !e´Î˚– xyd˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛Ó˚ §Çܲê˛ÈÙÈ!ã˛•´ !ã˛!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏåÈ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ˛õä‰!_´ˆÏï˛ ˛õä‰!_´ˆÏï˛– ‘Small Memories’-~Ä xyˆÏåÈ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
‘identity’-Ó˚ ˜¢!“ܲ !ã˛eyÎ˚î– ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ çí˛¸ï˛y ˆö•zñ ç!ê˛°ï˛y ˆö•z– Îy xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛
öÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈxy°Çܲy!Ó˚ܲ öÎ˚ñ ˆüyˆÏê˛•z– Óy°ƒç#Óöy!û˛K˛ï˛yÓ˚ !ö!•ï˛ §ˆÏï˛ƒ•z °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §)eÈÙÙÙÈåÈ®üÎ˚ !ÓöƒyˆÏ§ xÑyܲy ˜¢¢ÓàÑyÌyÎ˚ ï˛y flõ‹T–
üyˆÏ§≈° ≤Ã&ˆÏhflÏÓ˚ ˜¢¢Ó ܲyˆÏê˛ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ ÜÑ˛ˆÏÓ ˆÏï˛ òyò%ÈÙÈ!òòyÈÙÈüyÈÙÈÓyÓyÈÙÈû˛y•zÈÙȈÓyö
§• ~ܲ ˆÎÔÌ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ü[˛ˆÏ°– ˆ§•z ˜¢¢ÓÎy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ flø,!ï˛§Oyï˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy Ä ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚
öÓ˚ü ĈÏüÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÄ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸
ĈÏë˛ö ~ܲ @ˇÃyüƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ü[˛ˆÏ°ÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲ ˆÎÔÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ– òy!Ó˚o !åÈ° ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !öï˛ƒ§D#– ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ÓyÓy §¡õˆÏܲ≈ Ó°ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ӈϰˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ‘a vulgar digger of fields’– ç!ü áöˆÏöÓ˚
ܲyˆÏç !ï˛!ö !öÎ%_´ !åȈ° Ï ö– ~ܲçö §yôyÓ˚î ç!üÈÙÈáöܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚
ܲyç ˆ˛õˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ°Ï ö– ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Îy!˛õï˛ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ãy!hsˇÜ˛ï˛y !ï˛!ö xܲ˛õˆÏê˛ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛õ!§ üy!Ó˚Î˚y öyê˛!°Î˚y !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ~§ˆÏê˛Δ°y ˆç°yÎ˚ ú˛Ó˚!üày° ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üy!§ üy!Ó˚Î˚y òy °yçÄ à,•òy§#Ó˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏö
ÎÑyÓ˚ !åÈ° §%àû˛#Ó˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓÈÙÙÙÈ!ï˛!ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ òyò% ˆç!Ó˚!öˆÏüy ˆü°!Ó˚öˆÏ•y– ~ܲçö ¢)ܲÓ˚˛õy°Ü˛–
¢)ܲÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ã˛°ï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §Ç§yÓ˚– §¡õ)î≈ !öÓ˚«˛Ó˚ ~ܲ ã˛y!£Ï– xÌã˛ ˆöyˆÏÓ° Ó_,´ï˛yÓ˚
÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛•z ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Ú§ˆÏÓy≈ _ü K˛yö#Û ÓˆÏ° x!û˛!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓö˚ – flø,!ï˛Ü˛ÌyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈
!°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘He is a man like many others on the earth, in this world,
perhaps an Einstein crushed beneath a mountain of impossibilities, a
philosopher, a great illiterate writer.’’8 ~•z ‘great illiteral writer’-~Ó˚ ܲyåÈ
ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày xç≈ö ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áܲç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ü)°§%Ó˚– á%Ó Ü˛yåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö
ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈö ܲ# !ö!Óí˛¸ üüï˛yÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ òyò%ÈÙÈ!òòy ¢)ܲÓ˚¢yÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ °y°ö˛õy°ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö–
ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ ܲöܲˆÏö ¢#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ¢#ï˛Óflf Ä ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z_y˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ
¢)ܲÓ˚¢yÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ò%Ó≈° ¢yÓܲˆÏòÓ˚Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚y üÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòö!ö– ¢)ܲÓ˚˛õy°ˆÏö
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày òyò%ÈÙÈ!òòyˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– •yˆÏê˛ !Ó!e´Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÄ òyò%Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏåÈö–
òyò% Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈö çvÈÙÈüyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ö!Óí˛¸ §•yÓfliyö– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ï˛y•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ˆÏܲ
‘hybridized family of animals and humans’ ӈϰ !ã˛!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö–
òyò% §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢)ܲÓ˚åÈyöy xy!çö•yàyÓ˚ Óy!§®yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ•z !Ó!e´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲö–
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 9
130 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆòáy ˆà°ñ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ¢)ܲÓ˚åÈyöy•z !Ó!e´ ܲÓ˚y ˆà° öy– xÌã˛ ~§Ó !Ó!e´ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z
ˆï˛y òyò%Ó˚ §Ç§yÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°– !§k˛yhsˇ •°ñ x!Óe´#ï˛ ¢yÓܲ=!° §yhsˇyˆÏÓ˚ü •yˆÏê˛ !Ó!e´ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÓ– ~•z •yê˛!ê˛ Óy!í˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏöܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fliï˛– ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲê˛y ˆàyê˛y !òö
°yˆÏà ˆ˛õÑÔåÈyˆÏï˛– òy!Î˚c ˆòÄÎ˚y •° ܲyܲy üƒyö%ˆÏÎ˚°ˆÏܲ– òyòy §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ܲyܲyˆÏܲ §•yÎ˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰö– ˆåÈyR §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆ§yͧyˆÏ• Ó˚y!ç •öñ
ˆÎö ~üö ~ܲê˛y xyˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛#«˛yÎ˚ !åȈϰö !ï˛!ö– ~ܲ ò%˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& •° •yê˛Îyey– áy!°
˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ~Îyey §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z ˆçyàyí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ~ܲ ˆçyí˛¸y ç%ˆÏï˛y– §yüˆÏö
•Ñyê˛ˆÏåÈö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày– ˆ˛õåȈÏö ¢)ܲÓ˚åÈyöyÓ˚ ò°– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z §ˆÏÓ hflÏöƒ˛õyö ˆ¢£Ï
§ƒyü%ˆÏÎ˚°– §ˆÏ¶˛ öyàyò ïÑ˛yÓ˚y Ü%˛•zrê˛y òy e´yç òy ˆ°=Î˚yÈÙÈÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔåÈyö– áyüyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •°
¢yÓܲ=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ– áyüyÓ˚ üy!°ˆÏܲÓ˚ òÎ˚yÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ Ó˚y!eÎy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ܲ
xyhflÏyӈϰÈÙÙÙȈâyí˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD– ܲyܲy ˆï˛y =Ñ!í˛¸Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈàû˛#Ó˚ â%ˆÏü– !ܲv
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá â%ü ˆö•z– â%ü !ܲ xy§yÓ˚ ܲÌyÊ ˆ§ x!û˛K˛ï˛y xydflø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!ö
!°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘The horses snorted and stamped on the paved floor. I hoisted
myself into the trough and lay down on the cool straw, as it in a cradle,
wrapped in the blanket, breathing in the strong smell of the animals, who
were restless and night or so it seemed to me in my fitful sleep.’’9 §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
Óy°ƒÎy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ~üö §Ó !öòyÓ˚&î x!û˛K˛ï˛y– òy!Ó˚oÈÙÈ°y!N˛ï˛ ˜¢¢ˆÏÓÓ˚
x!û˛K˛ï˛y•z ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° K˛yˆÏö Ó˚*˛õyhsˇ!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ܲƒyöû˛y§ ç%ˆÏí˛¸
xyˆÏåÈ ~•z K˛yˆÏöÓ˚ ò%ƒ!ï˛– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ åÈpÎy˛õö!ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xyû˛y§ ˆö•z–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ üyö§ àë˛ˆÏö ˆç!Ó˚!öü òyò%Ó˚ x°#ܲ ≤Ãû˛yÓ !å° ≤ÃÓ°– òyò%Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ã˛Ó˚≤Ãîï˛
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ïÑ˛yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛Ü˛ÌyÎ˚ ÷ô% öÎ˚ñ The Notebook, ˆöyˆÏÓ° Ó_,´ï˛yñ ~üöܲ#
í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ä ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Óy ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛û˛yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– òyò%Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ !åÈ° ˆÓ¢ ܲï˛=!°
í%˛ü%Ó˚ àyåÈ– ˆ§=!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !åÈ° ühflÏ Óí˛¸ÈÙÙÙÈÎyÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ àyåÈ˛õy°y !åÈ°
öy– @ˇÃ#‹øܲyˆÏ° Ó˚yˆÏï˛ Ä•z àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ òyò%Ó˚ §ˆÏD §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày â%ˆÏüyˆÏï˛ö– òyò%Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ
÷öˆÏï˛ö à“– •yçyÓ˚ à“ ≠ ‘‘....my grandfather told and told : legends,
apparitions, terrors, unique episodes, old deaths, scuffles with sticks and
stones, the words of our forefathers, an untiring, rumour of memories
that would keep me awake while at the same time gently lulling me.’’
ˆöyˆÏÓ° Ó_,´ï˛yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ~§Ó ӈϰˆÏåÈö– ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛•z òyò%Ó˚ ≤çD ˆê˛ˆÏöˆÏåÈö– xçyöy xçflÀ
xï˛#ï˛ Ü˛y!•!ö ÷ˆÏöˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈan untiring rumour of memories– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
~•z xï˛#ï˛Ü˛ÌˆÏöÓ˚ =Ó˚&c !åÈ° x˛õ!Ó˚§#ü– ‘‘This early exposure to oral story
telling helped Saramago incorporate its skills in his writing.’’10 ˆç!Ó˚!öˆÏüy
òyò% !åȈϰö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆòáy !ӈϟªÓ˚ ˆ§Ó˚y ≤ÃyK˛ Óƒ!_´c– !ÓŸªK˛yˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲ ü)ï≈˛ û˛y[˛yÓ˚– ˆöyˆÏÓ°
Ó_,´ï˛yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ӈϰˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘I imagined my grandfather Jeronimo was master
of all the knowledge in the world....a man who, lying under a fig tree,
having at his side Jose his grandson, could set the universe in motion just
with a couple of words.’’ òyò% Îáö x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !öhflÏ∏˛ï˛yÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ àˆÏ“Ó˚ í˛y!° ˆÌˆÏܲ
~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y í˛z˛õyáƒyö í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛öñ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ï˛ß√Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛y xyfl∫yòö
 ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ Îyey † 131
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛öÈÙÙÙÈÎy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyç#Óö ç#ÓyˆÏŸ¬Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y x«˛ï˛ !åÈ°– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày í˛z˛õ°!∏˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰöñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !öÓ˚«˛Ó˚ òyò% ܲ# xöyÎ˚y§ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ à!•ö à•¥Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ°
xyöˆÏï˛ö ~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ܲy!•!öÈÙÙÙÈÓyã˛ˆÏöÓ˚ çyò% flõˆÏ¢≈ í˛zqy!§ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ï˛ ü•y!ӈϟªÓ˚
~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆày˛õö Ó˚•§ƒ–
}!cܲ âê˛Ü˛ñ ~ܲòy ӈϰ!åȈ° Ï öÈÙÙÙÈ!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ çöƒ flÀ‹TyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏܲˆÏê˛ ò%Û!ê˛ !ç!ö§ Ìyܲy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
~ܲ!ê˛ òyÓ˚& xyÓ˚ xöƒ!ê˛ ˜¢¢Ó– òyÓ˚&Ó˚ xy!û˛ôy!öܲ xÌ≈ üò– ~ xy§ˆÏ° flÀ‹TyÓ˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ï˛yí˛¸öyÓ˚ üyòܲï˛y– xy§ˆÏ° ˛õƒy¢ö– ~•z òyÓ˚& ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xyˆÏ§ òyì≈˛ƒ– xyÓ˚ ˜¢¢Ó •° §¡õò–
xy§ˆÏ° ˆ≤ÃÓî˚ y– ~•z ˛õƒy¢ö ~ÓÇ ˜¢¢Ó§Oyï˛ ˆ≤ÃÓî˚ y ≤ÃÓ°û˛yˆÏÓ §!e´Î˚ !åÈ° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ– !åÈ° xy°ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ܲyü%Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ– ÄÓ˚•yö ˛õyü%ˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ– !ÓöÎ˚ üç%üòyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ–
˜¢¢Óflø,!ï˛ flÀ‹Ty !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~шÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓöüyeyˆÏܲ !öô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xhsˇà≈ï˛ ï˛yí˛¸öy
òyÓ˚&Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y•z üyòܲï˛y §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚– ‘Albert Camus’ ¢#£Ï≈ܲ !öӈ϶˛ ˛õyü%ܲ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠
‘‘The landscape in which Camus sets The Stranger, The Plague, and many
of his short stories is the landscape of his own childhood, and his loving,
minute descriptions of sunny streets and gardens belong neither to the
East nor to the West.’’11 xÌ≈yÍ Ü˛yü%Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˜¢¢Ó flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ Ä
≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ à“ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ û˛yÓ§ï˛ƒ– ˛õyü%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÄ ~Ó˚
Óƒ!ï˛e´ü âˆÏê˛!ö– §y!•ï˛ƒ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ í˛z°ú‰˛àƒyÇ xy•zçÓ˚ ˆÎüö !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö Ú!ö!•ï˛
˛õyë˛Ü˛§_yÛñ ˛õyü%ܲ ˆï˛ü!ö !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö Ú!ö!•ï˛ ˆ°áܲ§_yÛ– xyÓ˚ ~ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!ö ˆ°ˆÏáö ≠
ÚÚxy!ü ˆú˛Ó˚ xöƒ ~ܲê˛y í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ åÈܲ ܲ£Ïy ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ò•z ˆÎ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ò,¢ƒ=!°
~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛yñ xyüyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yüˆÏö ˆû˛ˆÏ§ í˛zë˛ï˛ xyüyÓ˚ ˆ§•z !òö=!°ˆÏï˛ Îáö
xy!ü !ö‹õy˛õ !¢÷Ó˚ !öü≈°ï˛yê%˛Ü%˛ !ܲå%ȈÏï˛•z !öˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õï˛yü öy– !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ öy
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˜¢¢ˆÏÓ ˆú˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xyôy ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ•z xyüyˆÏܲ §v‹T ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ï˛ñ xyüyÓ˚ xy≤Ãyî
ˆã˛‹Ty §ˆÏ_¥Ä– ~•z x!û˛K˛ï˛y xÓ¢ƒ í˛z˛õöƒy§ ˆ°áyÓ˚ Ó˚•§ƒüÎ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !ܲå%È
=Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ !¢«˛y xyüyˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ–ÛÛ12 §,!‹TÓ˚ í˛z͈ϧ ˜¢¢ÓÈÙÙÙȘ¢¢Ó§_yÓ˚ !öü≈°
xö%û˛) !ï˛ Îy ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !¢“# ˆ°áܲÓ˚y áш% ç Ï ˛õyö ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢“§_yÓ˚ ˆüÔ°Ó#ç!ê˛– •Ñƒyñ ò¢≈ˆöÏ Ó˚
ü)°§%Ó˚!ê˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ xyˆÏ§ ˜¢¢Ó§_yÓ˚ !öü≈° xö%û)˛!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ– !ܲv ˜¢¢Ó§_yÎ˚ Î!ò !ÓÜ,˛ï˛
x!û˛K˛ï˛y xyfl∫y!òï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !¢“§_yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ü%˛≤Ãû˛yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ ˆÜ˛ööy !ÓÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
çß√ ˆöÎ˚ !Óï,˛£èy– !¢ÓöyÓ˚yÎ˚î Ó˚yÎ˚ Ú=hflyÏ û˛ ˆúœ˛yˆÏÓÎ˚yÓ˚ Ä ü)ì˛¸ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓŸªˆÏܲy£ÏÛ ¢#£Ï≈ܲ ≤Ãӈ϶˛
ú˛Ó˚y!§ Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ =hflÏyû˛ ˆúœ˛yˆÏÓÎ˚yÓ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §,çö¢#° ç#ÓˆÏö ˜¢¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ x!û˛K˛ï˛yÓ˚
≤Ãû˛yÓ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ !ï˛!ö Ú~ܲçö x!ï˛üyeyÎ˚ xö%û)˛!ï˛¢#°
üyöÓ!ÓˆÏm£Ï# !¢“#Û– ~!ê˛ öy!ܲ =hflÏyˆÏû˛Ó˚•z xyd!ӈϟ’£ÏîÈÙÙÙÈçç≈ §ÑyÈ ÙȈÏܲ ˆ°áy =hflÏyˆÏû˛Ó˚
!ã˛!ë˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
=hflyÏ û˛ ˆúœ˛yˆÏÓÎ˚yÓ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ !¢ÓöyÓ˚yÎ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ x!û˛üï˛ ≠ ÚÚ=hflyÏ û˛ ˆú ˛yˆÏÓÎ˚yÓ˚ÈÙÈ
~Ó˚ Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ ܲ“öyÎ˚ üyö%£Ï §¡∫ˆ¶Ï ˛ !ܲ!M˛Èß√ye xy¢yû˛Ó˚§yÓ˚ !ã˛•´Ä öçˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ öy–ÛÛ13
~ܲê˛y !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ≤Ãàyì˛¸ ≤Ãï˛#!ï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ– !ܲv ˆÜ˛ö ~üö!ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ⁄
!¢ÓöyÓ˚yÎ˚î í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓy !åȈϰö fliyö#Î˚ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ !Ó!¢‹T
¢°ƒ!ã˛!ܲͧܲ– !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ çyöy°yÓ˚ úÑ˛yܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ =hflÏyû˛ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ x˛õyˆÏÓ˚¢ö
!̈ÏÎ˚ê˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÓyˆÏܲ !öÎ˚!üï˛ üí˛¸y ܲyê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ö– ˜¢¢ˆÏÓ ˆòáy ~•z ¢ÓÓƒÓˆÏFåȈÏòÓ˚
132 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ò,¢ƒ =hflÏyˆÏû˛Ó˚ üˆÏö àû˛#Ó˚ åÈy˛õ ˆú˛ˆÏ°– ÚÚç#Óö#ܲyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ ˜¢¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ ~•z
x!û˛K˛ï˛y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ xöƒï˛ü ü)° ܲyÓ˚î– Ü˛yÓ˚î Îy•zˆÏ•yܲñ
ˆú ˛yˆÏÓÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ˆÎñ ò¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ•z öy!ܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö
üyöÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ àû˛#Ó˚ !Óï,˛£èyÓ˚ û˛yÓ ò,ì˛¸ü)° •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–....§ühflÏ §%ˆÏÎyà§%!Óôy §ˆÏ_¥Ä
ˆú ˛yˆÏÓÎ˚yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏö ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ó˚§ Óy xyöˆÏ®Ó˚ §¶˛yö ˛õyö!ö–....üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~•z !Ó÷k˛
!Óï,˛£èy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyö !ï˛ö!ê˛ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ü)° í˛z˛õç#Óƒ–ÛÛ14 ˜¢¢ÓÈÙÙÙȧ%fli ˜¢¢Ó §ü,k˛ Ä
§Ç•ï˛ §,!‹T§_yÓ˚ ~ܲ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ ˛õ)Ó¢≈ ï≈˛– ˜¢¢Ó ~ܲ !öî≈yÎ˚ܲ ¢!_´ÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲ xö%ܲ) ° ˆ≤ÃÓî˚ y–
÷ô% ˛õƒy¢ö !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó÷k˛ §,!‹T §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ öy– 1998 §yˆÏ° ˆöyˆÏÓ° Ó_,´ï˛yÎ˚ ˆÎÈÙȘ¢¢ÓܲÌy
!ï˛!ö fløÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ï˛y•z !°!˛õÓk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö 2006 §yˆÏ° ˆ°áy flø,!ï˛Ü˛ÌyÎ˚ ≠ ‘‘I
remember those warm summers nights, when we slept under the big fig
tree, I can hear him talking about the life he’s led, about the Milky Way,
or the Road to Santiago as we villagers still called it, that glowed above
our heads, about the livestock he reared, about stories and legends from
his remote childhood. We would fall asleep late, well wrapped up in our
blankkets against the dawn chill. But the image I can’t shake off at this
melancholy hour is of that old man advancing beneath the stubborn, silent,
like someone fulfilling a destiny nothing can change, except death.’’15
~•z !öü≈° ˜¢¢Ó flø,!ï˛•z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲ Óí˛¸ §¡õò– ~•z ˜¢¢Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !ÓÜ,˛!ï˛
öÎ˚ñ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏö í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §)e áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õyö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày– ˜¢¢Ó•z ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ü•Í ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈó
üyöÓü%á# ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈó ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Îyey˛õÌ !fliÓ˚#Ü,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ ¢#ˆÏ£Ï≈®% ü%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
~ܲ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠ ÚÚ˜¢¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ çyöy°y á%ˆÏ° üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ é%˛ü •ˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧ
Ìy!ܲ– ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ xöhsˇ !˛õ˛õy§y ˆçˆÏà ĈÏë˛ñ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ •zˆÏFåÈ
ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ ~•z ˆÎ Úxöhsˇ !˛õ˛õy§yÛÈÙÙÙÈ~•z !˛õ˛õy§yê˛y•z xy§ˆÏ° ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyÈÙÙÙÈ!ö!•ï˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy ÎyÓ˚
öÓ˚ü Äü ç!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ §,!‹TÓ˚ xhsˇû≈%˛ÓˆÏö– ˜¢¢Ó Î!ò ܲáöÄ fli(° flø,!ï˛ˆÏüò%Óï˚ ˛yÎ˚ xyFåÈߨ
ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆüˆÏ°y!í˛ ÌyˆÏܲ öyñ ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ üƒy°y!í˛– §%fli ˜¢¢Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ•z
ˆÜ˛Ó° ˆüˆÏ°y!í˛Ó˚ §,!‹T– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ flø,!ï˛Ü˛ÌyÎ˚ ~•z ˆüˆÏ°y!í˛ flõ‹Tû˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛#ï˛ Ä
≤Ãï˛ƒ!Î˚ï˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˜¢¢Ó!°áö öfiê˛y°!çÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚!ö ӈϰ•z flø,!ï˛Ü˛Ìy ç%ˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
§yÇà#!ï˛Ü˛ xyˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ~ܲ í˛zFåÈ° flõ®ö–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ‘Small Memories’-~ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xydˆÏày˛õö ˆö•z– !ü̃y Ä Ü,˛!eü flø,!ï˛Ü˛ÌyÎ˚
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ˆö•zñ !Ó®%üye– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xydÓÎ˚yˆÏö ˛õy•z ≠ ‘‘I don’t really believe in so-
called ‘false memories’, I think the difference between those and the
momories we consider certain and solid is merely a question of confidence,
the confidence that we place in the incorrigible vagueness we call certainty.
Is the one memory I have of Francisco false? Perhaps, but I have spent
the last eighty-three years believing it to be true.’’16 !ü̃y flø,!ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ !Óºyhsˇ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– flø,!ï˛Ä ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ !Óºyhsˇ ܲˆÏÓ˚!öó !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!öó ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD
≤Ãï˛yÓ˚îy ܲˆÏÓ˚!ö– ï˛ˆÏÓ xyd§ˆÏã˛öï˛y ≤Ãܲê˛û˛yˆÏÓ ÌyܲˆÏ°Äñ xydˆÏàÔÓ˚ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ°¢ üye ˆö•zñ
ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚Ä– ú˛ˆÏ° ò,ì˛¸û˛yˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ Äë˛y Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚ e´ü!ÓÓï≈˛ö ˆÓ˚áy!ê˛ ~ flø,!ï˛Ü˛ÌyÎ˚ flõ‹T
ú%˛ˆÏê˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ– xyÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎÈÙÈÓƒ!_´!ê˛ xyç#Óö !ö!Óí˛¸û˛yˆÏÓ Äï˛ˆÏ≤Ãyï˛
!åȈϰöñ !ï˛!ö ˆç!Ó˚!öˆÏüyòyò%– ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ~ܲ ÓåÈÓ˚ §ˆÏï˛ˆÏÓ˚y !òö ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ 20009 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 1
 ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ Îyey † 133
ç%ö ˆ°áy ‘A Statue in Azinhaga’ ¢#£Ï≈ܲ !òö˛õ!OˆÏï˛ òyò%ÈÙÈ!òòy ~ÓÇ ˆÎÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ
!ï˛!ö °y!°ï˛ÈÙÈ˛õy!°ï˛ÈÙÈÓ!ô≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ï˛yÓ˚ ≤çD í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘I made
sure that I never overlooked those who bore and raised me : my parents
and grandparents. I spoke of them in Stockholm during an illustrated
public lecture, and was understood. What we see of a tree is a mere part
of the thing : its most important aspect is undoubtedly its roots. My
biological roots bear the names Josefa and Jeronimo, Jose and Piedade,
but I have others, bearing the names of cities and places—Casalinho and
Divisoes, Cabo das Casas and Almonda, Tejo and Rabo dos Cagados,
and others named for olive groves, willow trees, poplars, and ash; of
hunting parties navigating the rivers, fig trees laden with fruit, pigs taken
to pasture and piglets, sleeping in the same bed with my grandparents, to
stop them freezing to death.’’17 ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !¢Ü˛ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
!åÈ° xyü,ï%˛ƒ ≤Ãîï˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ çöƒÄ !ï˛!ö !Óflø,ï˛ •ö!ö ˜ç!Óܲ !¢Ü˛ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ §ˆÏD
Î%_´ ÓyÓyÈÙÈüyñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ òyò%ÈÙÈ!òòyÓ˚ ܲÌy– Óy°ƒÎy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ öyöy fliyöñ öò#ñ
öò#ÈÙȧǰ@¿ ç#Óöñ ç°˛õy•z Ü%˛OÓöñ í˛z•zˆÏ°y àyåÈñ ú˛°ÈÙÈû˛yˆÏÓ˚ ö%•zˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y í%˛ü%Ó˚ àyåÈñ
¢)ܲÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚yˆÏöyñ ¢)ܲÓ˚¢yÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD òyò%ÈÙÈ!òòyÓ˚ ¢Î˚öñ ¢#ˆÏï˛ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yÈÙÙÙÈ~§ÓÄ !ï˛!ö !Óflø,ï˛ •ö!ö– !Óflø,ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ã˛yö!ö– 1998 §yˆÏ° ˆöyˆÏÓ°
˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ôye#@ˇÃyü xy!çö•yàyÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ yOü)!ï≈˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ Óà≈Ó›Ó˚ üyˆÏé˛ !ï˛!ö í˛z˛õ!Ó‹T– •yˆÏï˛ Ó•z– ˛õ°Ü˛•#ö ˆöˆÏe !öÓ˚#«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆåÏ Èö ≤ÃÓ•üyö
!ÓŸªˆÏܲ– §yÓ˚yç#Óö ˆï˛y !ï˛!ö ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ !öÓ˚#«˛î•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ!öî#≈ï˛ !öÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚
fl∫ï˛sf Ä fl∫ܲ#Î˚ !öÓ˚#«˛î– xy˛õö ˆÓ yOü)!ï≈˛ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ üˆÏö ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ flø,!ï˛Ó˚y!¢
í˛zqy!§ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– í˛zqy!§ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy ÎÑyˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ !ï˛!ö xyç ~üö í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚
í˛zߨ#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– í˛zqy!§ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ôy•z@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ≤çD– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
§û˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ôye#û)˛!ü•z ˆï˛y @ˇÃyü– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD §Ç!°Æ xy!çö•yày xyç !ÓŸªüÎ˚
í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ ~ܲ @ˇÃyü– ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ §û˛ƒï˛yˆÏܲ §ü,k˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ~•z @ˇÃyü– !ï˛!ö ï˛y ˆû˛yˆÏ°ö!öñ
ܲáöÄ–ÈÙÙÙÈWhat we see of a tree is a mere part of the thing : its most
important aspect is undoubtedly its roots. xy!çö•yày §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÈÙȈã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ !¢Ü˛í˛¸–
xy!çö•yày !öåÈܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ @ˇÃyü öÎ˚ñ ~ܲ !ö!ò≈‹T ܲy°ˆÏã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ öyüó §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
!ÓŸªy§û)˛!üÓ˚ ˆû˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ Ó˚*˛õ •° ~•z @ˇÃyü– xy˛õö ˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚ÈÙȧǰ@¿ ~•z ܲy!°Ü˛ xyܲ“
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° xy!çö•yày ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !üˆÏ¢ ˆàˆÏåÈ !ÓŸª≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏDÈÙÙÙȧyÓ˚yüyˆÏày
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ü§,î xy°˛õÌ ˆÓˆÏÎ˚– ~•z !öÓ≈y˛õî!ê˛ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
xhsˇˆÏ°≈yܲ xö%û˛Ó ܲÓ˚y ܲ!ë˛ö–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ‘Small Memories’-~Ó˚ ~!˛õ@ˇÃyˆÏú˛ í˛zÍܲ#î≈ !°!˛õ ≠ ‘‘Let yourself
be led by the child you were.’’ÈÙÙÙȧyÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ Óí˛¸•z ≤Ãy§!Dܲ
~•z !°!˛õ– §y!•ï˛ƒç#ÓˆÏö !ï˛!ö ˜¢¢Ó myÓ˚y•z ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙȧüyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ≠
‘‘a childlike guilelessness and innocence channelled through a wise old
man–ÛÛ ~ܲ åÈ°öy•#ö §Ó˚° !¢÷Ó˚ ï˛yí˛¸öyˆÏï˛•z !ï˛!ö §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ–
ÓyhflÏÓ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛•z ï˛y•z ÓyhflÏÓˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ÓyhflÏÓˆÏܲ xܲ˛õˆÏê˛ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
Ó›ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈö ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ä Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z ˆàyê˛y Ó›cê˛y•z ôÓ˚y
134 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ– xydܲÌyÎ˚Ä ~•z !öÓ˚#«˛î!ê˛ xyˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ°•z !öɧLjÏܲyˆÏã˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈïÑ˛yÓ˚
!˛õ!§üy Ä üy!§üy xy!Ì≈ܲ xöê˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z xˆÏöƒÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ
¢)ܲÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ç§yÓ˚ ã˛y°yö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ òyò%ñ ˆã˛yˆÏjy ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ~ܲ ˆçyí˛¸y ã˛!ê˛ ˆçyˆÏê˛!ö
ӈϰ ö@¿ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ã˛°yˆÏú˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ï˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~§Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
xydܲÌy xy§ˆÏ° xydyܲÌy– ‘Small Memories’ ~ÈÙÈxˆÏÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˜¢¢Ó!§_´ ˆã˛ï˛öyÓ˚
˛õÌ ôˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy ~ܲ xy!dܲ Îyey–
˛õï%≈˛ày°ÎyeyÈÙÙÙÈ•z!ï˛•y§ Ä §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ%ö!ö≈ü≈yî
xy•zˆÏÓÓ˚#Î˚ í˛z˛õm#˛õ– ÎyÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xÓ!fliï˛ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y xM˛ÈˆÏ°Ó˚ ò%•z ˆò¢ÈÙÙÙȈflõö Ä
˛õï%≈˛ày°– ~!ê˛ ~üö ~ܲ û)˛á[˛ ÎyÓ˚ !ï˛ö !òܲ ç° myÓ˚y ˆÓ!‹Tï˛ñ ˆÜ˛Ó° ~ܲ !òܲ ç°ÈÙÈ
§Ç°@¿– •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Óy!ܲ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FåÈߨ ~ܲ í˛z˛õm#˛õ ~!ê˛– Î%à Î%à ôˆÏÓ˚ ~•z
í˛z˛õm#˛õ!ê˛ Ó!•Ó˚yàï˛ !Ó!û˛ß¨ çy!ï˛ myÓ˚y xye´yhsˇ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ òá!°Ü,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ú˛ˆÏ°
!ÓˆÏò!¢ çÓÓ˚òá°Ü˛yÓ˚# çy!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ Ó˚Ç åÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ˆò¢ ò%Û!ê˛Ó˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛
Ä üöˆÏö– í˛z˛õm#˛õ!ê˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ~°yܲy ç%ˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆflõö– xyÓ˚ ˛õï%≈˛ày° à!ë˛ï˛
§yüyöƒ xÇ¢ !öˆÏÎ˚– xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õï%≈˛ày° xyàyˆÏàyí˛¸y•z ˛õ!ÿ˛ü •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
~ܲ ò!Ó˚oï˛ü ˆò¢– xöƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆflõö •° •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y xM˛ÈˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ Ó,•_ü xÌ≈ö#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆò¢–
°!@¿˛õÑ%!çÓ˚ !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ ôùǧydܲ ܲyÎ≈e´ˆÏüÓ˚ xÓ¢ƒΩ˛yÓ# ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆàyê˛y •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ xyç
}îÈÙȧÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ xyÓˆÏï≈˛ ˆÓ§yüy°– ~Ó˚ x!öÓyÎ≈ ≤Ãû˛yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ~•z ò%•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛Ó˚
IJõÓ˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ IJõÓ˚– !öÎ˚sfî•#ö !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ xÌ≈!°∞yñ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏܲ
ÚxÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ô£Ï≈ܲü≈Û ÓˆÏ° §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ≤Ãû˛yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ˛õï≈˛%àyˆÏ°Ó˚
çöç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ IJõÓ˚– ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~•z ˆò¢ê˛y ~ܲê˛y ‘proud nation’– ~•z
à!Ó≈ï˛ çy!ï˛Ó˚ §ü,k˛ xï˛#ï˛ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲÌy xˆÏöܲê˛y•z !ï˛!ö ï˛yÓ˚ ‘The Year of the
Death of Ricardo Reis’ öyüܲ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ í˛z˛õfliy˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– !ï˛!ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆò¢ˆÏܲ
ˆã˛ˆÏöö– ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚Ä ˆÓ!¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆã˛öyÓ˚ çöƒñ §y!Ó≈ܲ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛Ó˚ çöƒ !ï˛!ö ˛õï%≈˛ày°
ÎyeyÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ ˆöö– °«˛ƒ Óï≈˛üyö x!û˛K˛ï˛y !öÓ˚*˛õˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xï˛#ï˛ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚
•z!ï˛•y§ÈÙȧÇfl,Ò!ï˛ñ !ã˛hsˇyÈÙȈã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° xyöyÈÙÙÙÈÓï≈˛üyö !û˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xï˛#ï˛
≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyôƒy!dܲ Ä ˜ö!ï˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î !òˆÏÎ˚ û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ xRy!°Ü˛y !öü≈yî ܲÓ˚y– ê˛yöy
åÈÛüy§ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ÓÇ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ Îy ˆòáˆÏ°öñ ÷öˆÏ°ö ~ÓÇ xö%û˛Ó
ܲÓ˚ˆ°Ï ö ï˛yÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° ˛õï%˛≈ ày° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ öï%˛öû˛yˆÏÓ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •°– !ï˛!ö ˛õï%˛≈ !àç •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ
§üƒÜ˛ !ã˛öˆÏ°öñ !ã˛öˆÏ°ö ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çöàîˆÏܲñ §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ– ~û˛yˆÏÓ ˛õï%≈˛!àç§_y
!öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xydy§_y !öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚ !öÓ≈ã˛ö!ê˛Ä •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ !öû≈˛%° Ä !ö!ò≈‹T– ÎyeyˆÏhsˇ
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày xö%ˆôÏ ƒÎ˚ x!û˛K˛ï˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ 1990 §yˆÏ° !°áˆÏ°ö ‘The Journey to Partugal’
¢#£Ï≈ܲ ~ܲ xöÓòƒ @ˇÃsi– ˆÎÈÙÈ@ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ x!û˛≤ÃyÎ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày í˛z_´ @ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ û)˛!üܲyˆÏï˛•z
flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘....to write a book on Portugal that
could not in any respect be confused with any others, a book capable of
offering a fresh way of looking, a new way of feeling.’’ ÎyeyܲyˆÏ° !ï˛!ö
˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÷ô% Ó!•ç#≈Óö öÎ˚ñ xhsˇç≈#ÓöÄ §¶˛yö ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xï˛° hflÏÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ xhsˇà≈ï˛ §ï˛ƒ ï%˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏö ï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ Óï≈˛üyˆÏöÓ˚ xyÓç≈öy ü%ˆÏåÈ ã˛°yÓ˚ ˛õÌ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ü§,î
 ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ Îyey † 135
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ˛õï%≈˛!àç§_yˆÏܲ öï%˛öû˛yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ Ä xö%û˛Ó ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
1979ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢Ó˚Íܲy°– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Îyey ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö– ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ û)˛á[˛ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ û˛ƒy!°Ü˛y
ˆòy !üˆÏöyÈÙȧǰ@¿ §#üyhsˇ x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö àƒy!°§#Î˚ @ˇÃyüƒ ~°yܲyÎ˚–
Îyey˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ã˛yÓ˚ !òö !ï˛!ö àƒy!°!§Î˚y Ä ˆ°Äö ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ @ˇÃyü ¢•Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ºüî
ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏ°öñ Î!òÄ ~§Ó ~°yܲyñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Îyey˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ~!_´Î˚yÓ˚û%˛_´ !åÈ° öy–
Îyey!ê˛ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xhsˇˆÏò≈¢#Î˚ñ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ï˛y•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §#üyhsˇ ˆÌˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Îyey ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“öy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– ÎyÓ˚ •z!Dï˛ !ï˛!ö @ˇÃsi!ê˛Ó˚ ‘The Sermon of the Fishes’ ¢#£Ï≈ܲ
≤ÃÌü xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü xö%ˆÏFåȈÏò•z !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘This was the first traveller ever to
pull up in his car, with engine already in Portugal but the petrol tank still
in Spain, and lean over the parapet at the precise point crossed by the
invisible line of frontier.’’ ˆÎÈÙÈày!í˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ !ï˛!ö ºüî ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ö ï˛yÓ˚ •z!Oö!ê˛ ˛õï≈˛à
% yˆÏ°Ó˚
û)˛áˆÏ[˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xÌã˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛Δy° ê˛ƒyB˛!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆflõˆÏö– ~Ó˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
xy•zˆÏÓÓ˚#Î˚ í˛z˛õm#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~•z ò%•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ §%§¡õÜ≈˛ Ó˚ã˛öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– §#üyˆÏhsˇÓ˚
xò,¢ƒ ˆÓ˚áy!ê˛ !ï˛!ö ü%åȈïÏ ˛ ã˛yö– üyã≈˛ 28ñ 2009 ï˛y!Ó˚ˆáÏ ~ܲ !òö!°!˛õˆÏï˛ ˆöyê˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö
ˆÎñ ˆ§ §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyàˆÏç !ï˛!ö ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ Óƒy˛õܲ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˛õï%≈˛!àçÓ˚y flõƒy!ö¢
û˛y£Ïy ˆ¢áyÓ˚ xy@ˇÃ• ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ •*òÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y ~•z !§k˛yhsˇ @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~•z
≤ÃÓîï˛yˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö §òÌ≈ܲ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ ‘the need for the
people of our peninsula’ ӈϰ x!û˛!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~•z ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö ܲy!ÓƒÜ˛
!ÓöƒyˆÏ§ ˛õï%≈˛ày° ÎyeyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛•z í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ
‘Gather round, fishes, those of you to the right still in the River Douro
and those of you to the left in the River Duero, come closer all of you
and advise me which language you speak when you cross the watery
frontiers beneath, and whether down there you also produce passports
and visas as you enter and depart. Here am I, gazing down on you from
this high barrier, as you gaze back up at me, fishes residing in these
mingling waters, and who can as easily find yourselves on one shoreline
as on another, a grand fraternity of fishes who only devour one another
for reasons of hunger and never on a patriotic impulse. Grant me, O
fishes, clear instruction, lest I forget this lesson on the second stage of
my journey into Portugal : may I learn in passing from one land to the
next to pay the closest attention to the similarities and differences, whilst
not foregetting something common to both humans and fish alike, namely
that a traveller has preferences and sympathies unconstrained by the
obligations of universal love, never hitherto required of him.’18
í%˛ˆÏÓ˚y Ä í%˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚y öò#Ó˚ üyåÈ=ˆÏ°y §Ó ˛õy§ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ Ä !û˛§y åÈyí˛¸y•z öò#Ó˚ §#üyhsˇˆÏÓ˚áy
x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z ï˛ê˛ˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚ xÓfliyö ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙȈò¢ydˆÏÓyôܲ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyÎ˚ öÎ˚ñ
«%˛ôyÓ˚ ï˛yí˛¸öyÎ˚ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ ç°!Óû˛y!çܲy ü%ˆÏåÈ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ xyˆÏ§ ï˛y çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛yö–
ºüîܲyÓ˚# üyˆÏåȈÏòÓ˚ ‘grand fraternity’-Ó˚ xyòˆÏ¢≈ !ï˛!ö !Óü%?˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
ÎyˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Îyey˛õˆÏÌ §ú˛° §yò,¢ƒ Ä ˜Ó£ÏˆÏüƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §üyö ò,!‹T xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õˆÏÓá˚ y üyåȈòÏ Ó˚ ܲyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– ~•z ܲy!ÓƒÜ˛ï˛yÓ˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
xy§ˆÏ° ˆflõÈöÈÙÈ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ Ä §¡±#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ß¿!ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö– ú˛yòyÓ˚
136 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
xƒyrê˛!öÄ !û˛Ó˚yÄ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ‘Saint Anthony’ ‘Serman to the Fishes’ öyüܲ @ˇÃˆsÏ i í%˛ˆÏΈ˚ ÓÏ y˚
öò#Ó˚ üyåȈòÏ Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ çyöˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ ÈöÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚y §#üyhsˇˆÓÏ á˚ yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ xÓfliyö ܲÓ˚ˆåÏ È⁄
ˆ§rê˛ xƒyrê˛!öÓ˚ ~•z !çK˛y§ƒ xy§ˆÏ° ˜Ó£ÏüƒˆÏÓá˚ y !Óflø,ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆòƒyï˛Ü˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
‘Serman to the Fishes’-~ ˆ§rê˛ xƒyrê˛!öÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆflõöÈÙÈ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ üyˆÏé˛ Ó¶%˛ï˛yñ
§Ç•!ï˛ Ä ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆÓyé˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ !öÓ˚#• fl∫≤¿Ü˛Ìy ¢!∑ï˛ •Î˚– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚!ê˛ ~
ò,!‹TˆÏܲyˆÏî ~ˆÏE˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !û˛ß¨– üyã≈˛ 10ñ 2012ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘Douro-Duero’ ¢#£Ï≈ܲ ˆöyˆÏê˛ !ï˛!ö
!°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘I did not entirely fall into the trap of making such a utopian
proposal. In that same part of the river, surrounded by the same indivisible
water, representatives of 175 river communities just came togather, from
both banks, to discuss the creation of a joint endeavor able to coordinate
programs of development and propose viable plans for the future.’’19 öò#
ò%Û!ê˛ˆÏï˛ xÓyô fl∫yô#ö §M˛ÈÓ˚î¢#° üyˆÏåÈÓ˚ !ã˛eܲˆÏ“ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÄ fl∫≤¿ ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ !ܲv
ˆ§rê˛ xƒyrê˛!öÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y !ï˛!ö xÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ •ÑyˆÏê˛ö!ö– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày §üyçȧˆÏã˛ï˛ö
ÓyhflÏÓÓyò# ˆ°áܲ– ï˛y•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿ xyˆÏåÈ í˛zߨÎ˚ö ≤Ãܲ“ˆÏܲ §ü!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ §!¡ø!°ï˛
≤ÈÏã˛‹TyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyàñ §ü,k˛ û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ !öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚ §Ç•ï˛ Ó˚*˛õˆÏÓ˚áy–
˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ §#üyˆÏhsˇÓ˚ Ó˚•§ƒâö ˛õÓ≈ï˛˛õ%O ˆÌˆÏܲ ò!«˛î ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ xÓ!fliï˛ xy°àyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚
§ü%oï˛ê˛ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆÎ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ Îyey˛õÌÈÙÙÙȈ§ Îyey˛õˆÏÌ xö%û)˛ï˛ x!û˛K˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÎÈÙȈã˛ï˛öy ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏä ˛õï%≈˛ày° öï%˛ö û˛yˆÏÓ xÌ≈Ó• Ó˚*˛õ ˛õyÎ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õï%≈˛ày°Îyey xy§ˆÏ°
‘a passionate re-discovery of his own land–Û Îyey˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ x!û˛K˛ï˛y Ä xö%û)˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ
Îáö !°!˛õÓk˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ !öˆÏ°öñ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !fliÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö ºüîܲÌyˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆ¢£Ï •zFåÈ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ ˆòˆÏÓöó ˆáyÎ˚yÈÙÈÎyÄÎ˚y •z!ï˛•y§ Ä ˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒÓ˚ ~üö ~ܲ !ÓöƒhflÏ
Ó˚*˛õˆÏÓá˚ y í˛z˛õfliy˛õö ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ ö Îy •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛fiê˛yˆÏürê˛– ˆò¢ˆÏܲ çyöˆÏï˛ñ çöàîˆÏܲ
çyöˆÏï˛ !ï˛!ö ˆò¢üÎ˚ ºüî ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ~•z ≤ÃÌü !ï˛!ö !ö!Óí˛¸û˛yˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çöàîˆÏܲ
ˆòáˆÏ°öó ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏ°öó xö%û˛Ó ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Óö xyÓ˚ xhsˇç≈#ÓöˆÏܲ–
ˆòáˆÏ°ö ˛õï%˛≈ àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓöÈÙÈçD°ñ öò#ñ öò#ÈÙȧǰ@¿ ç#Óöñ üyë˛ÈÙÈâyê˛ñ ˛õy•yí˛¸ÈÙÈ˛õÓ≈ï˛ÈÙÈí˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yñ
àyåÈÈÙÈàyåÈy!°ÈÙÙÙȈàyê˛y üy!ê˛ÈÙÈüyö%£ÏÈÙÈ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ– ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈ö ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈ö xçflÀ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yü– ˆ§
§Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏöˆÏåÈö öyöy ï˛Ìƒñ §ï˛ƒñ ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ñ ˆ≤ÃüÈÙÙÙÈû˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ àí˛¸yÓ˚ öyöy í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î–
Journey to Portugal ç%ˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛– §%•zˆÏí˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆöyˆÏÓ°çÎ˚#
ܲ!Ó ê˛üy§ ê˛y™ê˛ΔüyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÄ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ !åÈ° ≤ÃÓ°– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !¢÷üöˆÏܲ àë˛ö
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ û)˛!üܲy !åÈ° Óƒy˛õܲ– ê˛Δy™ê˛ΔüyÓ˚ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ ˜¢¢ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
!üí˛z!çÎ˚yü=!° û˛#£Ïî ê˛yöï˛– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚ï˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚
!üí˛z!çÎ˚yü=!°– ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ≤Ã!ï˛ !mï˛#Î˚ ˆÓ˚yÓÓyÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ˆÜ˛yöÄÈÙÈöy ˆÜ˛yöÄ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yü ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈ö
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ö– ܲ# !¢«˛y !ï˛!ö ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö ˆ§§Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ⁄ ê˛Δy™ê˛ΔüyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xydÓÎ˚yˆÏö
˛õy•z ≠ ‘‘I unknowingly absorbed many experiences of natural beauty. I
moved in the great mystery. I learned that the ground was alive, that
there was an infinite world of creeping and flying things living their own
rich life without paying the least regard to us.’’20 !üí˛z!çÎ˚yü ˆÌˆÏܲ ê˛Δy™ê˛ΔüyÓ˚
xç≈ö ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ~üö•z §%àû˛#Ó˚ !ÓŸªò,!‹T– ï%˛Ó˚ˆÏflÒÓ˚ ÄÓ˚•yö ˛õyü%ܲÈÙÙÙÈxyÓ˚ ~ܲ
ˆöyˆÏÓ°çÎ˚# ˆ°áܲÈÙÙÙÈÎÑyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÄ !åÈ° !üí˛z!çÎ˚yüÈÙÈxyˆÏ°y!í˛¸ï˛ x!û˛âyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy–
 ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ Îyey † 137
‘Istanbul Memories and the City’ ¢#£Ï≈ܲ @ˇÃsi!ê˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ï˛y í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ
xöyÎ˚yˆÏ§– ˆí˛!û˛í˛ !üˆÏã˛° ˛õyü%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˜¢¢Ó flø,!ï˛Ü˛Ìyü)°Ü˛ ~•z @ˇÃsi!ê˛ ‘museum-in-
prose of a city with West in its head but East in its soul’ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ x!B˛ï˛
ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– ˛õï%˛≈ ày° ÎyeyÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆÎáyˆÏö•z ˆàˆÏåÈöñ ˆ§áyöܲyÓ˚ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yü=!°
˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– !üí˛z!çÎ˚yüˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ‘Cabinet of Curiosities’– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
í˛z˛õöƒy§ˆÏÜ˛Ä xö%Ó˚*˛õû˛yˆÏÓ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ‘Journey to Portugal’ @ˇÃsi!ê˛Ä
ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•ˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ ܲy!ÓƒÜ˛ !öü≈yî– !¢“ܲ°y !ӣψÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï xy@ˇÃ• !åÈ° ӈϰ ã˛yã≈˛ñ
Ó˚yç≤Ãy§yòñ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yü •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y°àyˆÏe Ä xû˛ƒhsˇˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ §Ó !ã˛eܲ°yñ fliy˛õï˛ƒÜ˛°y
ˆòáy ˆàˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ flÀ‹Ty§• ˆò¢ÈÙÈܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– !¢“ˆÏ¢y!û˛ï˛ ˆüˆÏé˛
Ä !§!°ÇÄ !ï˛!ö !ö˛õ%î Ó˚§ˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá !öÓ˚#«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~ @ˇÃˆÏsi §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
‘professional miracle worker’ ööñ ܲáöÄ•z– ò#â≈ Îyey˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ÓÑyˆÏܲ ÓÑyˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö !ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚ §Ó ò,¢ƒ– ˛õï≈˛%àyˆÏ°Ó˚ û)˛ÈÙÈüˆÏM˛È x!û˛ö#ï˛ âê˛öy!òÓ˚ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ §Ó
§yí˛¸¡∫Ó˚ ò,¢ƒ ~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ !ï˛!ö x@ˇÃ§Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚≤Ãyhsˇ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ò!«˛î≤ÃyˆÏhsˇÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– @ˇÃsi!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü xôƒyˆÏÎ˚•z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘He knows
he is about to enter country rich in supernatural pageantry, as immediately
witnessed by the first town he comes to in Portugal, one called Miranda
do Douro, which he enters in the precise manner of the fastidious traveller.
Here he is forced to recognise his own shortcomings, and admit he has
everything to learn. About miracles, as all else.’’20
!ï˛!ö ÎyÈÙÈ§Ó ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈö §Ó!ܲå%ȈÏܲ•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ !ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚– ˛õï≈˛%àyˆÏ° ˛õy ˆÓ˚ˆÏá
!üÓ˚yu˛y ˆòy í%˛ˆÏÓ˚y öyüܲ ≤ÃÌü ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ âê˛öy!ò ˆòˆÏá•z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ã˛üÍÜ,˛ï˛ •ˆÏ°ö– !ï˛!ö
§Ü˛° !ܲå%È ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !¢«˛y @ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°öó fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö K˛yˆÏöÓ˚ §#üyÓk˛ï˛y–
~•z @ˇÃˆÏsi §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày åÈÛ!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õM˛Èyߨ!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛#«¯˛ xyˆÏ°y ˆú˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö–
!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ xçflÀ í˛z˛õ!Ó£ÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ– !ï˛!ö í%˛Ó !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö çy!ï˛§_yÓ˚ àû˛#ˆÏÓ˚– xï˛#ï˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏöˆÏåÈö ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏöy ˛õï%≈˛ày°ˆÏܲ– !ï˛!ö ˆÎáyˆÏö•z ˆàˆÏåÈöñ öyöy Óƒ!_´Ó˚ §ˆÏD
fliyö#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ≤çˆÏD ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏåÈö– ˆ§ §Ó §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ xï˛#ï˛
˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ öyöy xÓƒ_´ ≤Ãï˛#!ï˛– ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏöy ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•ƒÈÙȧ)e !ï˛!ö áÑ%ˆÏç ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö
öyöy !üí˛z!çÎ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ hflÏ∏˛ xï˛#ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ– ≤ÃÌü ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö xy°ÓyˆÏöy §yÓ˚!òÓ˚y
!üí˛z!çÎ˚yü ˆÎáyö ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zk˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö eˆÏÎ˚yò¢ Ä ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛õï%≈˛!àç ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛_¥ñ
•z!ï˛•y§ñ ôü≈ñ !¢“ñ fliy˛õï˛ƒ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ç#Óhsˇ åÈ!Ó– ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ê˛yí˛zö
!üí˛z!çÎ˚yü– ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ •z!ï˛•y§ñ ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛y!_¥Ü˛ñ !ÓK˛yöñ !ü!°ê˛y!Ó˚ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ öyöy !Ó£ÏÎ˚!û˛!_ܲ
!üí˛z!çÎ˚yü– ÷ô% §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ öÎ˚ñ Óƒ!_´àï˛ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yüÄ !ï˛!ö ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ܲ!Ó
ˆ•yˆÏ§ !Ó˚!çÄÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Óƒ!_´àï˛ §Ç@ˇÃ• ˆòˆÏá §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘Jose Regio’s house
is a museum in itself, with everything or nearly everything that a museum
could hold : paintings, sculptures, furniture. This museum houses a
remarkable collection of Christs, ex-votos, reliquary boxes, samples of
socal handicraft, and it’s a home filled with cobwebs, but alive, an unfailing
reminder of people and times gone by, its windows filled with light and
its corners with shadows, fears and tranquillity, sighs and silences.’’21
138 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
‘One Ancient Stone, One Man’ ¢#£Ï≈ܲ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yˆÏü ÷ô% ܲ!ÓܲÌy
öÎ˚ñ ܲ!ÓÓ˚ §üyç Ä §üÎ˚Ä í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ– !üí˛z!çÎ˚yü ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈ö ˆÌˆÏܲ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ã˛öˆÏï˛
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ xï˛#ï˛ˆÏܲñ ˆ§•z xï˛#ï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ä ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏÎ˚ !öî#≈ï˛ üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ–
!üí˛z!çÎ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ hflÏ∏˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !ï˛!ö ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ §¶˛yö ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xï˛#ï˛
•z!ï˛•y§ ˆÓyé˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !üí˛z!çÎ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ û)˛!üܲy x˛õ!Ó˚§#ü– !üí˛z!çÎ˚yü §¡õˆÏܲ≈ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
ôyÓ˚îy ï˛y•z flõ‹Tû˛yˆÏÓ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ≠ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yü !öåÈܲ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ Ó›Ó˚ x§yí˛¸ x!e´Î˚
ˆÜ˛yöÄ ï˛y!°Ü˛y öÎ˚ó öÎ˚ Ó› ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçö– ≤Ãò¢≈¢y°yÎ˚ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ Ó›§ü)• ˆÌˆÏܲ
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆ§Ô®Î≈˛õy벖 ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ xyô%!öܲ û˛yÓöyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yü
ôùLjϧÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ܲáöÄ•z !ï˛!ö §ÄÎ˚y° ܲˆÏÓö˚ !ö– ˆàyê˛y Îyey˛õˆÏÌ•z !ï˛!ö í˛z˛õˆÏû˛yà ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö
≤Ãò¢≈¢y°yÓ˚ ˆ§Ô®Î≈–
‘They Say It’s a Good Thing’ •° Ú˛õï%≈˛ày°ÎyeyÛ öyüܲ @ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒhsˇ
=Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ˛õÓ≈– ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚yçôyö# !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ Ä §Çfl,Ò!ï˛
xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ‘A Grain of Corn Away from Being Lisbon’
~ÓÇ ‘At the Gates of Lisbon’ ¢#£Ï≈ܲ ˛õÓ≈ ò%Û!ê˛ˆÏï˛Ä !°§Óö ܲÌy !ã˛!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ï˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ã̈Ïüy_´ ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ˆüˆÏ° !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ xydyܲÌyÓ˚ üÓ˚!ü í˛zk˛yÓ˚– !°§ÓöÈÙÙÙÈ!°§ÓöÈÙÙÙÈ
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢•Ó˚ñ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyÓ˚ ¢•Ó˚ !°§Óö– ‘The History of the Siege of
Lisbon’ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ xöÓòƒ í˛z˛õöƒy§ÈÙÙÙȈÎÈÙÈí˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛ •° ~ܲçö ≤Ã&ú˛
!Ó˚í˛yÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲ §yôyÓ˚î üyö%£Ïñ Ó˚y•züyˆÏu˛y !§°û˛y ÎyÓ˚ öyü– ≤Ã&ú˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ÎyÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ §M˛Èy!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ‘a progressive insight of history’ÈÙÙÙÈ•z!ï˛•y§ˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ~•z
≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° xhsˇò≈,!‹T!ê˛ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓñ ˆ°áܲ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚– ~•z xhsò,≈!‹T !òˆÏÎ˚•z !ï˛!ö
!°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ §¶˛yö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– !ÓŸªÓy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ xöƒï˛ü ˛õ#ë˛fliyö ~•z !°§Óö– ÎyÓ˚
≤Ãôyö !àç≈yÓ˚ üy!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛°y ˆÌˆÏܲ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •Î˚ !á fiê˛˛õ)Ó≈ x‹Tü ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ö !ú˛!ö¢#Î˚
§û˛ƒï˛y– ˆÎÈÙÈ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ öyöyö ˆÜ˛yˆÏî åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ò%ô≈£Ï≈ §Ó x!û˛ÎyˆÏöÓ˚ §y«˛ƒñ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚
Ó˚_´fl¨yï˛ flø,!ï˛– !°§Óö üyˆÏö•z xƒyí˛ˆÏû˛M˛ÈyÓ˚– !°§Óö ܲyˆÏüy•z¢ñ ú˛yö≈yˆÏ®y ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚y Ä
û˛yˆÏflÒy òy àyüyÓ˚ ¢•Ó˚– àyüyÓ˚ §ú˛° û˛yÓ˚ï˛ x!û˛ÎyˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ï˛
≤ÃÓ° !åÈ° ˆÎñ ˆ§•z x!û˛âyˆÏï˛ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ï˛yÓ˚ üôƒÎ%à#Î˚ çí˛¸ï˛y ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyô%!öܲ Î%ˆÏà
í˛zߨ#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚– !°§ÓöˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ àˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ xhsˇ ˆö•z–
˛õï%≈˛ày°ÎyeyÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~ܲ§üÎ˚ !°§ÓˆÏö ˛õy Ó˚yáˆÏ°ö– ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !§Ç•û˛yà
xÇ¢ !ï˛!ö ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ~•z ¢•ˆÏÓ˚•z– ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥Ä !ö!Óí˛¸ !ö!Ó˚ˆÏá !°§ÓöˆÏܲ ˆòáy •ˆÏÎ˚
ĈÏë˛!ö– !°§ÓˆÏö ˛õòy˛õ≈î ܲˆÏÓ•˚ z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≤ÈÓÏ ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆ°Ï ö xy!Ü≈˛Ä°!çܲƒy° !üí˛z!çÎ˚yˆÏü–
ì%˛ˆÏܲ•z áÑ%çˆÏï˛ °yàˆÏ°ö à°Ó¶˛ö#– ~•z à°Ó¶˛ö# ˆÜ˛yöÄ §yôyÓ˚î Ó› öÎ˚– ‘Here is
the collar.’ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ Óyܲƒ•z •° ~!ê˛– ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ~ܲ àû˛#Ó˚
•z!ï˛•y§– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆ§•z •z!ï˛•y§ çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛yö– !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ãáƒyï˛ °ƒyˆÏú˛ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xô#ö !öˆÏ@ˇÃy e´#ï˛òy§ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z à°Ó¶˛ö# ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ï˛– òyˆÏ§Ó˚ à°yÎ˚ é%˛°ˆÏï˛
Ìyܲy ~•z ܲ°yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏà xyˆÏåÈ ˆöyöy âyˆÏüÓ˚ à¶˛ñ !˛õˆÏë˛ ã˛yÓ%ܲyâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚_´!ã˛•´ÈÙÙÙÈ
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ‘evidence of such a horrendous crime’– !ܲv ˆÜ˛yö xyí˛¸yˆÏ°
ˆÎö ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– Ó˚«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ï˛!ö Ü,˛ï˛K˛ ˆÎÈÙÈ~ê˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y ôùǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆòö!ö– •z!ï˛•y§ §y«˛ƒ ˆòÎ˚ñ ˛õï%≈˛!àç§_yÎ˚ !üˆÏ¢ xyˆÏåÈ öyöy çy!ï˛Ó˚ Ó˚_´– !üˆÏ¢ xyˆÏåÈ
 ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ Îyey † 139
í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ öü≈yöÓ˚_´ñ í˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛õ!ÿ˛ü xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ü%§°üyö çöˆÏày¤˛# ü%Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚_´ åÈyí˛¸yÄ
˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ !öˆÏ@ˇÃyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢y!îï˛ôyÓ˚y– ˛õï%≈˛!àçÈÙÈ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏã˛ï˛öyÎ˚ °y!°ï˛ í˛zFã˛Óî≈ÈÙÈ
!ö¡¨ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆû˛òˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ x!hflÏc Ä xyfliy ˆö•z ӈϰ•z ˛õï%≈˛!àç ≤Ãû%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!öˆÏ@ˇÃyòy§Ó˚y ≤çߨï˛yÄ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈñ ܲáöÄ Ü˛áöÄ– ~ܲ §üÎ˚ ˆï˛y ܲy°•z fl∫Î˚Ç ü%ˆÏåÈ
!òˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È ˆû˛òˆÏÓá˚ y!ê˛– !öˆÏ@ˇÃyòy§Ó˚y !üˆÏ¢ˆÏåÈ ˛õï%˛≈ àyˆÏ°Ó˚ çöˆÏflyÀ ˆÏï˛ó ˆ˛õˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È ˛õ)î≈ öyà!Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚
üÎ≈yòyó xD#û)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ çyï˛#Î˚ ˆã˛ï˛öyÎ˚– !ܲv ò)Ó˚ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !öü≈ü ˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏöÓ˚
ܲÌy ˆï˛y ˆ°˛õˆÏê˛ xyˆÏåÈ Ä•z ܲ°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àyˆÏÎ˚– !üí˛z!çÎ˚yü !öÎ˚sfܲÓ˚y ï˛y•z xyÓí˛yˆÏ°
ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ ˆÏåÈö– !ܲv §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ã˛yöñ xˆÏày!fiê˛ˆÏöy !ò °yˆÏú˛ï˛yÓ˚ !öˆÏ@ˇÃy e´#ï˛òyˆÏ§Ó˚ à°Ó¶˛ö#!ê˛
!üí˛z!çÎ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ §yüˆÏöÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ÌyÜ%˛Ü˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ §Ü˛° ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈öܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §•ˆÏç•z öçˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§–
˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ xï˛#ï˛ •z!ï˛•y§ áÑ%çˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§Ä ÓU˛ Îb§•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ xö%§¶˛yö
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö !ï˛!ö–
˛õï%˛≈ àyˆÏ°Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆÜ˛Ó° xy!Ü≈˛Ä°!çܲƒy° !üí˛z!çÎ˚yü
öÎ˚ÈÙÙÙȈü!Ó˚ê˛y•zü !üí˛z!çÎ˚yüñ ܲƒy!Ó˚ç !üí˛z!çÎ˚yüñ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yü xÓ ˛õ˛õ%°yÓ˚ xyê≈˛ñ ˆçö°y§
û˛yˆÏòˆ≈ §Ï Ó˚ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yüñ !ü!°ê˛y!Ó˚ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yüñ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yü xÓ Ü˛öˆÏê˛üˆÏ˛õyÓ˚y!Ó˚ xyê≈˛ñ ܲy°yˆÏfiê˛
=°ˆÏÓö!ܲÎ˚yö !üí˛z!çÎ˚yü ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ§Ó˚y §Ó ≤Ãò¢≈¢y°y=!°Ä– ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈö
Ó˚yç≤Ãy§yòñ ã˛yã≈˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò– !ï˛!ö !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏö•z ˆàˆÏåÈöñ ÎyÈÙÈ•z ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈö ü%?˛ï˛yÎ˚
•ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö !Ó!fløï˛– ‘The traveller feels overwhelmed.’ !°§ÓˆÏö !üí˛z!çÎ˚yˆÏü •z!ï˛•y§
â%!üˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ï˛yˆÏܲ çy!àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~Ó˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö xy§ˆÏ° çy!ï˛§_yÓ˚
xÓò!üï˛ Ó˚*˜Ï˛õŸªÎ≈ˆÏܲ•z ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– !üí˛z!çÎ˚yˆÏü §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ Ó›=!°ˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö !öåÈܲ
~ܲçö ˛õÎ≈ê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆòˆÏáö!öñ ~ܲçö ºüîܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y !ï˛!ö Ó›=!°ˆÏܲ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– Ó›§_yÓ˚ xhsà≈ï˛ §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏö ¢∑ÈÙÈí˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛yˆÏï˛ xÓÎ˚Ó !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö
xyÓ˚ Ó˚§ÈÙÈí˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏî ˆ§ xÓÎ˚ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ≤Ãyî– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆÜ˛ö ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
!üí˛z!çÎ˚yü=!°ˆÏï˛ ~ï˛ å%ȈÏê˛ ˆàˆÏåÈö⁄ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ÓÎ˚yˆÏö•z ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆàˆÏåÈö ~Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ≠
‘‘....simply to look and think, to try to understand this almost vanished
world and discover what part of it can be rescued to pass on to the future
in order to safeguard our cultural survival.’’23 !üí˛z!çÎ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ hflÏ∏˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ
!ï˛!ö ï%˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏöˆÏåÈö xöy!ò xï˛#ï˛ˆÏܲñ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ °%Æ çà͈Ïܲ– •z!ï˛•y§ xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày xy§ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˙!ï˛•ƒ Ä x!hflÏcˆÏܲ §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ˆã˛ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö– !üí˛z!çÎ˚yü=!° ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày í˛zk˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö ˛õï%˛≈ !àç çy!ï˛§_yÓ˚ !ö!•ï˛
§ï˛ƒ Ä ˆ§Ô®Î≈– ˆÓ˚yüy!rê˛Ü˛ ܲ!ÓÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÄ xhsˇà≈ï˛ ~•z §ï˛ƒ Ä ˆ§Ô®Î≈ˆÏܲ
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ºüîܲÌyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z §ü#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî xhsˇû)≈˛_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õfliy˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ‘They Say It’s a
Good Thing’ ˛õˆÏÓÓ≈ ˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛•z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘The museum has thousands
of exhibits that the traveller will not mention. Each of them has its own
history, from the palaeolithic age to the nineteenth century, and they all
have something to teach us. The traveller can imagine starting with the
earliest and going down through history to the most recent.’’ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yˆÏü
≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ §Ó Ó›Ó˚•z xyˆÏåÈ !öçfl∫ ~ܲê˛y •z!ï˛•y§ÈÙÙÙÈ§Ó !ܲå%ȈÏï˛•z xyˆÏåÈ !ܲå%È ÙÈöy !ܲå%È
!¢«˛î#Î˚ §ï˛ƒ– §)ã˛öyܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ ܲy° ˛õÎ≈hsˇ •z!ï˛•y§ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆ§•z §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö
áÑ%ˆÏçˆÏåÈö– ~üö àû˛#Ó˚û˛yˆÏÓ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yü ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xï˛° hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ï˛ƒ
140 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ï%˛ˆÏ° §üܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD !ü!¢ˆÏÎ˚ xy˛õö ç#ÓöÓ#«˛y Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ xööƒ
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈxyüyÓ˚ ˆã˛öy ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛üö•z ~ܲçö ˆöyˆÏÓ°çÎ˚# ˆ°áܲÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲüye ˆ°áܲñ
!ï˛!ö ÄÓ˚•yö ˛õyü%ܲ– ‘Istanbul : Memories and the City’ @ˇÃˆÏsi ˆüˆÏ° ˛õyü%ˆÏܲÓ˚
!ö!Óí˛¸ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yü˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ §y«˛ƒ– !ö¤˛ Ä !ö!Óí˛¸ ˛õyë˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ çß√ !öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ §Ç•ï˛ xyܲ“–
˛õyü%ܲ ˆÎüö ÷ô% ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !üí˛z!çÎ˚yü öÎ˚ñ ï%˛Ó˚ˆflÏ ÒÓ˚ Ó˚yçôyö# •zhflyÏ öÓ%ˆ°
Ï Ó˚ ôùǧhfl˛Ï) õ ˆÌˆÏܲÄ
§ï˛ƒ í˛zk˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÄ ˆï˛ü!ö Î%k˛ñ xy=öñ û)˛!üܲ¡õ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ôùǧ
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ fløÓ˚î#Î˚ Ó›Ó˚ ôùǧyӈϢˆÏ£Ï °%Æ •z!ï˛•y§ xö%§¶˛yö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
!°§Óö ܲáöÄ•z ôùǧyӈϢ£ÏˆÏܲ =Ó˚&c ˆòÎ˚!ö– ôùǧ≤ÃyÆ Ó›ˆÏܲ ˛õ%ö!ö≈ü≈yî Óy ôùǧhfl)Ï˛õ
§¡õ)î≈ ü%ˆÏåÈ öï%˛ö !öü≈yîÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛yöÄ í˛zˆÏòƒyà•z ˆöÎ˚!ö– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ôùǧ›˛õˆÏܲ =Ó˚&c
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ£Ïƒ ˛õy•z ≠ ‘‘Today finally the ruins are an archaeological
museum. It does not have many exhibits, but they are of considerable
historical and artistic interest.’’ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~áyˆÏö !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ôùǧyӈϢˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲÌy
ӈϰˆÏåÈö– !°§Óö#Î˚ ôùǧyӈϢ£Ï ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ≤Ãò¢≈¢y°y– ~•z ¢y°y ˆÌˆÏܲ
!ï˛!ö xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Ä öy®!öܲ ï˛yͲõÎ≈– ~•z ôùǧyӈϢˆÏ£Ï ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈö
ÈÙÙÙÈfli˛õ!ï˛Ó˚y ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ ˛õyÌÓ˚ˆÏܲ !¢ˆÏ“ í˛zߨ#ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ˛õyÌ%ˆÏÓ˚ fliy˛õˆÏï˛ƒ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ‘the trace of man’s hand’ÈÙÙÙÈ!¢“#Ó˚ ◊ˆÏüÓ˚ •!ò§–
˛õï%≈˛ày°ñ !°§Óö !öˆÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ xyˆÏà xyÓ˚Ä xˆÏöˆÏܲ ˆ°áyˆÏ°!á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– !ܲv
˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ xydyˆÏܲ ˆÓyé˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ò,!‹Tû˛!D !åÈ° §ÓyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛sf–
˛õï%≈˛ày°ÎyeyÎ˚ !ï˛!ö Ó›§_yˆÏܲ !öÓ˚#«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ܲáöÄ xyÓ•yÄÎ˚y!Óòñ ≤Ãyî#ï˛_¥!Óò
Ä ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛_¥!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ÈÙÙÙÈܲáöÄÈÙÈÓy §üyçï˛_¥!Óòñ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛!Óò Ä !¢“#Ó˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÈÙÙÙÈ
§ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ~ܲçö ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆò¢ˆÏ≤Ã!üˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛!ߨ¤˛ üö Ä !ö!•ï˛
ï˛yí˛¸öy– ‘Journey to Portugal’ @ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ‘The Stately Home’ ˛õˆÏÓ≈
!ï˛!ö !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘Over on the other side are the woods. The traveller reminds
himself of his good fortune at undertaking the journey in autumn. If he
cannot come up with the right words to describe a tree, how can he
possibly describe a wood? When the traveller looks over at the side of
the opposite mountain he sees the old timbers of the trunks, alternately
sprouting opulent and sparse branches, covering over the humus, bracken
and soft brushwood that’s common in those areas. There he comprehends
how he too can travel into the invisible, converted into a goblin, sprite,
even an insect squatting beneath a fallen leaf, only reverting to a man
when, from one afternoon to the next, the wood breaks in a clearing and
the highway runs under open skies.
~û˛yˆÏÓ !öáÑ%ï˛ !ÓöƒyˆÏ§ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ •z!ï˛•y§Ä !ï˛!ö !°!˛õÓk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ºüîÓ,_yˆÏhsˇ–
üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ìyܲy ~ܲ!ê˛ ÷ܲˆÏöy ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õï˛ˆÏDÓ˚ ü,ò% e´®öÄ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ öçÓ˚
~í˛¸yÎ˚!ö– åÈÛüyˆÏ§Ó˚ Îyey˛õˆÏÌ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày xyÓ•yÄÎ˚yç!öï˛ !Ó!ã˛e xyӈϕÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈö– ܲáö Ó§hsˇñ ܲáöÄÈÙÈÓy Ó£Ï≈y– ˛õï%≈˛ày° í˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛õ!ÿ˛ü •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ û)˛üôƒ§yàÓ˚#Î˚
ç°ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ˆò¢– í˛z£è öy!ï˛¢#ˆÏï˛y£è ü[˛°û%˛_´ ~ܲ ˆò¢– xyÓ•yÄÎ˚yÓ˚ !û˛ß¨ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
Ó›§_yÓ˚ Ó!•≤Ã≈Ü,˛!ï˛Ä ÎyÎ˚ ˛õy°ˆÏê˛– xyÓ•yÄÎ˚yÈÙȈã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ !ö!_´ˆÏï˛ Ó›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ Ó˚*˛õ
!ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï !òܲ– ~•z ≤ÃÓîï˛y!ê˛ ÷ô% ‘Journey to
 ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ Îyey † 141
Portugal’-~ öÎ˚ñ ‘The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis’ ~ÓÇ ‘Small
Memories’-~Ä flõ‹T– xyÓ˚Ä flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°ñ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§•z ï˛y
flõ‹T– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆòáy!ê˛ !åÈ° §Ó≈òy•z §y!Ó≈ܲ– xhsˇò,≈!‹T !òˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö Ó›Ó˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚ê˛yÄ ˛õÓ˚á
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– Ä!û˛° öò#Ó˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÎ˚üyí˛y öyüܲ fliyˆÏö !ï˛!ö ܲï˛=!° §üy!ôˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §¶˛yö
ˆ˛õˆÏ°ö– ≤ÃÌü ˆÎÈÙȧüy!ôˆÏ«˛e!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~ˆÏ°ö ˆòáyüye•z ï˛yܲ ÓˆÏö ˆàˆÏ°ö– ≤ÛÓ˚!ö!ü≈ï˛
ˆ§!ê˛ ˆÎö ≤Ãy˜Ïà!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚– ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ_´ öàÓ˚ò%à≈ ӈϰ üˆÏö •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ xô≈ÈÙȈ˛õÑyï˛y !åÈ°– ~Ó˚ ã˛ï%˛!ò≈ˆÜÏ ˛ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲÓ˚!åÈ° !öܲ£Ï !öhfl∏Ï ˛ï˛y– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !°áˆÏåÈö
≠ ‘‘Beneath its stones the traveller retires from the world. He slips back into
a five-thousand-year-old history, when man used the strength of their arms
to raise this enormously heavy slab of stone, as perfectly planed as a
vaulted dome, what would you say if they could tell of the dead buried
there beneath?’’24 ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆ˛õ¢yòy!Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏÓ_yÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá !ï˛!ö ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§
ˆáÑyˆÏçö!ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õï%≈˛ày°ÎyeyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õ,¤˛y ç%ˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ܲçö ˆò¢ˆÏ≤Ã!üˆÏܲÓ˚ ü%?˛üˆÏöÓ˚
§M˛ÈÓ˚îó ~ܲçö xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ xy!Ó‹Tï˛y– @ˇÃsi!ê˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ üˆÏö •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ
í˛z˛õm#˛õ#Î˚ ~•z û)˛áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ xy!Ó‹ÒÓ˚î#Î˚ ~üö xçflÀ Ó› ˆÜ˛ö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ xyˆÏà xöƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z
í˛zk˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ö!ö– ˆÜ˛ö•zÈÙÈÓy ~ï˛!òö ôùǧyӈϢ£Ï=!° ÷ô% xyÓç≈öy Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ
!ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xy!Óû)≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏ°ö– ˛õ!Ó˚ÓƒyÆ
ˆÓyˆÏô ˛õÓ˚á ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ_´ Ó›ˆÏܲ– ~üö•z ~ܲ Ó› •° Ä!û˛°ÈÙÈ°@¿ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÎ˚üy_yÓ˚ û˛@¿
§üy!ôˆÏ«˛e!ê˛– Îy ˆòˆÏá !ï˛!ö ˛õy!Ì≈Ó çàÍ ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛!îˆÏܲÓ˚ çöƒ x˛õ§,ï˛ •ˆÏ°ö– !Ó°#ö
•ˆÏ°ö ~Ó˚ ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚hfl)ÏˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy ˛õÑyã˛ •yçyÓ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§– áÑ%ˆÏç
ˆ˛õˆÏ°ö x!ã˛hsˇƒö#Î˚ üyö%£#Ï Óy‡ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ §%Æ §y«˛ƒ– ≤ÃhflÓÏ !˚ ö!ü≈ï˛ §üy!ôˆÏ«˛eñ öàÓ˚òà% ≈ ≤Ãû˛, !ï˛Ó˚
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ flÀ‹Ty ï˛Ìy ◊üç#Ó# üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ ˆáÑyçyÓ˚ ï˛yí˛¸öyÈÙÈ!ã˛•´yÎ˚ö ÷ô% ˛õï%≈˛ày°ÎyeyÓ˚
˛õyï˛yÎ˚ öÎ˚ñ ˆòáy ˆüˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚Ä– çy!ï˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ ˆáÑyçyÓ˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ°
xy§ˆÏ° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày üyöÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§•z á%шÏçˆÏåÈö– ~•z ò,!‹Tû˛!DÓ˚ §ˆÏD xˆÏöܲê˛y §yò,¢ƒ
áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õyÄÎ˚y !Óû)˛!ï˛û)˛£Ïî ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Úx!û˛Îy!eÜ˛Û öyüܲ @ˇÃˆÏsi– @ˇÃsi!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛y°
1941– Î!òÄ x!û˛ÎyeyÓ˚ ܲy°˛õÓ≈!ê˛ !åÈ° 1922 §y°– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ‘Journey to
Portugal’-~Ó˚ ºüîܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ £Ïyê˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈– ò%ÛçˆÏö•z x!û˛ÎyeyÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ï˛y•z
!Óû)˛!ï˛û)˛£ÏˆîÏ Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÄ x!û˛Îy!eܲ– x!û˛ÎyeyÓ˚ xÌ≈ ˆò¢y!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚– !Óû)˛!ï˛û)˛£ÏˆîÏ Ó˚
xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆëÏ ˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ ÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xöyˆÏ°y!ܲï˛ñ xö%Fã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •z!ï˛•y§– !ã˛Ó˚xӈϕ!°ï˛
§yôyÓ˚îçˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌy– ܲÌy§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ §yÓ x°ê˛yö≈ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ §)ã˛öy ˆï˛y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛•z– ~•z
•z!ï˛•y§•z ˆï˛y ÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ •z!ï˛•y§– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Úx!û˛Îy!eܲÛÈÙÈ~ xyˆÏåÈ §üyçï˛y!_¥Ü˛
!ö!Ó˚ˆÏá xö%ˆÏôƒÎ˚ •z!ï˛•y§– Î!òÄ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆò¢y!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Èϟ¿ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Ä §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
!òܲˆÏܲ•z x!ôܲ =Ó˚&c !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ê˛y §ï˛ƒ ˆÎñ ò%ÛçˆÏöÓ˚ Îyey˛õˆÏÌ•z x!öÓyÎ≈û˛yˆÏÓ
í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ üyö%£Ï– xy§ˆÏ° üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ x!û˛Îyey•z §¡õ)î≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
öy– ò%ÛçˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ‘vastness of space and time’-~Ó˚ flõ‹Tï˛y– ò%ÛçˆÏö•z
ˆflõˆÏöÓ˚ à,•Î%k˛ Ä ú˛ƒy!§fiê˛ ¢!_´Ó˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ Ó¶%˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §ˆÏD xydc !ü!¢ˆÏÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
~ܲ ≤ÃyܲÓ˚!îܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ò%ÛçˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ xyˆÏÓ¢ xyÓ˚ ܲy!ÓƒÜ˛ï˛y–
ò%ÛçˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌy§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ =Ó˚&c ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲÌy– üyö%£Ï •° xöˆÏhsˇÓ˚ Îye# xyÓ˚
142 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
!Óû)˛!ï˛û)˛£Ïî Ä §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày •ˆÏ°ö üyö%£Ïy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!û˛Îy!eܲ–
˛õï%≈˛ày° ºüˆÏî ˆöˆÏü §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈö !ÓhflÏÓ˚– !Ó!ã˛e xö%û)˛!ï˛Ó˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ §ü,k˛Ä
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö xˆÏöܲ– Îyey˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ §yüˆÏö ˆÎ §Ó Ó› ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ ˆ§§ˆÏÓÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ≤Ã̈Ïü
ˆüˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö !çK˛y§ƒ ò,!‹T xyÓ˚ xhsˇò≈,!‹TˆÏï˛ Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö Ó›Ó˚ xhsˇà≈ï˛
§ï˛ƒˆÏܲ– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !åÈ° ~ܲê˛y !ÓÓ˚yü•#ö ˆòáy– Ó!•ˆÏã≈˛ï˛öyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xhsˇˆÏã≈˛ï˛öy
!ü!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáy– ~ܲê˛y ˆàyê˛y ˆòáy– ~ܲ!ê˛ x!û˛ü%áˆÏܲ §yüˆÏö ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆòáy– ÎyÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈y˛õÓ˚
ˆü°y û˛yÓ˚– ‘Journey to Portugal’ @ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ û)˛!üܲyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï xö%ˆÏFåȈÏò §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
!°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘A mere tourist guide was what I least wanted the Journey to
Portugal to become, any more than I wished the intervening years to
have passed by. Some things described here have either ceased to exist
or are no longer immediately recognisable. Landscapes have been
transformed, as have towns and their architecture; tastes and ways of life
have changed. But this book should not be read as a melancholy journey
into the past. Instead the reader should bear in mind the principle which
guided the traveller at every step and on every page : a pursuit of
Portugal’s history and culture. Guided by this principle, there’s no chance
of losing the way.’’
ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ xyÓˆÏï≈˛ ç#Óö Ä ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö Ä ˛õ!Ó˚Óô≈ö ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ºüî
ܲy!•!öˆÏï˛ û)˛ÈÙȈ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚Ä Ó˚*˛õyhsˇÓ˚ âˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈ– üˆÏö Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ !ï˛!ö ˆò¢ºüˆÏî ˆÓÓ˚
•ö!öñ ˆò¢ xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚ ˆöˆÏüˆÏåÈö– ï˛y•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õï%≈˛ày°Îyey !öåÈܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õÎ≈ê˛ö ày•zí˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚!ö– Ó§ˆÏhsˇÓ˚ ˆüâü%_´ ˛õí˛¸hsˇ !ÓˆÏܲˆÏ° üˆÏöyÓ˚ü ï˛ê˛û)˛!üÓ˚ ˛õy¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲáöÄ
ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈö !ï˛!ö– ˛õyˆÏ¢•z xöhsˇ ö#° ç°Ó˚y!¢– ˆì˛í˛zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üyÌyÎ˚ ú˛§ú˛Ó˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ò%ƒ!ï˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ˆÓ˚yüy!rê˛Ü˛ üö !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy!Ó‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ï˛!ö xy!Ó‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöñ !ܲv xy!Ÿ’‹T
•ö!ö– !ï˛!ö ~ܲ ü%•ˆ) ïÏ ≈˛Ó˚ çöƒÄ û%˛ˆÏ° Îyö!ö ˆÎñ !ï˛!ö ˛õÎ≈ê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y Ó˚•§ƒüÎ˚ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚
§ˆÏD xy!°!Dï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ çöƒ xyˆÏ§ö!ö– !ï˛!ö ˆÎ ~ܲçö ºüîܲyÓ˚# ï˛yÑÓ˚ ºüîܲy!•!ö
ç%ˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ xyû˛y§– Óy•ƒ Ó˚*˛õ öÎ˚ñ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ Ó˚*˛õ ˆáÑyçyÓ˚ çöƒ !ï˛!ö
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– Ó˚*˛õyö%§¶˛yˆÏöÓ˚ xöhsˇ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ã˛ˆÏöˆÏåÈö ˛õï%≈˛ày°ˆÏܲó
!ã˛ˆÏöˆÏåÈö !öˆÏçˆÏܲ– ˛õï%≈˛ày°ÎyeyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyd!öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚ !û˛ï˛!ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ §Ç•ï˛–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏ¢ ˛õï%≈˛ày°ÎyeyÓ˚ ≤ð!¡∫ï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢
˛õï%≈˛ày°Îyey ˆ°áܲ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyôñ ˆò¢ˆÏÓyô Ä Ü˛y°ˆÏÓyôˆÏܲ ˛õ)î≈ï˛yÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ÓŸªÓ#«˛yˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ §Ç•ï˛– åÈÛüyˆÏ§Ó˚ Îyeyñ ï˛Ó%Ä ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ öy ˆòáy– ÎÑyÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ xöhsˇ !çK˛y§yñ xú%˛Ó˚hsˇ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Îyey˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ §#üy ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyñ ܲáöÄ•z–
‘Journey to Portugal’ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ çyöy ˆà°ñ Ó˚yçôyö# ¢•Ó˚ !°§Óö ˆòáy•z ˆï˛y ˆ¢£Ï
•Î˚!ö– x!ï˛ ˆã˛öy !°§Óö– ˆã˛yˆÏjy ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ÓyÓy üyÓ˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ôye#@ˇÃyü xy!çö•yày
ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !°§ÓˆÏö xy§yÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ åÈÛò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ò#â≈ Óy§– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §,çö ܲˆÏü≈Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈
!Óܲy¢ ~•z !°§ÓˆÏö•z– ˛õï%≈˛ày°ÎyeyÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ã˛yÓ˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ x!ôܲܲy° !ï˛!ö ~•z Ó˚yçôyö#
¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~Ó˚˛õˆÏÓ˚Ä !°§ÓöÎyey˛õÓ≈ ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !°áˆÏåÈö ≠ ‘‘The
traveller’s trip round Lisbon is coming to an end. He saw a lot, but hardly
 ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ Îyey † 143
saw anything. He wanted to take a good long look, but perhaps hasn’t
succeeded.’’25 !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ !ܲå%È ˆòáyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓÄ
˚ ~ܲÓ˚ܲü !ܲå%È•z ˆòáy •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛!ö–
xyô%!öܲï˛yÓ˚ öyˆÏü !°§Óö Ä !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ çöàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏö xyü)° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ–
!ï˛!ö Îáö ~•z ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ö ï˛áö !ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ò¢Ü˛– ~Ó˚ ˛õM˛Èy¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Îáö
˛õï%˛≈ ày°ÎyeyÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ !°§ÓˆÏö ~ˆÏ§ •y!çÓ˚ñ ï˛áö xÓÎ˚Ó Ä ˆüçyˆÏç ï˛y ~ܲ Ó˚*˛õyhsˇ!Ó˚ï˛
¢•Ó˚– ï˛Ó%Ä ï˛yÓ˚ xhsˇ¢≈!_´ Ä xhsˇ§≈_y!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ x«%˛]ñ ï˛áöÄ– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ÓÎ˚yˆÏö
˛õy•z ≠ ‘‘But the spirit of Lisbon survives, and it is the spirit that makes a
city eternal.’’26 ˆÎÈÙÈ≤Ãyî¢!_´Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z !°§Óö ~ܲ !ã˛Ó˚hsˇö ¢•Ó˚ñ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ï˛yÓ˚
ˆáÑyç ã˛yö– ˆÎÈÙÈ≤Ãyî¢!_´Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ xöƒï˛ü ܲ!Ó Ü˛yˆÏüy•z¢ !°§ÓöˆÏܲ ‘a
princess among other cities’ ӈϰ!åȈ° Ï ö xyÓ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ÎyˆÏܲ ˛õï%˛≈ ày°#Î˚ ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚
Ó˚y!öÓ˚ üÎ≈yòy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö !ï˛!ö ï˛yÓ˚ xydyÓ˚ §¶˛yö ã˛yö– ã˛yö ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ üyö§!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛zk˛yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– ÷ô% !°§Óö öÎ˚ñ ˆàyê˛y ˛õï≈˛%àyˆÏ°Ó˚ üyö§!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yö– ~•z
ã˛yÄÎ˚y!ê˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà xöƒ ܲyÓ˚Ä üˆÏôƒ ˆï˛üö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚!ö– ≤Ãyã˛#ö Ä xyô%!öܲ
˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ xydy!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö ÎÌyÌ≈•z xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– •Ñƒyñ ~ܲüye §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày•z ï˛y
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ ˆ•ö!Ó˚ !¢öÈÙÈ~Ó˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ≠ ‘‘None but a Portuguese could
have written this book; none but Saramago could produce travel writing
like this. It is a wholly appropriate tribute to that astonishing juncture
where the sea ends and the land begins.’’ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày åÈyí˛¸y xöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õï%≈˛!àç
ˆ°áܲ ~üö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ Ä §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ%öÓ˚&k˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚
xï˛#ï˛ xï˛#Ó §ü,k˛– ˆ§•z xï˛#ï˛ˆÏܲ öy ˆçˆÏö Óï≈˛üyöˆÏܲ !öü≈yî ܲÓ˚y x§Ω˛Ó– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
ï˛y•z xï˛#ï˛ §¶˛yö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– Îyey˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ «˛ˆÏî !ï˛!ö ÷ô% ˆò¢ xyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
çöàîˆÏܲ ˆã˛ˆÏöö!öñ !ã˛ˆÏöˆÏåÈö !öˆÏçˆÏܲÄÈÙÙÙȧüƒÜ˛û˛yˆÏÓ– ˛õï%≈˛ày°ÎyeyÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ~•z çyöyê˛y
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !åÈ° öy– ~•z çyöy•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ÓŸªò,!‹TÓ˚ àí˛¸ö!ê˛ˆÏܲ üçÓ%ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ– ‘Journey to
Portugal’-~ xyˆÏåÈ ˆ§•z ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ò,!‹TÓ˚ !öÓ≈ã˛ö– ÎyÓ˚ í˛z£è Äü ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#
í˛z˛õöƒy§=!°ˆÏï˛ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ–
í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~üö §Ó !Óöƒy§û˛!D xÓ°¡∫ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ÎyÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈxyáƒyö
!ï˛!ö í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ ˆòöó Îy !ܲöy !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ !ö!•ï˛ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ öüö#Î˚ xyˆÏÓ‹Tö
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ò%ƒ!ï˛ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ÷ô% xy!Ó‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ öyñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏüy Ä
ˆüôyhflÏÓ˚ˆÏÜ˛Ä ¢y!îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xyï˛Æ xyFåÈߨï˛yÓ˚ §¶˛yö ˆüˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ‘Blindness’ Ä
‘The Stone Raft’ í˛z˛õöƒy§ ò%!ê˛ˆÏï˛– !Ó!öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆéÑ˛yܲ
ˆÓ!¢– ˆÜ˛yöÄ û˛!D !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆû˛y°yÓyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÜ˛Ô¢° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ çyöy !åÈ° öy– x!û˛≤ÃyÎ˚ Ä
x!û˛Óƒ!_´ ï˛y•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ !ö!Óí˛¸ §¡∫¶˛ÈÙȧ)ˆÏe xy!°!Dï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎüöñ ‘The
Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis’, ‘The History of the Seize of Lisbon’
í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ï˛y flõ‹T– ò¢≈ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ !¢ˆÏ“ x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚àï˛ !û˛!_ •ˆÏÎ˚
ĈÏë˛!ö– ܲyÓ˚î !ï˛!ö fliyöÈÙÈܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ flõ®öˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛û˛yˆÏÓ xö%û˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– xyÓ˚
ˆò¢ÈÙÈܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ §M˛ÈyÓ˚˛õÌ ˆã˛öyÓ˚ !¢«˛y !ï˛!ö ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ òyò%ÈÙÙÙȈç!Ó˚!öˆÏüyòyò%Ó˚ ܲyåÈ
ˆÌˆÏܲñ ˜¢¢ˆÏÓ– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÎ xöhsˇ Îyey˛õÌ ï˛yÓ˚Ä §)ã˛öy ü)°ï˛ òyò%ÈÙȧy!ߨôƒ
ˆÌˆÏܲ– Îy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õï%˛≈ ày°ÎyeyÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õ)î≈ Ó˚*˛õ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ È– ˆò¢ÈÙÈܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ xy!Ÿ’‹T §ÇÓ˚*˛õ•z
144 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ò¢≈ö Ä öy®!öܲï˛yˆÏܲ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈó ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!_´cˆÏܲ fli#!Ó˚Ü,˛ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ‘The Stone Raft’ Ä ‘Blindness’-~ ˆò¢ÈÙÈܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ç!ê˛° xyÓï≈˛ !ÓöƒhflÏ
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ‘The Year of the Death of Ricard Reis’-~ ܲy° xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xy!hflÏ!cܲ xyÎ˚ï˛ö flõ‹Tï˛Ó˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ܲy° §òy•z ≤ÃÓ•üyö– ≤ÃÓ•üyöï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z
ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ xû˛ƒy§ ÎyÎ˚ ˛õy°ˆÏê˛– ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ fl∫Ó*˚ ˛õ §,!‹T •Î˚ öï%˛ö ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z öÓï˛Ó˚ ܲy°≤Ãܲ, !ï˛•z
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !mÓ˚y°y˛õˆÏܲ !öô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ~•z !öô≈yÓ˚î !ã˛!•´ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚– Ú§yàÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆú˛Ó˚yÛ ¢#£ÏÜ≈ ˛ ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ ˆ≤ÈüÏ w !üe !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠ ÚÚ§üˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
ö#ˆÏ° ÷ô%†í˛zjyü x!ÓÓ˚yü xy°˛õöy xÑyܲy–ÛÛ §üÎ˚≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ x!û˛âyï˛ xy°˛õöyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y•z
xÑyܲy •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ܲƒyöû˛y§ ç%ˆÏí˛¸– ò¢≈ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ x!ï˛!Ó˚_´
ˆÜ˛yöÄ ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚àï˛ !û˛!_ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛!öñ ܲyÓ˚î !ï˛!ö üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲÌy !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙȧyôyÓ˚î
üyö%£ÏÈÙÙÙÈ˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ üyö%£ÏÈÙÙÙÈ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈÙÈ°y!°ï˛ üyö%£Ï ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ˜¢¢ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ x!ï˛ !öܲê˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ– !°§Óö ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ Ó§Óy§ ܲyˆÏ°Ä ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ÷ô% ˆòˆÏáö!öñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏDÈÙÙÙÈï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏåÈö– !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §Ó ܲÌy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ fløÓ˚ˆîÏ ˆö•z §ï˛ƒñ !ܲv ˆÎÈÙÈflø,!ï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚ܲy°
üˆÏö !åÈ° ‘The Notebook’ @ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õ,¤˛yÎ˚ ï˛y !°ˆÏá ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠
‘‘My Lisbon was always that of the poor neighbourhood....the memory I
always preferred to retain was that of the Lisbon of my early years, the
Lisbon of people who possess little and feel much, still rural in their
customs and in their understanding of the world.’’ ~•z §yôyÓ˚îñ à!Ó˚ÓÈÙÈ=ˆÏÓ≈y
üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈ!°§Óö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òöÄ !Óflø,ï˛ •ö!ö– xyç#Óö ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛
!ï˛!öÈÙÙÙÈ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆû˛ˆÏÓˆÏåÈöó ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ò¢≈ö ï˛y•z
≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚àï˛ !û˛!_ öy •ˆÏÎ˚ñ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚ã˛öy– !Ó!öü≈yîÓyò# ܲ!Ó ˛õ° û˛yˆÏ°!Ó˚
ˆÎüö ò¢≈öˆÏܲ ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ‘writing’ ӈϰ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈöñ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÄ
ˆï˛üö!ê˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ò¢≈ö ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÓ!ܲ §_y ˆÌˆÏܲ ü%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ~ܲüy!eܲï˛yÎ˚ öÎ˚ñ Ó›ˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈö ÚöyÛÈÙÈcÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !ö!_´ˆÏï˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyܲ“
ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y•z í˛zͧy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ !Óܲ“˛õÌÈÙÙÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚ÓƒyÆ ç#ÓˆÏö ˆ˛õÑÔåÈyˆÏöyÓ˚ !Óܲ“˛õÌ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ }k˛˛õÌñ }ç%ˆÏÓyô ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ãy!Ÿ¿Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ §y•§# ܲˆÏÓ˚– ‘The Gospel
According to Jesus Christ’ Ä ‘Cain’ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ xyˆÏåÈ ˆ§•z !Óܲ“˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ !ã˛eyÎ˚î–
‘The Elephant’s Journey’ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ä xyˆÏåÈ ˆ§•z §M˛ÈyÓ˚˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ !ã˛•´yÎ˚ö– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
~ܲ xööƒ ܲ#!ï≈˛ ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§– ú˛ƒyQñ ˆú˛Ó°‰ Ä ú˛ƒyrê˛y!§Ó˚ §%§üß∫ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~ܲ xöÓòƒ
í˛z˛õöƒy§ ˆÎáyˆÏö •y!ï˛Ó˚ Îyey˛õÌ ˛õ!Ó˚îyˆÏü •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ Îyey˛õÌ– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
§yÓ˚yç#Óö ˆï˛y ú˛ƒyrê˛y!§ÈÙÈ•z !°ˆÏá ˆàˆÏåÈö– !ܲv ~üö !ö˛õ%î ú˛ƒyrê˛y!§ ˛õï%≈˛!àç §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ
§!ï˛ƒ•z !ÓÓ˚°– ú˛ƒyrê˛y!§Ó˚ §ÇK˛y !°áˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆê˛!Ó˚ Ó &ܲ§‰ ~ܲ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠
‘‘Fantasy writing must be grounded in both truth and live experience if it
is to work. It can be as inventive and creative as the writer can make it, a
whirlwind of images and plot twists, but it cannot be built on a foundation
of air. The world must be identifiable with our own, must offer us a
frame of reference we can recognize. The characters must behave in ways
that we believe reasonable and expected. The magic must work in a
consistent and balanced manner.’’27 ~•z §ÇK˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ° ‘The
 ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ Îyey † 145
Elephant’s Journey’ ~ܲ ܲyˆÏ°y_#î≈ ú˛ƒyrê˛y!§– ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚yçy
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆçyÎ˚yÄ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ xyd#Î˚ üƒy!:!ü!°Î˚yöˆÏܲ !ÓÓyˆÏ• í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ ˆòö §ˆÏ°yüö öyüܲ
û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ •y!ï˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ– •y!ï˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ û˛yÕ‘yˆÏí˛y!°í˛ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ò#â≈ ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •Î˚– §ˆÏD ~ܲ
û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ üy‡ï˛ÈÙÙÙÈ÷º ï˛yÓ˚ öyü– Î!òÄ ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ ÷º öyˆÏü ˆÜ˛yöÄ üy‡ˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!hflcÏ
ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲÌy öÎ˚– xy˛õyï˛ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆú˛Ó°‰ ӈϰ•z üˆÏö •ˆÏÓñ !ܲv ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢
¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓ Ü˛# !ö˛õ%î ˆŸ’£Ïydܲ ã˛yÓ˚&ï˛yÎ˚ ï˛Íܲy°#ö
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y ú%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ~•z ܲy°ˆÏã˛ï˛öy Ä ÓyhflÏÓï˛y
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ xüÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛ ‘The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis’-~ ≤Ãܲê˛û˛yˆÏÓ
Óï≈˛üyö– ~ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ÓyhflÏÓ Ä Ü˛“öyñ xhsˇÓ≈,_ Ä Ó!•Ó,≈_ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !mÓyã˛!öܲï˛yÎ˚ ˆò¢Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚
≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ §yüy!çܲÈÙÈÓ˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ !öî≈Î˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ !öçfl∫ ˜¢°#àï˛ üyeyˆÏÓyˆÏô §yü)!•Ü˛
Óyã˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ï˛ê˛û)˛!üÈÙȧǰ@¿ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ò,!‹TˆÏܲyˆÏî ~!ê˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ xy˛õö ˆò¢ÈÙÈܲyˆÏ°Ó˚
~ܲ xöÓòƒ ˛õyë˛Ü,˛!ï˛– ˆÎÈÙÈ˛õyë˛Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆüˆÏ° ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ xû˛ƒhsˇÓ˚#î xyˆÏ°yí˛¸ˆÏöÓ˚ ç!ê˛°
çê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zk˛yÓ˚ ˛õyÓyÓ˚ §M˛ÈyÓ˚˛õÌ– !ï˛!Ó˚¢ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ§•z í˛z_y° ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ÈÙÙÙÈü%ˆÏ§y!°!ö
Ä !•ê˛°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜fl∫Ó˚yã˛yÓ˚ñ ˆflõˆÏö ú ˛yˆÏB˛yÓ˚ ˜fl∫Ó˚¢y§öÈÙÙÙÈòüÓ¶˛ÈÙÈܲÓ˚y ÓyhflÏÓï˛y– üö%£Ïƒc ò°ö
Ä òüˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yܲy¤˛y ˆòáˆÏåÈ ˆàyê˛y !ÓŸª– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ü%!_´ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ xöƒï˛ü
ܲ!ÓÈÙÙÙȧyÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ xï˛ƒhsˇ !≤ÃÎ˚ ܲ!Ó ú˛yî≈yˆÏ®y ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚ !ÓŸªÓ#«˛yÓ˚ ü§,î ˛õˆÏÌ §¶˛yö
ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö í˛z˛õyÎ˚– ‘‘Saramago invites us to contemplate Portugal and the world
during the turbulent thirties through the eyes of Ricardo Reis alias
Fermando Pessoa : a decade blighted by Fascist regimes and monstrous
tactics as nations struggled for supremacy.’’28 ü,ï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚y ܲÓÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ñ
§¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !Ó˚ܲyˆÏí≈˛y ˆÓ˚•zˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚– ˆÓ˚•z¢ xy§ˆÏ°
ˆ˛õˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §_y– !ï˛!ö ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ §_yÎ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆöÏ Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛y !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ ˛õï%˛≈ ày°#Î˚
ܲyÓƒ§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ Îy !ÓÓ˚°ï˛ü ôyÓ˚y– ò%•z §_yÓ˚ ˆáÎ˚y!° ˆüçy!ç Ü˛ÌˆÏ˛õyÜ˛ÌˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ï˛!Ó˚¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !öü≈ü ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ §üß∫Î˚ âê˛yö– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ú˛ƒyrê˛y!§– !ܲv
~Ó˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ÓyhflÏÓ §ï˛ƒ!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ã˛ˆÏö !öˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚Ä x§%!Óôy •Î˚ öy– xÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
ÓyhflÏÓˆÏܲ ú%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ~•z !öü≈yî!ê˛Ó˚ ˆáÑyç ˆüˆÏ° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ‘The Stone Raft’-
~Ä– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚*˛õܲôü≈# í˛z˛õöƒy§– ˆÎáyˆÏö xy•zˆÏÓÓ˚#Î˚ í˛z˛õm#˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ öyÎ˚ܲ–
~ܲ xK˛yï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî ~•z í˛z˛õm#˛õ!ê˛ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ü)° û)˛á[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FåÈߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ≤âyhsˇ
ü•y§yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ö#ˆÏ° !üˆÏ¢ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z Ó˚*˛õܲ!ê˛ ü)°ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°# !Óöƒy§ ÎyÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ï˛Íܲy°#ö Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yˆÏܲ ú%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö– ˆÎ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ !ö¤%˛Ó˚
!¢Ü˛yÓ˚ xy•zˆÏÓÓ˚#Î˚ í˛z˛õm#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ò%•z ˆò¢ ˆflõö Ä ˛õï%≈˛ày°– ò%ÛˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üyˆÏé˛ ˜Ó!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛
ï˛#Ó ÈÙÙÙÈ‘Portugal was a serious threat to spain’– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆã˛ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö ~Ó˚ xÓ§yö–
‘‘Here we were concerned about establishing a more worthy future for
Portugal against the thousand internal winds and tides, and other forces
prepared against us from outside....’’29
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ‘Blindness’ ~ܲ í˛zÍÜ,˛‹T xƒyÓ§yí≈˛ ÎyÓ˚ çöƒ !ï˛!ö 1998 §yˆÏ° ˆöyˆÏÓ°
˛õ%Ófl˚ ÒyÓ˚ ˛õyö– xƒyÓ§yí≈˛ˆÏܲ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛hsˇyÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ ≤ÃÓyˆÏ• í˛z_!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ó x§Ω˛yÓƒˆÏܲ
ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ !ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ !ã˛!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ï˛y ˆòáyö ~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§–
~áyˆÏö !ï˛!ö x¶˛ˆÏcÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈö ÓyhflÏÓˆÏܲ– ˆöyˆÏÓ° û˛y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ x!hsˇˆÏü !ï˛!ö
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 10
146 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
‘Blindness’ í˛z˛õöƒy§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰö ≠ ‘‘....that human dignity is
insulted everyday by the powerful of our world, that the universal lie has
replaced the plural truths, that man stopped respecting himself when he
lost the respect due to his fellow creatures.’’ÈÙÙÙÈ~ •° !ÓŸªüÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚y!çï˛ ~ܲ
§y!Ó≈ܲ x¶˛c– ˆÎáyˆÏö Î%!_´Ó˚ ˆ°¢ üye xÓ!¢‹T ÌyˆÏܲ öyñ üyöÓï˛yÓ˚ xÓüyööy ˆÎáyˆÏö
ã˛Ó˚üñ ˆ§áyˆÏö üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ◊k˛yˆÏÓyô Ä ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §•yÓfliyö «˛#îñ ˆ§áyˆÏö
x¶˛c•z !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xyáƒyˆÏö ˆÎÈÙȈòáy ï˛yˆÏï˛ xyˆÏåÈ ÷ô%•z ¢)öƒï˛y– ‘Life has
nothing more important to demand from a human being’—‘Blindness’-
~Ó˚ ôüö#ˆÏï˛ §M˛ÈÓ˚î¢#° ~•z ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ˆ¢y!îï˛ôyÓ˚y– xÓyhflÏÓ xyáƒyˆÏöÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö
xy§ˆÏ° §üܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓˆÏܲ•z xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ xyˆÏåÈ ÚÓyhflÏÓ
xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# ~ܲ ÓyhflÓÏ Û– Îy xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyòÈÙÙÙÈÎy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §M˛ÈyÓ˚˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ~ܲ x!ÓˆÏFåÈòƒ
˜Ó!¢‹TƒÈÙÙÙȈÎÈÙȧM˛ÈyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yï˛ï˛ƒ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï í˛z˛õöƒy§ ‘Cain’ (2012)ÈÙÈˆÜ˛ flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏåÈ– ˆÎÈÙÈí˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ˆÜ˛•zö {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ÈÙÈ{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !mã˛y!Ó˚ï˛yñ !öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛•#öï˛y ï%˛ˆÏ°
ôˆÏÓ˚ö– Ü˛ÌˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !°ˆÏá Îyö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò!°!˛õ– ç#ÓöÈÙȧǰ@¿ñ
üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ!wܲ ÓyhflÏÓˆÏÓyô!ê˛ !ï˛!ö xç≈ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ˜¢¢Ó§Oyï˛ x!û˛K˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ Îy ‘Small
Memories’ x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ ‘Journey to Portugal’-~ ˛õ)î≈yD Ó˚*˛õ ˛õyÎ˚– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
xyܲy¢ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˛õï%≈˛ày°Îyey ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͧy!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õ)î≈ ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ð!¡∫ï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢–
ˆ¢£ÏܲÌy
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ‘Journey to Portugal’ÈÙÈ~ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆàˆÏåÈö ‘a fresh
way of looking, a new way of feeling’-~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy– öÓï˛Ó˚ ò,!‹TˆïÏ ˛ Ä xö%û˛) !ï˛ˆÏï˛•z
!ï˛!ö Ó›çàï˛ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ !åÈ° ~ܲ!ê˛ §yü!@ˇÃܲ ≤Ã!ü!ï˛– ÎyÓ˚ í˛z_y˛õ
xy!¢ ò¢Ü˛ÈÙÈ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ– ˆ§ xˆÏÌ≈ ˛õï%≈˛ày°Îyey §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
§y!•ï˛ƒÓ#«˛yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õˆÏÓ˚áy •ˆÏ° xy!¢ÈÙÈí˛z_#î≈ í˛z˛õöƒy§=!° ˆÎö Ó˚*˛õyÎ˚î– ˆÎö §ï˛ï˛
§M˛ÈÓ˚î¢#° ~ܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈxöhsˇ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ Îyey– xöhsˇ ç#Óö˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛õ!Ìܲ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Îyey•z ï˛y•z §üyÆ •Î˚!ö– ‘The Elephant’s Journey’-ˆï˛ •y!ï˛ §ˆÏ°yüˆÏöÓ˚
ÎyeyÄ §üyÆ •Î˚!ö– ˛õï%≈˛ày°Ó,_yhsˇ ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö x!hsˇü ÓyˆÏܲƒ !°áˆÏ°ö ≠ ‘‘His
journey is over.’’ öyñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Îyey ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚!ö– xy§ˆÏ° ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !¢“#Ó˚ Îyey˛õÌ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
!òö•z ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ öy– ï˛y•z ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ,¤˛yÎ˚ xyã˛üܲy•z !°áˆÏ°ö ≠ ‘‘The journey is never
over. Only travellers come to an end....The end of one journey is simply
the start of another....You have to start the journey anew. Always. The
traveller sets out once more.’’30 ‘His journey is over.’ ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ӈϰ
ˆÎÈÙȧüy!ƈÏÓ˚áy !ï˛!ö ê˛yˆÏöö ï˛y •° xy˛õyï˛ ˆ¢£Ï– x§üyÆÎyeyÓ˚ §yü!Î˚ܲ !ÓÓ˚!ï˛–
˛õï%≈˛ày° •° §%˙!ï˛•ƒ Ä §%xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆò¢ÈÙÙÙÈò#â≈ Îyey˛õˆÏÌ•z ï˛yˆÏܲ xö%ôyÓö ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó–
ï˛y ˆï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛!ö– ï˛y•z !ï˛!ö xyÓyÓ˚ ÎyeyÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ö– xöhsˇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛õ˛õy§y–
!çK˛y§y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xú%˛Ó˚hsˇ– ç#ÓöÓƒy˛õ# ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Îyey– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Îyey ˛õï%˛≈ àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÌ ôˆÏÓ˚ !ÓŸªˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚
flõ®ö flõ¢≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓñ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ §ü@ˇÃ §y!•ï˛ƒÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ܲˆÏÎyˆÏà
ü•yÈÙÈxˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ ~ܲ ü•yÎyeyÈÙÙÙÈ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏö–
 ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ Îyey † 147

ï˛Ìƒ}î ≠
1. Critical Approaches to Literature, David Daiches, 2nd edition, Orient Longman,
P. 337
2. Small Memories, Vintage Books, London, 2010, P. 54
˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲy!•!ö
3. Ibid. P. 44-45 ......
4. xyö®ˆÏü°yñ ~!Ó!˛õ ≤Ãy≠ !°≠ñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÈÙÈ1ñ 5 çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ñ 2012ñ ˛õ,. 17
5. The Notebook, Jose Saramago, VERSO, London, New York, 2011, P. 4-5 §%çyï˛y ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
6. §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ñ ܲ°ƒyî ˜üeñ §y!•ï˛ƒü‰ñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÈÙÈ73ñ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ 2002ñ ˛õ,. 209
7. Small Memories, P. 121-125 ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ û)˛!ü•#ö ã˛y!£ÏÓ˚ ˆåȈϰ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày 1998 §yˆÏ° Îáö §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆöyˆÏÓ°
8. Ibid, P. 155
9. Ibid, P. 152 ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚!ê˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°öñ !ï˛!ö !öˆÏç Îï˛ öy !Ó!fløï˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!fløï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö
10. The Hindu, Kolkata, Literary Review, July 4, 2010, P. 4 ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛– ˆöyˆÏÓ° ܲ!ü!ê˛ !°ˆÏá!åÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öy §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ÈÙÙÙÈ‘‘Parables sustained
11. Other Colours, Orhan Pamuk, Faber and Faber, London, 2007, P. 159
12. ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ñ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ 2012ñ ˛õ,. 47 by imagination compassion and irony’’ ~ÓÇ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ á%шÏç ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°
13. àîï˛sfñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ Ä xÓ«˛Î˚ñ !¢ÓöyÓ˚yÎ˚î Ó˚yÎ˚ñ ˆòÛç ˛õyÓ!°!¢Çñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÈÙÈ73ñ 1981ñ ˛õ,. 121 ‘‘modern skepticism’’– ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ Ó•z ò%•z !ü!°Î˚ö ܲ!˛õÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !Ó!e´ •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°
14. ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ñ ˛õ,. 122ÈÙÈ23 ˆflÀú˛ ˛õï%˛≈ àyˆÏ°•zñ ˛õÑ!ã˛¢!ê˛Ó˚Ä ˆÓ!¢ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ xö)!òï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Îï˛ öy ܲ!üí˛z!öçü
15. Small Memories, P. 155
16. Ibid, P. 142-43 xyÓ˚ öy!hflÏܲï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ !Óáƒyï˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ܲƒyÌ!°Ü˛ ã˛yˆÏã≈˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚
17. The Notebook, P. 198-99 çöƒ– ˆ≤ÃüˆÏܲ•z üyöÓ§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yߨÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ (love as an istrument to
18. Journey to Portugal, Jose Saramago, 2000, P. 3
19. The Notebook, P. 133 improve the human condition) û˛yÓÓyÓ˚ çöƒ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲy!•!ö xy!ӈϟª !Ó˛õ%°û˛yˆÏÓ
20. Journey to Portugal, P. 5 çö!≤ÃÎ˚–
21. Ibid, P. 373
22-23. Ibid, P. 332 ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ‘Cain’ Óy•zˆÏӈϰÓ˚ ܲy!•!öÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !öû≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áy– Óy•zˆÏӈϰÓ˚
24. Ibid, P. 52 Cain-Abel-~Ó˚ ܲy!•!öˆÏܲ ÓòˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
25. Ibid, P. 345-46
26. The Notebook, P. 5-6 !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyòñ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÎ x˛õÓ˚yô#ñ ¢y!hflÏ≤ÃyÆÈÙÙÙÈïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ï˛!ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓà
27. The Complete Handbook of Nobel Writing, Writer’s Digest Books, USA, 2002, P. ~ÓÇ §üÌ≈ö ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xö%˛õü fiê˛y•zˆ° Ï ˆ°áy ò#â≈Óyܲƒ §ü!ß∫ï˛ Ó˚ã˛öyÎ˚ ‘God’
256
28. The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis, Jose Saramago, The Harvill Press, London, ܲáöÄ Ü˛ƒy!˛õê˛y° x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ öyüy!B˛ï˛ ööó {ŸªˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤ÃÓ° ≤ß¿!ã˛•´ñ {ŸªÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛•z !ö¤%˛Ó˚ñ
Introduction, P. IX xüyö!Óܲ û˛yÓy ܲƒyÌ!°Ü˛ ã˛yã≈˛ ~ÓÇ !á ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !ÓˆÏoy• ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ–
29. The Notebook, P. 58
30. The Journey to Portugal, P. 443 Óy•zˆÏӈϰÓ˚ Cain-Abel ܲy!•!ö §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ•z §%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– Cain ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü
•ï˛ƒyܲyÓ˚#– xyòü ~ÓÇ {ˆÏû˛Ó˚ ˆåȈϰ ˆÜ˛ö ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏÓ°– ü)° Óy•zˆÏӈϰÓ˚ ܲy!•!ö!ê˛
~•zÓ˚ܲüÈÙÙÙÈ{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §,‹T ≤ÃÌü öyÓ˚# Ä ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï xyòü Ä {ˆÏû˛Ó˚ §hsˇyö ˆÜ˛•zö ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏÓ°–
~ˆÏÓ° ˆü£Ï˛õy°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛•zö Ü,˛£Ïܲ– {ŸªÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ !öˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ°öó ~ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ çöƒ
ˆÎ öyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ !ö!ò≈‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy !åÈ°ñ ˆ§•z Îüç ˆÓyˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲçöˆÏܲ ˛õåÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° ˆÜ˛•zöó
xy!ò {£Ï≈y ˆÌˆÏܲ Îüç û˛y•zˆÏܲ ˆ§ •ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ó !•Ó & ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏî xyˆÏåÈñ {ŸªÓ˚ˆÏܲ á%!¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çöƒ ˆû˛í˛¸yÓ˚ üyǧ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ° ~ˆÏÓ° xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ö ï˛yÓ˚ ú˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ xÇ¢ó {ŸªÓ˚ ~ˆÏӈϰÓ˚
í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛•zˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!öó {ŸªÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ
!ï˛!ö ӈϰö ˆÜ˛ö §!ë˛Ü˛ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚!öñ ï˛y•z ˛õy˛õ ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚– ˆÜ˛ö {£Ï≈yÎ˚
•ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ û˛y•zˆÏܲ– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü ˛õy˛õ# Ä •ï˛ƒyܲyÓ˚# ˆÜ˛•zö üyöÓ§,‹T ≤ÃÌü §hsˇyö–
{ŸªÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ¢y!hflÏ !òˆÏ°ö ï˛yˆÏܲ à,••#ö •ˆÏÎ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ˛õyˆÏ° ÌyܲˆÏÓ
!ӈϢ£Ï !ã˛•´ ‘Mark of cain’ÈÙÙÙÈï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛í˛z •ï˛ƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ öyó ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏܲ •ï˛ƒy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ˛õyˆÏ° ç%ê˛ˆÏÓ §yï˛=î ˛õyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ¢y!hflÏ–
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü âyï˛Ü˛ §y!•ï˛ƒ Ä ˆ°yܲàyÌyÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e– ÚˆÜ˛•zöÛÈÙÈˆÜ˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆÜ˛Ó°
öyÎ˚ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!öñ ï˛yˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ˛õ,!ÌÓ#áƒyï˛ xˆÏöܲ ˆ°áܲ•zó Beowulf-~Ó˚
 ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲy!•!ö † 149
ܲy!•!öˆÏï˛Ä ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ ˆÜ˛•zö ~ˆÏӈϰÓ˚ ≤çDñ ÓyÎ˚Ó˚ö !°ˆÏá öyê˛ƒy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ‘Cain’;
ˆÓyòˆÏ°Î˚Ó˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ú°y úœ˛ƒÓ˚ òƒ üƒ°ÛÈÙÈ~ ‘Abel et Cain’ öyˆÏüÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yˆÏï˛ §•yö%û)˛!ï˛
ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ!üˆÏà° òƒ í˛zˆÏöyü%ˆÏöy !ܲÇÓy xyàyÌy !e´!fiê˛Ó˚ ˆàyˆÏÎ˚®y í˛z˛õöƒy§ ‘And
Then There Were None’ ˆ°áyˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ üyÜ≈˛ xú˛ ˆÜ˛•zˆÏöÓ˚ ≤çDó ~üöܲ#
ˆ¢:!˛õÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ°áyˆÏï˛Ä ˆÜ˛•zö ≤çD xyˆÏåÈ–
•z§°yü ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏî ˆÜ˛•zö Ä ~ˆÏÓ° xy!Ó° Ä Ü˛y!Ó°ó ˆÜ˛yÓ˚yˆÏö Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~•z xy!ò {£Ï≈y Ä
•ï˛ƒyÓ˚ ܲy!•!ö–
ÚÚ§,!‹TÓ˚ üˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌy üˆÏö •Î˚ ˆm£ÏÛÛ !°ˆÏá!åȈϰö ç#Óöyö®– û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yîÄ xy!òü
˛õy˛õ#ˆÏܲ ¢y!hflÏ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– üyï,˛âyï˛Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚÷Ó˚yü Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü%˛ë˛yÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ xyç#Óö xyü,ï%˛ƒ
â%Ó˚ˆÏåÈö ˛õ,!ÌÓ#üÎ˚ó ˛õÓ˚÷Ó˚yüÄ à,••#öñ ˆÜ˛•zˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y nomads–
ò%•z
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Ü,˛£Ïܲ§hsˇyöñ û)˛!ü•#ö í˛zmy›ó ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ §%ò)Ó˚ ~ܲ @ˇÃyü ˆÌˆÏܲ §˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚
ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç ¢‡ˆÏÓ˚ xyhflÏyöyÎ˚ xy§y– @ˇÃyü ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏöy !û˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚
àyåÈ=ˆÏ°y ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏò ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚òyó çß√ü%•)ï≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ
Ú!öܲÈÙȈöüÛ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ ‘Wild radish’ÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲ çD%ˆÏ°
àyåÈ– ~ܲ û)˛!ü•#ö í˛zmy› Ü,˛£Ïܲ §hsˇyö Ó,«˛!ã˛•´ !öˆÏçÓ˚ öyˆÏüÓ˚ §ˆÏD ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏ°ö
ç#Óöû˛Ó˚ó ܲƒyÌ!°Ü˛ ã˛yˆÏã˛≈ Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !ÓÓ˚&k˛ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˛õï%˛≈ ày° ˆåȈíÏ ˛¸ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°–
ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ ~ÓÇ öy!hflÏܲ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày 1991ÈÙÈ~ !Î÷Ó˚ ç#Óö !öˆÏÎ˚ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ‘‘The
Gospel According to Jesus Christ’’– !öí˛z ˆê˛fiê˛yˆÏüˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ܲy!•!öˆÏܲ xö%˛õü Ó˚*˛õ
!òˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö– !ܲv ܲƒyÌ!°Ü˛ ã˛yˆÏã˛≈ Ó˚ Ó˚«˛î¢#° üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ y˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õï%˛≈ ày° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ó•z!ê˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛
§Ó˚Ó •ö– ~ܲ!ê˛ §y!•ï˛ƒ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çöƒ üˆÏöyö#ï˛ •ˆÏ°Ä Ó•z!ê˛Ó˚ üˆÏöyöÎ˚ö Óy!ï˛°
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyˆÏò ˆò¢ ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆfl∫FåÈy !öÓ≈y§ö !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆflõˆÏö ã˛ˆÏ° Îyö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày–
ÚˆÜ˛•zöÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !ܲ !öˆÏçÓ˚ åÈyÎ˚y á%ˆÑ çÏ !ú˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày⁄ ˆÜ˛•zö Ü,˛£Ïܲ xÌã˛ û)˛!ü•#öñ
à,••#ö åÈßå¨ Èyí˛¸y !ã˛Ó˚hsˇö ºyüƒüyî ç#Óö ï˛yÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ˆÜ˛•zö !ܲ öy!hflÜÏ ˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ {ŸªˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
§yüˆÏö òÑyí˛¸ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá⁄
ˆÜ˛öÈÙÈ~Ó˚ {ŸªÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛y˛õ¢y°# ‘lord’ÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚ ˆòyò≈[˛ «˛üï˛yÓ˚ §yüˆÏö §Ü˛ˆÏ° öï˛çyö%ó
í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏFåÈ ò#â≈ Óyܲƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆ§áyˆÏö ˆÜ˛yöÄ öyü•z ܲƒy!˛õê˛y° x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áy
öÎ˚– !öçfl∫ û˛!DˆÏï˛ Ü˛ÌˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ӈϰ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈöñ ˆÎö ˆ°áܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛y°§ü%ˆÏoÓ˚ ~ܲ
¢yŸªï˛ ܲy!•!ö ‘‘when the lord, also known as god, realised that adam and
eve, although perfect in every outward aspect....’’ {ŸªÓ˚ ~áyˆÏö «˛üï˛yÓyˆÏöÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛û)˛– !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛•zö– ˆ§ ¢y!hflÏ≤ÃyÆ !ܲv xö%ˆÏ¢yã˛öy ˆö•z ï˛yÓ˚ó ˆö•z «˛üy
ã˛yÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ò#öï˛y– {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ó ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ò¢≈ܲ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏë˛yÓ˚ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛•zö– àyôyÓ˚ !˛õˆÏë˛
ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ ˆ§ ºyüƒüyîÈÙÙÙÈxq$ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ Î%!_´ÈÙÙÙÈ{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛öÈÙÙÙÈ‘‘And of all
beings you will say, but not of me and my freedom, what, the freedom to
kill, just as you had the freedom to stop me killing abel.’’
{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛#«¯˛ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛•zˆÏöÓ˚ §yüˆÏö âˆÏê˛ ÎyˆÏFåÈ Óy•zˆÏÓ° Ó!î≈ï˛ Ü˛y!•!ö=!°ÈÙÙÙÈ
150 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
§üyhsˇÓ˚y°û˛xˆÏÓ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ ˆÜ˛•zö Ä !°!°ˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃüÈÙȧ¡õÜ≈˛ó
˛õyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ ˆöö ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ôùǧ •ˆÏÓñ xy§ˆÏÓ ü•y≤’yÓö–
˜ï˛!Ó˚ •° ˆöyÎ˚yç xyÜ≈˛ÈÙÙÙȈ§•z çy•yç ≤’yÓö ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ öï%˛ö ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ §,!‹T
•ˆÏÓ– ˆöyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆöÔܲyÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛öÄ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛– {ŸªÓ˚ˆÏܲ üyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ öy ˆÜ˛öñ
{ŸªÓ˚Ä üyÓ˚ˆÏÓö öy ï˛yˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛ö ˆöyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆöÔܲyÓ˚ §ühflÏ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï §ò§ƒˆÏܲ •ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆöyÎ˚yÄ xyd•ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ~ܲüye ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï §ò§ƒ ӈϰ ≤ÃçöˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ ˆ§ öyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ
˛õyë˛yˆÏöy •Î˚ ˆÜ˛•zˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈñ ˆÜ˛•zö ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆû˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆú˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚ §ü%ˆÏo– ú˛ˆÏ°
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ çß√yÎ˚ öy ˆÜ˛yöÄ üyö%£Ï–
≤’yÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆöyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆöÔܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ üyö%£Ï öÎ˚ñ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚ ç#Óçv Ä
ˆ˛õyܲyüyÜ˛í˛¸– {ŸªÓ˚ ˆe´yˆÏô ˆú˛ˆÏê˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸öÈÙÙÙÈ!ܲv !ï˛!ö x˛õyÓ˚à– !öˆÏçÓ˚ ¢ï≈˛ xö%§yˆÏÓ˚
!ï˛!ö ˆÜ˛•zöˆÏܲ •ï˛ƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓö öy– ü%ˆÏáyü%!á {ŸªÓ˚ Ä ˆÜ˛•zöÈÙÙÙÈ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü flÀ‹Ty
~ÓÇ ≤ÃÌü •ï˛ƒyܲyÓ˚#Ê í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Üœ˛ƒy!§Ü˛ í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ âˆÏê˛–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày fl∫ˆÏây!£Ïï˛ öy!hflÏܲ ~ÓÇ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï !òö ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ í˛z˛õöƒy§ñ ≤Ãôyöï˛ The gospel According Jesus Christ ~ÓÇ Cain-~
!ï˛!ö §ƒyê˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ Óy ÓƒD !Óo*˛õ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö Óy•zˆÓÏ °ˆÏܲ– {ŸªÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ x!û˛Î%_´ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö !ö¤%˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚
çöƒ– xyç#Óö ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ {ŸªÓ˚ !åȈϰö öy– ܲƒyÌ!°Ü˛ ã˛yã≈˛ ~ÓÇ
˛õï%≈˛!àç àû˛ö≈ˆÏüˆÏrê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD !ÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ≤Ãy•zç ܲ!ü!ê˛Ó˚
ö!üˆÏö¢ö ˛õyÎ˚!ö– x!û˛üyˆÏö ˛õï%˛≈ ày° ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆflõˆÏö ˆfl∫FåÈy !öÓ≈y§ö ˆöö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày–
≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy ~ÓÇ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyòñ ˆÎ §y!•ï˛ƒñ ܲyˆÏÓƒ ᰠӈϰ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚
˛õˆÏ«˛ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏöyÈÙÙÙÈ!Óáƒyï˛ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏåÈ– !ü°ê˛ö ˆÌˆÏܲ üô%§)òöÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛í˛z
§ƒyê˛yˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õ«˛ Ó˚yÓˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §•üü#≈ÈÙÙÙȧyÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚•z
òˆÏ°⁄ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ò°û%˛_´ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy– {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚yçÎ˚ ÚˆÜ˛•zöÛ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§
ˆ°áܲˆÏܲ xhsˇ•#ö ≤ß¿!ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ §yüˆÏö òÑyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ{ŸªÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ !ôï˛y ˆÜ˛yöÄ ≤ÈûÏ ˛yˆÏܲ¢ö
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ öyÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲ ˆüÔ!°Ü˛ ܲ“öyÓ˚ §,!çï˛ xyöˆÏ® °#ö •Î˚–
˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%ˆÏáyü%!á x!û˛üyö# §hsˇyöÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛•zöÈÙÙÙȧyÓ˚yüyˆÏày !öˆÏç•z !ܲ §,!‹T xyÓ˚
flÀ‹TyˆÏܲ ü%ˆÏáyü%!á Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ xyÎ˚öyÓ˚ §yüˆÏö !öˆÏç òÑyí˛¸yˆÏ°ö⁄

û˛y!àƒ ü•yüyöƒ ˆ˛õy˛õ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ܲ!ü!ê˛Ó˚ xöƒï˛ü §ò§ƒ ööÊ
......
§ˆÏï˛ƒwöyÌ û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈
1998ÈÙÈ~ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ˆ°áy ÚÓy°ÌyçyÓ˚ Ä !Óœü%u˛yÛ Ó•z!ê˛ Îáö ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˆ˛õ°
ÈÙÙÙÈ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲƒyÌ!°Ü˛Ó˚y ühsˇÓƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈÚû˛y!àƒ ü•yüyöƒ ˆ˛õy˛õ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ܲ!ü!ê˛Ó˚
xöƒï˛ü üˆÏöyö#ï˛ §ò§ƒ ööÛ– ~ çyï˛#Î˚ ühsˇÓƒ 1998 §yˆÏ° §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆöyˆÏÓ° ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚
˛õÓ˚•z ˆÜ˛Ó° ≤ÃÌü í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •° ~üö öÎ˚– ˆ§ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÚÓy°ÌyçyÓ˚ Ä !Óœü%u˛yÛ SÎyÓ˚
˛õï%˛≈ !àç öyüÈÙÙÙȈüˆÏüy!Ó˚Îy˚ ° òƒ ܲöˆÏû˛ˆÏhsˇyV ï%˛°öyü)°Ü˛ û˛yˆÏÓ xˆÏöܲ xyܲ£Ïî≈ #Î˚ Ä §•ö#Î˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓåÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà 1992 §yˆÏ° !ï˛!ö !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö Ú!ò
à§ˆÏ˛õ° xƒyܲ!í≈˛Ç ê%˛ ˆç§y§ e´y•zfiê˛Û– ܲƒyÌ!°Ü˛ ò%ˆÏà≈ ˆÎö ~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ܲyüyˆÏöÓ˚
ˆày°y ~ˆÏ§ xyåȈÏí˛¸ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ– ˆÎ x§ÇრˆŸ’£Ï Ä ï˛#Ó  ܲê˛yˆÏ«˛ !Ók˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö Úà§ˆÏ˛õ°
Äú˛ üƒyÌ%ÛˆÏï˛ Ó!î≈ï˛ Ü˛y!•!öˆÏܲ ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ !Î÷ˆÏܲ ˆçyˆÏ§ú˛ Ä ˆü!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆÎÔö§ˆÏΩ˛yàçyï˛
§hsˇyö !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ !Î÷ˆÏܲ ˆü!Ó˚ üyò!°ö öyˆÏü ~ܲ ˆüå%È!öÓ˚ §ˆÏD
!ÓÓy• Ó!•û)≈˛ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲyüyöòyày Ó°ˆÏ° ܲü Ó°y •Î˚– fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ
û˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆÜ˛ §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~•z ܲy°y˛õy•yí˛¸ˆÏܲ⁄ ˆÜ˛yö ܲƒyÌ!°Ü˛ §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ Ü˛!“ï˛ !§Ç•y§ö
ˆÌˆÏܲ {ŸªÓ˚˛õ%e !Î÷ˆÏܲ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ §•ç üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏö òÑyí˛¸ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚yˆÏܲ⁄
ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ xˆÏÌ≈•z ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~ܲ ܲy°y˛õy•yí˛¸ !åȈϰö– ܲyüyö ˆòˆÏà!åȈϰö ÷ô%üye
ôü#≈Î˚ ˆàÑyí˛¸y!ü °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z öÎ˚ñ xyÌ≈§yüy!çܲ ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ ˆ◊!î!Óû˛_´ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ¢y£Ïîñ
Å˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ÓŸª¢y§ö Ä ˆ¢y£Ïî §Ó•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ öy ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó#û˛Í§ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛z°Dû˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ú˛°ï˛ ÷ô%üye
ܲƒyÌ!°Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó£ÏöçˆÏÓ˚ §yÓ˚yç#Óö ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ï˛y•z•z öÎ˚ñ ~ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyÓ˚Ä ≤ÃÓ°
§ï˛ƒ ~•z ˆÎ ôöï˛y!sfܲ Ä §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ˆ¢y£Ïܲ öyüܲ á[˛yÇ¢Ä ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö•z @ˇÃ•î
ܲˆÏÓ˚!ö– ˆ¢£Ïç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ °¡∫y §üÎ˚ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ fl∫!öÓ≈y§ˆÏö ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏö
ˆ§•z !ÓˆÏò¢ !Óû%Ñ˛•zˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧ•z ~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Î%àyhsˇÜ˛yÓ˚# í˛z˛õöƒy§ !°ˆÏá ˆàˆÏåÈö Îy
≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ û˛yÓöyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xy!DˆÏܲÓ˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏܲ ö!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ– ≤çD !öÓ≈yã˛ˆÏöÓ˚ û˛!D
ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚•z ˆÎüö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !öçfl∫ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ üï˛Óyò ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªy§ˆÏܲ å%ÈшÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏåÈ ˆï˛ü!ö
~ܲ!ê˛ x!ï˛ §Ó° !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ˆày¤˛#Ä ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ !öÓ˚hsˇÓ˚– ~ ˆï˛y fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ–
ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ܲy°y˛õy•yí˛¸ ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~•z
˛õÓ˚#«˛y!öÓ˚#«˛y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §ú˛° •ÄÎ˚y ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ !öÓ≈y!§ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ ñ ~ܲâˆÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛y°yˆÏÓ
~ ˆï˛y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ çyöy•z !åÈ° ï˛Ó% ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ !òö ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ܲå%ÈÓ˚ ˆï˛yÎ˚yE˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!öñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
xy˛õ§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö–
x!ï˛ ò!Ó˚o âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §hsˇyö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛!åȈϰö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ òyò% !ò!òüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ö ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ !Ó!e´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ç#ÓöôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ xÌ≈
ˆçyàyí˛¸ •ï˛– ˆ•yˆÏ§ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– ÷ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆáÑyÎ˚yí˛¸ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
152 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆ¢yÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ !Óã˛y!° áí˛¸ !öˆÏÎ˚ xy§y xyÓ˚ àÓ˚ˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚yû˛Ó˚y xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ ÷ˆÏÎ˚
òyò%Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ Ó˚*˛õܲÌyÓ˚ à“ ˆ¢yöyÈÙÙÙÈ– ˆáy°y üyˆÏë˛ í%˛ü%Ó˚ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ !ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚
åÈyÎ˚y˛õÌ ˆòáˆÏï˛öñ xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ àyˆÏÎ˚ §yòy ã˛Äí˛¸y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yhflyÏ ˆÜ˛yöyÜ%˛!ö ã˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È ÙÙÙȧÓy•z
Ó°ï˛ Äê˛y öy!ܲ §y!rê˛Î˚yˆÏày ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏy– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ òyò%Ó˚ à“ñ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä xˆÏöܲ à“
ˆöyˆÏÓ° x!û˛û˛y£ÏˆÏî §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ÷!öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙȈ§ à“ §ï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y ˆû˛ˆÏÓ xyÿ˛Î≈
•ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛yö ü•yö xydüÎ≈yòyˆÏÓyô ÌyܲˆÏ° üyö%£Ï ~ï˛ xܲ˛õê˛ Ä §Íñ §•üü#≈ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲ# xq$ï˛ §yÓ˚ˆÏ°ƒ !ï˛!ö x!û˛û˛y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü Óyܲƒ!ê˛ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈÚxy!ü
§yÓ˚yç#Óö §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y K˛yö# üyö%£Ï !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÎÑyˆÏܲ ˆçˆÏö!åÈ !ï˛!ö ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸y çyöˆÏï˛ö öyÛ–
ò%•z
ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày (Jose de Soma Saramago) çˆÏß√!åȈ° Ï ö 1922 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 16 öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚
xy!ç!öÎ˚yày öyˆÏü ˆåÈyR ~ܲ @ˇÃyˆÏü– @ˇÃyü!ê˛ !°§Óö ¢•Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ¢ xˆÏöܲ !ܲˆÏ°y!üê˛yÓ˚
ò)ˆÏÓ˚ x°ˆÏüy®y öò#Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏí˛¸– ~ܲ§üÎ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸y ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ܲyÓ˚áyöyÎ˚
xƒyˆÏ≤Ã!rê˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– û˛yˆÏ°y °yˆÏà!ö ˆ°y•y°E˛ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ~•z ò%!öÎ˚yÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ•#ö Îyey– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó•zˆÏܲ §D# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åȈϰöÈÙÙÙÈܲáöÄ ˆÜ˛Ó˚y!ö!à!Ó˚ñ
ܲáöÄ §yÇÓy!òܲï˛y xyÓ˚ ~§ˆÏÓÓ˚ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ xö%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÄ •yï˛ ˛õyܲy!FåȈϰö–
≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õí˛¸yñ xö%Óyò xyÓ˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ Ìyܲy Ä @ˇÃy§yFåÈyòˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ ≤Ãyî˛õî °í˛¸y•zñ §Ó !üˆÏ°!üˆÏ¢
üˆÏöÓ˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚ e´ˆÏü e´ˆÏü ˆ§•z ˛õÌ!ê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •!FåÈ° ˆÎ ˛õˆÏÌ !ï˛!ö Óy!ܲ ç#Óö •Ñyê˛ˆÏÓö–
Ó˚§ò §Ç@ˇÃ• •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ xçyˆÏhsˇ•ñz Îy !òˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ §Ω˛yÓ˚ §yçyˆÏÓö–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ òyò%ñ ÎÑyˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y K˛yö# üyö%£Ï !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ˆ§•z
÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚˛õy°Ü˛ !åȈϰö •yçyÓ˚ê˛y Ó˚*˛õܲÌyÓ˚ àˆÏ“Ó˚ û˛y[˛yÓ˚– ˆåÈyê˛ˆÏÓ°yÎ˚ üˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆàшÏÌ
ÎyÄÎ˚y òyò%Ó˚ Ó°y ˆ§•z §Ó !üÌñ í˛z˛õܲÌy ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ç#ÓˆÏö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !öçfl∫ xç≈ˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD
!üˆÏ¢ xq$ï˛ ~ܲ §y!•ï˛ƒ˜Ï¢°# ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– ¢y§Ü˛ Ä ôü≈=Ó˚&ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ˛õê˛yã˛yÓ˚ñ ÷º
Ó§ö !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yáy §üyˆÏçÓ˚ ò%à≈¶˛Î%_´ «˛ï˛ñ ˆ°yû˛ñ ≤Ã!ï˛!•Ç§yñ ú˛ƒy!§fiê˛ ¢y§ˆÏöÓ˚
ö@¿ í˛zÕ‘y§ÈÙÙÙÈ~ §Ó•z !åÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ñ §òƒ ˆÎÔÓˆÏöÓ˚ !öÎ˚ï˛ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛– xyÓ˚ ~•z xç≈ö
Ä í˛z˛õ°!∏˛•z e´ˆÏü •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒÎˆÏK˛Ó˚ §!üô–
§yÇÓy!òܲï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç e´ˆÏü ò«˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛!åȈϰö ~ÓÇ ~ܲ§üÎ˚ Ú!í˛Î˚y!Ó˚Ä ˆí˛ ˆöy!ê˛!§Î˚y§Û
öyüܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏe §•ÈÙȧ¡õyòÜ˛Ä •ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– ~Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ•z 1969 §yˆÏ° !ï˛!ö
˛õï%≈˛!àç ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒ •ö– !í˛ˆÏQê˛Ó˚ §y°yçyÓ˚ ï˛áö ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛rê˛–
≤çDï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ìƒ ~áyˆÏö í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ •ÄÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ˆÎ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛
ê˛Δy!í˛¢öy° üyÜ≈˛§Óyò# Ä ˆ°!ööÓyò# xyòˆÏ° §yÇàë˛!öܲ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ö– !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z
§üˆÏÎ˚•z •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y ܲ!üí˛z!öçˆÏüÓ˚ xyò¢≈ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚Ω˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ú ˛y™ ~ÓÇ •zï˛y!°Ó˚
ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛=ˆÏ°y •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y ܲ!üí˛z!öçˆÏüÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥ xyÜ,˛‹T •ˆÏ°Ä ˛õï%≈˛!àç ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛
˛õy!ê≈˛ñ ú ˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ ü!Ó˚§ ˆï˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ •zï˛y!°Ó˚ ˆï˛yà!°Î˚!_Ó˚ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y ܲ!üí˛z!öçˆÏüÓ˚ ï˛_¥
ˆüˆÏö !öˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ö– ~ܲ!ê˛ ú˛ƒy!§fiê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ ï˛_¥ ˛õï%≈˛!àç
ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆüˆÏö ˆöÄÎ˚y §•ç Ä §Ω˛Ó !åÈ°Ä öy •Î˚ˆÏï˛y– °«˛î#Î˚ ~•z ˆÎ
˛õï%≈˛!àç ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~ ï˛_¥ ˆüˆÏö öy !öˆÏ°Äñ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y ܲ!üí˛z!öçˆÏü ˆÎ í˛zòyÓ˚
xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ û˛yÓöy ~ÓÇ öüö#Î˚ §yÇàë˛!öܲ ¢,C°yÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ=ˆÏ°y !åÈ° ï˛y §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
 û˛y!àƒ ü•yüyöƒ ˆ˛õy˛õ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ܲ!ü!ê˛Ó˚ xöƒï˛ü §ò§ƒ ööÊ † 153
üöɲõ)ï˛ !åÈ°– §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~•z xy°ày ÓÑyôö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ üˆÏö •ï˛ Îy
ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲyˆÏ° ܲyˆÏ° §Ó §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛•z ˆÜ˛yöÄ öy ˆÜ˛yöÄ §üÎ˚ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
ôü#≈Î˚ ¢y§ö Ä xöyã˛yÓ˚ñ {ŸªÓ˚ öyüܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛!“ï˛ ≤Ãû%˛Ó˚ òy§cñ ú˛ƒy!§fiê˛ ~ÓÇ
Å˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢!_´Ó˚ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ Ä !ö@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ !ï˛!ö ˆÎüö !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !åȈϰö !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛ü!ö
§yÇàë˛!öܲ ÅòyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !åȈϰö §Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ˛õy!ê≈˛ §ò§ƒ •ÄÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥Ä ˛õï%≈˛!àç ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛
˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ§ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ˆï˛üö §%§¡õÜ≈˛ !åÈ° öy– 1975 §yˆÏ° ò!«˛î˛õsi#Ó˚y «˛üï˛yÎ˚
xy§yÎ˚ §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛Ä ÓÓ˚áyhflÏ •ö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày–
!ï˛ö
§ÇÓyò˛õˆÏeÓ˚ §•ÈÙȧ¡õyòˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚y §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏö ~ܲ!ê˛ öï%˛ö !òàhsˇ
á%ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~ÓyÓ˚ §Ó≈«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ܲÌyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÚã˛yܲ!Ó˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓÓ˚áyhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yê˛y xyüyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ü ˆ§Ôû˛yàƒÈÙÙÙȈ°áܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyüyÓ˚ çß√ü%•)ï≈˛
~!ê˛Û– ~•z §üÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ !°ˆÏá !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö xyˆÏ°yí˛¸ö §,!‹TܲyÓ˚# §Ó öyê˛Ü˛ñ à“ñ
í˛z˛õöƒy§–
§¡õyòˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆàˆÏ°Ä ï˛áöÄ ˛õï%≈˛ày° ˆåȈÏí˛¸ Îyö!ö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyñ ÌyܲˆÏï˛•z
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– !ÓÓ˚&k˛ï˛yñ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öy §•ƒ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢!_´ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !åÈ°•z ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎ !ï˛!ö
çyöˆÏï˛ö xÓ«˛Î˚# üyö!§Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ Îy !ܲå%È xÓ°¡∫öñ ú˛ƒy!§fiê˛ Ä ôü≈=Ó˚&ˆÏòÓ˚ Îy !ܲå%È ú˛Ó˚üyö
Ä ˛≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ñ {ŸªÓ˚ öyüܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!“ï˛ ≤Ãû%˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ïÑ˛yÓ˚ öyˆÏü
˛õ#í˛¸ö Ä xy@ˇÃy§öÈÙÙÙÈ~ §ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !ï˛!ö xöƒ xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÎ ôü≈Î%k˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ï˛y
«˛üï˛y§¡õߨ üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ e%´k˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ xöÓÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ §%ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ
~Ó˚ܲü öy •ÄÎ˚yê˛y•z xfl∫yû˛y!Óܲ– ˆ§•z §%ˆÏÎyà ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° 1992
§yˆÏ°ÈÙÙÙÈÎáö ˛õï%≈˛!àç §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ í˛z§Ü˛y!öˆÏï˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ öyü Óy!ï˛° ܲÓ˚y •Î˚
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ !°ê˛yˆÏÓ˚!Ó˚ xƒyÄÎ˚yí≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ– û˛#£Ïî x˛õüy!öï˛ ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– !ӈϟªÓ˚ Ó‡
ˆ°áܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyòÄ çy!öˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ôÓ˚ö •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° §¡õ)î≈
xy°yòy– ˆò¢ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰöñ ò%É!áö# çß√û)˛!ü ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö ˆflõˆÏöÓ˚
°yöçyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛– ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ !òö ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !ï˛!ö ˆ§áyˆÏö•z Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚!åȈϰö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚y flf#ÈÙÙÙÈ
flõƒy!ö¢ §yÇÓy!òܲ !˛õ°yÓ˚ ˆò° !Ó˚ÄÈÙÈÓ˚ §ˆÏD– x˛õüyˆÏö ˆò¢ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Ä xyò¢≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!Óã%˛ƒï˛ •ö!ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ~ï˛ Ü˛ü §üˆÏÎ˚ ~ï˛ xyˆÏ°yí˛¸ö ï%˛ˆÏ°!åÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyöï˛ü
ܲyÓ˚î !ï˛!ö Ó˚§ò §Ç@ˇÃ• ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ç#Óö ˆÌˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛!“ï˛ âê˛öy ܲ!“ï˛ xÓÎ˚Ó
á%шÏç ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏï˛ •Î˚!ö ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ– •y§ƒÜ˛Ó˚ ˆçyí˛¸yï˛y!°Ó˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ !ï˛!ö Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– ˆÜ˛í˛z
öy ˆÜ˛í˛z !öˆÏçˆÏܲ xye´yhsˇ ˆû˛ˆÏÓˆÏåÈ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z öy ˆÜ˛í˛z xy◊Î˚ á%шÏç ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚
ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ ÓÑyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ– ܲ“ˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏD ÓyhflÏÓ !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ ~ܲ xyÿ˛Î≈ çàÍ !öü≈yî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö–
~•z °yöçyˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏï˛•z 2010 §yˆÏ° 87 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆ§Ï ~ܲ §Ü˛yˆÏ° ˆÓ Ü˛ú˛yfiê˛ áyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚•z
•yê≈˛ xƒyê˛yˆÏܲ üyÓ˚y Îyö ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày– xyhsˇçy≈ !ï˛Ü˛ Ó‡ Ó˚y‹Tö… yÎ˚ܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ¢yܲÓyï≈˛y
˛õyë˛yöñ ú ˛y™ñ Ó y!ç°ñ ˆflõöñ !ܲí˛zÓyÓ˚ ˆöï˛y Ä Ó˚y‹T…öyÎ˚ܲÓ˚y ˆ¢yܲÓyï≈˛y ˛õyë˛yö– ˛õï%≈˛ày°
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ àîòy!ÓÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ •yÓ˚ ˆüˆÏö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒˆÏï˛ ò%Û!òˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ ˆ¢yܲ ˛õy°ö
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆò• ˆòˆÏ¢ !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏö 20 ç%öñ 2010ÈÙÈ~ !°§ÓˆÏö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xˆÏhsˇƒ!‹T
154 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
!e´Î˚y §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ üyö%£Ï ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ °y°
ܲyÓ˚ˆöÏ ¢ö ú%˛° !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎüö ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ◊k˛y çyöyöñ xöƒ!òˆÏܲ xˆÏhsˇƒ!‹TˆïÏ ˛ ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛rê˛
xƒy!öÓy° !§° í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ öy ÌyܲyÓ˚ çöƒ Óƒy˛õܲ ˆ«˛yû˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– û˛y!ê˛Ü˛yö ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÎ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y çyöyˆÏöy •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ° ï˛yˆÏï˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ Úxôü≈yã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ò≈yÓ˚Û xyáƒyÎ˚ û)˛!£Ïï˛
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
ã˛yÓ˚
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆöyˆÏӈϰÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~ܲüye ˆ°áܲ !Î!ö ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚
§ò§ƒ !åȈϰö– ~Ó˚ xyˆÏà §yüƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ xyòˆÏ¢≈ !ÓŸªy§# ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ x!ï˛ !öܲê˛ï˛ü
§•ˆÏÎyà# ˛õyӈϰy ˆöÓ˚&òy ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˆ˛õˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö– ï˛ˆÏÓ !ï˛!ö ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒ !åȈ° Ï ö
öy– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ ˆ°áyÎ˚ ܲƒyÌ!°Ü˛ ã˛yã≈˛ ~ÓÇ ôöï˛y!sfܲ §üyçÓƒÓfliyÓ˚
xhsˇÉ§yÓ˚¢)öƒï˛y í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏå– ~üöܲ# ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆò¢ ˛õï%≈˛ày° ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£Ï ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚
xy◊Î˚fli° ˆflõˆÏöÓ˚ ˆâyÓ˚ï˛Ó˚ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# xï˛#ï˛ˆÏܲ ï˛#Ó  ܲ¢yâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛Ä •zï˛hflÏï˛ ˆÓyô
ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– ˛õï%≈˛ày°ˆÏܲ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ï˛y!FåÈ°ƒñ !Ó!FåÈߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y !öˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö û˛yÓ˚#
flõ¢≈ܲyï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ö– ˆfiê˛yö Ó˚ƒyú‰˛ê˛ÛÈÙÈ~ !ï˛!ö ~ ò%Éá û%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ˆöyˆÏÓ°
û˛y£ÏˆÏî §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ӈϰˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈÚˆÎö §ü@ˇÃ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ û˛y§ˆÏï˛ û˛y§ˆÏï˛ ò!«˛ˆÏî §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓñ
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ öï%˛ö û˛yÓ˚§yüƒ xyöyÓ˚ çöƒÈÙÙÙÈ~ ˆÎö ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ܲyÓ˚ Ä Óï≈˛üyˆÏöÓ˚
Å˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ò%Ó≈ƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛_– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ öï%˛ö ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ñ öï%˛ö üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çß√ •ˆÏÓÛ–
~ü!ö §Ó Î%àyhsˇÜ˛yÓ˚# û˛yÓöyÓ˚ öyöy!Óô Ó˚*˛õܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §Ó í˛z˛õöƒy§=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ û˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáï˛–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó ˆ°áyÎ˚ ≤Ãôyöï˛ !ï˛ö!ê˛ !ç!ö§ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ flõ‹Tû˛yˆÏÓñ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ
≤ÃFåÈߨû˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ï˛y •°ÈÙÙÙÈôöï˛sf Ä ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ôü≈ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ àû˛#Ó˚ x◊k˛y ~ÓÇ
ܲ!üí˛z!öçˆÏüÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ≤Ãàyì˛¸ !ÓŸªy§– xˆÏöܲ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö •y§ˆÏï˛ •y§ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ
Ú•Ó˚ˆÏüyöàï˛û˛yˆÏÓ xy!ü ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛Û–
°y!ï˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áyˆÏï˛Ä çyò%ÈÙÈÓyhflÓÏ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ ≤ÃÓ°û˛yˆÏÓ
xö%û)˛ï˛ •Î˚– ܲ!ë˛öñ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓ xyÓ˚ xÓyhflÏÓ Ü˛“öyÓ˚ ~ܲ xq$ï˛ !üˆÏ¢° xyüÓ˚y ˛õy•z
xyÓ˚ ˛õy•z xye´yhsˇˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xq$ï˛ §•yö%û)˛!ï˛– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ˆÎö ú ˛yö‰ç ܲyú‰˛Ü˛yÓ˚
åÈyÎ˚y åÈyÎ˚y í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛– ܲyú‰˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Ú!ò ê˛ΔyÎ˚y°ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ åÈyÎ˚y ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ 1997 §yˆÏ°
ˆ°áy Úx° ˆöü§Û Ó•z!ê˛ˆÏï˛– !ܲå%È !Óáƒyï˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç ܲyàç âÑyê˛ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ
x!ú˛§yÓ˚ á%шÏç ˛õyö ~ܲ ü!•°yÓ˚ öyü– Îy ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ §Ó§üÎ˚ ï˛yí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏÓ˚– ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˆ§
û%˛°ˆÏï˛Ä ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyñ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆòáy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ä û˛Î˚ ˛õyÎ˚ñ xq$ï˛ ~ܲ çê˛˛õyܲyˆÏöy xÓfliyÓ˚
§,!‹T •Î˚ ~áyˆÏö–
!öÓ˚hsˇÓ˚ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏåÈö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyñ ï˛y Îï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ çöƒñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ï˛ï˛ê˛y•z
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !Óï˛!Ü≈˛ï˛ ühsˇÓƒ=!°Ó˚ çöƒ– Óy•zˆÏÓ° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ӈϰˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈÚüyöÓ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ •#öï˛ü
≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ܲƒyê˛y°àÛ xÌÓy Úò%ö#≈!ï˛Ó˚ •ƒyu˛Ó%Ü˛Û– xy•z~ü~ú˛ÈÙÈˆÜ˛ ӈϰˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈôöï˛y!sfܲ
§y¡ÀyçƒÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ê˛Δy!fiê˛ˆÏÓyí≈˛ÈÙÙÙÈ~ü!ö §Ó ܲÌy– àû˛#Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏî ~Ó˚ xöfl∫#ܲyÎ≈ §ï˛ƒï˛y
í˛z˛õ°∏˛ •Î˚ ï˛Ó% ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §•yö%û)˛!ï˛¢#° üyö%£ÏÄ Ü˛áöÄ Ü˛áöÄ !ÓÓ˚*˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö !ӈϢ£Ï
ܲˆÏÓ˚ •z‡!òÓ˚y– •zçÓ˚yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õƒyˆÏ°fiê˛y•zö ö#!ï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö §ü@ˇÃ •zçÓ˚yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ•z
ˆòy£Ï !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– xÌã˛ ~ܲÌy x!ï˛ §ï˛ƒ ˆÎ •zçÓ˚yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó‡ üyö%£Ï ˆÜ˛yöÄ Î%k˛ ã˛yÎ˚
 û˛y!àƒ ü•yüyöƒ ˆ˛õy˛õ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ܲ!ü!ê˛Ó˚ xöƒï˛ü §ò§ƒ ööÊ † 155
öyñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õƒyˆÏ°fiê˛y•zˆöÏ Ó˚ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ñ ¢y!hsˇ˛õ)î≈ §•yÓfliyˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛– xÓ¢ƒ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z§Ó
!Óï˛!Ü≈˛ï˛ ühsˇÓƒ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢ˆÏÓ˚yöyˆÏü Ó˚yáï˛–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày öyü!ê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓy– ~!ê˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ öyˆÏüÓ˚ §ˆÏDÄ !åÈ°– ˆåȈϰÓ˚ öyˆÏüÓ˚
§ˆÏD ç%ˆÏí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö fl%҈ϰ û˛!ï≈˛Ó˚ §üÎ˚– ܲáöÄ Ü˛áöÄ ~üö •Î˚ñ üyö%£Ï xçyˆÏhsˇ
~üö !ܲå%È Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°ñ •Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y öy Ó%ˆéÏ ˛•zñ §yÓ˚yç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆ§•z ܲyç!ê˛ xq$ï˛ xÌ≈ˆÓÏ yôܲ
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ܲÌyê˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ Ó%ˆÏöy ü%ˆÏ°yñ à°yôÉܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ çμˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚–
!ܲå%È üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày û˛#£Ïî çμy°yòyÎ˚ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!hflÏc ~•z §ï˛ƒ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ xyç xyÓ˚ ˆö•z– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §yÓ˚yç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲ!e¢!ê˛ !Ó!û˛ß¨ôü#≈ ˆ°áyÎ˚
ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ï˛y ≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ôü#≈Î˚ !öˆÏò≈¢yÓ!° ~ÓÇ ôöÓyò# §üyç≤Ãû%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏò≈¢yÓ!°Ó˚
üˆÏôƒ ˆÎ xhsˇÓ˚D §üˆÏü° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ !öç !öç x!hflÏc Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ ~Ó˚y ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ •yï˛
ôÓ˚yô!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ~•z ï˛_¥ ïÖ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öy=!°Ó˚ xöƒï˛ü !û˛!_– ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎüö xyˆÏåÈ Ú!ò
à§ˆÏ˛õ° xƒyܲ!í≈˛Ç ê%˛ ˆç§y§ e´y•zfiê˛Û ~ÓÇ xöƒ !òˆÏܲ Ú!ò ˆÜ˛û˛Ûñ Ú!ò ˆê˛° xú˛ xyöˆÏöyö
xy•z°ƒyu˛Ûñ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ôü≈ Ä xöƒ!òˆÏܲ ôöï˛y!sfܲ §üyçÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ xhsˇÉ§yÓ˚¢)öƒï˛y ~ÓÇ
xÓ«˛Î˚ˆÏܲ xööƒ Ó˚*˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy!îçƒ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ~ܲ úœ˛ƒyˆÏê˛
Óy§ ܲÓ˚y ~ܲ Ü%˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ä•z Óy!îçƒ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw•z ˛õ%ï%˛° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚ï˛– •ë˛yÍ ˛Ü˛rê˛ΔyQ
Óy!ï˛° •ˆÏ° ˆ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ òyˆÏÎ˚ ÄáyˆÏö•z àyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆöÎ˚– ~áyˆÏö•z ï˛yÓ˚y xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ܲ !Ó¢y° à•¥Ó˚ñ Ä•z Óy!îçƒ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ö#ˆÏã˛– xq$ï˛ ~ܲ Ó˚*˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ åȈϰ !ï˛!ö
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ôöï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xy˛õyï˛í˛zIμ° ˜Óû˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ üy!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!öÎ˚ï˛ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛
!öˆÏÎ˚ ˛õï˛ö xÓ¢ƒΩ˛yÓ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– çß√yÓ!ô ~•z ≤ÃÓ° !ÓŸªy§ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ~ÓÇ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ï˛yÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ú˛°ö âê˛yˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöÄ– ~ܲ§üÎ˚ ˛çö!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ܲ!ü!ê˛Ä Óyôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ
ܲü≈ˆÏܲ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ !òˆÏï˛– ~•z ≤çˆÏD ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ܲ!ü!ê˛Ó˚ ò,!‹Tû˛!D
í˛zˆÕÏ ˆ‘ áÏ Ó˚ ˆ°yû˛ §ÇÓÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ öyÈÙÙÙÈÚ§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày •ˆÏFåÈö ˆï˛üö §Ó Ó˚*˛õܲ ܲy!•!öÓ˚
çß√òyï˛y ÎyˆÏï˛ ÓƒDñ xö%_y˛õñ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yñ üüï˛yñ ˆ≤Ãü §Ó •yï˛ ôÓ˚yô!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈÛ–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏåÈöñ xˆÏöܲ xˆÏöܲ ܲÌy ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö
~•z ӈϰÈÙÙÙÈÚxyüyÓ˚ §,‹T §ühflÏ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ !ü!°ï˛ ܲZ˛fl∫Ó˚•z xyüyÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y
ܲÌyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ xy°yòy ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ !ܲå%È Ó°yÓ˚ ˆö•z– xy˛õöyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~•z û˛yÓöy §yüyöƒ
üˆÏö •ˆÏ°Ä xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~•zÈÙÈ•z §Ó–Û ~ܲ!òö •y!§FåȈϰ ˆÎ ܲÌy ӈϰ!åȈϰö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §,‹T
ã˛!Ó˚e=ˆÏ°y !öˆÏÎ˚ û˛yӈϰ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z ܲÌy Ú•Ó˚ˆÏüyöàï˛ û˛yˆÏÓ xy!ü ~ܲçö ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛Û
xhsˇï˛ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
§yòy x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ñ ܲyˆÏ°y x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚....~ÓÇ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
......
xö%˛õü ü%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
ê˛Δƒy!ú˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ °y° xyˆÏ°y çμ°ˆÏåÈ– xyˆÏ°yê˛y §Ó%ç •ˆÏï˛•z ày!í˛¸=ˆÏ°y öˆÏí˛¸ í˛z벰– ã˛°ˆÏï˛
÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°– ˆÜ˛Ó° ˛~ܲçö....üyé˛áyˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ°öê˛y xyê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈ– ày!í˛¸Ó˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
~ܲçö....!ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏåÈ ≠ xy!ü x¶˛Ê í˛zò‰ºyhsˇ ˆ°yܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ§ ~ܲçö òÎ˚y°% ˆ°yܲ– ˆ§ ˆ°yܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óy!í˛¸ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ ˆòÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ày!í˛¸!ê˛ ã%˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§ ~ܲçö ày!í˛¸ˆÏã˛yÓ˚– ˆ§ ~ܲê%˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z....!öˆÏçÄ x¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
~•z x¶˛c !ܲ ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ x§%á⁄ ü•yüyÓ˚#Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆ§ ~•z ¢•Ó˚!ê˛ @ˇÃy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ....üí˛¸ˆÏܲÓ˚
üˆÏï˛y ˆ§ §Ó≈eàyü#....~ܲçö öyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏ°–
ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ Blindness– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ xyüÓ˚y ˆò!á öyü•#ö x¶˛ˆÏcÓ˚
üí˛¸Ü˛ öyü•#ö ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢•Ó˚ˆÏܲ xye´üî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ....¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z ï˛yÓ˚ xöyÎ˚y§
!¢Ü˛yÓ˚....¢•Ó˚!ê˛Ó˚ §üyçÓƒÓfliy ˆû˛ˆÏä ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y– xyüÓ˚y ˆò!á ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
xy!ï≈˛– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôƒ ò%û≈˛yàƒ– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ ã˛!Ó˚e ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚•z ò%çö–
~ܲçö ã˛«%˛ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏܲ ˆï˛y ~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ÌyܲˆÏï˛•z •Î˚– !ï˛!ö xyˆÏåÈöÄ– ≤ÃÌü ˆÎ
ˆ°yܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •°ñ ˆ§ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ÎyÎ˚– !ӈϢ£ÏK˛!ê˛ ÷ô% çyöyö ˆÎ ~•z x¶˛c
x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ öÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z x¶˛c ~ܲ í˛zIμ° ~ÓÇ xˆÏû˛òƒ ÷ºï˛yüye– ˆ§•z §ˆÏú˛òˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛í˛z
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– !ï˛!ö ˆ°yܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ˆã˛yá ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚öÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛yöÄ «˛ï˛ ˆö•zñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
x§%ˆÏáÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ã˛•´ ˆö•z– !Óºyhsˇ í˛y_´yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆ§•z Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xƒy˛õyê≈˛ˆÏüˆÏrê˛ â%ˆÏüyˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö öy....âÑyê˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲö í˛y_´y!Ó˚Ó˚ Ó•z=!°– !ܲå%È Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö öy– ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚
!ܲå%È ˆ°áy ˆö•z ~•z ˆÓ˚yà §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛– !ï˛!ö ÜÑ˛yô éÑ˛yܲyö– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xy°üy!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ó•z=!°
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆòö....ˆ¢£Ï ˆÎ !ç!ö§ê˛y !ï˛!ö ˆòˆÏáö ï˛y •° Ó•z=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ flõy•zˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚
•yˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛z°ˆÏê˛y !˛õë˛....
~•z í˛y_´yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ öyü ˆö•z– !ï˛!ö ˆÎˆÏܲyöÄ í˛y_´yÓ˚– ~•z ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ öyü
ˆö•z– ˆ§ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ¢•Ó˚– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ¢•Ó˚ÈÙÙÙȈÎáyˆÏö °y° xyˆÏ°y çμ°ˆÏ°
ày!í˛¸ˆÏܲ ÌyüˆÏï˛•z •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yöÄ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ öyü ˆö•zÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ üyö%£Ï–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛çöˆÏܲ ~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ãôyö ã˛!Ó˚e !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆÓˆÏåÈ !öˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày–
x¶˛c ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚•z ≤ÃÌü xye´üî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y í˛y_´yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ xyˆÏ§– í˛y_´yÓ˚ fl∫Î˚Ç x¶˛–
!ܲv ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ xçyöy ˆ§Ôû˛yˆÏàƒÓ˚ ӈϢ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ flf# ò,!‹T¢!_´ •yÓ˚yö!ö– ~ܲê˛y xƒy§y•z°yü
àˆÏí˛¸ ĈÏ벖 §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Îáö ~•z üí˛¸Ü˛ˆÏܲ xyê˛Ü˛yˆÏï˛ x§yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ òüöü)°Ü˛ û)˛!üܲy !öˆÏï˛
ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈñ §yÓ˚y ¢•Ó˚ Îáö ~•z üí˛¸ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyï˛ˆÏB˛ !ò¢y•yÓ˚y....ï˛áö ~•z ~ܲò°
üyö%£Ï !öû≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏåÈ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏåÈ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ Ó¶˛öñ
xÓ°¡∫ö ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ã˛y•zˆåÏ È !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛üye üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ò,!‹T¢!_´ˆÏܲÈÙÙÙÈ!ï˛!ö í˛y_´yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
flf#– í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü xLjϢ xyüÓ˚y ~•z ˆöyÇÓ˚yñ x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ !û˛ˆÏí˛¸ ˆÓyé˛y•z xƒy§y•z°yüy!ê˛ˆÏܲ
 §yòy x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ñ ܲyˆÏ°y x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚....~ÓÇ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày † 157
ˆò!áÈÙÙÙȧÇe´üî ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ§áyˆÏö•z xyÓ˚Ä xˆÏöˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏD í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ãôyö
ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏòÓ˚ xyê˛Ü˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏFåÈ– ~•z xƒy§y•z°yü ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫yfliƒ!Ó!ôñ ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓöÎy˛õˆÏöÓ˚
¢ï≈˛yÓ!°ñ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˜ö!ï˛Ü˛ xÓ«˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyÎ˚öyÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚
ü%á– ~•z xƒy§y•z°yü....~ܲ xö%!ÓŸª–
í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e=!°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲy•z xy§%ö ˛õyë˛Ü˛– xq$ï˛ §Ó üyö%£ÏÊ
í˛y_´yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ flf# ≠ ~•z ü!•°y ã˛!Õ‘ˆÏ¢Ó˚ âÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö– !ï˛!ö ã˛«%˛ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚ âÓ˚î#–
Îáö §yÓ˚y ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ üí˛¸Ü˛!ê˛ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈñ §Çe´!üï˛ üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ xyê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy
!öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ í˛y_´yÓ˚ fl∫Î˚Ç xye´yhsˇ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆÓ˚yà!ê˛ˆÏï˛ÈÙÙÙÈí˛y_´yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ flf# x¶˛ˆÏcÓ˚
û˛yö ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°öñ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° !ï˛!ö fl∫yü#Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°ö– ày¶˛yÓ˚#ˆÏܲ üˆÏö
˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ !ܲ⁄ ü!•°y §Ó≈òy û˛ˆÏÎ˚ û˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏåÈöñ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ §üÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ò,!‹T¢!_´ •yÓ˚yˆÏï˛•z
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö– ˆ¢£Ï xÓ!ô xÓ¢ƒ ~ܲüye !ï˛!ö Ú§%fliÛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆàˆÏ°ö ˆÜ˛yöÄ xçyöy ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî–
ú˛ˆÏ° xöƒyöƒ x¶˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏ¢yöy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •°– ~ܲ §üÎ˚ ï˛y
x§•ö#Î˚ •ˆÏ° !ï˛!ö û˛yӈϰö !ï˛!ö !öˆÏçÄ x¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°•z !åÈ° û˛yˆÏ°y– ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~ܲçö
ô£Ï≈ܲyü# Óy!§®yˆÏܲ •ï˛ƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö S3öÇ ÄÎ˚yˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ Ó˚yçyV– xƒy§y•z°yˆÏüÓ˚ Óy!§®yˆÏòÓ˚
Ó!®ò¢y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy°yˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö– ~•z §Ó !ï˛!ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°öÈÙÙÙÈx¶˛ ˆ§ˆÏç–
í˛y_´yÓ˚ ≠ ~ÑÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆï˛y àˆÏòƒÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ӈϰ!åÈ– !ï˛!ö §òy¢Î˚ üyö%£Ï– !öˆÏç•z Ú§ˆÏú˛ò
x¶˛cÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚– !öˆÏç•z xyê˛ˆÏܲ xyˆÏåÈö xƒy§y•z°yˆÏü– flf# ˆÎ x¶˛ ööÈÙÙÙÈ°%!ܲˆÏÎ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ öy•ˆÏ° ü!•°y!ê˛ xöƒyöƒ x¶˛ˆÏòÓ˚ òy§c ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •ˆÏÓö ~•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy¢B˛y–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚Ä û˛yˆÏ°y °yˆÏà öy flf#Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !öû≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛– í˛y_´yÓ˚ fl∫yû˛y!Óܲû˛yˆÏÓ•z
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÄÎ˚yˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ˆöï˛y !öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÎÌy§yôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ¢,C°y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛
!Ó!û˛ß¨ Ü)˛ê˛ö#!ï˛ xÓ°¡∫ö ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢#â •z Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §òy¢Î˚ï˛y ~ܲò° !öü≈ü Ó!®Ó˚
üˆÏôƒ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ üD°§yôö ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öy–
ܲyˆÏ°y ã˛¢üy ˛õÓ˚y ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ ≠ ˆ§ §%®Ó˚#– ˆ§ ˆÓ¢ƒy– ~ܲçö áˆÏjÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆ•yˆÏê˛ˆÏ° xyö®
ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ˆ§ x¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚Ä fliyö xƒy§y•z°yˆÏü– ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ÓÓ˚ˆÏú˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y
ܲ!ë˛ö Ä ¢#ï˛°– ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö üüï˛yÓ˚ fl∫yò ~ˆÏö ˆòÎ˚ ˆê˛Ó˚y ˆã˛yáÄÎ˚y°y xöyÌ Óy°Ü˛!ê˛–
í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ xï˛ ˆÓ˛õˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y üˆÏö •Î˚ öy– ˆ§ í˛y_´yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
flf#ˆÏܲ Ú§%®Ó˚#Û xyáƒy ˆòÎ˚– ˆ§ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ã˛ü≈ã˛ˆÏ«˛ ˆòˆÏá!öñ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿ öy!ܲ á%Ó §%®Ó˚#
•ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ö !ï˛!ö–
3öÇ ÄÎ˚yˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ Ó˚yçy ≠ ˆ§ ˛õ÷– ˆ§ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚#– xƒy§y•z°yˆÏüÓ˚ x¶˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§ §sfhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈ Ó®%ˆÏܲÓ˚ û˛Î˚ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚– ˆ§ áyÓyÓ˚ xyê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ü)°ƒÓyö Ó›=ˆÏ°y òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ¢£Ï xÓ!ô ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧ ü!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò•– í˛y_´yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ flf# ï˛yˆÏܲ •ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ÜÑ˛y!ã˛ !òˆÏÎ˚–
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚•z §•Ü˛yÓ˚# ï˛yÓ˚ Ó®%ܲ!ê˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ û)˛!üܲy !öˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ~ܲê˛y á[˛Î%k˛ ÷Ó˚&
•Î˚– xƒy§y•z°yˆÏü xy=ö ˆ°ˆÏà ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ ü!•°y xy=ö °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§
Ó!®c ˆÌˆÏܲ ü%!_´–
ܲyˆÏ°y xy•z˛õƒyí˛ ˛õÓ˚y ˆ°yܲ!ê˛ ≠ ˆ§ ~ܲ òÎ˚y°% ~ÓÇ ˆÓ¢ Ó˚•§ƒüÎ˚ Ó,k˛– §yÓ˚y ¢•Ó˚
Îáö xyï˛B˛@ˇÃhflñÏ í˛zß√_ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ˆ°yܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyüÓ˚y ¢yhsˇ ˆò!á– ˆ§ xƒy§y•z°yˆÏüÓ˚ xöƒyöƒˆÏòÓ˚
158 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆÓ˚!í˛ÄˆÏï˛ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ áÓÓ˚ ˆ¢yöyÎ˚– ˆ§ ôü≈≤Ãyî– ˆ§ ӈϰ ~•z x¶˛c ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ü)°ƒÓyö !¢«˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xÌ≈yÍÈÙÙÙÈ!öˆÏçÓ˚ x¶˛cˆÏܲ ˆ§ x!Ó!ü◊
x!û˛¢y˛õ û˛yˆÏÓ öy–
í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ öyü Ó˚yáy •Î˚!ö– !ë˛Ü˛ ¢•Ó˚!ê˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y•z....ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
¢•ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ üyö%£–Ï ˛õyë˛Ü˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õåÈ®§•z ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏDñ ~üöܲ# ~ܲy!ôܲ ã˛!Ó˚ˆeÏ Ó˚
§ˆÏDÄñ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö–
~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ Î!ò xyüÓ˚y §üܲy°#ö !ÓˆÏöyòˆÏöÓ˚ !ö!Ó˚ˆÏá ï˛yܲy•zñ •!°í˛zˆÏí˛Ó˚
!§ˆÏöüy üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xy°ˆÏú ˛í˛ !•ã˛Ü˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Úòƒ Óyí≈˛§Û–
üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä !ܲå%È !í˛çyfiê˛yÓ˚ ü%!û˛– í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ âê˛öyÓ!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD Úû˛°Ü˛ƒyˆÏöyÛ
Óy Ú2012ÛÈÙÈÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y !§ˆÏöüyÓ˚ xy˛õyï˛ Ú§yò,¢ƒÛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– Îï˛ò)Ó˚ üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§
ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛°!Fã˛e !öü≈yî ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°....§Ω˛Óï˛ 2008 §yˆÏ°– ܲyö ã˛°!Fã˛e í˛zͧˆÏÓ
ï˛y ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛Ä •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– á%Ó ~ܲê˛y §ú˛° •Î˚!ö–
ÚÓœy•zu˛ˆÏö§Û í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ã˛°!Fã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# öyê˛Ü˛#Î˚ ü%•)ï≈˛ xˆÏöܲ xyˆÏåÈ– !ܲv ˆÜ˛yöÄ
ü%•)ï≈˛ˆÏܲ §üÎ˚ˆÏflÀyˆÏï˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ üˆÏö •Î˚ öy– Úöyê˛Ü˛#Î˚Û ~ÓÇ Úöyê%˛ˆÏܲÛÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ò%!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
ôyÓ˚îy í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ xyàyˆÏàyí˛¸y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ˆüˆÏ°yí»˛yüyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ §%ˆÎÏ yà ˆö•z– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§ ˆÌˆÏܲ !§ˆÏöüy !öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà ÌyܲˆÏ°Äñ
ï˛y çö!≤ÃÎ˚ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓöy ܲüñ ~üöܲ# ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢=!°ˆÏï˛Ä– ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!û˛Ü˛
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ˆê˛:ê˛ xyˆÏòÔ xyÓ˚yüòyÎ˚ܲ öÎ˚– ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ò¢≈ܲˆÏÜ˛Ä í˛z_ƒ_´ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
xƒy§y•z°yˆÏüÓ˚ Óî≈öy ܲöˆÏ§öˆÏê˛Δ¢ö ܲƒy¡õ=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ~ˆÏö ˆòÎ˚ üˆÏö– ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ
!öü≈ü ~ܲçö ˆ°áܲ üˆÏö •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ ~•z xƒy§y•z°yüÈÙÙÙÈ ~ܲòy ~!ê˛
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyà°y àyÓ˚ò !åÈ°– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §Çe´üˆÏîÓ˚ û˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ö!ŸåÈo !öÓ˚y˛õ_yÎ˚ ü%ˆÏí˛¸ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈ
ï˛yˆÏܲ– xˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ §Çáƒy Îï˛ ÓyˆÏí˛¸ñ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓfliy ï˛ï˛•z áyÓ˚y˛õ •Î˚– áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ âyê˛!ï˛ ˆòáy
ˆòÎ˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z áyòƒ !åÈöï˛y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆöÎ˚ñ xöƒˆÏòÓ˚ «%˛ôyï≈˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •Î˚– !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
ÓƒÓfliy ˆö•z– Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xö%ü!ï˛ ˆö•z– ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° =!° ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆüˆÏÓ˚
ˆú˛°y •ˆÏFåÈ– Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛˛õ,!ÌÓ# ˆÌˆÏÜ˛Ä û˛Î˚yöܲ §Ó áÓÓ˚ xy§ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ ˛õy•z°ê˛ •ë˛yÍ ò,!‹T¢!_´
•y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛°yÎ˚ !Óüyö xyåȈÏí˛¸ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ñ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ày!í˛¸ ò%â≈ê˛öy âê˛ˆÏåÈ–
í˛y_´yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ flf#Ó˚ ˆöï,˛ˆÏc ï˛yÓ˚y Îáö xƒy§y•z°yü ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§ñ
ˆ§áyöܲyÓ˚ Óî≈öyÄ öyÓ˚ܲ#Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈx¶˛ öyà!Ó˚ܲÓ˚y ˛õ÷Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y üyÓ˚yüy!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆåÏ Èñ ˆáy°y ü,ï˛ˆÏò•
˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏåÈ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ܲyܲ ~ÓÇ Ü%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ áyòƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ày!í˛¸=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ üÓ˚ˆÏã˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈñ
ˆòyܲyö=ˆÏ°y °%ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈñ §Ó≈e üÎ˚°y xyÓ˚ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈– ~•z Óî≈öy !ܲ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
!öåÈܲ !ö¤%˛Ó˚ï˛y⁄ ˆüyˆÏê˛•z ï˛y öÎ˚– §üyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆû˛ˆÏä ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ~=ˆÏ°y•z ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ !öò¢≈öÈÙÙÙÈ
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆÎ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛yÎ˚ §!ӈϢ£Ï =Ó˚&c !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲö– xyÓç≈öyÓ˚ ~•z ˆçyÎ˚yÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ xy§ˆÏ°
Ó˚*˛õܲ– Ó˚*˛õܲ ˛Ü˛y!•!öÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ xy˛õöyÓ˚ !ܲ xˆÏöܲ !ܲå%È Ó°yÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ˛õyë˛Ü˛⁄
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !ö¤%˛Ó˚ ˆ°áܲ öö– xhsˇï˛ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !ö¤%˛Ó˚ !ï˛!ö öö– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§
~ܲ!ê˛ ò,¢ƒ ï˛y ≤Ãüyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– í˛y_´yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ flf# Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ÄÎ˚yˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛
•ë˛yÍ ÌüˆÏܲ Îyö– !ï˛!ö ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyöÈÙÙÙÈöyñ x¶˛ â,îy öÎ˚ñ x¶˛ ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ ò,¢ƒ– öÓyàï˛
~ܲçö x¶˛ ï˛Ó˚&î ~ÓÇ öÓyàï˛y ~ܲçö x¶˛ ï˛Ó˚&î# §Çàü ܲÓ˚ˆåÏ È– !ÓåÈyöy ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õyÎ˚!ö–
ï˛yÓ˚y ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ xƒy§y•z°yˆÏüÓ˚ ˆüˆÏé˛Ó˚ xyÓç≈öyÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y Ü%˛!hflÏ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈ– ~ܲçö
 §yòy x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ñ ܲyˆÏ°y x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚....~ÓÇ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày † 159
xyˆÏÓ˚ܲçˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ĈÏë˛!ö– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~ܲçˆÏöÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲçˆÏöÓ˚ •yï˛–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày xö%üyö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ~•z ˆ≤Ã!üܲÎ%à° •Î˚ˆÏï˛y !§ˆÏöüy ˆòáˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ ˆ§áyˆÏö•z
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yá ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚– xÌÓy ˆÜ˛yöÄ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ §üy˛õï˛ö ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~áyˆÏö !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y !ã˛ˆÏö !ö° ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ⁄ÈÙÙÙÈ‘‘Good heavens, by their
voices, of course, it is not only the voice of blood that needs no eyes,
love, which people say is blind, also has a voice of its own.’’
~•z ò,¢ƒ ˆû˛y°yÓ˚ öÎ˚– ~ÓÇ....üˆÏö •Î˚ í˛y_´yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ flf#Ó˚ ˆã˛yá ˆÎ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚!öñ ~•z ò,¢ƒ
ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˜Ü˛!ú˛Î˚ï˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛yá !òˆÏÎ˚•z ˆï˛y xyüÓ˚y ~•z fl∫à#≈Î˚ ˜üÌ%ö ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õ°yü–
{ŸªÓ˚ ˆÎüö üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ ˆã˛yá !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §,!‹T ˆòáyÓ˚ çöƒ....§yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆÓˆÏåÈ !öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö
í˛y_´yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ flf#Ó˚ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y ˆã˛yá– ˆã˛yá ÌyܲˆÏï˛•z •ï˛– öy •ˆÏ° x¶˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyê˛y•z ÌyˆÏܲ
öyñ ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲ⁄ öÓ˚ܲ öy ÌyܲˆÏ° fl∫à≈Ä ÌyˆÏܲ öy–
ˆÎüö üÎ˚°y öy ÌyܲˆÏ° ÷k˛ï˛yÄ ÌyˆÏܲ öy– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ x§•ö#Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ â,îy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓç≈öyˆÏܲ â,îy ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ cˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ çˆÏü Ìyܲy üÎ˚°yÓ˚ xyhflÏÓ˚î!ê˛ˆÏܲ
â,îy ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ã˛!Ó˚e=!° •y•z!çˆÏöÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ öÎ˚ñ xy§ˆÏ° ˛õ!Óeï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏåÈ–
§yòy x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ í%˛ˆÏÓ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛Ä ï˛yÓ˚y xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ã˛y•zˆåÏ È Ü˛yˆÏ°y x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛....xyd§ü˛õ≈î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öy ã)˛í˛¸yhsˇ xyÑôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ– ˆ≤Ãü öy ÌyܲˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yöÄ í˛z˛õöƒy§Ä ÌyˆÏܲ öy– ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï
Îáö ≤ÃÓ° Ó,!‹T öyˆÏüÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚y fl¨yˆÏöÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà ˛õyÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ày ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ày âˆÏ§ âˆÏ§ §yú˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚– ü%!_´ ~ÓÇ ÷k˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zÕ‘y§ ÷Ó˚& •Î˚– ÷Ó˚& •Î˚
¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ~ÓÇ xydyÓ˚ ˆü°Ó¶˛ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zͧÓÈÙÙÙÈ‘‘They can not imagine that there are
moreover three naked women out there, as naked as when they came into
the world, they seem to be mad, they must be mad, people in their right
mind do not start washing on a balcony exposed to the view of the
neighbourhood, even less looking like that....perhaps we have judged them
wrongly or perhaps we are unable to see this the most beautiful and
glorious thing that has happened in the history of the city, a sheet of
foam flows from the floor of the balcony, if only I could go with it,
falling interminably, clean, purified, naked.’’ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ñ ˆÎyà !òˆÏï˛ !ܲ •zˆFÏ åÈ Ü˛Ó˚ˆåÏ È⁄
ö@¿ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z fl∫à#≈Î˚ í˛zò‰Îy˛õö....~ܲçö ò%Ó≈° ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y üyòˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈Ó!§ï˛
•ï˛– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö ï˛yÓ˚ xyÿ˛Î≈ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ñ Îy •zLjÏÓ˚!ç xö%ÓyˆÏòÄ
ôÓ˚y !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ xö%˛õü •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏåÈ– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ §ˆÏD !öˆÏçˆÏܲ §•zˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏï˛
•Î˚– ≤ÃÌü ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ,¤˛yÎ˚ xöû˛ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ çöƒ ~ܲê%˛ x§%!Óôy •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎüö x§%!Óôy
xy˛õöyÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ç#Óöyö® òy¢ Óy ܲü°Ü%˛üyÓ˚ üç%üòyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àòƒ ≤ÃÌüÓyÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛
Ó§ˆÏ°– ˛õ)î≈ˆÏFåÈò á%Ó ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö öy §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyñ ܲüy ˆÓ!¢ ˛õåÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ú˛ˆÏ°
x!ôܲyÇ¢ Óyܲƒ á%Ó ò#â≈ •Î˚ñ Ÿªy§ xyê˛ˆÏܲ xyˆÏ§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆ¢yöyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°– í˛zk,˛!ï˛ !ã˛•´Ä
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yö öy §Ç°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ú˛ˆÏ° ã˛!Ó˚e =!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~üöܲ#
§Ç°y˛õ ˆÎ Ó°y •ˆÏFåÈ ˆ§ê˛yÄ §•§y ˆÓyé˛y ÎyÎ˚ öy– ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏòÓ˚ öyü Ó˚yáy •Î˚!ö– !ܲv
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ ¢öy_´ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆÎüö ÚܲyˆÏ°y ã˛¢üy ˛õÓ˚y ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ÛÈÙÙÙÈï˛y Óƒyç›!ï˛Ó˚
!öò¢≈ö– Î!ï˛!ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ xû˛yÓ ˆï˛y xyˆÏåÈ•zñ !e´Î˚yÓ˚ ܲy° ~ÓÇ Ü˛ï≈˛yÄ âöâö ÓòˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ÓyˆÏܲƒ– ܲáöÄ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ ˆflÀyï˛ñ ܲáöÄ ˆâyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ü%á# Óî≈öy–
ò#â≈ xö%ˆFÏ åÈò=!° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Äçö§• öyˆÏü– ~ܲ xyÿ˛Î≈ û˛y£Ïyñ ~ÓÇ Ó˚&k˛Ÿªy§ !ÓÓÓ˚îÈÙÙÙÈüˆÏö
160 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
•Î˚ ˆÎö ¢•Ó˚ê˛yÎ˚ å%ȈÏê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°!åÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ ~ÓÇ fliy˛õï˛ƒ=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyˆÏï˛ û%˛ˆÏ°
Îy!FåÈñ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲÓyÓ˚ ~•z ˛õˆÏÌ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ–
!ܲv ~•z x¶˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ܲy!•!ö ˆÜ˛ö⁄ !öåÈܲ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ⁄ Ó˚*˛õܲ⁄ xÓ¢ƒ•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !ܲå%È–
Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ö öy ÚÓ˚_´Ü˛Ó˚Ó#ÛÈÙÈˆÜ˛ Ó˚*˛õܲ Ó°y ˆ•yܲ– ӈϰ!åȈϰöñ ÚÚ~•z ܲy!•!ö!ê˛
§ï˛ƒü)°Ü˛–ÛÛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày xöƒ !ܲå%È Ó°ˆÏÓö ӈϰ üˆÏö •Î˚ öy– í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ã˛!Ó˚e
~•z x¶˛cˆÏܲ !öˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ܲv x¶˛c!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î ˆÜ˛í˛z çyöˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– í˛y_´yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xƒy˛õyê≈˛ˆÏüˆÏrê˛ Îáö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲçö xû˛yày üyö%£Ï
ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåÈyê˛ §%á ~ÓÇ ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ ï%˛FåÈ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î=ˆÏ°y û˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈüö%£Ïƒc ~ÓÇ
˛õy¢!Óܲï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏû˛ò flõ‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ñ xyüÓ˚y Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ §û˛ƒï˛y ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰñ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Ü˛ï˛ xö%àï˛– Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ §yòy x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏ°y x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆû˛ò–
ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏ°Ä Ó˚*˛õܲ ˆï˛y ÓˆÏê˛•z–
í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x¶˛c ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ °â% •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– í˛y_´yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ flf# ˆÌˆÏܲ Îyö
~ܲüye ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ò¢#≈– !ï˛!ö ӈϰöñ ‘‘Why did we become blind, I don’t know,
perhaps one day we’ll find out, Do you want me to tell you what I think,
Yes, do, I do’nt think we did go blind, I think we are blind, Blind but
seeing, Blind people who can see, but do not see.’’ Ó°y•z Óy‡°ƒñ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
fl∫Î˚Ç ~áyˆÏö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ˆÏܲ Ó˚*˛õܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ≤Ã!ï˛ ò%!ê˛
¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ !öÉ¢ˆÏ∑ !üˆÏ¢ xyˆÏåÈ x¶˛ ˜fl∫Ó˚yã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ û˛Î˚ñ x¶˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ û˛Î˚....ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ
ü%áÓ˚ •Î˚ öyñ ˆfl‘yàyö ˆòÎ˚ öy– ï%˛FåÈ ï%˛FåÈ üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ï%˛FåÈ ˛õy˛õ=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ å%ÈˆÑ ÎÏ ˚ Îyö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyñ
Óí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ö ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ â%!üˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy Ó#Ó˚cˆÏܲ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛zßy¨ !§Ü˛ï˛yñ x§)Îy˚ ñ !ÓˆÏm£ÏÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õˆÏí˛¸ öy– ï˛ˆÏÓ üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ ç#Óöyö®
òyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ§•z Ó‡ã˛!ã≈˛ï˛ ˛õä‰!_´=ˆÏ°yÈÙÙÙÈ
xq$ï˛ xÑyôyÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ ~ÈÙÈ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ xyçñ
ÎyÓ˚y x¶˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ xyç ˆã˛yˆÏá òƒyˆÏá ï˛yÓ˚y
~•z üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ≤Ãy§!Dܲï˛y ˆ§•z xˆÏÌ≈ ˆö•z– üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §%ˆÏá•z üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸°– ˆÎüö
üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ô,ï˛Ó˚y‹T…ÈÙÈày¶˛yÓ˚#ˆÏܲ– í˛y_´yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ flf#Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ•zÓ˚ܲü x≤Ãy§!Dܲ
û˛yˆÏÓ– Ú•z!°Î˚yˆÏí˛ÛÈÙÈÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚yü Ó˚yçyˆÏÜ˛Ä ˆï˛y üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ– üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ Ú!Ü˛Ç !°Î˚yÓ˚ÛÈÙÙÙÈ
A man may see how this world goes with no eyes
~•z üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸y=ˆÏ°y ~ܲ§ˆÏD ~ܲê˛y ≤Ãy§!Dܲï˛y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Ó•ö ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ öÎ˚– ܲyˆÏ°y x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆï˛y ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z öÎ˚– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§
~ܲ!ê˛ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚•z ܲy!•!ö– Ó˚§ˆÏÓyôñ üyÎ˚yüüï˛y ~ÓÇ xàyô ܲ“öy !òˆÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
àˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈö ~•z x˛õÓ˚*˛õ xyáƒyö– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛y“!öܲ x§%á ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ç#Óö ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚
Äû˛yÓ˚°ƒy˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ú˛ƒyrê˛y!§ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ê˛yˆÏܲ
¢öy_´ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– çyò% ~ÓÇ ÓyhflÏÓ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆÎö ~ܲyܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ öy– xyöˆÏ®Ó˚ §%ˆÏÓ˚•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚– ~•z xyö® ˆã˛‹TyÜ,˛ï˛ öÎ˚ñ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛
öÎ˚– ~•z xyö® í˛z_Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚– ~•z xyö® í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲÓyÓ˚ñ Óy xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛ˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛ÓyÓ˚ñ
˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ •zFåÈyÓ˚–
ï˛Ìƒ§)e ≠ wikipedia.org

≤Ã!ï˛˛õ«˛ Îáö {ŸªÓ˚
......
}ï˛ü‰ ü%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
‘The history of mankind is the history of our
misunderstandings with God, for he doesn’t understand
us, and we don’t understand him.’
Cain, Chapter : 6, Jose Saramago.
§Ó≈¢!_´üyö ~ܲ ≤Ãû%˛ñ !ï˛!ö {ŸªÓ˚– !Î!ö !ܲöy üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ flÀ‹Ty xÌã˛ ã˛Ó˚ü
{£Ï≈yܲyï˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚ òyÓ˚&î x•ÇܲyÓ˚#– xy!òüyöÓ Ä üyöÓ# xyòü •zû˛ÈÙÈˆÜ˛ fl∫ˆÏà≈Ó˚
ö®ö ܲyöö ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö !ï˛!ö K˛yöÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ú˛° áyÄÎ˚yÓ˚
x˛õÓ˚yˆÏô– xÌã˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%e ˆÜ˛•zöÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ºyï,˛•ï˛ƒyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ã)˛í˛¸yhsˇ x˛õÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚
!Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Î%!_´çyˆÏ° ÌüˆÏܲ òÑyí˛¸yö– ~ܲ xq$ï˛ ˆày˛õö
ã%˛!_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö !ï˛!ö– ˆÜ˛•zö xüÓ˚c ˛õyÎ˚ñ !ܲv xyç#Óö ˆú˛Ó˚y!Ó˚ xy§y!ü Ä
û˛Óâ%ˆÓÏ ˚ •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ– ~•z ˆÜ˛•zöÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãüñ ˆÎÔöï˛y xyÓ˚ xï˛#ï˛ÈÙÈÓï≈˛üyöÈÙÈ
û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°yÓ˚ ܲy!•!öˆÏï˛ ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚ ú%˛ˆÏê˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚#ñ
•*òÎ˚•#öñ áyüˆÏáÎ˚y!° {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãû%˛ˆÏcÓ˚ åÈ!Ó– ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ¢yô !öˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆöyÎ˚yÓ˚
xyÜ≈˛ÈÙÈ~ §Ó ç#!Óï˛ üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛•zö– {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •zFåÈyˆÏܲ ˛õy°ˆÏê˛
ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛üï˛y Ó˚yˆÏá ˆ§– ˆÜ˛•zö xyÓ˚ !öÓ˚&˛õyÎ˚ ˆe´yˆÏô x!fliÓ˚ {ŸªˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Óy܉˛Î%k˛
ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ã˛°ˆÏï˛•z ÌyˆÏܲ xöhsˇÜ˛y°–
ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày S1922ÈÙÈ2010V– 1998ÈÙÈ~ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛
ˆ˛õˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö ~•z ˛õï%˛≈ !àç §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛– ܲÌy§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ çyò%ÈÙÈÓyhflÓÏ ï˛yñ ˛õ%Óy˚ ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ%ö!ö≈üy≈ îñ Ó˚*˛õܲ
~ÓÇ ã˛y˛õy ÓƒˆÏDÓ˚ §ˆÏD !•í˛züyÓ˚ÈÙÈˆÜ˛ !ü!¢ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày xq$ï˛ ò«˛ï˛yÎ˚–
ü)° û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ öy ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°Ä üyà≈yˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ç%° ˆÜ˛yfiê˛yÓ˚ fl∫FåÈ® •zLjÏÓ˚!ç xö%ÓyˆÏò
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ àˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˆüÔ!°Ü˛ï˛y xö%û˛Ó ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ x§%!ÓˆÏô •Î˚ öy– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
à“ ÓˆÏ°ö ~ÓÇ üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ !öˆÏçÄ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Îyö ˆ§•z àˆÏ“Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ– ܲüy xyÓ˚
˛õ)î≈ˆÏFåÈò åÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Î!ï˛!ã˛•´ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö öy !ï˛!ö– ~ܲ•z ÓyˆÏܲƒÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ò%•z
Óƒ!_´Ó˚ í˛z!_´ÈÙÈ≤Ãï%˛ƒ!_´ xq$ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ §yçyö !ï˛!ö xÌã˛ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ §ü§ƒy •Î˚ öy
˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚– ÚÓœy•zu˛ˆÏö§ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ°áܲÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~•z x!hsˇü í˛z˛õöƒy§ ÚˆÜ˛•zöÛ S2009V ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛
!àˆÏÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏöÄ öyöy û˛yÓöy !û˛í˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆòí˛¸ˆ¢Ï y ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ~•z xî%ÈÙÈí˛z˛õöƒy§
{ŸªÓ˚ xyÓ˚ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ñ û%˛° ˆÓyé˛yÓ%!é˛ xyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏӈϰÓ˚ Ä”˛ ˆê˛fiê˛yˆÏüˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ܲy!•!öÓ˚
öÓ!öü≈yˆÏî xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚&k˛Ÿªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ÚˆÜ˛•zöÛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ xyô%!öܲ öy!hflÏܲ xyÓ˚
xydyö%§¶˛yö# üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛û)˛– ˆÎÈÙÈ{ŸªˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §yüˆÏö òÑy!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ~•z ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O å%ȈíÏ ˛¸ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ≠
‘There had to come a day when someone would show you your true face’
(Chapter 13)– !öü≈ü xyÓ˚ £Ïí˛¸Îsf# {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%ˆÏáy¢ !åÈÖˆÏí˛¸ !òˆÏï˛ ã˛yÄÎ˚y •ï˛ƒyܲyÓ˚#
ˆÜ˛•zöÈÙÈˆÜ˛ â,îy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò# §_yÓ˚ ~ܲ xhsˇÓ˚D fl∫Ó˚*˛õ üˆÏö •ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ–
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 11
162 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
2
çyü≈yö òy¢≈!öܲ !öˆÏã˛ (Nietzsche) ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÚçÓ˚yÌ%flT… ~•zÓ˚*˛õ ӈϰ!åȈϰöÛ S1883ÈÙÈ85V
@ˇÃˆÏsi !°ˆÏá!åȈϰö ≠ Ú!ö¤%˛Ó˚ï˛ü !¢Ü˛y!Ó˚ñ†xˆÏã˛öy ï%˛!ü {ŸªÓ˚Û S§%Ó˚!çÍ òy¢=Æ xö)!òï˛V
{ŸªÓ˚ˆÏܲ •ï˛ƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ!åȈϰö çÓ˚yÌ%flT…– ï˛yÓ˚Ä xyˆÏà ú˛Ó˚y!§ ܲ!Ó ˆçÓ˚yí≈˛ ˆöû≈˛y°
S1808ÈÈÙÈ1855V {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰö (God is dead! Heaven is empty—
Weep, children, you no longer have a father)– §¡±!ï˛ Úxyú˛ê˛yÓ˚ !ò ˆí˛Ì xÓ
àí˛Û @ˇÃˆÏsi çyöyˆÏöy •ˆÏFåÈ ≠
Nietzsche says three things about the death of God : 1. We killed
him, 2. Things used to be that way, now they are this way, 3. All
that is left after so many centuries of Christian theory is the Bible—
and you can think of it as Beckett’s Gogo and Didi do in Waiting
for Godot when all that Gogo remembers of the Word of God are
the maps of the Holy Land and the pale blue color of the Dead
Sea he wished he were swimming in.... [2007 : 166]
!Ó¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ öy!hflÏܲÈÙÈx!hflÏÓyò# çÑy ˛õ°‰ §ye≈ñ ܲyü%ƒÈÙÈÄ ~•z ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛õ!Ìܲ– §ye≈ÈÙÈÓ˚
x!hflcÏ Óyò ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hsˇ Úöy!ÌLjÏö§ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ– xyÓ˚ ܲyü%ƒ çyöyöñ xƒyÓ§yí≈˛Óyò# ò¢≈ˆöÏ Ó˚
ܲÌyñ ˆÎáyˆÏö !§!§ú˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ !Óú˛° ܲˆÏü≈Ó˚ !ü̈Ïܲ xyô%!öܲ üyöÓç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~ܲyܲyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyö !ï˛!ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y x!hflÏcÓyò# •ˆÏ°Ä öy!hflÏܲ Ä {ŸªÓ˚ÈÙÈx!ÓŸªy§#–
xyÓ˚ ˆ•ˆÏà°ñ !ܲˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÜ≈˛àyò≈ñ ܲy°≈ Î˚ƒy¡õy§≈ñ àƒy!Ó ˆÏÎ˚° üyˆÏ§≈° ≤Ãü%á xyÓyÓ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ Óy
˛õÓ˚ü§_y çyï˛#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥ !ÓŸªy§#– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ÚxƒyÓ§!°í˛zê˛ û˛yÓÓyòÛ xyÓ˚ !ܲˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÜ≈˛àyò≈
çyöyˆÏFåÈö {ŸªÓ˚ öyˆÏü ~ܲ x˛õÓ˚ §_yÓ˚ ܲÌy– !ÓˆÏò!¢ §üyˆÏ°yã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ ≠
He was equally critical of the Hegelian belief that God is an
inherent part of human society and social morality. Kierkegaard
saw God as being ‘absolute different’ or ‘wholly other’—that which
any human institution or achievement can never capture.
[Kierkegaard/Watts, 2007 : 133]
xyÓyÓ˚ §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° !Ó˚ã˛yí≈˛ í˛!ܲ™ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !ò àí˛ ˆí˛!°í˛z¢ö‰ ï˛Ìy {ŸªÓ˚ ≤ÃÓM˛Èöy S2006V
@ˇÃsi ˛õyˆÏë˛ xyüÓ˚y !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢Ä ôü≈ñ !ÓK˛yö xyÓ˚ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ xï˛ƒy@ˇÃ• °«˛ ܲ!Ó˚–
§ühflÏ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xö%û˛Ó ≠ We can give up belief in God while not
losing touch with a treasured heritage. (2006 : 387)–
ÈxyÓ˚ ~•z ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ üyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá•z 2009 §yˆÏ° ˆ°áy §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ x!hsˇü í˛z˛õöƒy§
ÚˆÜ˛•zöÛÈÙÈˆÜ˛ xyüÓ˚y ˛õí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ Ìy!ܲ– ˆÎ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛•z çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãû˛% öyüyhsˇˆÓÏ ˚ {ŸªˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
§ˆÏD xyòüÈÙÈ•zû˛ÈÙÈˆÜ˛ Óyܲƒ !òˆÏï˛ û%˛ˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚y {ŸªÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ û˛y£Ïy ˆòöñ ˆ§•z !ï˛!ö•z
K˛yöÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ú˛° áyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ö®ö ܲyöö ˆÌˆÏܲ !öÓ≈y!§ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ~•z ≤ÃÌü
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày xq$ï˛ !ܲå%È Î%!_´ Ä ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ xÓï˛yÓ˚îy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ˆÎüö ≠
1. xyòüÈÙÈ•zˆÏû˛Ó˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ §hsˇyö çß√yˆÏöyÓ˚ çöƒ §üÎ˚ ˆ°ˆÏà!åÈ° ~ܲˆÏ¢y !ï˛!Ó˚¢
ÓåÈÓ˚– x˜ÏôÎ≈ ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ ˆ°áܲ çyöyö ≠ It must be pointed out
to our more impatient readers, first, that fiat was given once
and once and once only, second, that men and women are not
 ≤Ã!ï˛˛õ«˛ Îáö {ŸªÓ˚ † 163
sausage machines, and third, that hormones are very complicated
things, they can’t just be produced from one day to next, nor
can they be found in pharmacies or supermarkets, you have to
let matters take their course. [Chapter 1]
2. K˛yöÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ú˛° áyÄÎ˚y xy§ˆÏ° üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•°# ≤ÃÓ,!_Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢– !ܲv
ˆ§•z û˛yˆÏ°y xyÓ˚ üˆÏ®Ó˚ K˛yˆÏö !ܲ ~ܲy•z {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚⁄ ˆ§•z ≤ß¿ çyˆÏà
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏöñ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ˆ§ê˛y•z í˛z§ˆÏܲ ˆòö– ~üöܲ# ˆÜ˛ö ˆ§•z
xyˆÏ˛õ°àyåÈ!ê˛ˆÏܲ {ŸªÓ˚ !âˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏ°ö öy ˆÜ˛ö xÌÓy ˆÜ˛ö•z Óy ˆ§•z àyåÈ
˛õÑ%ï˛ˆÏ°ö ĈÏòÓ˚ öyàyˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒó {ŸªÓ˚ xyòüÈÙÈ•zˆÏû˛Ó˚ !¢÷§%°û˛ ö@¿ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
ˆÜ˛ö•z Óy ˆfl¨•y¶˛ !˛õï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y í˛zòy§#ö⁄
xyô%!öܲ ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆã˛yá !òˆÏÎ˚ ~•z Óy•zˆÏÓ°#Î˚ ܲy!•!öÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ öyöyÓ˚ܲü §Ç¢Î˚# ≤ß¿ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲö !ï˛!ö– !Óo*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ Î!òÄ ~ܲê˛y üçy !ü!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòö– K˛yöÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ú˛° áyÄÎ˚y
xyòü •zˆÏû˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ òyÎ˚ ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ§•z üsfîyòyï˛y §y˛õ!ê˛Ó˚ ܲÌy •zû˛ ӈϰ–
~ÓÇ ˆ§ê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ ~üö•z çyöyÎ˚– {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !öˆÏò≈ˆÏ¢ !öÓ≈y§ö ~ÓÇ §%á# ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §üy!Æ
âˆÏê˛– ¢yŸªï˛ ç#Óö xyÓ˚ K˛yö# •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÌ üyö%£Ï ˛õyܲñ ï˛y ã˛yö öy §Ó≈¢!_´üyö–
Î!òÄ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ö®ö ܲyöˆÏö !öˆÏÎ˚y!çï ˆòÓò)ï˛!ê˛ xƒyˆÏç°ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ •zˆÏû˛Ó˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚# ≤Èϰyû˛ˆÏö
§yí˛¸y !òˆÏÎ˚ ÓyàyˆÏöÓ˚ ú˛° ˆòÄÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ ≤ÃÌü ˆÎÔö {£Ï≈y– ÎyÓ˚ çß√ xyòˆÏüÓ˚
üˆÏö– âê˛öy≤ÃÓy• ~ˆÏàyÎ˚ !ï˛ö §hsˇyˆÏöÓ˚ çß√ ˆòÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ≠ ˆÜ˛•zöñ xƒyˆÏÓ° xyÓ˚ ˆ§Ì–
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ܲy!•!öÓ˚ öyÎ˚ܲ ~•z ˆÜ˛•zö– xyòˆÏï˛ ˆÎ !öɧD öyÎ˚ܲ– ˆÜ˛•zö ~ÓÇ xƒyˆÏÓ°
{ŸªÓ˚ˆÏܲ üyǧ xyÓ˚ ¢§ƒ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §ÆyˆÏ• {ŸªÓ˚ xƒyˆÏӈϰÓ˚ òyö ˆöö !ܲv
ˆÜ˛•zöÈÙÈˆÜ˛ !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòö– xƒyˆÏÓ° ï˛yˆÏܲ !Óo*˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ«˛yˆÏû˛ Ó˚yˆÏà {ŸªÓ˚ÈÙÈˆÜ˛ üyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ öy
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ û˛y•zÈÙÈˆÜ˛ •ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛•zö– !ӈϟªÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü âyï˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛•zö– {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& •Î˚–
!ܲv ˆÜ˛•zö ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ•z òyÎ˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z xÓfliyÓ˚ çöƒ– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ӈϰ üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ •zFåÈyÓ˚ fl∫yô#öï˛yÓ˚
ܲÌyÄ– {ŸªÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Î%!_´Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ •yÓ˚ ˆüˆÏö ˆày˛õö ã%˛!_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ≠ ˆÜ˛•zˆÏöÓ˚ ܲ˛õyˆÏ° ~шÏܲ
ˆòö ~ܲ ܲyˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ !ã˛•´ñ Îy ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ã˛•´yÎ˚ܲ ~ÓÇ xüÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ÓÓ˚ ˆòö ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
~Ä ˆây!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛•zö •ˆÏÓ ˆú˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ä û˛Óâ%ˆÏÓ˚– ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ ˆÜ˛•zˆÏöÓ˚ xyàyü# ç#Óö–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày çy!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆòö ≠
Cain has already given his answer by killing abel because he could
not kill the lord. Things do not augur well for the future life of
this man. [Chapter 3]
3 ï˛yˆÏܲ ü•y≤’yÓˆÏö û˛y!§ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ •zFåÈy ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ≤Ãû%˛– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° ≤Ãyî≤ÃÓy•
ˆÜ˛•zˆÏöÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏö xï˛#ï˛ÈÙÈÓï≈˛üyö xyÓ˚ û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ !üˆÏ°!üˆÏ¢ ÎyÎ˚– xƒyˆÏÓ° åÈpöyˆÏüñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
fl∫öyˆÏü ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ¢Ó˚#Ó˚# §Ç§à≈ öí˛ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ܲyü%ܲ Ó˚üî# !°!°ˆÏÌÓ˚ §ˆÏD– ~öá öyˆÏü
~ܲ §hsˇyö çß√yÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚– !°!°ˆÏÌÓ˚ fl∫yü# ˆöyÎ˚y ˆÜ˛•zöÈÙÈˆÜ˛ ˆ°yܲ °y!àˆÏÎ˚ üyÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎÄ
˚ ˆöyÎ˚y– ≤ÃçöˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yˆÏܲ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚ ˛õy¢!Óܲ Ä •*òÎ˚•#ö ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö
ÓƒÌ≈ •ö– ˆ§•z x˛õÓ˚yô#ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y!hflÏ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ àyôyÈÙÈˆÜ˛ §D# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛•zö ˛õˆÏÌ öyˆÏü–
Ä”˛ ˆê˛fiê˛yˆÏüˆÏrê˛ Ó!î≈ï˛ ≤Ãôyö âê˛öy=!° ~áyˆÏö !öˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y §y!çˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ≠
164 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
~Ó y•yüÈÙÈxy•zçƒyܲñ ˆ§yˆÏí˛yü Ä ˆàyˆÏüÓ˚yñ ˆçyˆÏ§ˆÏú˛Ó˚ à“ñ fl∫î≈ Óyå%ÈÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ ÓyˆÏӈϰÓ˚
xyܲy¢ã%˛¡∫# ≤Ãy§yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õï˛öñ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ û˛y£Ïy ÓòˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò– xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z§Ó âê˛öyÓ˚
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ï˛yÓ˚ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öyÄ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛•zö– {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !öˆÏÓ!òï˛ çˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD ã%˛!_´ üˆÏï˛y ¢Î˚ï˛yˆÏöÓ˚ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈˆÜ˛ Îï˛•z üD°üÎ˚ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •zFåÈy ӈϰ çÓ
!ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚&ö öy ˆÜ˛öñ ˆÜ˛•zö ï˛y ˆüˆÏö !öˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ!˚ ö– çˆÏÓÓ˚ flf#Ó˚Ä üˆÏö •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È ¢Î˚ï˛yˆÏöÓ˚
öyˆÏü {ŸªÓ˚ áyÓ˚y˛õ ܲyç=!° ܲÓ˚yö !öˆÏçÓ˚ û˛yÓü)!ï≈˛ fl∫FåÈ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çöƒ– ܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ
ܲy°yhsˇˆÓÏ ˚ xÓ°#°yÎ˚ ºüî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y ˆÜ˛•zö ܲáöÄ xyÓ y•yüÈÙÈˆÜ˛ {ŸªˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !öˆÏçÓ˚
˛õ%eÈÙÈˆÜ˛ Ó!° ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓÑyã˛yÎ˚ ܲáöÄ Óy §ˆÏí˛yü öàÓ˚#Ó˚ ôùǧ°#°y ˆòˆÏá
§üyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚– °«˛î#Î˚ñ ˆÜ˛•zˆÏöÓ˚ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ fl∫û˛yÓ !ܲv §Çe´y!üï˛ •Î˚
ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒÄ– •zÎ˚y•z {ŸªˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãy!îï˛ çˆÏÓÓ˚ flf#ñ xyÓ y•yˆÏüÓ˚ ˛õ%e
!ܲÇÓy !•Ó &û˛y£Ï# fl∫à≈ˆÏåÈÑyÎ˚y ≤Ãy§yò!öü≈yï˛y üyö%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≠
His great fault is jealousy, instead of being proud of his children,
he succumbed to envy, and he obviously can’t bear to see anyone
happy. [Chapter 6]
4
û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy ˆÜ˛•zö– !°!°ˆÏÌÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !mï˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ§ ӈϰ ≠ No
one can be in the future, Then don’t let’s call it the future, let’s call it
another present or other presents’ [Chapter 10]– 1926ÈÙÈ~ xyüÓ˚y ÷ˆÏö!åÈ°yü
Ó˚Ó#wöyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÚÓ˚_´Ü˛Ó˚Ó#ÛÓ˚ §ò≈yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%á !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ ühsˇÓƒ ≠ Ú˛õ%Ó˚yî ӈϰ !ܲå%È ˆö•z–
Óï≈˛üyö ܲy°ê˛y•z ˆÜ˛Ó° ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈÛ xyÓ˚ ~!°Î˚ê˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÚÓyö≈ê˛ öê≈˛öÛ S1936VÈÙÈ~
çyöyˆÏ°ö ≠
Time present and time past
Are both perhaps present in time future,
And time future contained in time past.
If all time is eternally present
All time is unredeemable.
ˆÜ˛•zˆÏöÓ˚ Îyey˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ xyö®àyö Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ öy ˆÜ˛yöÄ– ç÷Î˚y Ä ˆüyˆÏçˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆòáy
•ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xÎy!ã˛ï˛ Î%ˆÏk˛ ¢y!ü° •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏܲ– •ï˛ƒyñ !•Ç§y •yöy•y!öüÎ˚ ~•z
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •zFåÈyˆÏï˛•z §Ó âˆÏê˛ ˆÜ˛•zö ˆ§ÈÙÈܲÌy çyˆÏö– {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲ!ÓcˆÏÓyô xyˆÏåÈ
ÓˆÏ°Ä üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy ˆ§– ï˛Ó% !öˆÏçÓ˚•z §,!‹T ܲÓ˚y ˆ§•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ ˛õy˛õ˛õ)î≈ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ òy!Î˚c ˛õyö ˆöyÎ˚y Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚– ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆòÓò)ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚
!ÓÓ˚yê˛ çy•yç– ˆ§ çy•yˆÏç ˆÜ˛•zö §D# •Î˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚– ˆöyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ%eÓô) Ä flf#Ó˚ §ˆÏDÄ ˆÎÔö
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !°Æ •Î˚ ˆ§ñ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §¡ø!ï˛e´ˆÏü– ï˛ò%˛õ!Ó˚ ~Ä {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !öˆÏò≈ˆÏ¢•z ˆüˆÏö ˆöÎ˚
~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§– !ܲv ˆÜ˛•zö {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ üô%Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ¢yô ˆöÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚ ˆ§•z
≤’yÓö ã˛°yܲy°#ö ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏöy çy•yˆÏç ˆÌˆÏܲ•z– ~ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲ §Ó ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï Ä öyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
 ≤Ã!ï˛˛õ«˛ Îáö {ŸªÓ˚ † 165 166 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ˆ§– §Ó Ó%ˆÏé˛ x§•yÎ˚ ˆöyÎ˚y {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ x˛õÓ˚yô# •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÓòöyÎ˚ xyÓ˚ Óyäy!° ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá üy!öˆÏܲÓ˚ Ú˛õpyöò#Ó˚ üy!é˛ÛÓ˚ û˛o˛õ!Õ‘Ó˚ Óy!§®y í˛zòy§#ö
xyd•ï˛ƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛•zˆÏöÓ˚ÈÙÈ•z ≤ÈÏÓ˚yã˛öyÎ˚– fli°û)˛!üˆÏï˛ çy•yç ˆ˛õÑÔåȈϰ ˆÓшÏã˛ {ŸªÓ˚ !ܲÇÓy ç#Óöyö® òy¢ ˆ°ˆÏáö Úüyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ˆ§ xˆÏöܲ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ xyˆÏà†{ŸªÓ˚
Ìyܲy ˛õ÷Ó˚ ò° ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛•zö– öyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï•#ö ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl<!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈï˛Ó% üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ fl∫û˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ àû˛#Ó˚ï˛y xyˆÏåȆˆ≤Ãü ã˛yÎ˚ñ öƒyÎ˚ ã˛yÎ˚ñ K˛yö
§,!‹T≤Ã!e´Î˚yˆÏܲ ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ hflÏ∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ à!Ó≈ï˛– •ï˛ƒyܲyÓ˚# ˆÜ˛•zö xyÓ˚ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÚS~áö ~ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛V– ï˛Ó%Ä {ŸªˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ fl∫Ó*˚ ˛õ çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛yö §%ˆôÏ ®% ü!Õ‘Ü˛ñ xˆÏ°yܲÓ˚Oö
!Óï˛[˛y ÌyˆÏü öy– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ühsˇÓƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ≠ ‘The story though, is over, there ã˛yö Î%k˛Ü˛yï˛Ó˚ §sfhflÏ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ Ó˚&à‰î {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ û˛yÓü)!ï≈˛ ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ñ üy:≈Óyò# ܲ!Ó
will be nothing more to tell’ (Chapter 13)– Ó•üyö §üˆÏÎ˚ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ã˛°y xyáƒyˆÏöÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚&î §yöƒyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ {ŸªÓ˚ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ ܲ“öyñ !ï˛!ö !öˆÏç Úöy!hflψÏܲÓ˚ ˆòÓ#Ó®öyÛ
˛õ!Ó˚§üy!Æ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòö ˆ°áܲ ~•z x÷û˛ ӈϰ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Úˆï˛ˆÏÓ˚yÛ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFåȈÏò•zÊ Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– !ܲv ܲRÓ˚ ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ Ä öy!hflÏܲ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ !öɧD öyÎ˚ܲ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÜ˛•zö ~ܲ!òö •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ !öÎ˚ˆÏüñ ï˛Ó% ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒD!Ók˛ ≤ß¿ñ
5 §üyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ !ï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õ«˛ {ŸªˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛ö !ÓˆÏoy• xyô%!öܲ üˆÏöÓ˚ ˆòƒyï˛Ü˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ü%˛¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ÈÙÈû˛yÓöyÈÙÈˆÜ˛ öï%˛ö û˛yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •z!Dï˛ ˆòÎ˚–
Ú!Î÷!á ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ~ܲyhsˇ §%§üyã˛yÓ˚Û S1991V ˆ°áyÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚yˆÏô ˛õï%≈˛ày° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˆòy£Ï#
§yÓƒhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– !Î÷ ˆ§áyˆÏö !åȈϰö ~ܲ Ó˚_´üyLjϧÓ˚ üyö%£Ï– e%´¢!Ók˛ xÓfliyÎ˚ !ï˛!ö
üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x˛õÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ çöƒ «˛üy ≤ÃyÌ≈öy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– ôü≈≤Ãyîñ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§#
üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ôü≈ˆÏoy!•ï˛yü)°Ü˛ ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÈÙÈˆÜ˛ öyöyû˛yˆÏÓ xye´üˆÏîÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá
ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚– ˆflõˆÏöÓ˚ ܲƒyöy!Ó˚ m#˛õ˛õ%ˆÏO !ï˛!ö ˆÓ¢ !ܲå%È !òö fl∫!öÓ≈y§ö !öˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö–
ˆ§•z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày•z ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z˛õyhsˇƒ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ~ܲ•zÓ˚ܲü û˛yˆÏÓ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö–
{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ £Ïí˛¸Îsf# ü%ˆÏáy¢ á%ˆÏ° ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xD#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yˆÏ°ö ˆÜ˛•zˆÏöÓ˚ ü%á !òˆÏÎ˚– ÚxyçÛ
(uz) ˆòˆÏ¢ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÓò)ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛•zö xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏß√Ó˚ !˛õåȈÏö
xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •zFåÈyˆÏܲñ xyï≈˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ eyî öyÈÙÈܲÓ˚y {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó!ôÓ˚ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ
ÓyhflÏÓ– ~ܲyò¢ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ~üö !ö!‹;˛Î˚ ˆày°ˆÏüˆÏ° {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÌyܲyÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ê˛y•z Óy !ܲñ
~üö ≤ß¿ xöyÎ˚yˆÏ§ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛•zö– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ày!°ˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ≠ Ú~!òˆÏܲ
xy!üÈÙÙÙÈ¢ï˛§•flÀ xyï≈˛öyò†Ä!òˆÏܲ ï%˛!ü ~ܲ ˛õÓ˚ü xyÿ˛Î≈ öy ˆ¢yöyÛ SxyÓ% §Î˚#ò xy•zÎ˚%Ó
xö)!òï˛V– {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ üyö%£Ï üy!åÈÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y !¢÷Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˆá°yÓ˚ ˛õ%ï%˛°ñ (As flies to
wanton boys are we to the gods / Act 4/ sc 1) Ú!Ü˛Ç !°Î˚yÓ˚Û öyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ~•z
í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ !ܲÇÓy Ü%˛Ó˚¢yÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ÚÓ˚ƒyöÛ ã˛°!Fã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ó%k˛ü)!ï≈˛Ó˚ áyˆÏò ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÄÎ˚y ~ܲ
!ö!‹;˛Î˚ !öÓ˚#ŸªÓ˚ û%˛ÓˆÏöÓ˚ åÈ!Ó xÑyˆÏܲÈÙÙÙȧyÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ÚˆÜ˛•zöÛ ~•z§Ó û˛yÓöyÓ˚•z í˛z_Ó˚çyï˛Ü˛–
≤çDï˛ñ •zÇ°ˆÏu˛Ó˚ ày!í≈˛Î˚yö ˛õ!eܲy çyöyÎ˚ ≠
The story of Cain is just as valuable. Augustine built his entire
idea for City of God upon the tale : ‘‘He who inaugurated the
earthly city was a fratricide, for through envy he murdered his
brother, a citizen of the eternal city while a pilgrim on earth.’’
Beckett has Vladimir and Estragon play with the complex identity
of Cain in Waiting for Godot. (Vladimir and Estragon are arguing
about Pozzo’s possible name : ‘‘We might try him with other
names,’’ suggests Estragon. ‘‘Abel! Abel!’’ he calls. Pozzo cries }î fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ≠ CAIN, Jose Saramago, Vintage books, 2012, London.
out in response, ‘‘Help!’’ Then Estragon tries another name : ‘‘Cain!
Cain!’’ he cries. ‘‘Help!’’ says Pozzo. ‘‘He’s all mankind,’’ concludes
Estragon.) Lars Gyllensten, the great Swedish novelist, published
his Testament of Cain in 1963. And Jeffrey Archer wrote Kane
and Abel (1979) [July 15, 2011]

Ó˚yçܲ#Î˚ •hflÏ#Ó˚ °#°y!Î˚ï˛ ã˛°ö
......
xö%§)Î˚y ü%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
§üÎ˚ê˛y 1551ñ x!flTÎ… y˚ Ó˚ xyã≈˛!í˛í˛zܲ üƒy!:!ü°yˆÏöÓ˚ !ÓÓyˆÏ• ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚yçy ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆí˛yü
ˆçyÎ˚yÄÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎÔï%˛Ü˛fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ •y!ï˛ !°§Óö ˆÌˆÏܲ !û˛ˆÏÎ˚öyÓ˚˛ ˛õˆÏÌ Îyey
ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˛õÑyã˛ ¢ï˛y∑# ˛õyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛õï%≈˛!àç ˆöyˆÏÓ° !ÓçÎ˚# ˆ°áܲ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
§y°ç‰ÓyˆÏàÓ≈ ˚ ˆÎ ˆÓ˚ˆhÏ flyÏ ÓÑ̊y!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˜ö¢ xy•yÓ˚ §yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !àˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ°
Ï öñ ï˛yÓ˚ öyü Úòƒ ~!°ú˛ƒyrê˛Û
xyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏhflÏÑyÓ˚y!ê˛Ó˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y° ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåÈyê˛ ºüîÓ˚ï˛ •y!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ û˛yflÒˆÏÎ≈ §!Iï˛ !åÈ°
~ÓÇ ~áyˆÏö•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!üܲ û˛yÓöyÓ˚ §)ã˛öy •Î˚– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ í˛z˛õfliy˛õöyÎ˚
˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ •y!ï˛!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§c •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ñ fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ ˆÓyôÓ%!k˛ ~ÓÇ
ç!ê˛° §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏ벖 ú˛°fl∫Ó˚*˛õ §ˆÏ°yüö öyˆÏüÓ˚ •y!ï˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ܲê%˛
í˛zFã˛üyˆÏà≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y çyöyˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xyã≈˛!í˛í˛zˆÏܲÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ §yüˆÏö Óyï˛Ü˛ü≈ ܲÓ˚y !ܲÇÓy
â^ˇê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ â^ˇê˛y â%üyˆÏöyÓ˚ xˆÏû˛ƒ§ SˆÎÈÙÈçyï˛#Î˚ âê˛öyÓ˚ Óî≈öyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ° ÎyeyÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyáƒyöÄ
ˆÌˆÏü ÌyˆÏܲV §ˆÏ_¥Ä §yü!@ˇÃܲû˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓ¢ fl∫FåÈ® üˆÏö •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ– ܲyÓ˚Ä Ü˛yÓ˚Ä !ÓŸªy§
§!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏ°yüö ˆÓ¢ xq$ï˛Ó˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ Ó,•Í ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ !åÈ°– !ܲv ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§ •y!ï˛Ó˚
üöhflÏ_¥ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ӈϢ£Ï !öÓ¶˛ öÎ˚ó ÓÓ˚Ç ~áyˆÏö §%flõ‹Tû˛yˆÏÓ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
üyöÓ ã˛!Ó˚e!ã˛eˆÏîñ ˆÎ ã˛!Ó˚e=!° §ˆÏ°yüˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˛õy°ˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏåÈñ ˆÜ˛í˛z Óy
x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏåÈ–
§ˆÏ°yüö !ã˛Ó˚ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !°Ó§ö öàÓ˚# ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyˆÏÓ ~•z !§k˛yhsˇ ˛õyܲy •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ü%•)ï≈˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ §)ã˛öy– ~üöܲ# Ó˚yçy ˆí˛yü ˆçyÎ˚yÄÈÙÈ~Ó˚ flf# ˆí˛yöy ܲƒyê˛y!Ó˚öyñ
!Î!ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ fl∫yü#ˆÏܲ ˆ°öˆÏòöܲyÓ˚# òƈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓyé˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy •y!ï˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚
ÓyhflψÏÓy!ã˛ï˛ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢ !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰöñ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ã)˛í˛¸yhsˇ !môy!Óû˛_´ !ã˛_ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– •ë˛yÍ•z Ó˚y!ö
xö%û˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ˆÎ !ï˛!ö •y!ï˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏï˛ !òˆÏï˛ ã˛yö öy– ڕуyñ xyüÓ˚y xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ •yï˛ ô%ˆÏÎ˚
ˆú˛°Óñ Ó˚y!ö ~•zܲÌy ӈϰö !ë˛Ü˛•zñ !ܲv ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üˆÏöÓ˚ àû˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏö ò%!ê˛ §_yÓ˚ m®μ
ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆ§áyˆÏö !ܲv §ˆÏ°yüöˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ xyàvܲˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛_¥yÓôyˆÏö ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚
!ã˛hsˇy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyܲ!fløܲ !Ó£Ï]ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ çß√ ˆòÎ˚–Û ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Óy!ܲ xLjϢÄ
§ˆÏ°yüö ï˛yÓ˚ û)˛!üܲy ˛õy°ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈx!ã˛!•´ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z x≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ !Ó!ã˛e
ˆ§•z§Ó xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ åÈp≤ÃFåÈòÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ Îï˛«˛î öy §ˆÏ°yüö ˆ§=!°ˆÏܲ Óy•zˆÓÏ ˚ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyöˆÏï˛
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xöƒ!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ §ˆÏ°yüˆÏöÓ˚ xö%˛õ!fli!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚•z
ˆÎö í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ !ö!ü≈ï˛– ˆ§ ˆÎö ~ܲê˛y ÓˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y ü%•)ï≈˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ xӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛yöÄ xÌ≈
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆÎˆÏï˛Ä ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ öyÄ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲyÓ˚î Ú•ï˛y¢yñ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yˆÏÓyô ~ÓÇ ˆüy•û˛D §ˆÏ_¥Ä
ˆ§=!°•z ~ܲ•zÓÜ˚ ˛üû˛yˆÏÓ üyö%£Ï xyÓ˚ •y!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !öï˛ƒ ç#Óö§¡∫°ñ ç#Óö ~•z !öˆÏΕ˚ z ~!àˆÏÎ˚
ã˛ˆÏ°–Û
ò%ÈÙÈÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚Ä Ü˛ˆÏü ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲÓyÓ˚ xyÎ˚% !öˆÏÎ˚ ܲy!fiê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ÔoüÎ˚ñ ô)!°ô)§!Ó˚ï˛ §üï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
168 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ üsiÓà˚ !ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°y §ˆÏ°yüˆÏöÓ˚ çy•yˆÏç ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ ˆçˆÏöyÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!òö ÓÓ˚ú˛ì˛yܲy
xy“§ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !ö!ÿ˛ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ !û˛ˆÏÎ˚öy ˆ˛õÑÔåÈyˆÏöyÓ˚ Sܲy!•!öÓ˚V üyôƒˆÏü•z ~•z ã˛yï%˛Î≈üÎ˚ §ï˛ƒ
!Ó!û˛ß¨ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ üy‡ï˛ ~ÓÇ §D# ÷º S•Ñƒyñ
xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆ§ Óyäy!°V ï˛yÓ˚ çö§ÇˆÏÎyà xy!ôܲy!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ û)˛!üܲy !öˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ !û˛í˛¸
çüyˆÏöy üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~•z Ó,•òyܲyÎ˚ çv!ê˛Ó˚ Ó˚•§ƒ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢yöyÎ˚– ôü≈yhsˇ!Ó˚ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚Ä çß√§)ˆÏe §Ω˛Óï˛ !•®% ӈϰ•z ÷º ܲyÓ˚Ä ≤Èϟ¿ û˛Î˚ öy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ôü#≈Î˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚
fl∫FåÈ®û˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ìy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓñ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z Óƒy˛õyÓ˚!ê˛ Ü˛y!•!öÓ˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ˆÏܲ !ö‹±û˛ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ È–
!ܲv ÷º xy§ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛îyô#ö ≤Ãyî#!ê˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y•z ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•ˆÏ°yj#˛õܲû˛yˆÏÓ fl∫yô#ö ~ÓÇ
!öˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !öˆÏçÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ öŸªÓ˚ï˛y §•çû˛yˆÏÓ @ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ú˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ~•z §Ç!«˛Æ ç#ÓööyˆÏê˛ƒ ˆÎ û)˛!üܲyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ x!û˛öÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z
~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z ü%!_´ˆÏÓyô– ܲü≈ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ñ !öÓ˚&ˆÏmà ~ÓÇ ò!Ó˚oÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛Ó°üye ~•zÓÜ˚ ˛ü üyö%£•Ï z
≤Ãï˛y˛õñ ôü#≈Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ «˛üï˛y òáˆÏ°Ó˚ !˛õåȈÏö !ö!•ï˛ x§yÓ˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆã˛yˆÏá xyä%°
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚yÓ˚ §y•§ Ó˚yˆÏáñ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ܲy!fiê˛ˆÏ°y ˆÓ˚yí˛!Ó˚ˆÏàyÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ˛õï%≈˛!àç ˆ§öyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ӈϧ xy=ö ˆ˛õy•yˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õy•yˆÏï˛
÷º •hflÏ#ˆÏòÓ àˆÏîˆÏ¢Ó˚ à“ ˆ¢yöyÎ˚– ~ܲçö ˆòÓï˛yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• •y!ï˛Ó˚ üyÌy Ó§yˆÏöyÓ˚ §ú˛°
¢°ƒ!ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ àˆÏ“ ˜§!öˆÏܲÓ˚y §ˆÏ®• ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÚÓ˚*˛õܲÌyñ ü,ò%§%ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲÌy ӈϰ!åÈ°
~ܲ ˆ§öyñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z üyö%£Ïê˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y !Î!ö ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ !ï˛ö!òˆÏöÓ˚ üyÌyÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆçˆÏà
í˛zˆÏë˛!åȈϰöñ üçy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° ÷º–Û ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ÷º Îáö çy•yç ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆçˆÏöyÎ˚yÓ˚ çy•yç
âyê˛yÎ˚ öyˆÏü §ˆÏ°yüöˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ !û˛ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ §yüˆÏö òÑyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ Ú§Ó !òˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z âê˛öy âˆÏê˛!åÈ°ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xyã≈˛!í˛í˛zܲñ Ó˚yçyñ §¡Àyê˛ ~ÑÓ˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z
•y!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ã˛í˛¸y üy‡ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ !ܲå%È öö–Û Ó°y Óy‡°ƒñ ~•zÓ˚ܲü ~ܲçö üyö%£Ï
xyã≈˛!í˛í˛zܲ !ܲÇÓy ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛ ܲyÓ˚&Ó˚•z §y•y΃ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– ï˛Ó% §ˆÏ°yüö Îï˛«˛î ï˛yÓ˚
˛õyˆÏ¢ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ï˛«˛î ˆ§ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ܲï,≈˛˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ xfl∫!hflÏ §ˆÏ_¥Ä é%Ñ˛!ܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ •zˆÏFåÈ üï˛ö ܲÌy
ӈϰ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈çö@ˇÃy•ƒ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ §ˆÏ_Ä ¥ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚û˛yà üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ•z §ˆÏ°yüö
xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲê˛y xyò¢≈ñ ˆÜ˛Ó° ÷ˆÏºÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ•z ˆ§ ÓyhflÏÓ–
~•z ò%ÛçˆÏöÓ˚ üôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ Ó¶˛ö üü≈flõ¢#≈ñ xyÓ˚ ~ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ á%Ó Ü˛ü ܲÌy•z Ó°y •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È– ~ܲçö
xyˆÏÓÜ˚ ˛çöˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓñ˚ Î!òÄ xyüÓ˚y §ˆÏ°yüˆÏöÓ˚ üö ˆÓyé˛yÓ˚ xhsˇò≈!, ‹T ˛õy•z!öñ ÷ºˆÏܲ
≤ÃyÎ˚•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ •y!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ û˛yÓˆÏï˛– ÷º ӈϰ Úxy!ü !ë˛Ü˛ •y!ï˛ê˛yÓ˚
üˆÏï˛y.... xyüyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y xÇ¢ ˆ¢ˆÏá xyÓ˚ xöƒ xÇ¢ Îy !¢ˆÏá!åÈ ˆ§§Ó!ܲå%ȈÏܲ xÓK˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢!òö xy!ü ÓÑyã˛Ó ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ xy!ü xÓK˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ–Û ï˛Ìy!˛õñ ï˛yÓ˚
üˆÏï˛y !öˆÏÓ!òï˛≤Ãyî üy‡ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çˆÏöƒÄñ §ˆÏ°yüˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏFåȈÏòÓ˚ xy¢B˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ
Ó%!é˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ òy!Î˚c˛õy°ö ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ܲï˛ê˛y û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚eƒÈÙÈ≤ÃÓîï˛y xö%§yˆÏÓ˚
§Ó !ܲå%ȈÏܲ áyˆÏê˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ӈϰñ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ˆòö Úˆ§ S÷ºV ˆÎ
•y!ï˛ê˛yˆÏܲ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§ï˛ ~•z xyܲ!fløܲ í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ö ~ÓÇ ˆ§ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FåÈߨ •ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚
öy.... ò,ì˛¸û˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ xyܲ!fløܲ Óy í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ö !åÈ° öyñ xy§ˆÏ° üˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y
≤ÃFåÈߨ xÓfliyñ !ܲv üˆÏöÓ˚ ~•zÓ˚ܲü xÓfliyˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ x@ˇÃy•ƒ ܲÓ˚y ã˛ˆÏ° öy–Û
xyç#Óö ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày xÓ¢ƒ ~•z •y!ï˛ˆÏܲ!wܲ ܲy!•!öÓ˚ üyö!Óܲ û˛yÓÓ›Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛•z ˆÓ!¢ xy@ˇÃ•#– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §ˆÏ°yüö üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y Î%!_´ˆÏÓyô§¡õߨ ≤Ãyî# öÎ˚ñ ˆ§
 Ó˚yçܲ#Î˚ •hflÏ#Ó˚ °#°y!Î˚ï˛ ã˛°ö † 169

ã˛e´yhsˇ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ öÎ˚ñ ˆö•z ºyhsˇ Ó˚yçܲ#Î˚ï˛y !ܲÇÓy ˆö•z xüy!ç≈ï˛ ô)ï≈˛ï˛y– ~•z ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ
!öˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆ§ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ üy‡ï˛ §¡õ)î≈ï˛•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò#â≈ Îyey˛õˆÏÌ ˆòáy §Ó˚° @ˇÃyüÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚
üˆÏï˛y– ï˛yÓ˚y ú˛ƒy°ú˛ƒy° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáñ ~•z xq$ï˛ ≤Ãyî#!ê˛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyÿ˛Î≈ ï˛_¥Ü˛Ìy
!öˆÏÎ˚ •y!çÓ˚ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ û˛ƒyê˛Ü˛yö !öÓy§#ñ xû˛yÓö#Î˚ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚# ôü≈ï˛ˆÏ_Ó¥ ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ §!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ @ˇÃsi˛õ!O
~•z òÎ˚y°% ˜òï˛ƒ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y fliyö !òˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ §ò‰=ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ ......
!ÓŸªy§ á%Ó•z !ã˛_flõ¢#≈– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ö#!ï˛Ü˛Ìy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ SxyüÓ˚y ܲ!Óï˛y
ˆò!áV ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò%‹T%!üû˛Ó˚y •y§ƒÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˆÎ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày §Ó§üÎ˚ §Ó!ܲå%ȈÏܲ !§!M˛Èï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ 1966 ≠ Possible Poems S˛õ!§Ó‰°‰ ˆ˛õyˆÏÎü˚ §‰ Vñ [§¡õyòöy ≠ ܲy!üö‰ˆ•Ï y (Caminho), 1982]
ˆú˛ˆÏ°ö öy xyÓ˚ ï˛y•z ˆï˛y §yˆÏÓܲܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ •ˆÏÎÄ ˚ ~ܲyˆÏ° ≤Ãy§!Dܲñ ï˛y ~ܲ fl∫ï˛sf ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ 1970 ≠ Probably Joy Sˆ≤ÃyÓyÓ‰!° çÎ˚Vñ [§¡õyòöy ≠ ܲy!üö‰ˆÏ•y (Caminho), 1985]
ˆ«˛e ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ flÀ‹Ty !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ï˛!ö Úçö!≤ÃÎ˚ ≤ÃK˛yÓ˚ {ŸªÓ˚Û !Î!ö ÚÓÑyܲy 1975 ≠ The Year of 1993 Sòƒ •zÎ˚yÓ˚ Äû‰˛ 1993V [§¡õyòöy ≠ ܲy!üö‰ˆÏ•y (Caminho),
°y•zˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§yçyû˛yˆÏÓ !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚öñ ~ÓÇ ~üöܲ# ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚!ê˛•z ˆÓ!¢ ˛õåÈ® ïÑ˛yÓ˚–Û 1987]
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Óí˛¸ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ •Ó˚ú˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓö˚ öyñ ~ÓÇ ~üöܲ# ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áyÎ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ öyê˛Ü˛
Î!ï˛!Óöƒy§Ä Ó˚yˆÏáö öyñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyáƒyö xˆÏöܲ§üˆÏÎ˚•z !ܲå%Èê˛y xÓyˆÏô ≤ÃÓ•üyö üˆÏö •ˆÏï˛ 1979 ≠ Nightlife Söy•zê‰˛°y•zú‰˛V
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~åÈyí˛¸yÄ xyòƒhsˇ üyö%£Ï Ä ˛õ÷Ó˚ û˛yˆÏ°yc Ó£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈö !ï˛!ö ~áyˆÏöñ ~ÓÇ 1980 ≠ What Shall I do with this Book ? Sˆ•yÎ˚yê‰˛ ¢ƒy°‰ xy•z í%˛ í˛z•z̉ !ò§‰ Ó%ܲ⁄V
ÎÑyÓ˚y §yÓ˚yüˆÏàyÓ˚ üyö%£Ï Ä ˛õ÷ˆÏܲ!wܲ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ §•üï˛ öö ˆ§•z «˛üï˛yÓyöˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy 1987 ≠ The Second Life of Francis of Assisi Sòƒ ˆ§Ü˛u˛ °y•zú‰˛ Äû‰˛ ú ˛y!™§‰ Äû‰˛
ӈϰˆÏåÈö ܲüñ Îy ܲy!•!öˆÏܲ §yüyöƒ !Ó˛õÎ≈hflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ xƒy!§!§V
ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z •zˆÏFåÈ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓ!ö!ú˛ê˛ xÓ í˛yí˛zê˛ ï˛Ìy x≤Ãüy!îï˛ §Ç¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ 1993 ≠ In Nomine Dei
§%!Óôy ˆòÄÎ˚y– §Ó˚° xyÓ˚ Óyàyí˛¸¡∫Ó˚˛õ)î≈ Ú•y!ï˛!ê˛Ó˚ ÎyeyÛ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y x!öÓyÎ≈ï˛•z xö%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ 2005 ≠ Don Giovanni, or The Dissolute Acquitted Sí˛ö‰ !çÄû˛y!öñ xÓ˚‰ òƒ !í˛§ƒ!°í˛zê‰˛
e&!ê˛– öï%˛Óy §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§ !°ˆÏá!åȈϰö ‘saudade’ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xƒyÜ%˛•zˆÏê˛í‰˛V
˛≤Ãû˛yˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈÚï˛#Ó  xyܲyA«˛y xyÓ˚ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆú˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ ˛õï%≈˛!àç xyˆÏÓà–Û ÎyˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ §Ç@ˇÃ•
xyüÓ˚y ~•z °y•zö!ê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚Ä Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ≠ Ú!ÓòyÎ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ñ ï%˛!ü e´ü¢ !öÜ,˛‹T 1971 ≠ This World and the Other S!ò§‰ ÄÎ˚y”≈˛ xƒyu˛ !ò xyòyÓ˚‰V
ˆÌˆÏܲ !öÜ,˛‹Tï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄ–Û 1973 ≠ The Traveller’s Baggage Sòƒ ê˛ΔyˆÏû˛°Ó˚‰§‰ ÓƒyˆÏàç‰V
1974 ≠ The Opinions the DL had Sòƒ Ä!˛õ!öÄö§‰ òƒ !í˛~° •ƒy퉲V
1976 ≠ Os Apontamentos
1999 ≠ Papers on Policy Sˆ˛õ˛õyÓ˚§‰ xö‰ ˛õ!°!§V

xö%Óyò ≠ }ï˛ü ü%ˆáÏ y˛õyôƒyÎ˚
saudade : ~•z ˛õï%≈˛!àç ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ •zÇÓ˚y!ç ≤Ã!ï˛¢∑ ˆö•z– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ˆÓyé˛yˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ Îy
!ã˛Ó˚ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ Óy ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö !åÈ° öy ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ xflõ‹T ò%ü≈Ó˚ xyܲyA«˛y–
í˛z˛õöƒy§
1947 ≠ The Land of Sin Sòƒ °ƒyu˛ Äú‰˛ !§ö‰V
1953 ≠ The Clairvoyant Sòƒ ˆÜœ˛Î˚yÓ˚‰û˛Î˚‰xƒyö‰ê‰˛V
1977 ≠ Manual of Painting and Calligraphy Sòƒ üƒö%Î˚y° Äû‰˛ ˆ˛õ•zö!ê˛Ç xƒyu˛
ܲƒy!°@ˇÃy!ú˛Vñ [xö%Óyò ≠ !çÄû˛y!ö ˛õö‰!ê˛~ˆÏÓ˚y (Giovanni Pontiero), 1994ñ
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, New York]
1980 ≠ Raised from the Ground SˆÓ˚•z§‰í‰˛ ú ˛ü òƒ @ˇÃyí˛zu˛Vñ [xö%Óyò ≠ üyà≈yˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ç%°
ˆÜ˛y§‰ê˛y (Margaret Jull Costa), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, New York]
1982 ≠ Baltasar and Blimunda SÓyŒê˛y§yÓ˚ xƒyu˛ !Óœüö% í‰ ˛yVñ [xö%Óyò ≠ !çÄû˛y!ö ˛õö‰!ê˛~ˆÏÓy˚
(Giovanni Pontiero), 1987ñ New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]
1984 ≠ The Year of Death of Ricardo Reis Sòƒ •zÎ˚yÓ˚ Äû‰˛ ˆí˛Ì‰ Äû‰˛ !Ó˚ܲyÓ˚‰ˆÏí˛y ˆÓ˚§‰Vñ
[xö%Óyò ≠ !çÄû˛y!ö ˛õö‰!ê˛~ˆÏÓ˚y (Giovanni Pontiero), 1991ñ San Diego :
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]
1986 ≠ The Stone Raft Sòƒ ˆfiê˛yö‰ Ó˚ƒy˝˛Vñ [xö%Óyò ≠ !çÄû˛y!ö ˛õö‰!ê˛~ˆÏÓ˚y (Giovanni
Pontiero), 1994ñ London : Harvill]
 @ˇÃsi˛õ!O † 171
1989 ≠ The History of the Siege of Lisbon Sòƒ !•!flT… Äû‰˛ òƒ §#ç‰ Äû‰˛ !°§‰Óö‰Vñ
[xö%Óyò ≠ !çÄû˛y!ö ˛õö‰!ê˛~ˆÏÓ˚y (Giovanni Pontiero), 1996ñ New York :
Harcourt Brace]
1991 ≠ The Gospel According to Jesus Christ Sòƒ ৉ˆ˛Ï õ° xƒyܲ!í≈˛Ç ê%˛ ˆç§y§ e´y•zfiê˛V
[xö%Óyò ≠ !çÄû˛!ö ˛õö‰!ê˛~ˆÏÓy˚ (Giovanni Pontiero), 1993ñ London : Harvill]
1995 ≠ Blindness SÓœy•zu˛ˆÏö§‰Vñ [xö%Óyò ≠ !çÄû˛y!ö ˛õö‰!ê˛~ˆÏÓ˚y (Giovanni Pontiero),
1997ñ London : Harvill]
1997 ≠ All the Names Sx° òƒ ˆöü‰§‰Vñ [xö%Óyò ≠ üyà≈yˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ç%° ˆÜ˛y§‰ê˛y (Margaret
Jull Costa), 1999ñ New York : Harcourt]
2000 ≠ The Cave Sòƒ ˆÜ˛û‰˛Vñ [xö%Óyò ≠ üyà≈yˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ç%° ˆÜ˛y§‰ê˛y (Margaret Jull Costa),
2002ñ London : Harvill]
2003 ≠ The Double Sòƒ í˛yÓ‰°V‰ [xö%Óyò ≠ üyà≈yˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ç%° ˆÜ˛y§‰ê˛y (Margaret Jull Costa),
2004ñ London Harvill]
2004 ≠ Seeing S!§•zÇV [xö%Óyò ≠ üyà≈yˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ç%° ˆÜ˛y§‰ê˛y (Margaret Jull Costa), 2006ñ
London : Harvill]
2005 ≠ Death with Interruptions Sˆí˛Ì‰ í˛z•z̉ •zöê˛yÓ˚y˛õ¢ö‰§‰Vñ [xö%Óyò ≠ üyà≈yˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ç%°
ˆÜ˛y§‰ê˛y (Margaret Jull Costa), 2008ñ Harcourt]
2008 ≠ The Elephant’s Journey Sòƒy ~!°ú˛ƒyrê˛§‰ çyÓ˚!‰ öVñ [xö%Óyò ≠ üyà≈yˆÏÓê˚ ˛ ç%° ˆÜ˛y§‰ê˛y
(Margaret Jull Costa), 2010ñ London : Harvill]
2009 ≠ Cain SˆÜ˛•zöV [xö%Óyò ≠ üyà≈yˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ç%° ˆÜ˛y§‰ê˛y (Margaret Jull Costa), 2011ñ
New York : Harcourt]
xydç#Óö#ü)°Ü˛ ˆ°áy
2006 ≠ Small Memories Sflø°‰ ˆüˆÏüy!Ó˚ç‰V [xö%Óyò ≠ üyà≈ˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ç%° ˆÜ˛y§‰ê˛y (Margaret
Jull Costa), 2009ñ New York : Harcourt]
2008ÈÙÈ2010 ≠ The Notebook Sòƒ ˆöyê˛Ó%ܲV [xö%Óyò ≠ xyüyu˛y •˛õ‰!ܲö‰§ö‰ (Amanda
Hopkinson), Sˆí˛!öÎ˚y° •ö‰V Daniel Hahn, 2010ñ Verso, London/New York]
ºüî ܲy!•!ö
1981 ≠ Journey to Portugal SçyÓ˚!‰ ö ê%˛ ˛õï%˛≈ ày°V [xö%Óyò ≠ xyüyu˛y •˛õ‰!ܲö‰§ö‰ (Amanda
Hopkinson), !ö܉˛ ˆÜ˛fiê˛Ó˚ (Nick Caistor), 2000ñ New York : Harcourt]
ˆåÈyê˛à“ §ü@ˇÃ
1978 ≠ The Lives of Things Sòƒ °y•zû‰˛§‰ Äú‰˛ !ÌÇà‰§‰V §¡õyòöy ≠ ˆüyÓ˚y~§ (Moraes)
1978ñ ܲy!üöˆÏ•y (Caminho), 1984ñ [xö%Óyò ≠ !çÄû˛y!ö ˛õö‰!ê˛~ˆÏÓ˚y (Giovanni
Pontiero), 2012ñ Verso, UK]
1998 ≠ The Tale of the Unknown Island Sòƒ ˆê˛° Äú‰˛ òƒ xyö‰ˆöÏ yö‰ xy•z°ƒyu˛V [xö%Óyò ≠
üyà≈yˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ç%° ˆÜ˛y§‰ê˛y (Margaret Jull Costa), 1999ñ New York : Harcourt]
§Çܲ°Ü˛ ≠ ≤Ãò#Æ ˆò §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
ç#Óö˛õ!O
......
1922 ≠ ˆ•yˆÏ§ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÈÙÙÙÈ˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ öyü ˆ•yˆÏ§ !í˛ §%§y §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày– çß√ 16 öˆÏû˛¡∫Óñ˚ ˛õï%˛≈ àyˆÏ°Ó˚
!°§‰ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !Ó˚ÓyˆÏï˛ˆÏçy ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xy!çö•yày öyüܲ ˆåÈyR ~ܲ!ê˛ @ˇÃyˆÏü– û)˛!ü•#ö Ü,˛£Ïܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ çß√yˆÏöy §yÓ˚üyˆÏàyÓ˚ ÓyÓyÓ˚ öyü ˆ•yˆÏ§ !í˛ §%§y xyÓ˚ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ öyü üy!Ó˚Î˚y í˛y
!˛õˆÏÎ˚í˛yˆÏí˛–
1924 ≠ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ !˛õï˛y ܲyÓ˚áyöyÓ˚ ܲyç ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ !°§ÓˆÏö ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ö
~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏö ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎyà ˆòö– Ä•z ÓåÈÓ˚•z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ òyòy ú ˛y!™§‰ˆÏܲyÓ˚
ü,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚ñ !ï˛!ö ã˛yÓ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó !B˛Î˚y° !öí˛zˆÏüy!öÎ˚yÎ˚ xye´yhsˇ !åȈϰö– ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ
!e´§‰üy§‰ •zˆÏû˛Ó˚ !òö S31 !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚V §üy!ôfli ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
1943 ≠ xy!Ì≈ܲ xöê˛ˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày û˛yˆÏ°y åÈye •ÄÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ÓƒyܲÓ˚î
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸y ã˛y°yˆÏöyÓ˚ áÓ˚ã˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö!öñ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆê˛Ü˛!öܲƒy° fl%҈ϰ û˛!ï≈˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– •z!ï˛üˆÏôƒ !ï˛!ö ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õï%≈˛!àç û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÜ,˛‹T •ö– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ò%ÛÓåÈÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸ §yÓ˚yˆÏöyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚áyöyÎ˚
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ §y!•ï˛ƒã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ çöƒ §ˆÏ¶˛ˆÏÓ°yÎ˚ !°§ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyë˛yàyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛
÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
1944 ≠ •z”˛y !Ó˚§ˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày– •z”˛y ˆÓ˚°ÄˆÏÎ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
!öˆÏçÓ˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ Social Welfare Service §ÇfliyÎ˚ Î%_´ •ö–
1947 ≠ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ò¡õ!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲüye ܲöƒy§hsˇyö û˛yˆÏÎ˚y°yˆÏhsˇÓ˚ çß√ •Î˚– ~•z ÓåÈÓ˚•z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày
The Widow Sòƒ í˛z•ˆz íÏ ˛yV öyüܲ í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓö ˚ ñ Î!òÄ §¡õyòܲ#Î˚ ç!ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚
çöƒ í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ The Land of Sin Sòƒ °ƒyu˛ xÓ‰ !§öV öyˆÏü ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ~åÈyí˛¸y
The Skylight Sòƒ flÒy•z°y•zê˛V öyˆÏü ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õöƒy§ Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ˆÎ!ê˛ ~áöÄ
x≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛–
1949 ≠ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ §ü§ƒy§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ܲü≈•#ö •öó Î!òÄ !ܲå%È!òö ˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!ö
xöƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Î%_´ •ö–
1950 ≠ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy¢öy §ÇfliyÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ •ö–
1955 ≠ xy!Ì≈ܲ fl∫FåÈ°ï˛y Ó,!k˛ Ä xÓ§Ó˚ !ÓˆÏöyòˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !öˆÏçˆÏܲ xö%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç
§¡õ)î≈Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ !öÎ%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– e´ü¢ !ï˛!ö üÑ˛õy§yñ ÓòˆÏ°Î˚yÓ˚ñ ˆ•ˆÏà°ñ ê˛°hflÏÎ˚ ≤Ãü%á
ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ xö%Óyò ܲyç §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
1965 ≠ xö%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ §y!•ï˛ƒ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ ˆ˛õ¢y ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ xyÜ,˛‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ò#â≈
§üÎ˚ !ï˛!ö !öˆÏçˆÏܲ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç Î%_´ Ó˚yˆÏáö–
1966 ≠ Possible Poems S˛õ!§Ó‰°‰ ˆ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ü‰§‰V öyüܲ fl∫Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ܲ!Óï˛y §Çܲ°ö ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö
Îy ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ áƒy!ï˛ ~ˆÏö ˆòÎ˚–
1969 ≠ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Portuguese Communist PartyÈÙÈˆï˛ ˆÎyà ˆòö ~ÓÇ xyü,ï%˛ƒ ˆ§áyˆÏö
Î%_´ ÌyˆÏܲö–
1970 ≠ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày Probably Joy Sˆ≤ÃyÓyÓ!° çÎ˚V öyüܲ xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫Ó!˚ ã˛ï˛ ܲ!Óï˛y §Çܲ°ö
≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ~•z ÓåÈÓ˚•z §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày flf#Ó˚ §ˆÏD !ÓÓy•!ÓˆÏFåÈò ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õï%≈˛!àç
 ç#Óö˛õ!O † 173
ˆ°!áܲy •z§yˆÏÓ° í˛ƒ ˆöyˆÏÓ àyÈÙÈÓ˚ §ˆÏD §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !°Æ •ö Îy ò#â≈ 16 ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ fliyÎ˚#
•Î˚–
1971 ≠ §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏe !Ó!û˛ß¨ §üˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ !ܲå%È ≤ÃÓ¶˛ This World and the Other S!ò§‰
ÄÎ˚y”≈˛ xƒyu˛ !ò xyòyÓ˚‰V §Çܲ°ö @ˇÃsi ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚–
1974 ≠ The Traveller’s Baggage Sòƒ ê˛ΔyˆÏû˛°Ó˚‰§‰ ÓƒyˆÏàç‰Vñ The Opinions the DL
had Sòƒ Ä!˛õ!öÄö§‰ òƒ !í˛~° •ƒy퉲V ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ §Ç@ˇÃ• Ä xyÓ˚Ä !ܲå%È Ü˛!Óï˛y
§Çܲ°ö ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚–
1977 ≠ Manual of Painting and Calligraphy í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§
§yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ !¢“ñ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ñ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y Ä ˆÎÔöï˛yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ òy¢≈!öܲ ò,!‹Tû˛!DÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ
≤ÃÜ˛ê˛–
1980 ≠ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ Raised from the Ground SˆÓ˚•§z í‰ ˛‰ ú ˛ü òƒ @ˇÃyí˛zu˛V í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛
•Î˚– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈û˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ Óƒ!_´àï˛ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !ܲå%È
x!û˛K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ç!í˛¸ï˛–
1982 ≠ !Óáƒyï˛ í˛z˛õöƒy§ Baltasar and Blimunda SÓyŒê˛y§yÓ˚ xƒyu˛ !Óœü%ö‰í˛yV ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛
•Î˚– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤ÈüÏ Ó˚ ܲy!•!ö Îy ˛õï%˛≈ !àç •zö܉ ˛% ƒ•z!ç¢ö SˆÓ˚yüyö ܲƒyÌ!°Ü˛
ôü≈üˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&k˛yã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ òüˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyàVÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ ˆ°áy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
1984 ≠ The Year of Death of Ricardo Reis í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏö ü)° ã˛!Ó˚e
!Ó˚ܲyˆÏí˛≈ y !Ó˚§ˆÏܲ Ó y!ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ !°§ÓˆÏö ˆú˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y ~ÓÇ !Ó!FåÈßï¨ ˛yÓ˚
üyôƒˆÏü ç#Óö x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§•z âê˛öy ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° PEN Award Sˆ˛õö ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚V Ä Independent Foreign Fiction
Award S•zö!í˛ˆÏ˛õöˆÏí˛rê˛ ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ö !ú˛Ü‰˛¢ö ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚V ˛õyÎ˚–
1986 ≠ The Stone Raft Sòƒ ˆfiê˛yö‰ Ó˚ƒy˝˛V í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢öy §¡õߨ •Î˚– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§
•zÓy!Ó˚Î˚yö í˛z˛õm#˛õˆÏܲ §ü@ˇÃ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ü•yˆÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FåÈߨ •ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xyê˛°y!rê˛Ü˛
ü•y§yàˆÏÓ˚ ü%_´û˛yˆÏÓ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ âê˛öyˆÏܲ ü)° ܲy!•!öÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
1988 ≠ flõƒy!ö¢ §yÇÓy!òܲ !˛õ°yÓ˚ ˆí˛° !Ó˚ÄÈÙÈˆÜ˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
1989 ≠ The History of the Siege of Lisbon Sòƒ !•!flT… xÓ‰ òƒ §#ç‰ xÓ‰ !°§ÓöV
í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ˆÏï˛ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ä ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §ˆÏD §ï˛ƒ
Ä ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ ò«˛ §,çö¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü Óƒ_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
1991 ≠ The Gospel According to Jesus Christ Sòƒ ৉ˆÏ˛õ° xƒyܲÓ˚!í˛Ç ê%˛ ˆç§y§
e´y•zfiê˛V í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏö §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !Î÷ˆÏܲ û˛àÓyˆÏöÓ˚ §hsˇyö •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ˆÎyˆÏ§ú˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §hsˇyöÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ !öí˛z ˆê˛fiê˛yˆÏürê˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲy!•!öˆÏܲ öï%˛ö
ò,!‹Tû˛!D !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲƒyÌ!°Ü˛ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ
!Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ í˛zˆÏoܲ âê˛yÎ˚–
1992 ≠ !°§ÓˆÏö !ܲå%È í˛zͧy•# üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö National Front for the Defence
of Culture öyˆÏü ~ܲ!ê˛ §Çfliy ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ~•z ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õï%≈˛ày° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
!Óáƒyï˛ í˛z˛õöƒy§ The Gospel According to Jesus Christ Sòƒ ৉ˆ˛Ï õ° xƒyܲÓ˚!í˛Ç
ê%˛ ˆç§y§ e´y•zfiê˛VÈÙÈˆÜ˛ European Literary Prize S•zí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ !˛õÎ˚yö !°ê˛yÓ˚y!Ó˚ ≤Ãy•zçVÈÙÈ~Ó˚
üˆÏöyöÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy!ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛
ôü≈!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# üˆÏöyû˛yÓˆÏܲ ò,ì˛¸ï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– •ï˛y¢y@ˇÃhflÏ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏày !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ˆflõˆÏöÓ˚
°yöçyˆÏÓ˚yê˛ m#ˆÏ˛õ !öÓ≈y!§ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏö•z ç#Óö x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
174 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
1995 ≠ Blindness í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆ§áyˆÏö ~üö ~ܲ!ê˛ xK˛yï˛ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆÎáyˆÏö ò,!‹T•#öï˛y Ó˚•§ƒüÎ˚û˛yˆÏÓ ü•yüyÓ˚#Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ–
~•z ÓåȈÏÓ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ Camoes ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ≤Ãòyö ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
1997 ≠ All the Names ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ 1999 §yˆÏ° •zLjÏÓ˚!çˆÏï˛ xö%Óyò
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ xö%Óyòܲ üyàyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ç%° ˆÜ˛y§‰ê˛yˆÏܲ Oxford-Weidenfeld Translation
Prize ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚–
1998 ≠ §y!•ï˛ƒÜ˛#!ï≈˛Ó˚ çöƒ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyˆÏܲ ˆöyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ≤Ãòyö ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
2000ÈÙÈ2005 ≠ The Caveñ The Double ñ Seeing ñ Death with Interruptions
í˛z˛õöƒy§=!° ~•z §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚–
2006 ≠ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ xydç#Óö#ü)°Ü˛ ˆ°áy Small Memories ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z flø,!ï˛Ü˛ÌyÎ˚
ˆ°áܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˜¢¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ !òö=!°Ó˚ ܲÌy §yÓ°#°û˛yˆÏÓ Óƒ_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
2008 ≠ The Elephant’s Journey í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ àˆÏ“Ó˚ xyáƒyÎ˚ܲ
•ˆÏ°ö ~ܲçö üy‡ï˛– 1551 §yˆÏ° ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õyë˛yˆÏöy
~ܲ!ê˛ •y!ï˛ˆÏܲ !ܲû˛yˆÏÓ !Ó˛õò§ÇÜ%˛° ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ •yÓ‰§‰ÓyˆÏà≈Ó˚ §¡ÀyˆÏê˛Ó˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆ˛õÔшÏåÈ ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆ§•z âê˛öyˆÏܲ !û˛!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ˆ°áy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
2009 ≠ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚ x!hsˇü í˛z˛õöƒy§ Cain SˆÜ˛•zöV ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ Óy•zˆÏӈϰÓ˚
àˆÏ“Ó˚ xö%!°≈áö– ~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ˆòáyˆÏöy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Óy•zˆÏӈϰÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü üyö%£Ï xyòü Ä
ï˛yÓ˚ §!Dö# {û˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy!ò Óy§fliyö ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óï˛y!í˛¸ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛•zö ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
çß√ ˆòÄÎ˚y §hsˇyöˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲçö ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ û˛y•z xƒyˆÏÓ°ˆÏܲ •ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚–
2010 ≠ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓåÈÓ˚ !°í˛zˆÏܲy!üÎ˚yÎ˚ xye´yhsˇ xÓfliyÎ˚ ܲyê˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §yÓ˚yüyˆÏàyÓ˚
18 ç%ö 87 ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ü,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚– !ï˛!ö ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˆflõˆÏöÓ˚ °yöçyˆÏÓ˚yê˛
m#ˆÏ˛õ x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ~ܲ ÓåÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà !ï˛!ö !öí˛zˆÏüy!öÎ˚yÎ˚ xye´yhsˇ •ö–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xˆÏhsˇƒ!‹T!e´Î˚y !°§ÓˆÏö 20 ç%ö 20ñ000 üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yüˆÏö §¡õߨ •Î˚–
§Çܲ°Ü˛ ≠ ≤Ãò#Æ ˆò §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î

fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î
fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î

flø Ó˚ î

û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w
§Î˚yòï˛ •§ö üˆÏrê˛y
ˆê˛!ö!§ í˛z•z!°Î˚yü§

fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î fløÓ˚î

ܲ!Ó û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w
......
x!û˛!çÍ ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#
ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ üôƒÎ%ˆàÏ Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï˛õyˆÏò ò#â≈ ≤ÃÌyö%àˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xö%ÓÓ≈ ˚ ç!üˆÏï˛ öï%˛öˆÏcÓ˚
Ó#ç Ó˛õˆÏö ≤ÃÎ˚y§# •ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö !Î!öñ !ï˛!ö •ˆÏ°ö ܲ!Ó Ó˚yÎ˚=îyܲÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w– xyçˆÏܲÓ˚
ˆöê˛ÈÙȧú‰˛ê˛ÄÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Î%ˆÏà ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˆòÓ# Îáö ˆ˛õyfiê˛ üí˛y!ö≈çˆÏüÓ˚ !ÓåÈyöyÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚
üƒy!çܲ !Ó˚Î˚y!°çˆÏüÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ ˆòˆÏá xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ !Ó!Óô !ü◊ •zçˆÏüÓ˚ âö
!öŸªy§ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ï˛áöÄ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ §üyö ≤Ãy§!Dܲ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w •*òÎ˚ •ˆÏï˛–
xyçÄ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §,!‹TÈÙÈ§Ω˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ Ä §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ §üyö xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ Ä àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚– û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó‡ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ñ Ó‡ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– xˆÏöˆÏܲ•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚
§y!•ï˛ƒ §,!‹TˆÜÏ ˛ !Ó!Óô ˆòyˆÏ£Ï ò%‹T ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˆã˛ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èö– ï˛ˆÏÓ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ ܲ!Ó û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Î!ò §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ«˛˛õyï˛•#öû˛yˆÏÓ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öy ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
xöƒï˛ü •ˆÏ°ö §y!•ï˛ƒ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ ï˛Ìy !Ó!¢‹T ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ ≤ÃüÌ ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚# ü•y¢Î˚– ˆ§•z
≤ÃüÌÓyÓ%Ó˚ üï˛yüï˛ Ä !Ó!û˛ß¨ §üyˆÏ°yã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ò,!‹Tû˛!DˆÏܲ §yüˆÏö ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ xyç xyüÓ˚y ˛õ%öÓ˚yÎ˚
fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z–
|ö!ÓÇ¢ Ä !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ Ó‡ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!ö®yÈÙÈ≤âǧyÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ åÈ!Ó xÑyܲÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– !Ó!û˛ß¨ !ö®%ܲ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛Ó˚y
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ §,!‹TˆÏܲ !Ó!Óô ˆòyˆÏ£Ï ò%‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ
ܲ. û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w í˛zFã˛ Ó y·˛î ÓLjϢ û)˛§¡õߨ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚ çß√@ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ˆ§•z §ˆÏD
!ï˛!ö !åȈϰö Ó˚yçy Ü,˛£èã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ §û˛y§ò ï˛y•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ§,!‹T !öåÈܲ !Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ xD
üye–
á. ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓƒ xŸ’#°ñ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ§,!‹TÓ˚ ≤Ãôyö Ó˚§•z •° xy!ò Ó˚§–
!ܲv xyç xyüÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛•z ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ~•z ˛õ«˛˛õyï˛ü)°Ü˛ !ö®y Ä ≤âǧyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ñ !ï˛!ö
!åȈϰö ~ܲ ü•yö ܲ!Óñ !Î!ö ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ í˛z_#î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚
xyí˛¸y•zˆÏ¢y ÓåÈÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏ°Ä ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ xyüÓ˚y û%˛!°!ö– xyçÄ ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ܲyÓƒ
§ü=Ó˚&ˆÏc ˛õ!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– xöƒ!òˆÏܲ xyç ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%ۈϢy ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ܲÛçö §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏܲ Óyäy!°
çy!ï˛ üˆÏö Ó˚yáˆÏÓ ï˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ üˆÏö §Ç¢Î˚ çyˆÏà– Ó˚Ó#wöyÌñ öçÓ˚&°ñ ç#Óöyö® ≤Ãü%ˆÏáÓ˚
ܲÌy !û˛ß¨– ò%ÈÙÈ~ܲçö •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓö Óyäy!°Ó˚ ≤ÃyˆÏîñ Óy!ܲ §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ç° Ó%ò‰Ó%ˆÏòÓ˚
üˆÏï˛y •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓö ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ,¤˛yÎ˚–
≤ÃüÌ ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#ˆÏܲ Î!ò xyüÓ˚y fløÓ˚î ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆòáÓ !ï˛!ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ öyöy Ó_,´ï˛y Ä ˆ°áyÎ˚
ܲ!Ó û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤çyò=î Ä Ü˛yÓƒü)°ƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ö®yü)°Ü˛ x˛õÓyò Ä x¶˛
≤âǧyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ !öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ Ä àë˛öü)°Ü˛ üï˛yüï˛ Óƒ_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– òy!ç≈!°Ç ¢•ˆÏÓ˚
~ܲ §y!•ï˛ƒ §û˛yÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wöyˆÏÌÓ˚ xö%ˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏô ≤ÃüÌ ˆã˛Ôô%Ó#˚ ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ §¡õˆÏܲ≈
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 12
178 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
Ó°ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ܲˆÏÓö˚ – ~•z •zLjÏÓ!˚ ç Ó_,´ï˛yÎ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w §¡õˆÏܲ≈
ï˛yÓ˚ üï˛ •°ÈÙÙÙÈ‘‘Bharatchandra, as a supreme literary craftsman, will ever
remain a master to us writes of Bengali Language.’’1
≤ÃüÌ ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w ≤Ã#!ï˛ xˆÏöˆÏܲ•z §•çû˛yˆÏÓ !öˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ö– xˆÏöܲ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛
xyÓyÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ §ˆÏD ≤ÃüÌÓyÓ%Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒDÈÙÈ!Óo&˛õÄ
ܲˆÏÓ!˚ åȈ°
Ï ö– ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ ≤ÃüÌÓyÓ% •ˆÏ°ö ~ Î%ˆàÏ Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w xÌ≈yÍ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ÓÇ¢ôÓ˚–
~•z§Ó §üyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ çÓyÓ !òˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛!Ó û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ≤Ã!ï˛û˛yˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö Úû˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛wÛ S1335 ÓDyˆÏ∑Ó˚ ◊yÓî §ÇáƒyÎ˚ Úüyö§# Ä üü≈Óyî#Û
˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛V öyüܲ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ ˆ°ˆÏáöñ Îy ¢y!hsˇ˛õ%Ó˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ §!¡ø°ö#ˆÏï˛ §û˛y˛õ!ï˛Ó˚
x!û˛û˛y£Ïî !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w Ó y·˛î ÓLjϢ ΈÏÌ‹T û)˛ÈÙȧ¡õ!_§¡õߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ çß√@ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰöñ ˆ§ ܲÌy
!ï˛!ö !öˆÏçÄ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚû)˛Ó˚!¢ˆÏê˛ ü•yܲyÎ˚ û)˛˛õ!ï˛ öˆÏÓ˚w Ó˚yÎ˚
ü%á!ê˛ !Óáƒyï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆòˆÏ¢–
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ ï˛öÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xߨòyüD° §yÓ˚
ܲˆÏ• Ü,˛£èã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ xyˆÏòˆÏ¢––ÛÛ
~áö ≤ß¿ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ~üöܲ# ˆÜ˛yöÄ !öÎ˚ü xyˆÏåÈ ˆÎ !ӈϢ£Ï û)˛ÈÙȧ¡õߨ í˛zFã˛ Ó y·˛î
ÓLjϢ çß√@ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚ˆ° Ï •z ï˛yˆÏܲ !ö¡¨ˆ◊
Ï !îÓ˚ !Ó°y§# ˆ°áܲ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Óyäy!°Ó˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ=Ó˚&
Ó˚Ó#wöÿÏܲÄñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ü §üˆÏÎ˚ ~•zÓ˚*˛õ x˛õÓyò Ä §üyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyüÓ˚y !ܲ Ó°Ó Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ !ö¡¨ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ !Ó°y§# ˆ°áܲ⁄ xy§ˆÏ° §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ ~ˆÏܲ Ó y·˛îñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ û)˛ÈÙȧ¡õߨ •ÄÎ˚yê˛yñ Ú~ˆÏܲ üö§y ï˛yÎ˚ ô%ˆÏöyÓ˚ àˆÏ¶˛Ó˚
§ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ï%˛°ƒ–Û !ܲv !ö®%ܲ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y çyöy ˆö•z ˆÎñ í˛zFã˛ÓLjϢ çß√@ˇÃ•î
ܲˆÏÓ˚Ä û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y x§•yÎ˚ï˛y Ä x¢y!hsˇÓ˚ xyӈϕ ò%ÉáüÎ˚ ç#Óö á%Ó Ü˛ü ˆ°áܲ•z
ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö–
≤ÃüÌ ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#Ó˚ üˆÏï˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w ‡à!° ˆç°yÓ˚ ˆ˛õшÏí˛¸y @ˇÃyˆÏü 1712 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑ çß√@ˇÃ•î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛y öˆÏÓ˚wöyÓ˚yÎ˚î Ó˚yÎ˚ û)˛Ó˚§%ê˛ ˛õÓ˚àöyÓ˚ x!ô˛õ!ï˛ !åȈϰö– Óô≈üyö Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚
§ˆÏD !ÓÓyˆÏò !ï˛!ö §Ó≈fl∫yhsˇ •ö– !˛õï˛yÓ˚ !öÉfl∫ xÓfliyÎ˚ x§•yÎ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w !Óòƒy!¢«˛yÓ˚
çöƒ üyï%˛°y°ˆÏÎ˚ àüö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ˆ§áyˆÏö !ï˛!ö §Çfl,Òï˛ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˛õy![˛ï˛ƒ xç≈ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢
!ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ö ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ¢•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓy• §¡õߨ •Î˚– !ܲv xÌ≈ܲÓ˚# ˛õyÓ˚§ƒ û˛y£Ïy !¢«˛y öy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§yÓ˚ çöƒ ˆçƒ¤˛ ºyï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ û˛Í≈!§ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ú˛°fl∫Ó˚*˛õ !ï˛!ö
˛õ%öÓ˚yÎ˚ à,•ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ~Ó˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ˆòÓyö®˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yüã˛w ü%ö!¢Ó˚ !öÜ˛ê˛ xˆÏöܲ ܲ‹T
§•ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚§ƒ û˛y£Ïy xôƒÎ˚ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲö– ~•z §üÎ˚ !ï˛!ö fl∫•ˆÏhflÏ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ üye Ó˚yߨy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲáöÄ ò%ÈÙȈӰy ܲáöÄ Óy ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òöÄ ˆáˆÏï˛ö– áyÓyÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚û˛yà !òö•z
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲ˛õyˆÏ° ˆÓ=öˆÏ˛õyí˛¸y åÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ ˆï˛üö !ܲå%È•z ç%ê˛ï˛ öy– ˛õyÓ˚§ƒ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
Ó%ƒÍ˛õ!_ °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö Ü%˛!í˛¸ ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆú˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– !ܲv ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyd#Î˚fl∫çˆÏöÓ˚
ܲÌyÎ˚ Óô≈üyö Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ òÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ˆ§áyˆÏö !ï˛!ö £Ïí˛¸ÎˆÏsfÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚
ܲyÓ˚yÓ˚&k˛ •ö– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚yôƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §•*òÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ˆç° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ !ܲå%È !òö
Ü˛ê˛ˆÏܲ Ä !ܲå%È!òö ◊#ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˜Ó£èÓˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó,®yÓˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ
 fløÓ˚î ≠ ܲ!Ó û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w † 179
˛õ%Ó˚# ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õòÓ ˆÏç Îyey ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ Ü,˛£èöàˆÏÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢y!°˛õ!ï˛ ºyï˛yÓ˚
§ˆÏD §y«˛yÍ •Î˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yüˆÏ¢≈ !ï˛!ö xyÓyÓ˚ §Ç§yÓ˚# •ˆÏï˛ Ó˚y!ç •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚yö
•zwöyÓ˚yÎ˚î ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#Ó˚ xy◊Î˚ @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– •zwöyÓ˚yÎ˚î ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#Ó˚ xö%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏô•z Ó˚yçy Ü,˛£èã˛w
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛wˆÏܲ üy!§Ü˛ ã˛!Õ‘¢ ê˛yܲy üy•zˆÏöˆÏï˛ !öˆÏçÓ˚ §û˛y§ò !öÎ%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ܲ!ÓÓ˚ ò%ÉáüÎ˚
ç#Óö ܲÌyˆÏܲ üü≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° xyüÓ˚y Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ܲ!Ó Ü˛# ç#Óö x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– !ö®%ܲ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛Ó˚y !ܲ ~•z ç#Óö ܲyê˛yˆÏï˛ xy@ˇÃ•# •ˆÏÓö⁄
Î!òÄ Óy ܲyÓ˚Ä üö !Ó°y§# •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•zÓ˚*˛õ xÓfliyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚Ä üö
!Ó£Ïy_´ Ä Ó˚§öy ܲ^ˇê˛!Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– !ܲv û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ˆöÏ xyüÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛
˛õy•zñ Óƒ!_´àï˛ ç#ÓˆÏö •yçyÓ˚ ò%Éáܲ‹T §•ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚Ä Ü˛!Ó û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ üˆÏöÓ˚ xyˆÏ°y !öˆÏÓ
ÎyÎ˚!ö ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛y xyÓ˚Ä í˛zI° μ •ˆÏÎ˚ çμˆ°Ï í˛zˆëÏ ˛!åÈ°– •yçyˆÏÓy˚ ò%ÉáÈÙÈÎsfîyñ òy!Ó˚o Óy !Óí˛¸!¡∫ï˛
û˛yàƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ܲå%È•z ܲ!ÓˆÏܲ !öÓ˚yö® ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ö ÷ô% ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° Ú≤ÈÏüyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãû%˛Û–
öyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˛õ!ï˛!ö®y xLjϢ ܲ!ÓÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚!ê˛ ú%˛ˆÏê˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚï˛y §ÓyÓ˚ ò%Éá ÷!ö ܲˆÏ• ~ܲ §ï˛#–
x˛õ)î≈ xyüyÓ˚ ò%Éá ܲÓ˚ xÓà!ï˛––
ü•yܲ!Ó ˆüyÓ˚ ˛õ!ï˛ Ü˛ï˛ Ó˚§ çyˆÏö–
ܲ!•ˆÏ° !ÓÓ˚§ ܲÌy §Ó˚§ ÓyáyˆÏö––
ˆ˛õˆÏê˛ xߨ ˆ•ˆÏê˛ Óflf ˆçyày•zˆÏï˛ öyˆÏÓ˚–
ã˛yˆÏ° áí˛¸ ÓyˆÏí˛¸ üy!ê˛ ˆŸ’yܲ ˛õ!í˛¸ §yˆÏÓ˚––
öyöy¢yflf çyˆÏö Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛yÓƒ x°B˛yÓ˚–
Ü˛ï˛ üˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛ ÓˆÏ° Ó!°•y!Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚––
¢Ñyáy ˆ§yöy Ó˚yäy ¢y!í˛¸ öy ˛õ!Ó˚ö% ܲû%˛–
ˆÜ˛Ó° ܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ =ˆÏî ≤ÈÏüyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãû%˛––ÛÛ
xy§ˆÏ° §Ó ˆò¢ ܲyˆÏ° ~•z ܲÌy §ï˛ƒ ˆÎñ ÎÌyÌ≈ !¢“#Ó˚y ܲáöÄ•z §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ «%˛o à![˛Ó˚
üˆÏôƒ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ xyÓk˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– ~ ≤çˆÏD ˆ§Ó˚û˛yˆÏhsˇˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏD ≤ÃüÌ ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ï%˛°öy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– ˆ§Ó˚û˛yˆÏhsˇˆÏ§Ó˚ ç#Óö û˛#£Ïî ò%ÉáüÎ˚ !åÈ° xÌã˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚
•y!§ˆÏï˛ §y!•ï˛ƒçàÍ !ã˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛– ~•z •y!§ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Ó#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •y!§– ~•z •y!§ Ä
§%ˆÏáÓ˚ ܲÌy û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ӈϰ•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏZ˛ ôù!öï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚˆã˛ï˛öy Îy•yÓ˚ !ã˛ˆÏ_ ˆ§•z !ã˛òyö®––
ˆÎ çö ˆã˛ï˛öyü%á# ˆ§•z §òy §%á#–
ˆÎ çö xˆÏã˛ï˛!ã˛_ ˆ§•z §òy ò%á#––ÛÛ
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ û˛y£Ïy ≤çˆÏDÄ !Ó!û˛ß¨ §üˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ !ÓÓ˚*˛õ ühsˇÓƒ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃüÌ ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚# çyöyˆÏFåÈö ˆÎ §y!•!ï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚
ܲyç•z •° ÚܲÌy Î%à˛õÍ §Ó˚° ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ä §Ó˚§ ܲˆÏÓ˚Û Ó°y– û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ˆ°áyÎ˚ ≤çyò =î
ܲï˛áy!ö ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ !ï˛!ö çyöyˆÏFåÈöñ ÚÚû˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓƒ ≤çyò=î ˆÎ x˛õ)Ó≈ñ ~
§ï˛ƒ ~ï˛•z ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˆÎñ ˆ§ =î §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ã˛«%˛‹øyö Óyäy!°Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ x¶˛ •ÄÎ˚y
x§Ω˛Ó– ....≤çyò=î •ˆÏFåÈ û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó!¢‹T Ó˚*˛õ– û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ÓD §Ó˚fl∫ï˛#
~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ Úï˛ß∫#¢ƒyüy !¢áÓ˚ò¢öyÛ Ó˚*˛õ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ÎÑyÓ˚ xhsˇˆÏÓ˚ ÓDû˛y£Ïy ~•z ≤ÃyîÓhsˇ
§Ó≈yD§%®Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õ °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ܲ!Ó≤Ã!ï˛û˛y !åÈ°ñ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !ï˛°üye §ˆÏ®•
180 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆö•z– ÓyÇ°y û˛y£ÏyˆÏܲ ¢y˛õü%_´ ܲÓ˚y Î!ò ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ܲüye ܲ#!ï≈˛ •ï˛ ï˛y •ˆÏ°Ä xyüÓ˚y
Óyäy!° ˆ°áܲÓ˚y ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ =Ó˚& ӈϰ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ï˛°üye !môy ܲÓ˚ï%˛ü öy–
xüö §Ó˚° Ä ï˛Ó˚° û˛y£Ïy ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ӈϰ xy!ü çy!ö ˆö–ÛÛ2
Ó˚Ó#wöyˆÏÌ û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ≤çyò=ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲÌy üˆÏö ˆÓ˚ˆÏá•z û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ xߨòyüD°ˆÏܲ ÚÓ˚yçܲˆÏZ˛Ó˚
ü!îüy°yÛ ÓˆÏ° üˆÏ•yIμ° x!û˛ôyÎ˚ û)˛!£Ïï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~åÈyí˛¸y üy•zˆÏܲ° üô%§)òö ò_
û˛y£Ïy!¢“# û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛wˆÏܲ ‘Man of elegent genius’ ӈϰ ˆüˆÏö !öˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– üˆÏöÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ !ÓÓ˚*˛õï˛y Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥Ä §y!•ï˛ƒ§¡Àyê˛ Ó!B˛üã˛w û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛wˆÏܲ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ xöƒï˛ü
ˆ◊¤˛ !¢“#Ó˚ üÎ≈yòy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~üöܲ# û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ •yçyˆÏÓ˚y !ü̃y §üyˆÏ°yã˛öy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö !Î!öñ ˆ§•z ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§öÄ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢öyܲ°y Óy û˛y£Ïy!¢“
§¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ü%?˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚÓyÇ°y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yü°ï˛ü û˛y£Ïy Ó!°Î˚y àîƒ ••zˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ˆÜ˛yü°ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲÓ˚*˛õ
xyܲ£Ïî≈ # ¢!_´ xyˆÏåÈñ ï˛y•y !Óòƒy§%®Ó˚ öy ˛õ!í˛¸ˆ° Ï §üƒÜ˛ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ••zˆÓÏ öy–....û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚
û˛yÓ!Óã˛yÓ˚ öy ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y û˛y£Ïy !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏ° ïÑ˛y•yˆÏܲ ≤Ãyã˛#öܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ó≈ˆÏ◊¤˛ ܲ!Ó Ó!°ˆÏï˛
••zˆÏÓ–ÛÛ3
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓƒ xŸ’#°ï˛y ≤çˆÏD ≤Ã̈Ïü•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆàyê˛y ܲyÓƒ öy •ˆÏ°Ä xˆÏöܲ
xÇ¢ ˆÎ xŸ’#° ï˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§ ܲÌy ܲ!Ó !öˆÏçÄ çyöˆÏï˛öñ ï˛y•z
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xŸ’#° xÇ¢=!°ˆÏܲ !Ó!û˛ß¨ x°ÇܲyÓ˚ñ í˛z˛õüyÎ˚ xyÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ˆì˛ˆÏܲ
Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆòyˆÏ£Ï û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ܲyÓƒˆÏܲ xŸ’#° Ó°y •Î˚ ˆ§•z ˆòyˆÏ£Ï
üôƒÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ Ó‡ ܲ!ÓÓ˚ ܲyÓƒ•z ò%‹T •ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ– Óí˛Y ã˛[˛#òyˆÏ§Ó˚ ◊#Ü,˛£èܲ#ï≈˛ˆÏö ˆÎ xŸ’#°ï˛y
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛y ܲ!Ó û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏöܲ ˆÓ!¢ ö@¿ Ä xöyÓ,ï˛– Ó˚yôyÈÙÈÜ,˛ˆÏ£èÓ˚
ˆ≤ÈüÏ Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§áyˆÏö ˜ò!•Ü˛ ܲyü%ܲï˛y•z ˆÓ!¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãyôyöƒ ˆ˛õˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È– üö§yüD° ܲyˆÏÓƒÄ
ܲyü˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ !¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ ◊#ú˛° Ó,«˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y° ˆòÄÎ˚y ~ÓÇ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ܲöƒy üö§yˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá ܲyüyï≈˛
•ÄÎ˚y– ~üöܲ# öyï˛!öÓ˚ §üï%˛°ƒ ˆÓ‡°yˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáÄ !¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲyüû˛yÓ ˆçˆÏà Äë˛yñ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚
üˆÏôƒÄ xyüÓ˚y xŸ’#°ï˛y áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õyÓ– Ó˚yü≤çyˆÏòÓ˚ Ú!Óòƒy§%®ˆÏÓ˚ÛÄ xŸ’#°ï˛y xˆÏöܲ ˆÓ!¢
í˛zß√%_´ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚– ~•zÓ˚*˛õ Ó‡ í˛zòy•Ó˚î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xŸ’#°ï˛yÓ˚ òyÎ˚û˛yÓ˚ ~ܲy
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ âyˆÏí˛¸ ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÓyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ܲ#⁄ ~Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚
ܲyÓƒ Îï˛ê˛y §%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ x˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲyÓ˚Ä ï˛ï˛ê˛y öÎ˚– û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xŸ’#°ï˛yÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ È
Art, xöƒ!òˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏåÈ ÷ô% Mature– ≤çDe´ˆÏü §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ x!§ï˛Ü%˛üyÓ˚
ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üï˛!ê˛ fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ï˛!ö ӈϰˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈÚÚxöƒyöƒ ܲ!Ó xy!ò
Ó˚§ˆÏܲ â%!°ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈöñ xyÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w ˆ§•z ˆú˛!ö°ï˛yˆÏܲ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ myÓ˚y §ÇÎï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ~çöƒ !ï˛!ö ≤âǧyÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ–ÛÛ4
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ó˚§!Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó‡ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛•z Ó‡ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ !ܲv ≤ÃüÌ
ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚# ü•y¢Î˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Úû˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛wÛ öyüܲ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ §¡õ)î≈ öï%˛ö ˛õÌ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– !ï˛!ö
˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚û˛yˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈÚÚû˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ãôyö Ó˚§ !ܲv xy!ò Ó˚§ öÎ˚ñ •y§ƒÓ˚§–
~ Ó˚§ üô%Ó˚ Ó˚§ öÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ~ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ çß√fliyö •*òÎ˚ öÎ˚ñ ü!hflÏ‹Òñ ç#Óö öÎ˚ñ üö–ÛÛ5
•y§ƒÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ fl∫û˛yÓôˆÏü≈Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ•z ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆÎö !¢‹Tï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô xyˆÏåÈó ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛wˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚yô# ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy– ܲ!ÓÓ˚ ܲyÓƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !òˆÏ° ï˛y flõ‹T
•ˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈ
 fløÓ˚î ≠ ܲ!Ó û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w † 181
ÚÚxy•z xy•z Ä•z Ó%í˛¸y !ܲ ~•z ˆàÔÓ˚#Ó˚ ÓÓ˚ ˆ°y–
!ÓÎ˚yÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ ~ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ ˜•° !òà¡∫Ó˚ ˆ°y––
í˛züyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛¢ ã˛yüÓ˚ ò%ê˛y xyüyÓ˚ ¢y°y Ó%í˛¸yÓ˚ çê˛y–
ï˛yÎ˚ ˆÓ!í˛¸Î˚y ˆúÑ˛y˛õyÎ˚ ú˛î# ˆòˆÏá xyˆÏ§ çμÓ˚ ˆ°y––ÛÛ
!ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ !¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ !òà¡∫Ó˚ xÓfliy ≤ÃyÆ •ÄÎ˚yˆÏܲ xˆÏöˆÏܲ•z xŸ’#° ӈϰ üˆÏö
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö– !ܲv ≤ß¿ê˛y ~•z ˆÎñ ~•z âê˛öy !ܲ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏö ˆÜ˛yöÄ ï˛#Ó  xyâyï˛ Óy
Îsfîy §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ öy ï˛y öÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ x§Çà!ï˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏö •y!§Ó˚ í˛zˆÏß√£Ï
âê˛yÎ˚– ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z !¢‹Tï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD !ÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !öü≈° •y§ƒÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛zqy§ âˆÏê˛– §ü@ˇÃ
ܲyÓƒ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ˆ§•z ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty•z û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y §ü@ˇÃ üôƒÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ x!¢‹Tï˛y ≤çˆÏD ï˛Íܲy°#ö Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ òy!ÓˆÏÜ˛Ä üyÌyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçöñ ܲyÓ˚î Î%ˆÏàÓ˚
òy!ÓˆÏܲ öyÜ˛ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲáöÄ•z ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛!Ó §y!•ï˛ƒ §,çö ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– Î%ˆàÏ Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çˆÏö
ܲyÓƒ üˆÏôƒ !ܲå%È @ˇÃyüƒÈÙÈfli(°ï˛y ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Ä û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ öyà!Ó˚ܲ üy!ç≈ï˛ Ó˚&!ã˛Ó˚ flõˆÏ¢≈
ï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ !¢“ÈÙÙÙÈ~áyˆÏö•z ܲ!ÓÓ˚ !Ó!¢‹Tï˛y Ä Ü,˛!ï˛c– ï˛y•z xyüÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚx‹Tyò¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ §Ó≈ˆÏ◊¤˛ ܲ!Ó Ó˚yÎ˚=îyܲÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w §ü@ˇÃ ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚•z ~ܲçö
≤ÃÌü ˆ◊!îÓ˚ üy!ç≈ï˛ Ó˚&!ã˛ Ä !Óò?˛ §yÓ˚flï∫ ˛ §yôܲ–....!ï˛!ö xÓ¢ƒ üôƒÎ%à#Î˚ ôyÓ˚y xö%§Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ üD° ܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚•z xö%Óï≈˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ï˛Ó% ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ @ˇÃyü#î fli(°ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ öyà!Ó˚ܲ
§)-ï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˆüˆÏ°ÈÙÙÙÈÎy xˆÏöܲê˛y xyô%!öܲ Î%à°«˛ƒîye´yhsˇ–ÛÛ6
§üyˆÏ°yã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öy Ä öÓü)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ !ö!Ó˚ˆÏá ܲ!Ó û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ܲyÓƒ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛
xyüÓ˚y !ܲå%È !§k˛yˆÏhsˇ ˆ˛õÑÔåÈyˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ï˛y •° ~•z ˆÎÈÙÙÙÈ
1. ܲ!Ó û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w û)˛ÈÙȧ¡õߨ í˛zFã˛ ÓLjϢ çß√@ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Ä Óy ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ˆÏï˛ Ü,˛£èã˛ˆÏwÓ˚
§û˛y§ò !öÎ%_´ •ˆÏ°Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!_´àï˛ ç#Óö ܲáöÄ•z !Ó°y§Ó‡° !åÈ° öy ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚
§y!•ï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄÓ˚*˛õ !Ó°y!§ï˛yÓ˚ ú˛° üye öÎ˚–
2. ç#ÓˆÏö •yçyˆÏÓ˚y ò%Éá ˆû˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚Ä û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛w ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓƒˆÏܲ ~ܲáy!ö ò%ɈÏáÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛y!°
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö ÓÓ˚Ç !ï˛!ö ÚÓ#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •y!§Û •y!§ ˆ•ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈö–
3. !ï˛!ö ~ܲçö x§yôyÓ˚î û˛y£ÏyÈÙÈ!¢“#ó ïÑ˛yÓ˚ û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ≤çyò=î x˛õ)Ó≈–
4. ܲ!ÓÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ü)° Ó˚§ xy!ò Ó˚§ öÎ˚ñ ï˛y •° •y§ƒÓ˚§–
5. xŸ’#°ï˛y ˆòyˆÏ£Ï ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ û˛yˆÏÓ•z ò%‹T öÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§•z xŸ’#°ï˛y àû˛#Ó˚ öÎ˚ñ
ï˛y §•y§ƒ–
@ˇÃsi§)e ≠
1. Ú≤ÃÓ¶˛ §Ç@ˇÃ•ÛÈÙÙÙÈ≤ÃüÌ ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#ñ Úû˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛wÛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ñ !ÓŸªû˛yÓ˚ï˛# ≤Ãܲy¢öy xyàfiê˛ 2008ñ ˛õ,. 216–
2. ï˛ˆÏòÓñ ˛õ,. 218–
3. Úû˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ xߨòyüD°ÛÈÙÙÙȧ¡õyñ ◊#!öü≈ˆÏ°®% ü%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ ˛õM˛Èü §ÇflÒÓ˚î ÈÙÙÙÈ2002ÈÙÈ03ñ ˛õ%öü%≈oîÈÙÙÙÈ2007ñ
≤Ãܲy¢öyÈÙÙÙÈüí˛yö≈ Ó%ܲ ~ˆÏç!™ñ ˛õ,. 26–
4. ÚÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ •z!ï˛Ó,_ÛÈÙÙÙÈx!§ï˛Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢öyÈÙÙÙÈüí˛yö≈ Ó%ܲ ~ˆÏç!™ñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ §ÇflÒÓî˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ
2009ÈÙÈ10ñ ˛õ,. 201–
5. Ú≤ÃÓ¶˛ §Ç@ˇÃ•ÛÈÙÙÙÈ≤ÃüÌ ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#ñ Úû˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛wÛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛– !ÓŸªû˛yÓ˚ï˛# ≤Ãܲy¢öyñ xyàfiê˛ 2008ñ ˛õ,. 219–
6. ÚÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ •z!ï˛Ó,_ÛÈÙÙÙÈx!§ï˛Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢öyÈÙÙÙÈüí˛yö≈ Ó%ܲ ~ˆÏç!™ñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ §ÇflÒÓî˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ
2009ÈÙÈ10ñ ˛õ,. 198–
°yàyü åÈyí˛¸y üˆÏrê˛y
......
§%!Óü° Ó§yܲ
§Î˚yòï˛ •§ö üˆÏrê˛yñ í˛zò≈§% y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚° ≤Ã!ï˛û˛yñ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ö!®ï˛ Ä ö!®ï˛ ܲÌy!¢“#Ó˚
çß√¢ï˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ~ ÓåÈÓ˚– çß√ 11 ˆüñ 1912ñ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyOyÓ ˆç°yÎ˚ ˆ•y!¢Î˚yÓ˚˛õ%Ó˚–
ü,ï%˛ƒ 18 çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ 1955 ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏöÓ˚ °yyˆÏ•yˆÏÓ˚– 43 ÓåÈÓ˚ ~•z ˛˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ç°ÈÙÈÓyï˛y§
ˆÓ˚ÔoÈÙÈx¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Îy!˛õï˛ ç#ÓˆÏö ˚ 18ÈÙÈ20 ÓåÈÓ˚ Î!ò ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ Ä åÈyeç#Óö Óyò ˆòÎ˚y •Î˚ñ
ï˛y•ˆÏ° üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ ç#Óö 20ÈÙÈ22 ÓåÈÓ˚ ôÓ˚y ã˛ˆÏ°– ~•z fl∫“ §üˆÏÎ˚ üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ §,‹T
ú˛§° ˆö•yï˛ Ü˛ü öÎ˚– !ï˛öˆÏ¢yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ˆåÈyê˛à“ñ öˆÏû˛ˆÏ°ê˛ñ flø,!ï˛Ü˛y!•!öñ !ú˛Õ√ !fl;˛≤Wzñ
ˆÓ˚!í˛Ä öyê˛Ü˛ñ xö%ÓyòÈÙÙÙÈöyöyö !ӣψÏÎ˚ fl∫y«˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ çß√¢ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
◊k˛yâ≈ƒ !öˆÏÓ!òï˛ •°–
§Î˚yòï˛ •§ö üˆÏrê˛y §y!•ï˛ƒ çàˆÏï˛ ÷ô% ÚüˆÏrê˛yÛ öyˆÏü ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ïÈÙÙÙÈÎy í˛zò%≈ !•!® §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ
ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áy §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ò%ˆÏê˛y !ӈϢ£Ïî
xÓôy!Ó˚ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ˆòÎ˚y •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈÓòöyü üˆÏrê˛yñ ~ÓÇ ˆÓÈÙÈ°àyü üˆÏrê˛y– ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z !öÉŸªyˆÏ§
í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ à“ ≤Ãܲy¢ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏDñ ˛õ%O#û)˛ï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ°yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛yñ ˛õyë˛Ü˛üˆÏö åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
˛õí˛¸ï˛ÈÙÙÙÈÓòöyü üˆÏrê˛y– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áy â,îyÎ˚ñ ï˛y!FåȈϰƒñ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ å%ȈÏí˛¸ ˆú˛°ˆÏ°Ä xyÓyÓ˚
˛õ%ö˛õ≈yë˛ Ü˛Ó˚ï˛– xŸ’#°ï˛yÓ˚ x!û˛ˆÏÎyà– ü)°ï˛ ˆÎÔö !ӈϟ’£Ïî– ˆòáy ˆàˆÏåÈ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ
üyöÓç#ÓˆÏö öÓ˚ÈÙÈöyÓ˚#Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ xhsˇÓ˚D !ÓÓÓ˚î ÎyÓ˚y ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚y•z ~•z !ӈϢ£ÏˆÏî
û)˛!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– öÓ˚öyÓ˚#Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏö ˆÎÔö §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y !Ó¢y° û)˛!üܲy ̈Ïܲñ xˆÏöˆÏܲ
~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Îyöñ üˆÏrê˛y ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ üyö!§Ü˛ àë˛ö öyöy ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– üˆÏrê˛yˆÏܲ ÚxŸ’#° ˆ°áÜ˛Û !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ§ §üÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚y ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
e´üyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yí˛¸öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ– ÚÓòöyü üˆÏrê˛yÛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆï˛yÎ˚yE˛y öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÚˆÓÈÙÈ°àyü üˆÏrê˛yÛ
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈö– !öçfl∫ x!û˛K˛ï˛y°∏˛ öyöy!Óô âê˛öy ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ Îy ç#Óö ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆöÄÎ˚y–
≤Ãà!ï˛Óyò#Ó˚yÄ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ö– !•!® í˛zò%≈ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚
çüyˆÏÎ˚ï˛ñ ˆ≤Ãüã˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ˆÎyàòyöÈÙÙÙÈüˆÏrê˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãû˛y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ñ ö•zˆÏ° Úï˛yüy¢yÛ
öyˆÏü ~ܲ!ê˛ x§yôyÓ˚î à“ !°ˆÏá ˆú˛ˆÏ°!åÈ°– ï˛áö ˆ§ fl%Ò° åÈyeñ Ä•z ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ˆ°áy
çy!°Î˚yöÄÎ˚y°yÓyˆÏàÓ˚ üü≈vòñ Ó#û˛Í§ âê˛öy ˆÜ˛!wܲñ üyöÓï˛yÓ˚ ò!°° ≤Ãܲy¢ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛•z
ê˛öܲ öˆÏí˛¸– ~üöܲ# !Ó !ê˛¢ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ¢e& !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xƒyˆÏÓ˚fiê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ Ìyöy ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÓ˚•y•z !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎñ ˆ°áܲ ˆö•yï˛ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ñ x≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ– ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#°ï˛yÓ˚
ôyÓ˚y åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ öyöy ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ öï%˛ö öï%˛ö à“ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ◊!î§Ç@ˇÃyüñ
ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ çö§yôyÓ˚îñ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò#Ó˚ ü%ˆÏáy¢ñ @ˇÃyüƒç#Óö ~•z§Ü˛° !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Îy üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚
üöˆÏöÈÙÈ!ã˛hsˇyÎ˚ àû˛#Ó˚û˛yˆÏÓ öyí˛¸y ˆòÎ˚– ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#°ï˛yÎ˚ xye´yhsˇ •Î˚ñ ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áyÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ xy°yòy ˆã˛•yÓ˚y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– Ó˚&¢# xú˛§yˆÏö SÓ˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ à“Vñ ˆày!Ü≈˛ˆÏܲ
 fløÓ˚î ≠ °yàyü åÈyí˛¸y üˆÏrê˛y † 183
xú˛§yˆÏ§ Sˆày!Ü≈˛Ó˚ à“V xö%Óyò à“ åÈyí˛¸y Ä•z ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ !öçfl∫ ˆüÔ!°Ü˛ à“Ä
Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö–
í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏò¢ñ üôƒ≤ÈÏò¢ñ ˛õyOyÓ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xô#öfli fl%҈ϰ üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ à“ xÓ¢ƒ ˛õyë˛ƒ
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏöy •ï˛ñ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° üˆÏrê˛yˆÏܲ Îáö xŸ’#° ˆ°áܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y
•Î˚ñ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ Óyò ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– fl∫û˛yÓï˛•z üˆÏö •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~Ó˚ ˆ˛õåȈÏö
xò,¢ƒ §%ˆÏï˛yÓ˚ •yï˛ !åÈ°. ≤Ãyã˛#ö §ÇflÒyÓ˚Óyò#Ó˚yÄ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xy§ˆÏö Ó§yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚
!òˆÏï˛ öyÓ˚yç •ö– üˆÏrê˛yˆÏܲ öyöyû˛yˆÏÓ öyöyö í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ xye´üî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ܲyë˛àí˛¸yÎ˚
òÑyí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆ°áy ≤Ãܲy¢ •ÓyÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏeñ §¡õyòˆÏܲÓ˚
ˆê˛!ӈϰñ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ öyˆÏü ÚÓòöyüÛ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
ç#ÓˆÏö ˆöˆÏü xyˆÏ§ àû˛#Ó˚ !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚– xy!Ì≈ܲ Ó!öÎ˚yò §%fli !åÈ° öyñ !û˛ï˛ öí˛¸ÓˆÏí˛¸ñ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚
ò%ÈÙÈ~ܲê˛y ˆåÈyê˛áyˆÏê˛yñ ˆ≤çÈñ ˛õ!eܲyÈÙÙÙÈï˛yˆÏï˛ §%Ó˚y•yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆö•z– ç#ÓöÈÙÈÎy˛õöñ
§Ç§yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°öÈÙÙÙÈxˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çö ÌyˆÏܲ– üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ ˆ§Ôû˛yàƒ Ü˛ˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛çö ˛õ!eܲy §¡õyòܲñ
!ܲå%È !ö!ò≈‹T Ó¶%˛ÈÙÈÓy¶˛Ó ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ •yï˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòö– ˆ°áyÓ˚ xöƒyöƒ ¢yáyÈÙÈ≤âyáyÎ˚
!Óã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– Ä•z xÓfliyÎ˚ ˆ¢£ÏyÓ!ô ˆÓyˆÏ¡∫ ã˛ˆÏ° Îyö ~ÓÇ üyö!§Ü˛ !òܲ
!òˆÏÎ˚ !ܲå%Èê˛y fl∫!hflÏ ˛õyö– ˆ°áyˆÏܲ !ç•zˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáö–
x!ôܲyÇ¢ ã˛!ã≈˛ï˛ Ó˚ã˛öy ˆÓyˆÏ¡∫ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲyܲy°#ö Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ˆÓyˆÏ¡∫Ó˚ Ó!hflψÏï˛ñ ˆÜ˛yë˛yÎ˚ñ °y°
~°yܲyÎ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏöy üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ x!û˛K˛ï˛yÎ˚ ÄÎ˚yˆÏ°ê˛ û˛ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ– ˆÓ¢ƒy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áyÎ˚
ü)რí˛z˛õyòyö !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈñ öyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ñ ˆÎÔö ç#Óöñ ˆày˛õö ï˛Ìƒñ
xöy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •zˆÏFåÈÈÙÈܲyüöyñ åÈуyã˛í˛¸y!üñ ˆÓçß√y ˆåÈyܲÓ˚yñ ˆÓ¢ƒyÓ˚ òy°y°ÈÙÙÙȧühflÏ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ
ê˛ƒyÓ%ñ Ó˚#!ï˛ö#!ï˛ ï˛åÈöåÈ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !°ˆÏá !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– fl∫û˛yÓï˛•zñ ˆ§•z§Ó ˆ°áyñ ôyÓ˚îy •çü
ܲÓ˚y ¢_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!åÈ° fli!ÓÓ˚ ü!hflÏ‹Ò Ä ã˛˛õ°ü!ï˛ˆÏÓyô §¡õߨ üyö%£Ï– ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ à“
xö%àˆÏ“ !§Î˚y• •y!¢ˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÙÙȈòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåÈyê˛ âê˛öyñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ !û˛ß¨ !û˛ß¨ xÓfliyöñ
x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ü%áñ áy˛õ öyÈÙÈáyÄÎ˚y ã˛!Ó˚eñ öyöyö ã˛üˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zˆÏß√£Ï– x!û˛K˛ï˛y°∏˛ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚
≤Ãܲy¢ í˛zˆÏë˛ xyˆÏ§ ˆ°áyÎ˚–
ÚÚ§!ï˛ƒ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛#ñ xy!ü ˆÎüö áyÄÎ˚yÈÙÈòyÄÎ˚y ܲ!Ó˚ñ fl¨yö ܲ!Ó˚ñ ü¢yÈÙÈüy!åÈ üy!Ó˚ñ
!ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z Ó˚ܲü xy!ü à“ Ó˚ã˛öy ܲ!Ó˚– üòƒ˛õyˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y xy!ü à“ ˆ°áyÓ˚ xˆÏû˛ƒ§ àˆÏí˛¸
ï%˛ˆÏ°!åÈ– xyÓ˚ xy!ü Î!ò à“ öy !°!áñ üˆÏö •Î˚ñ xy!ü çyüyܲy˛õí˛¸ÈÙȈ˛õy¢yܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!öñ fl¨yö
ܲ!Ó˚!ö– üòƒ˛õyö ܲ!Ó˚!ö–
ày•≈fli öyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyüyÓ˚ ˆï˛üö xy§!_´ ˆö•z– ≤Ã!ï˛Ó ï˛y öyÓ˚# §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xˆÏöܲ ˆ°áy
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ó˚üî# ïÑ˛yÓ˚ fl∫yü#Ó˚ xy!°Dö ˆÌˆÏܲ ü%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£Ï
!àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ÈÙÙÙȈÎö !ܲå%È•z âˆÏê˛!öÈÙÙÙÈÈ~üöû˛yˆÏÓ–
~•z §üÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫yü# âˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏܲñ ì%˛ˆÏܲ §Ó !ܲå%È öçˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÈí˛¸ÈÙÙÙÈ~üö Ó˚üî#Ó˚ •*òÎ˚ í˛zˆßÏ √yã˛ö
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y à“ ˆÜ˛ö ˆ°áy •Î˚ öy⁄ ç#Óö ˆÎüö •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆ§û˛yˆÏÓ @ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚yñ
!öçfl∫ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyˆÏî í˛z˛õfliy˛õö ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
xy!ü ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õÌÈÙÈ≤Ãò¢≈ܲ ö•z– §yüyöƒ ~ܲ ˆ°áܲ– ~ܲçö !ã˛e!¢“# ˆÎüö §üyçñ
184 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆò¢ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ •zï˛ƒy!ò fl∫ܲ#Î˚ ò,!‹Tû˛!DˆÏï˛ x!B˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲöñ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z§Ó
í˛z˛õfliy˛õö ܲÓ˚y•z •° !¢“#Ó˚ ôü≈– !¢“# Î!ò ~•z ôü≈ ˛õy°ö öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ò,¢ƒüyö !ã˛eˆÏܲ
~üöû˛yˆÏÓ x!B˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ Îy ˆòˆÏá !ã˛öˆÏï˛ x§%!ÓˆÏô •Î˚ñ ï˛y !ܲ xy˛õöyÓ˚ ˛õåÈ® •ˆÏÓ⁄
xyüyÓ˚ xÑyܲy !ã˛eyÓ!°Ä ˆ§Ó˚ܲü xÓyhflÏÓ ≤Ãï˛#ï˛ •Î˚ öy– xy!ü ÷ô%üye ܲ“öy ܲ!Ó˚ öyñ
§üyˆÏç !öü≈yî Ä âê˛öy Ó‡° åÈ!Ó Ü˛yàˆÏç ï%˛ˆÏ° ô!Ó˚ñ Îy xy˛õöyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚ üˆÏö
•ÄÎ˚y fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ–ÛÛ
ˆòˆÏ¢ ï˛áö xÓ˚yçܲ xÓfliyñ !ÓÎ˚y!Õ‘ˆÏ¢ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ åÈyˆÏí˛¸y xyˆÏ®y°ö ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ •zLjÏÓ˚çˆÏòÓ˚
òüöö#!ï˛ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆöï˛yÓ˚y !˛õˆÏë˛ û˛yà ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ ÓƒhflÏ– §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲï˛y ü)°
°«˛ƒ– §Çáƒy°â%ñ ò%Ó≈° ˆ◊!î ˆ°yܲçö !öÓ˚y˛õò xy◊ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çöƒñ !öç Óy§û)˛!ü ï˛ƒyà
ܲˆÏÓ˚ eyî•#ö ç#Óö xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏî ÓƒhflÏ– ˛õ«˛yhsˇˆÏÓ˚ñ §Çáƒy=Ó˚&Ó˚y §Ó° ˆ◊!îÓ˚y e´ü¢ •yüy≈yò
•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈñ ˆã˛•yÓ˚y ã˛!Ó˚e ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xy!ôܲƒ–
üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ òyü ܲyöyܲ!í˛¸ §üyöñ öyÓ˚#Ó˚ üÎ≈yòy ô%ˆÏ°yÎ˚ àí˛¸yà!í˛¸ñ ôü#≈Î˚ ã˛yï˛yˆÏ°
ܲyܲÈÙÈ¢Ü%˛ˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏ•yͧÓñ öyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ!¢÷Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ §Ó%çÈÙÈåÈyÎ˚y ˆö•zñ Îeï˛e ÓÓ≈ˆÏÓ˚y!ã˛ï˛
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ xydyÓ˚ x!fliÓ˚ï˛yñ •yÎ˚ñ í˛zß√yò •ˆÏÎ˚ Äë˛yÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛ Ä ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà– Ü˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ôùǧñ Ü˛ï˛ Ó˚üî#Ó˚ öyÓ˚#c ö‹T •ÄÎ˚yñ üyö!Óܲï˛yÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhsˇ x˛õüyöÈÙÙÙÈ~ÓÇ ~§ˆÏÓÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛
Îy xÓôy!Ó˚ï˛ñ ï˛y •° °%ë˛ï˛Ó˚yç– §Ó≈yˆÏÌ≈ °%ë˛ï˛Ó˚yç– ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ĈÏë˛ Ó˚_´Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y–
°%ë˛ï˛Ó˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲï˛yñ ôü#≈Î˚ ú˛ˆÏï˛yÎ˚yñ ˆ◊!î!Óû˛yçöñ ¢y§ö
≤Ãîy°#Ó˚ x˛õÓƒÓfliyñ ˛õ%!°¢ Ä xyÓ˚«˛y Óy!•ö#Ó˚ ò%òü≈ö#Î˚ ö#ã˛ ò%Ó≈ƒÓ•yÓ˚– ~•z §üÎ˚ üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚
ˆ°áyÎ˚ ~§ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õê˛û)˛!ü Ä ï˛Ìƒy!ò í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ– Î!òÄ ~Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ˛õyë˛Ü˛ xö%ˆÏüy!òï˛
!åÈ° öy– xŸ’#°ï˛yÓ˚ x!û˛ˆÏÎyà xyöy ˆÓ¢ ܲ‹TܲÓ˚ !åÈ°– Ó›ï˛ ç%ï˛yñ ܲÓ˚yüyï˛ñ âyˆÏê˛ Ü˛y
§Äòyñ ï˛Ü˛§#üñ !öàÓ˚y!ö ~•z§Óñ ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚Ä xˆÏöܲ à“ ˛õyë˛yˆÏhsˇ ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚y Óy܉˛Ó˚&k˛–
Î!òÄ üˆÏrê˛yˆÏܲ ˆï˛üö üÎ≈yòy ˆòÎ˚y •Î˚!öñ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÄ Ü˛ü •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ !ܲv üˆÏrê˛y !°ˆÏá
ˆàˆÏåÈöñ ˛°%ˆÏë˛Ó˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚eñ xyÓyÓ˚ •ë˛yÍÈÙÈ•ë˛yÍ ˆçˆÏà Äë˛y Ü%˛ÈÙÈ≤ÃÓ,!_ÈÙÙÙÈÎy ô£Ï≈îñ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
!ö@ˇÃ•ñ !çâyǧy ~§ˆÏÓ •y!çÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ °yàyü ˆÎáyˆÏö ê˛yöyÓ˚ ܲÌyñ Îy ˆ°áyÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ öÎ˚ñ ˆ§•z§Ó ˆ°áyÓ˚ çöƒ ÚˆÓÈÙÈ°àyüÛ åÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ ܲ# !ӈϢ£Ïî •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ òyDy Ä
òyDy˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ç#Óöñ x§%fli §üyç ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ !Ó£Ï]ñ Óƒ!Ìï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ò%Éáܲyï˛Ó˚–
ÚâyˆÏê˛ !ܲ §ÄòyÛ Sˆ°yܲ§yˆÏöÓ˚ §yü@ˇÃ#V àˆÏ“ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ òyDy ˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ °y!N˛ï˛ öyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– §ü§ƒyܲyï˛Ó˚ñ xÓü)°ƒyÎ˚öñ «%˛ôyï≈˛ñ x§•yÎ˚ñ û˛#ï˛ñ ehflÏñ û˛!ӣσÍ
•#ö Ó˚üî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÎ˚yö– ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÓ¢ƒy öÎ˚ñ xÌã˛ ˆÓ¢ƒyÓ˚ xôü ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çöƒ ˆÎö
!öˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛– ~Ó˚ܲü ~ܲ òD° ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ üyé˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%•z Î%Óܲñ òÓ˚òyü ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° !öˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ§– ≤Û!ï˛˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ÷û˛yÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛ñ ~ܲçö çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙȈï˛yüyÓ˚ öyü ܲ#⁄ öyü ÷ˆÏö üyÌyÓ˚
ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ é˛öé˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ĈÏ벖 xyˆÏ«˛˛õ fl∫Ó˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ Ĉϕyñ xyüyˆÏܲ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°
ï%˛!ü !û˛ß¨ ôˆÏü≈Ó˚....– ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ çÓyÓ ˆòÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ!üˆÏ̃ ӈϰ!åÈ°yü– ÷ˆÏö•z ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ Î%Óܲ Ó¶%˛Ó˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ å%ȈÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚ñ ~ ܲ#⁄ ~ ˆÎ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ñ ã˛ˆÏ°y !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xy!§...–
˛õyë˛Ü˛ °«˛ ܲÓ˚&öñ «%˛ôy ï,˛£èy !öÓyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ ~•z ˛õˆÏÌ– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆòá%öñ ˆÎÔö
 fløÓ˚î ≠ °yàyü åÈyí˛¸y üˆÏrê˛y † 185
ܲyüöy Ä °y°§y xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ ôù∂y Óí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ àˆÏ“ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆüyã˛í˛¸
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆòá%öñ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲê˛y à“ÈÙÙÙÈ
ü%§°üyö à,•Ü˛ï≈˛y âˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Î%Óï˛# ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ á%ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏåÈ– Ó˚_´
àÓ˚ü •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ñ û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑ xyï≈˛öyò ܲˆÏÓ˚ ĈÏë˛ö– ˆòyhflϧD#§• í˛zß√%_´ ï˛ˆÏ°yÎ˚yÓ˚
!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ í˛zß√yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y– Óò°y ã˛y•zñ •Ñƒy Óò°yñ á%öˆÏܲ ÓòˆÏ° á%ö– ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#
!•®%ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Ó¶%˛Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Óò°y ˆöÎ˚yÓ˚ x!û˛≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚– x!fliÓ˚ ˛õy ˆçyí˛¸y
ˆ•Ñyã˛ê˛ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ÌüˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆã˛ÔܲyˆÏë˛ñ ˆòˆÏáñ ï˛yÓ˚•z ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §üÓÎ˚!§ Ó¶%˛ ܲöƒy ü,ï˛ xÓfliyÎ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏåÈñ Ó˚ˆÏ_´ üyáyüy!á ˆò• Ó§öñ ô!£Ï≈ï˛y– •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏ°yÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚
ˆüˆÏé˛ˆÏï˛–È... òyDyÓyçˆÏòÓ˚ !ö!ò≈‹T ˆÜ˛yöÄ ôü≈ •Î˚ öy– òyDy ˆÜ˛Ó° !ÓˆÏÓܲ !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
öyñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛Ä ò)!£Ïï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
òyDyÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áyÎ˚ öyöyû˛yˆÏÓñ öyöyhflψÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õfliy!˛õï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆò¢ÈÙÈ!Óû˛yçˆÏöÓ˚
û˛Î˚B˛Ó˚ flø,!ï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏöˆÏܲ xˆÏöܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ à“ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áy !åÈ° fl∫ï˛sf–
öyÓ˚# xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÜ˛Ó° ˆÓ¢ƒy öÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏë˛ÄÎ˚y!° öÎ˚ñ •yú˛ÈÙȈàÓ˚hflÏ ü!•°y öÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç §ü@ˇÃ
öyÓ˚#§üyç ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ üyö!Óܲï˛y˛õ)î≈– òyDy ˛õê˛û)˛!üˆÏï˛ ˆ°áyÈÙÙÙÈáÓÓ˚òyÓ˚ öyÓ˚yñ ܲÓ˚yüyï˛ñ
ˆ˛õ¢yÓ!®ñ !öàÓ˚yî#ñ ï˛Ü˛§#üñ ˆÓáÓÓ˚#¢ ú˛yÎ˚òyñ ~•z§Ó à“ üˆÏrê˛yˆÏܲ ˆï˛üö üÎ≈yòy ˆòÎ˚!ö–
xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÄ Ü˛ü •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ!ܲv ~•z§Ó ˆ°áyÎ˚ ï˛áöܲyÓ˚ §üÎ˚ˆÏܲ ôÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆ§ §üÎ˚
ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ òyDyÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ ӈϰ ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙȈÓÈÙÈ°àyü üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ çß√ ˆ§ §üˆÏÎ˚–
Ó¶%˛ÈÙÈÓy¶˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ §Çáƒy ˆö•yï˛ Ü˛ü !åÈ° öyñ ˆÓyˆÏ¡∫ !ú˛Õ√çàÍñ ܲyÓ˚òyÓ˚ñ §yö# ~шÏòÓ˚ ܲÌyÄ
!°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ÚàˆÏO ú˛!Ó˚hflyÏ ÛÎ˚È ÙÙÙÈÎÑyÓ˚y ÄшÜÏ ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ Èöñ xÌã˛ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ ˛˛õy!Ó˚◊!üܲ
!òˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ö öy– ö%Ó˚çy•yöñ !§ï˛yÓ˚Óy{ ~ÑÓ˚yÄ üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ §D !òˆÏï˛ö– §%ò¢≈öñ fløyê˛≈
Óyܲã˛yï%˛ˆÏÎ≈û˛Ó˚y üˆÏrê˛y ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆü•!ú˛ˆÏ° üôƒü!î– !ܲvñ •z§üï˛ ã%˛àï˛y•zÛÓ˚ §D ïÑ˛yÓ˚
û˛yˆÏ°y °yàï˛– °yˆÏ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ •z§üˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆâyÓ˚yâ%!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ˆ•yˆÏê˛ˆÏ°
ӈϧ xyU˛y ˆüˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ à“ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y §òƒÓ˚!ã˛ï˛ àˆÏ“Ó˚ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öy
ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– •z§üˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy!dܲ û˛yÓöyñ ò,!‹Tû˛!Dñ üˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ü° !åÈ° x!û˛ß¨– ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò#
ˆ°!áܲy ã%˛àï˛y•z Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ à“ Ú!°•yú˛ÛÈÙÙÙÈxŸ’#°ï˛y ˆòyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ò%‹T ~üö ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z §üˆÏÎ˚–
àˆÏ“ ò%•z x§üÓÎ˚!§ öyÓ˚#ñ ò%•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ üy°!ܲö Ä òy§#ÈÙÙÙÈïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ §üyç
xöö%ˆÏüy!òï˛ §ü˜Ï°!Dܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ò%ÛçˆÏö•z ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö öyÓ˚# xhsˇü≈ˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚•§ƒñ
ü%_´ ç#ÓöôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚yöñ âyˆÏ§ ì˛yܲy üy!ê˛Ó˚ xû˛ƒhsˇˆÏÓ˚ §yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛– üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
à“ Úô%Î˚yÛÈÙÙÙÈ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
Ó%ñ ë˛yu˛y ˆàyhflÏñ ô%Î˚yñ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ xyÄÓ˚ òÑÓ˚!üÎ˚yö ~ÓÇ ˆáy° ˆòyÈÙÙÙÈ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ à“ñ ~•z
˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ àˆÏ“Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ xŸ’#°ï˛yÓ˚ x!û˛ˆÏÎyˆÏà üˆÏrê˛yˆÏܲ ܲyë˛àí˛¸yÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°– û˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚
xyòy°ˆÏï˛ !ï˛öÓyÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏöÓ˚ xyòy°ˆÏï˛ !ï˛öÓyÓ˚ÈÙÙÙȈüyê˛ åÈÎ˚ÓyÓ˚–
xÌã˛ñ xyÿ˛Î≈ ~•z ˆÎñ üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õåȈÏö Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ ˆ°!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥Ä ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˆ°áy ˆÌˆÏܲ
!öÓ,_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ö– üˆÏrê˛y !°ˆÏá ˆàˆÏåÈö x!ÓÓ˚ï˛ñ Îy üˆÏö •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xöƒyöƒ Ó‡ à“ñ
186 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
xÓôy!Ó˚ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ xŸ’#°ï˛yÓ˚ x!û˛ˆÏÎyà xyöy ˆÎï˛ñ §ÇflÒyÓ˚Óyò#Ó˚y ï˛Ìy ≤Ãyã˛#ö˛õsi#Ó˚y xyÓ˚
~ˆÏàyÎ˚!ö– ˆÓÈÙÈ°àyü üˆÏrê˛yˆÏܲ ÌyüyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ö–
ÚÓ%Û ≤ÃÌü à“ üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ xŸ’#°ï˛yÓ˚ x!û˛ˆÏÎyà– §Ó≈e !åÈÉ !åÈÉ Ü˛yÓ˚– ÚÓ%ÛÈÙÈÓ˚ xÌ≈
à¶˛ñ ˛õ)Ó≈˛õˆÏò Úá%¢Û Î%_´ •ˆÏ° §%à¶˛ ~ÓÇ Óò Î%_´ •ˆÏ° ò%à≈¶˛– Ó% ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚
ò%à≈¶˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà •Î˚– ~•z à“ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏ°ñ üˆÏrê˛y ÚòyDyÓ˚ ˆ°áÜ˛Û !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ÈÙÙÙÈ•…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– í˛z_ü ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£Ï Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~•z àˆÏ“Ó˚ öyÎ˚ܲ ~ܲçö !ü!°ê˛y!Ó˚ x!ú˛§yÓ˚ñ
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ úÑ˛yܲy ÓyLjϰyÎ˚ !ö¡¨ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ~ܲ !á fiê˛yö Î%Óï˛#ˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ
Ó,!‹Tfl¨yï˛ Ó§öñ ˆÜ˛¢ á%ˆÏ° §¡õ)î≈ xöyÓÓ˚î xÓfliyÎ˚ Ó˚*˛õ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ ˛í˛z˛õˆÏû˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆàyÓ˚y
˜§öƒˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏüyòÈÙÈ≤ÈÏüyˆÏò ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ Î%Óï˛#Ó˚üî#Ó˚y !öÎ%_´ •ï˛– xò)ˆÏÓ˚... ˜§öƒˆÏòÓ˚
≤ÈÏüyò¢y°yñ üòƒ˛õyöñ öyã˛àyöñ í˛zÕ‘y§ÈÙÙÙÈxÌã˛ ~•z ≤ÈÏüyò¢y°yÎ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§öyx!ú˛§yÓ˚ñ
í˛zFã˛hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ •ˆÏ°Äñ ˆì˛yܲyÓ˚ xö%ü!ï˛ ˆö•z– û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ä Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ ˆ§áyˆÏö ≤ÈÏÓ¢ !öˆÏ£Ïô– ~•z
àˆÏ“ ã)˛í˛¸yhsˇ ˆÎÔöÈÙÈxyÓ• §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– öyÎ˚ܲ âyˆÏüÓ˚ à¶˛ â,îy ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv öyÓ˚# ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
à¶˛ ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö ˆö¢y ôÓ˚yÎ˚ñ Ä•z Î%Óï˛# Ó˚üî#Ó˚ Óy‡§!¶˛Ó˚ Ó«˛ üyˆÏé˛ñ @ˇÃ#ÓyÎ˚ñ âyˆÏí˛¸ åÈí˛¸yˆÏöy
ˆÜ˛¢ üyˆÏé˛ñ í˛zòˆÏÓ˚ §Ó≈e åÈí˛¸yˆÏöy ˆö¢y– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ üyˆÏé˛ üy!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ§Ñyòyà¶˛– Ä•z àˆÏ“ !ÓŸªhflÏ
!ÓÓÓ˚î xˆÏöˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏö çμy°y ôÓ˚yÎ˚– öyÎ˚ܲ Ä•z Ó˚üî#Ó˚ §ˆÏD §•Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï,˛Æ •Î˚–
öyöyö ü!•°yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §•ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ x!û˛K˛ï˛y §M˛ÈÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ÓÓyˆÏ•y_Ó˚ ܲyˆÏ° flf#Ó˚ §ˆÏDñ
üƒy!çˆÏflT…ê˛ Ü˛öƒyñ @ˇÃƒyç%ˆÏÎ˚ê˛ åÈye#ñ ÎyÓ˚ àyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚Ç ˆŸªï˛÷ºñ ˆÜ˛yü° ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ öyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ§•z
~ܲ•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ ~ܲ•z §•Óy§ÈÙÈ!e´Î˚y ~ܲ•z !ÓÓÓ˚îñ ~ܲ•z Óî≈öyñ !¢“–
ܲyë˛àí˛¸y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆöˆÏü ~ˆÏ°ñ xˆÏöˆÏܲ ܲê˛y«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÚxy˛õˆÏö ˆï˛y ÓòÓ%ˆÏ§ ˛õ%Ó˚y üyˆÏ•°
§Ó˚y !òÎ˚y–Û üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ çÓyÓÈÙÙÙÈ!ÜÑ˛í˛z öy xy˛õ Ú!ú˛öy•z°Û ˆ§ §yú˛ ܲÓ˚ ˆò–
!Óû˛yçˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆ§ñ üˆÏrê˛yñ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲÓyÓ˚ °yˆÏ•yˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§!åȈϰö ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏï˛ñ ˆ°áyÓ˚ Ó˚§ò
ˆçyàyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ Ó¶%˛ÈÙÈÓy¶˛ÓˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆòáyÈÙȧy«˛yÍñ ˆ°áyÈÙÈåÈy˛õyˆÏï˛ñ !ܲv °yˆÏ•yÓ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ
ˆï˛üöû˛yˆÏÓ üyö!§Ü˛ xy◊Î˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ö– !Óû˛yçˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ flf# §y!ú˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆçò ӈϢ
!•®%fliyö ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏö Ó§Óy§ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– !ܲv !•®%fliyˆÏöÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ xöÓÓ˚ï˛
ܲyï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ ò%Éá ܲˆÏ‹T Îsfîy ˆû˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– Úˆê˛yÓyˆÏê˛Ü˛ !§ÇÛ àˆÏ“ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö˛Ó˚ xÓfliy– û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ à“ÈÙÙÙÈÎy ≤Ãyüy!îܲ Ä !ÓŸªhflÏ– xyÓ˚Ä
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ àˆÏ“ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öyÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §•ü!ü≈ï˛y ≤Ãܲy¢ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à“ Úí˛z˛õÓ˚ñ ö#ˆÏã˛ xyí˛zÓ˚ òÓ˚!üÎ˚yöÛÈÙÙÙÈ°yˆÏ•yˆÏÓ˚ á%Ó ••zã˛•z ˆú˛ˆÏ°!åÈ°– !ï˛ö
ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï– í˛zFã˛ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ öÓyÓ §yˆÏ•Ó Ä ˆÓàü §yˆÏ•Óyñ
üôƒˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ã˛!Õ‘ˆÏ¢yôù≈ ç˜Ïöܲ í˛y_´yÓ˚ Ä öy§≈ ~ÓÇ !öã%˛ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ öÓyÓ §yˆÏ•ˆÏÓÓ˚ áy!òü Ä
Óy{– ~ܲ•z ü!OˆÏ°Ó˚ !ï˛ö ˆ◊!î Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ !ö!ò≈‹T !òö !fliÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈöÓyÓ
§yˆÏ•Ó ˆÓàü §yˆÏ•Óy !ü!°ï˛ •ˆÏÓö– !òö«˛îñ §üÎ˚ñ ˆû˛yçöñ Ä£Ï%ô ~ÓÇ öyöyö í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î
!öˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ûï˛ñ í˛y_´yÓ˚ Ó˚_´ã˛y˛õñ !¢Ó˚yñ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ˛õ°Ü˛ñ •yê≈˛!Óê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xö%ü!ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ö âÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ– í˛y_´yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚ öy§≈ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z âê˛öyÓ˚ ܲÌy í˛zë˛ˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚yÄ
§•ày!üï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ •ö– öÓyÓ §yˆÏ•Ó ã)˛í˛¸yhsˇ §üÎ˚ ˆö!ï˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ö– í˛y_´yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
 fløÓ˚î ≠ °yàyü åÈyí˛¸y üˆÏrê˛y † 187
ï˛Ó˚&î ÓÎ˚§ñ ˆÎÔö!e´Î˚yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ xy°yòy ˆÜ˛yöÄ í˛zˆÏ_çöyÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚!ö– ~ÓÇ
áy!òü Ä Óy{ñ ò%ÛçˆÏö•z ê˛àÓˆÏà ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ñ Óyôy !Ó˛õ!_ öy ˆüˆÏö éÑ˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ öí˛¸ÓˆÏí˛¸
áy!ê˛Î˚y ˆû˛ˆÏä ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°Ä ï˛yÓ˚y !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !e´Î˚yÎ˚ ü_ ÌyˆÏܲ– á%¢ xö%û˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈
üyeyÎ˚– ~•z àˆÏ“ xŸ’#°ï˛y ü%რӃy˛õyÓ˚ öÎ˚ñ §ÇflÒyÓ˚Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá xöƒ üyeyÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ñ
í˛zFã˛ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ˆÎÔö ç#ÓˆÏö ~Ó˚*˛õ x§•yÎ˚ï˛y ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚yê˛y §üÌ≈ö ܲˆÏÓ˚!ö–
°yˆÏ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyë˛àí˛¸yÎ˚ üˆÏrê˛y òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚– !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲñ ˆÎ ~ܲòy üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛# !åȈϰöñ !çˆÏK˛§
ܲˆÏÓ˚öÈÙÙÙÈxy˛õ!ö !ܲ x˛õÓ˚yô#⁄ x˛õÓ˚yô fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄ x˛õÓ˚yô Ó°ˆÏï˛ xŸ’#° ܲy!•!ö
Ó˚ã˛öy– üˆÏrê˛y ÎÌyÓ˚#!ï˛ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò%ˆÏ¢y ê˛yܲy ç!Ó˚üyöy !ÓܲˆÏ“ ˆç°Óy§–
˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ §¡õyòܲ Ä Ó¶%˛ ç!Ó˚üyöy !òˆÏÎ˚ üˆÏrê˛yˆÏܲ ܲyë˛àí˛¸y ˆÌˆÏܲ öy!üˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏö–
üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ !åÈ° ÚÚܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÎ à!ï˛˛õˆÏÌ xyüÓ˚y ~§üÎ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°!åñ Î!ò xy˛õ!ö
ˆ§ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛ö öy ÌyˆÏܲöñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyüyÓ˚ à“ ˛õí˛Yö– Î!ò xy˛õ!ö ~•z§Ó à“ §•ƒ
öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚öñ ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ~•z Î%à x§•ö#Î˚– xyüyÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ ˆÎ x§ï˛ï˛y xyˆÏåÈ ~
Ó›ï˛ ~•z §üyˆÏçÓ˚ x§ï˛ï˛y– xyüyÓ˚ ˆ°áö#ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xû˛yÓ ˆö•z– ˆ§•z ˆ°áyˆÏçyáyˆÏܲ
xyüyÓ˚ öyˆÏü !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ xy§ˆÏ° ï˛y ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ ˆ°áöÈÈÙÙÙÈxy!ü •yDyüy ˛õåÈ®
ܲ!Ó˚ öy– ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ û˛yÓöyÎ˚ x¢y!hsˇ §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z öy– xy!ü §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ñ §û˛ƒï˛y
~ÓÇ ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛Ó˚ xyÓÓ˚î á%ˆÏ° ôÓ˚Ó ˆÜ˛öñ Îy Ó›ï˛ ö@¿– xy!ü ï˛yˆÏܲ Óflf ˛õÓ˚yˆÏöyÓ˚
ˆã˛‹TyÄ Ü˛!Ó˚ öyñ ˆÜ˛ööyñ ~ê˛y xyüyÓ˚ ܲyç öÎ˚....–ÛÛ
ÚÚ!ܲå%È üyö%£Ï ܲü fl∫≤¿ ˆòˆÏá– !ܲå%È üyö%£Ï ˆÓ!¢– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ !ܲå%È üyö%£Ï ~üö •Î˚ñ ÎyÓ˚y
~•z §Ü˛° fl∫≤¿ˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Óö ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §¡õÜ≈˛ !åÈߨ •Î˚ñ
~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ !Óã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–ÛÛ
ˆ¢£Ï üyü°yÎ˚ üˆÏrê˛yˆÏܲ •§ê˛y•z° !í˛ˆÏÜœ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zß√yò xy◊ˆÏü ˛õyë˛yˆÏöy •Î˚– §Ω˛Óï˛
~ê˛y ˆÎyà§yçˆÏ¢ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ~ü!öˆÏï˛ üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆû˛ˆÏä ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åÈ°– áyÄÎ˚yÈÙÈòyÄÎ˚yñ
â%üñ !Ó◊yüñ !öÎ˚üüy!ú˛Ü˛ •ï˛ öy– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲüy§ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~° xöƒüyö%£Ï–
üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §%áÈÙÈò%Éáñ •zˆÏFåÈÈÙÈx!öˆÏFåÈ §ï˛ƒÈÙÈ!ü̃y xˆÏöܲ ˛õòy≈•z í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛– üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyñ
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ~ܲüye ˛õyà°Ó˚y•z §%fli Ä fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ– x§)Îy˚ !ÓÓ!ç≈ï˛ñ !öˆÏ°≈yû˛ñ û˛yˆÏ°y üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚
≤Ã!ï˛FåÈyÎ˚y– !ã˛hsˇy û˛yÓöyÎ˚ ˛õ«˛˛õyï˛ò%‹T öÎ˚– ˆm£Ï !•Ç§y ¢e&ï˛y {£Ï≈y !ܲå%È•z ˆö•z– §Ç§yÓ˚ÈÙÈ
§üyç §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy Ä û˛yÓöyÈÙÙÙÈï˛y•z !öˆÏÎ˚ á%!¢– !üˆÏ̃ xç%•yï˛
ˆö•z– üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ ~ ÎyÓÍ ˆ§ Îy ˆòˆÏá ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈñ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ ï˛y
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ cܲñ í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ hflÓÏ –˚ üˆÏrê˛yÓ˚ ˛ã˛y°ã˛°öñ xyã˛Ó˚îñ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ ˛õy°ˆÏê˛ !àˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°–
fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ–
!üfiê˛yÓ˚ ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§
......
ˆê˛!ö!§ í˛z•z!°Î˚yü
xö%Óyò ≠ ï˛˛õï˛# Ó˚y‡ï˛
ˆê˛!ö!§ í˛z•z!°Î˚yü§ S1911ÈÙÈ1983V çß√ !ü!§!§!˛õÓ˚ ܲ°¡∫yˆÏ§– !˛õï˛yü• !åȈϰö
!ü!§!§!˛õÓ˚ ~!˛õ§ˆÏܲy˛õy° ôü≈Îyçܲñ !˛õï˛yñ ºyüƒüyî !ÓˆÏe´ï˛y– ˆ@ˇÃê˛ !í˛ˆÏ≤âˆÏöÓ˚ §üÎ˚
ܲˆÏ°ç ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ ç%ˆÏï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!öˆÏï˛ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆööñ ò%ÛÓåÈÓ˚ !åȈϰö ÄáyˆÏö–
Ó˚yˆÏï˛ !öÎ˚!üï˛ !°áˆÏï˛ö– 1938 Iowa University ˆÌˆÏܲ !í˛!@ˇÃ ~ÓÇ 1940 Battle
of Angels-~Ó˚ çöƒ Rockfellar Fellowship, 1948 ~ÓÇ 1955ÈÙÈˆï˛ Pulitzer
˛õ%Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚ §¡øy!öï˛ •ö–
ˆê˛!ö!§Ó˚ ˆï˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ ~ܲyB˛ öyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ Mister Paradise xöƒï˛ü– ~áyˆÏö ïÑ˛yÓ˚
!üfiê˛yÓ˚ ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§ öyê˛Ü˛!ê˛ ü%!oï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ çß√¢ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ˆê˛!ö!§ í˛z•z!°Î˚yü§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
◊k˛y çyöyˆÏöy •°– ≤Ãܲy¢ Ìyܲñ ˆê˛!ö!§ í˛z•z!°Î˚yü§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃyܲÈÙÈçß√¢ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈
xy!Ÿªö 1417ñ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ 2010 §ÇáƒyˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ú!ò ú˛ƒyê˛ üƒy™ ÄÎ˚y•zú˛Û Sˆüyê˛y üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚
flf#V ï˛˛õï˛# Ó˚y‡ï˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓDyö%ÓyˆÏò åÈy˛õy •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
[ò,¢ƒ !öí˛z xÓ˚!°ˆÏ™Ó˚ ˆú ˛M˛ÈÈÙÈˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏ§≈Ó˚ ~ܲ òy!Ó˚o˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ Óy§fliyö–]
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ !ü.ÈÙÙÙÈ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§‰⁄
[!ÓÓ˚!ï˛– !ÓfløˆÏÎ˚ •ï˛Óy܉˛ •ˆÏÎñ˚ !ü. ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§ ˆüˆÏÎ!˚ ê˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲö–]
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ !ü.ÈÙÙÙÈxƒyöÌ!ö ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§⁄
[!ü. ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ~üöû˛yˆÏÓ üyÌy öyˆÏí˛¸öñ ˆÎö ˆÜ˛yöÄ û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚
§ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ !òˆÏFåÈö– e´ˆÏü e´ˆÏü ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ •y!§ñ §¡õ)î≈ xhsˇ!•≈ï˛ •Î˚–
ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÈÙÈü%ˆÏá ú%˛ˆÏê˛ ÄˆÏë˛ñ §ˆÏ®• ~ÓÇ xyï˛B˛ ≠ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ñ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚
ˆ˛õyê≈˛ˆÏú˛y!°Ä á%ˆÏ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ Ó•z ÓyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚°–]
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ ~!ê˛ xy˛õöyÓ˚ Ó•z⁄
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ xy˛õ!ö !ܲ ~ÈÙÈê˛y !ܲˆÏöˆÏåÈö⁄
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ •Ñƒy–
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ xy˛õöyÓ˚–
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ öy– [ï˛yÓ˚&ˆÏîƒÓ˚ àû˛#Ó˚ !ÓŸªy§ ˆÌˆÏܲ–] ˆÜ˛yöÄ !¢“ܲü≈ ˆï˛y ˛õîƒÓ› öÎ˚ñ
!ü. ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§‰– ~ ܲáöÄ ˆÜ˛öyÄ ÎyÎ˚ öyñ ˆÓã˛yÄ ÎyÎ˚ öy– flÀ‹TyÓ˚ §,‹T
!¢“ܲü≈ !ã˛Ó˚ܲy° ï˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ•z ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ !ܲ⁄
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ •Ñƒy–
[í˛z!ö ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓñ˚ ~ܲ˛õyˆÏ¢ §ˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎñ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ!˚ ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤ÈÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õÌ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòö–
 fløÓ˚î ≠ ˆê˛!ö!§ í˛z•z!°Î˚yü§ † 189
!ü. ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•zˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x˛õ!Ó˚§#ü !Ó¢,C°yñ ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ñ öy ˆòáyÓ˚
û˛yö ܲˆÏÓ˚–]
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ xy˛õ!ö !ܲ xyüyÓ˚ !ã˛!ë˛=ˆÏ°y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö⁄
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ •Ñƒy–
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ !ï˛öÈÙÈ!ï˛öÈáyöy•z–
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ •Ñƒy–
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ xyüyÓ˚ !ã˛!ë˛=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòö!ö ˆÜ˛ö !ü. ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§‰⁄
[í˛z!ö ô#ˆÏÓÈ˚ Ùȧˆ% fl Ï !òˆÏ°ö–]
Ï i â%ˆÓÏ ñ˚ çyö°y xÓ!ô !àˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ áí˛¸á!í˛¸=ˆÏ°y á%ˆ°
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ àƒy!Ó ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ !¢ˆÏäÓ˚ ôù!öñ xy!ü ÷öˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z!ö–
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ ï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏö⁄
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ xyüyÓ˚ ˛õ%öç≈ˆÏß√Ó˚ §üÎ˚ ~áöÈÙÈÄ •Î˚!ö– ~•z ˆåÈyR Ó•zê˛yÓ˚ §¶˛yö ï%˛!ü ܲ#
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏ°⁄
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ üy xyÓ˚ xy!ü ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚ xƒy!rê˛Ü˛ áÑ%ç!åÈ°yü– ÓÓ˚‰Óö‰ !flT…ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆåÈyR
ˆòyܲyˆÏö ì%˛ˆÏܲ!åÈ°yü– ÄáyˆÏö ~ܲê˛y ã˛y•z!öç ã˛yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆê˛!Ó° !åÈ°ñ ÎyÓ˚
~ܲáyöy ˛õyÎ˚y xöƒ ˛õyÎ˚y=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ~ܲê%˛ ˆåÈyê˛– ˆòyܲyˆÏöÓ˚ üy!°Ü˛ñ
~•z Ó•záyöyñ ˆåÈyR ˛õyÎ˚yê˛yÓ˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ ˆê˛!Ó°ê˛yÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚§yüƒ ÓçyÎ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åȈϰö– üy ˆê˛!Ó°ê˛y !ܲöˆÏ°ö– ˆ¢ƒyú˛yÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛
ˆà°– ~•z ˆåÈyR Ó•zê˛y Ä•záyˆÏöñ Ä•zñ ˆüˆÏé˛Ó˚ IJõˆÏÓ•˚ z ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚•° z – ˆòyܲyˆÏöÓ˚
üy!°Ü˛ Ó›ê˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ÓyÓ˚Ä öy ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ ˛õòyâyˆÏï˛ å%ȈÏí˛¸
§yüˆÏö ˆÌˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏ°ö– ˆú˛ˆÏ°È ˆòÄÎ˚y Ó•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆÎöñ
§Ó§üÎ˚ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚&îƒ ˆ°ˆÏà ÌyˆÏܲ ӈϰ xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚– xy!üÄ
~ܲê%˛È xyôê%˛ !°!á çyˆÏöö– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚û˛yà•z ܲ!Óï˛y– §ühflÏ •*òÎ˚ˆÏܲ ܲyàˆÏç
í˛zçyí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛ˆÏ° ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ üyˆÏö xy!ü çy!öñ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z ˆ°áy
ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yñ Óyñ ï˛yÓ˚ x!hflÏc §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §¡õ)î≈ !Óflø,ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yñ Óy
ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ ˛õyÎ˚yÓ˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ §üï˛y Ó˚«˛yÈÙÈܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚yÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏö xy!ü çy!ö– Ó•zê˛yˆÏܲ ˆòáyÓ˚ çöƒ xy!ü !öã%˛ •°yü– Ó•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚
öyüê˛y ˆòá°yü â£ÏˆÏê˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ ˆàˆÏåÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§yöy!° !à°!ê˛ÈÙÈܲÓ˚y x«˛Ó˚=ˆÏ°y
xyÓ˚ ˆö•z– !ܲv xy˛õöyÓ˚ öyüê˛yñ ï˛áöÄ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆòá°yü– xƒyöÌ!ö
˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§–‰ xyüyÓ˚ üöê˛y xyê˛ˆÏܲ ˆà°ÈÙÙÙÈÓ•zê˛yˆÏܲ ï%˛°°yü– ˛õyï˛y Ä°ê˛yˆÏï˛
Ìyܲ°yü– ÚÚÓyÉñ ~ ˆï˛y ˆòá!åÈñ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ Ó•zÊÛÛ ˆòyܲyˆÏöÓ˚ üy!°Ü˛ÈˆÏܲ
Ó°°yü– ÚÚï˛y•z öy!ܲ⁄ÛÛ û˛oˆÏ°yܲ Ó°ˆÏ°ö– ÚÚܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏ°ö⁄ÛÛ ÄˆÏܲ
!çˆÏK˛§ ܲÓ˚°yü– ÚÚˆÜ˛yˆÏaˆÏܲ ~°⁄ÈÙÙÙÈܲï˛!òö ~áyˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏåÈ⁄
ÈÙÙÙÈxƒyöÌ!ö ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§ ˆÜ˛⁄ÛÛ xƒy!rê˛Ü˛ !í˛°yÓ˚ ˆ•ˆÏ§ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ ÚÚ~ܲüye
{ŸªÓ˚ÈÙÈ•z çyˆÏööñ xöƒyöƒ xˆÏöܲ !ܲå%ÈÓ˚ §ˆÏDñ Ó•zê˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓyô•Î˚ñ xˆÏöܲñ
xˆÏöܲ ܲy° xyˆÏà !ܲˆÏö!åÈ°yü– ܲyÓ˚&Ó˚ ܲyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲˆÏö!åÈñ ~üö ˆÜ˛yöÄ
Ó•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xy°üy!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Óy ˛õˆÏí˛¸ !åÈ°– ~§Ó !ç!ö§ !Ó!e´ •Î˚
öy– üyˆÏé˛ üˆÏôƒ xy=ö çμy°yÓyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç °yˆÏàÊÛÛ ÚÚxy!üñ ~!ê˛ !ܲöˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zÛÛ
xy!ü Ó°°yüñ ÚÚÜ˛ï˛ ã˛yöñ ~•z Ó•zê˛yÓ˚ çöƒ⁄ÛÛ §yüˆÏö ò%Ûáyöy •yï˛ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
190 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
!òˆÏÎ˚ñ á%Ó ÅòyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §ˆÏD û˛oˆÏ°yܲ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ ÚÚ~Ó˚ çöƒ ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ !ܲFå%È
!òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ öyÊÛÛ Ü˛!Óï˛yÓ˚ ˆåÈyR Ó•zê˛yˆÏܲñ xyüyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏܲê˛Ó%ˆÜÏ ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ ñ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°yüñ ܲyÓ˚î ˆ¢ƒyú˛yÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ üˆÏö ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !ò° ˆÎñ üy ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛
xyüyÓ˚ çöƒ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– xyüÓ˚y xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ܲ܉˛ˆÏê˛° ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ ÎyÓyÓ˚
çöƒ Ó˚Äöy !ò°yü– xy!ü ܲˆÏ°ˆÏçÓ˚ å%È!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Óy!í˛¸ ~ˆÏ§!åÈ°yüñ ç#Óöê˛y ~•z
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ã˛ï%˛!ò≈ˆÏܲ•z xyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •!FåÈ°– xöƒyöƒ !òˆÏöÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ñ ~•z !ÓˆÏܲ°ê˛y
ˆÎö ~ܲê%˛ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ܲü !ö‹±yî üˆÏö •!FåÈ°– ~•z ≤Ãyî•#ö ~ܲˆÏâˆÏÎ˚!üˆÏï˛
xyüyÓ˚ xyfliy ˆö•z– xyüyÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ í˛zˆÏ_çöyñ !ÓfløÎ˚ñ xyˆÏÓˆÏà– xyüyÓ˚
ˆ§•z§Ó üyö%ˆÏ£Ï xyfliy xyˆÏåÈñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚ é˛í˛¸ ĈÏë˛ñ ~ܲ Óí˛¸ÈÙÈ§í˛¸ û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚
é˛í˛¸ñ Îy §ühflÏ ï%˛FåÈï˛yˆÏܲ !Ó˚ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y Óy é˛Ó˚y˛õyï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y í˛z!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚
!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÊÈÙÙÙÈ•ë˛yÍ Ó•zê˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy üˆÏö •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ñ Ó•zÈê˛y ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ çöƒ
IJõˆÏÓ˚ ˆà°yüñ ï˛áö ~ܲçö xyüyˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ Ü%˛!í˛¸ ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y çyöˆÏï˛
ã˛y•zˆÏ°öñ Bryn Mawr xyüyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛üö ˆ°ˆÏàˆÏåÈ– xy˛õ!ö !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö⁄
xy!ü !ë˛Ü˛ñ Îy áÑ%ç!åÈ°yüñ ï˛yÈÙÈ•z x§#ü !ÓfløˆÏÎ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚°yü– ~ܲ
ü•yöñ û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚ !Ó¢y° é˛í˛¸ñ Îy §Ó ï%˛FåÈï˛y!FåÈ°ƒˆÏܲñ !Ó˚ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y
Óy é˛Ó˚y˛õyï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y í˛z!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ê ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xy˛õöyÓ˚ ܲ#
üï˛⁄
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ [xyˆÏhflÏ xyˆÏhflÏ] ≠ xyüyÓ˚ ~•z ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ Ó•zê˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°åÈ⁄
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ •ÑƒyÈÙȕуyÈÙȕуyÊ
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ •ÈÙÈüÈÙÈü–‰ •zÎÇ˚ ˆ°!í˛ó ~•z Ó•z!ê˛ ˛õˆÏöˆÏÓy˚ ÈÙÈܲ% !í˛¸ ÓåÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°–
~Ó˚ ܲÌy ~áö ܲyÓ˚&Ó˚ üˆÏö ˆö•z– ~Ó˚ ܲÌy §E˛ˆÏ° û%˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ xy!ü üˆÏö ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åÈ– xy!ü ˆ§•z ˛õyí˛zí˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈÓ˚&ˆÏü û˛àÓyö çyˆÏööñ Ü˛ï˛«˛î
ӈϧ!åÈ°yü– xy!ü ˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ ê˛y xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸°yüñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚–
!ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎö xhsˇˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xhsˇÉfliˆÏ° â^ˇê˛yÓ˚ ôù!ö ôù!öï˛ •!FåÈ°– ܲƒy!̈Ïí»˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ühflÏ Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸ â^ˇê˛y=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ =Ó˚&àΩ˛#Ó˚ ôù!ö xyüyÓ˚ xhsˇÓ˚ Óy!•Ó˚ ÜÑ˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°Ê üy IJõˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ ÚÚ=í˛ ˆ@ˇÃ§y§ó §Ü˛ˆÏ° û˛yÓˆÏåÈñ ï%˛!ü
˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàåÈ– ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ܲ# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈê˛y ܲ#⁄ÛÛ ÚÚüyÛÛ xy!ü Ó°°yüñ
ÚÚ!ü. xƒyöÌ!ö ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§ ˆÜ˛⁄ ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§ ӈϰ ܲyÓ˚&Ó˚ ܲÌy ÷ˆÏöåÈ⁄ÛÛ
öyñ üyÄ ˆ¢yˆÏöö!öñ xöƒ ˆÜ˛í˛zÄ ˆ¢yˆÏö!ö– Ó•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆòyܲyöñ °y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚ñ
xyÓ˚ Îï˛Ó˚ܲü ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛öï˛yüñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÓ˚yà@ˇÃˆÏhflÏÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y
ˆáÑyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°yü– ÓÓ˚yï˛ á%°° öy– §¡õ)î≈ x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– xӈϢˆÏ£Ï
≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛ ú˛yü≈ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛!ë˛ !ò•zñ ~ÓÇ ÎÌy§üˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ xyˆÏ§ñ
ï˛yÓ˚y çyöyÎ˚ ˆÎ !öí˛z x!°≈ˆÏ™Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏöy ˆú ˛M˛ÈÈÙÈˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚ñ !ü. ~ƒyöÌ!ö
˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ö ӈϰ ï˛yÓ˚y çyˆÏööñ ï˛ˆÏÓñ ˆ§ÈÙÈÄ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ ò¢ÈÙÈ˛õˆÏöˆÏÓy˚
xyˆÏàÓ˚ ܲÌyñ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy¢B˛y •ˆÏFåÈñ !ï˛!ö •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Óy §¡õ)î≈ í˛zˆÏÓ•z
!àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~ˆÏܲ !ܲ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ xy˛õ!ö ܲ# ӈϰö⁄ ~•z ˆï˛y
xy˛õ!ö xyüyÓ˚ xyä%ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛àyÓ˚ §yüˆÏö•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈxyÓ˚ xyüÓ˚y ò%çöñ
¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò%•z ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇñ üye ˛õˆÏöˆÏÓ˚y !ü!öˆÏê˛Ó˚ ò)Ó˚ˆÏc Ìy!ܲ– ≤Ã̈Ïüñ ~ܲÓyÓ˚
 fløÓ˚î ≠ ˆê˛!ö!§ í˛z•z!°Î˚yü§ † 191
üˆÏö •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ܲå%È öy çy!öˆÏÎ˚ñ ò%ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ •y!çÓ˚ •Ó– xyüyÓ˚
å%È!ê˛ ú%˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy§!åÈ°ñ xyÓ˚ñ •yˆÏï˛ §üÎ˚ ÓU˛ ܲü !åÈ°– ≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎ
!ë˛Ü˛yöy !òˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°ñ ˆ§•z !ë˛Ü˛yöy xö%ÎyÎ˚# ày!í˛¸ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚°yü
ˆÎñ xy˛õ!ö ~áyˆÏö•z xyˆÏåÈö ~ÓÇ àï˛ Ü%˛!í˛¸ ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ xy˛õ!ö ~áyˆÏö•z
xyˆÏåÈö– xy˛õ!ö ˆ§!òö !åȈϰö öy– ˆ§•zçöƒñ xy!üñ xy˛õöyˆÏܲ xyüyÓ˚
≤ÃÌü !ã˛!ë˛áyöy !°ˆÏá!åÈ°yü– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆ˛õ°yü öy– fl%҈ϰ ˆú˛Ó˚yÓ˚
§üÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˆà°– xy!ü x§%fliï˛yÓ˚ û˛yö ܲÓ˚°yü– !Ó!FåÈ!Ó˚ Ó˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ ë˛yu˛y
°yàyÓ˚ x!û˛öÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÄÎ˚yê˛y ˆ˛õˆÏåÈy°yüñ ~ÓÇñ xy˛õöyˆÏܲ xyÓ˚Ä ò%Ûáyöy
!ã˛!ë˛ !°á°yü– ˆ§ ò%ÈÙÈáyöyÄ xy˛õ!ö ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ö– xy!ü ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zÈÙÈöyÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çö ˆö•z– xy!ü ï˛áö !fliÓ˚ ܲÓ˚°yüñ
xyüyˆÏܲ òy!ÓˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ xy!ü ˆòÓ öy– xy˛õöyˆÏܲ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ
Óyôy §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xy!ü !ܲå%ȈÏï˛•z ˆòÓ öy– ˆï˛yÈÙȈï˛yÈÙȈï˛yÊ ~•z ˆÎ ~áyˆÏö
xy!üÊ ~áyˆÏö xy!üñ !ü. ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§ñ xyÓ˚ xy˛õ!ö ~•záyˆÏöÊ
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ ~•záyˆÏö ï%˛!üñ xyÓ˚ñ ~•záyˆÏö xy!üÈÙÙÙȕуy xÓ¢ƒ•z– ~•z !öˆÏÎ˚ ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ã˛yÄ ï%˛!ü⁄
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ ÄÉñ xy˛õ!ö çyˆÏöö öy⁄ xy®yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈö öy⁄ !ü. ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§
xy!ü xy˛õöyˆÏܲ !ӈϟªÓ˚ òÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z–
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ !ӈϟªÓ˚ òÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ⁄
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ •Ñƒyñ ~•z x¶˛ñ !öˆÏÓ≈yô ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ñ ˆÎ xy˛õöyˆÏܲ ˆ•°yÎ˚ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ ôˆÏÓ˚ öyÄñ ˆÎ xy!ü !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z öy– ôˆÏÓ˚yñ xy!ü !Óflø,!ï˛ÈÙÈˆï˛ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚•z ˛õ«˛˛õyï˛#ñ •zÎ˚Ç ˆ°!í˛–
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ xy˛õ!ö ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓö öyñ xy!ü ï˛y •ˆÏï˛ ˆòÓ öyÊ ~ˆÏܲ ˆë˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty
xy˛õöyÓ˚ Ó,ÌyÊ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö öyñ !ü. ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§ñ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö öyÊ xy!üñ
•z!ï˛üˆÏôƒ•zñ §ÓÓ˚ܲü xy°y˛õÈÙÈxyˆÏ°yã˛öy ã˛y°% ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ–
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ ï˛ˆÏÓñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ÌyüyÄ !≤’ç–
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ öy– ˛õ%ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ¢y°# Óƒ!_´ˆÏòÓ˚ñ ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ xy!ü
!ã˛!öñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ xy!ü !ã˛!ë˛ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ– xy˛õöyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ àû˛#Ó˚
í˛zͧyˆÏ•Ó˚ §,!‹Tñ •z!ï˛üˆÏôƒ•z xy!ü ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛ü •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ– ~áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ Îáö
ÎyÓñ ï˛áöñ xy˛õ!öÄñ xyüyÓ˚ §ˆÏD §Ó ˆåȈÏí˛¸åÈ%ˆÏí˛¸ ÎyˆÏÓö–
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ öy–
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ Ä≠ñ •Ñƒyñ xy˛õ!ö ˆåȈÏí˛¸ xy§ˆÏÓö– ÎyÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛û˛yÓ˚ üÎ≈yòy ˆÓyˆÏé˛ñ xy˛õ!ö
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ÌyܲˆÏÓö– xy˛õ!ö Ó_,´ï˛y ˆòˆÏÓöñ öyöy çyÎ˚ày ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸
ˆ¢yöyˆÏÓö–
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ ˛õˆÏí˛¸⁄ ܲyˆÏòÓ˚⁄
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ Üœ˛yÓÊ Ü˛ˆÏ°çÊ Ü˛!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xyU˛yÎ˚Ê
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ ˆ°Ü˛ã˛yÓ˚⁄ ܲ#ˆÏ§Ó˚ IJõÓ˚⁄
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ !¢“Ê ˆ§Ô®Î≈Ê Ü˛!Óï˛yÊ
192 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ ˆòy•y•z ˆï˛yüyÓ˚– ܲyàç˛õ_Ó˚ !ܲ •zòyö#Ç ˛õˆÏí˛¸y!ö⁄
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ ˆÜ˛ö⁄
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ˆÓyüy ÓyÓ˚&ˆÏò í˛zͧy•#– ܲyüyˆÏöÓ˚ !ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
§ˆÏDñ ܲ!Óï˛y ê˛E˛Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ öy– xӈϕ!°ï˛ ܲ!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%öÓ˚&ayˆÏöÓ˚ §üÎ˚
~ öÎ˚ñ ~ •ˆÏFåÈñ ôùLjϧÓ˚ !ö!ï˛ƒ öï%˛ö xflf xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §üÎ˚– ~üöܲ#
xy!ü Î!òÄ Óy ˛õ%öÓ˚&I#!Óï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zñ ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ àƒy!Ó ˆÏÎ˚° ~áöÄ !¢ˆÏä
ÓyçyÎ˚!ö– çöyÌö ˆçyö§‰ñ üyö%£Ï!ê˛ Óy üyö%£Ï !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎê%˛Ü%˛ xÓ!¢‹T
xyˆÏåÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ ò¢≈yˆÏöy üyˆÏö•z •ˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈܲ!Ó xƒyöÌ!ö ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§ˆÏܲ ôùǧ
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xÓôy!Ó˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ö¤%˛Ó˚ï˛ü ˛õk˛!ï˛– ï%˛!ü !ܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy!FåÈ öy⁄ ܲˆÏ°ˆÏçÓ˚
Ó_,´ï˛yÓ˚ ≤’ƒyê˛ú˛ˆÏü≈ ܲ# û˛Î˚yÓ• ò,‹Tyhsˇ xy!ü fliy˛õö ܲÓ˚Ó⁄ ï˛yܲyÄ xyüyÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ– ï%˛!ü x¶˛ öÄ– ܲ# ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyFåÈ⁄
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ xy˛õöyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛üö ˆòáyˆÏFåÈñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ !ܲå%È ÎyÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ öy–
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ ÄÉñ xÓ¢ƒ•z xyˆÏ§ ÎyÎ˚– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ öÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ï%˛!ü ܲüÓÎ˚!§
~ÓÇ í˛zòyÓ˚– öyñ öy– ~áöÄ §üÎ˚ •Î˚!ö– Ó•zê˛y ˆÓ˚ˆÏá òyÄñ xyÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚
öyüê˛y üˆÏö ˆÓ˚ˆÏáyñ xyÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒÈÙȧÇÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ°yüê˛y ˆòˆÏáy– ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ!òö
ˆçyöyÌö ˆçyö‰ˆÏ§Ó˚ öyüê˛y ˆòáˆÏÓñ ˛õyˆÏÓ– ï˛áö xyÓyÓ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§
xƒöÌ!ö ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§ˆÏܲ áÑ%ˆÏçy– ï˛áö ï˛yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ •ˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈÎáö ˆçyö‰§‰ üyÓ˚y
!àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆçyö‰§‰ •ˆÏFåÈñ ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•zˆÏ§Ó˚ §y«˛yÍ ˜Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ƒ– Îï˛«˛î öy
ˆçyö‰ˆ§Ï Ó˚ Ÿªy§ ˆöÄÎ˚y Ó¶˛ •ˆÏFåÈñ ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•zˆ§Ï Ó˚ Ÿªy§ ˆöÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
§Ω˛yÓöy ˆö•z– xyüyÓ˚ ܲÌyê˛y ˆüˆÏö öyÄ xyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛•z á%!¢ Ìyܲ–
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ ~áö !ܲ xƒyöÌ!ö ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö öy⁄ xyÓyÓ˚⁄
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ öy– öyñ ~áöñ xˆÏöܲ ˆò!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ– xy!ü ~áö Óí˛¸•z Ó,k˛– ~ܲüye
ü,ï%˛ƒ•z §Ω˛Óï˛ñ xyüyÓ˚ §¡øyö Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ÓyFã˛y ˆüˆÏÎ˚ñ ï%˛!ü fl%҈ϰ
!ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄ– §Ó !ܲå%ÈÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï xyˆÏåÈñ ~üöܲ# Ó®%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚&ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆçyàyˆÏöÓ˚Ä
ˆ¢£Ï xyˆÏåÈ– Îáö ˆ§ ˆçyàyö !öɈϢ£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏÓñ ï˛áö §Ü˛ˆÏ° xyÓyÓ˚ñ
ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ û˛yäy ˛õyÎ˚y=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ñ !Óflø,ï˛ Ü˛!Óï˛yÓ˚ Ó•z=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ áÑ%çˆÏÓ–
ˆçyöyÌö ˆçyö‰§ñ ï˛áö !ö!Ó≈ÓyˆÏò ˛õÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ö#°
xyܲyˆÏ¢ xyÓyÓ˚ çyçμ°ƒüyö §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ í˛zòÎ˚ •ˆÏÓ– ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ã%˛ˆÏí˛¸yÎ˚ñ •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚
âyˆÏ§Ó˚y ò%°ˆÏÓ– §)Î≈yˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛ ˜§Ü˛ˆÏï˛ !¢÷Ó˚y Óy!° áÑ%í˛¸ˆÏÓ– xyàyü# !òˆÏöÓ˚
üˆÏï˛y•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ÌyܲˆÏÓ ï˛Ó˚&îñ !öˆÏü≈â ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyîüÎ˚– ï˛áö ˆ§•z§Ó ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏöyñ
üô%Ó˚ñ xM˛È° ܲZ˛fl∫Ó˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sfï˛yÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏç í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– àyˆÏåÈ àyˆÏåÈ
Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ ôù!ö ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏÓñ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ åÈyˆÏò Ó,!‹TÓ˚ ¢∑ ÷öˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓñ xyÓ˚
÷öˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓñ ò#â≈ñ !Óflø,ï˛ Ü˛!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ àyö– ܲyüyö àç≈yˆÏÓñ ôùǧ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ !öˆÏçÄ ôùǧ •ˆÏÓ– !ܲv ~•z§Ó ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåÈyê˛ àyö=ˆÏ°yñ Îï˛•z ï%˛FåÈ
~ÓÇ «%˛o ˆ•yܲ öy ˆÜ˛öñ ï˛yÓ˚y !ã˛Ó˚ܲy° ˆàˆÏÈÎ˚•z ÎyˆÏÓ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚
•y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ §üÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ ˆçˆÏà ĈÏ벖 ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ôü≈
|ôù≈ü%á#ñ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ !ö¡¨àyü#– ~ܲüyeñ x¶˛§ƒ x¶˛ ˆÓyܲyÓ˚ ˆÓ•jÓ˚y ÷ô%üye
Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ x«˛üñ ܲyÓ˚ à!ï˛ §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£ÏÈÙÈ|ôù≈ï˛üÊ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ öÎ˚ñ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ñ üy•z
 fløÓ˚î ≠ ˆê˛!ö!§ í˛z•z!°Î˚yü§ † 193

!í˛Î˚yÓ˚– ç#Óö ç#ÓöÊ ï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y !ã˛Ó˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ çöƒ Ìy!üˆÏÎ˚ !òܲ ˆï˛y ˆò!áÊ ≤Ã Ó ¶˛
...........
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó §Ó≈öy¢y ¢!_´ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó ܲyüyö !òˆÏÎ˚Ä ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ öy–
xyüÓ˚y ˆàˆÏΕ˚ z ÎyÓ– ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ!òöñ ˆàyê˛y !ӈϟªÓ˚ xyܲy¢ÈÙÈÓyï˛y§ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãüy ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ðyˆÏ˛õ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ çê˛
àyˆÏö û˛Ó˚˛õ%Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– ......
[~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ •ö≈ ˆÓˆÏç ĈÏë˛]
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆ¢ƒyú˛yÓ˚⁄
§ü#Ó˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ •Ñƒy– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛•z ≤Ãüy ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ðyˆÏ˛õ çí˛¸yˆÏöy xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ çê˛– xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ öy!Î˚ܲy
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ ï%˛!ü ÓÓ˚Ç ~ÓyÓ˚ ÎyÄ– xy°ú˛y öyÓ˚#– ˆÎüö ÚxÓ!hsˇÜ˛yÛñ •zˆÏüç ˆåÈï˛Ó˚yˆÏöyñ....öy ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ öƒyˆÏÓ˚!ê˛û˛
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ !ü. ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§ÈÙÙÙÈ àí˛¸yÓ˚ òyÎ˚ ˆö•z– üyˆÏöÓ˚ ˆï˛yÎ˚yE˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy– ~üöܲ# ôù!ö ˆÎö òyöy ÓÑyôˆÏï˛ öy ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ ӈϰy⁄ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z ô§ öyˆÏüñ ˆ§Ä !ï˛!ï˛Ó˚!Ó!ï˛Ó˚–
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Óy xy˛õöyÓ˚ ܲÌy•z !ë˛Ü˛– xy˛õöyÓ˚ ܲÌyüˆÏï˛yñ Ó•zê˛y ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆòÓñ Úö#Ó˚yÛ öy!üï˛ öyÓ˚#ñ ܲ!ÓÓ˚ ~ܲFåÈe xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ ï˛yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ñ ˆ§ xyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚Ä öÎ˚ñ ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
xyÓ˚ xy˛õöyÓ˚ öyü üˆÏö Ó˚yáÓÈÙÙÙÈ ˆï˛y öÎ˚•zó ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ú˛ü≈ xyô%!öܲñ öy!Î˚ܲy Ó˚yÓ#!wܲñ öƒyˆÏÓ˚!ê˛û˛ ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ܲ!Ó–
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ xyÓ˚ ü,ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yê˛y ˆòˆÏáyÊ xï˛É˛õÓ˚....ô#üyö ã˛e´Óï˛#≈Ó˚ !ö!ò≈‹T Óy öy!üï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ öy!Î˚ܲy ˆö•zñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ ˆòáÓ– xyÓ˚ Îáö §üÎ˚ xy§ˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈxy˛õ!ö xyüyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ û˛Ó˚§y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓö˚ ñ üyˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yê˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§!ö– ˆÎüö Ú¢ƒy¡õ% ܲÓ˚y !ÓˆÏܲ°Û Ó°ˆÏ° é˛Ü˛é˛ˆÏܲ
!ü. ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§– flõ‹T !ÓˆÏܲ°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ¢öy_´ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÓyÓ˚#ö ˆây£Ïy°ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~•z ܲ!Óï˛y!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸y Îyܲ ≠
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ ̃yÇܲ í˛zñ üy•z !í˛Î˚yÓ˚– ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ xyfliy Ó˚•z°–
í˛z°ú˛ï˛
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ xy˛õöyˆÏܲ ܲÌy !ò!FåÈñ xy˛õöyÓ˚ xyfliy û˛D •ˆÏÓ öy– xy˛õöyÓ˚ û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ xyüyÓ˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ !öÓ˚y˛õˆÏò à!FåÈï˛ Ó˚•z°ÈÙÙÙÈxyÓ˚ ~áöñ !ü. ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§ÈÙÙÙÈxyüyˆÏܲ !ܲ ÓyE˛yˆÏöy ÄÎ˚yE˛yˆÏöy àyÓ˚ò çˆÏ°Ó˚ àÓ˚yò
!ÓòyÎ˚ ã%˛¡∫ö ˆòˆÏÓö öy⁄ ˆ§!òö xyÈÙÈܲyÓ˚ ú˛flÒyˆÏöy ÓyôyÎ˚
ôyÓyÎ˚ ˆáˆÏï˛ Ó§y
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ öy– ï˛áö Ó¢≈yöy Ó£Ï≈yöyã˛yÎ˚ ã˛y ã˛y ‡°y ‡°y
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ ˆÜ˛ö öÎ˚⁄ Ó˚ˆÏ_´ ˆôyÎ˚y ˛õy!ê˛à!îˆÏï˛ !˛õ!Ó˚Î˚í˛ xÑyܲy
!ü. ˛õƒyÉ ≠ öy–ÈÙÙÙÈˆÎ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî ~ܲê˛y xü!°ö ÷º ˆê˛!Ó° Üœ˛ÌˆÏܲÈÙÙÙÈxyüyÓ˚ ܲyòyÎ˚ ü!Ìï˛ ˛õyï˛yܲy ˆàÑyçyÓ˚ Üœ˛y§ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°=ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆày˛õˆÏö
xyä%° !òˆÏÎ˚ flõ¢≈ ܲÓ˚Ó öyÈÙÙÙÈ!ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî– ˆ§!òö xyò%ˆÏÓ˚ üyò%ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyE˛y ÄÎ˚yE˛y xyüyÓ˚ üÓ˚y°!ê˛ !ö° xyܲy¢
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ≠ ÄÉ [àΩ˛#Ó˚û˛yˆÏÓ •yï˛ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–] =í˛ÈÙÈÓy•zñ !ü. ˛õƒyÓ˚yí˛y•z§– í»˛˛õ ˆáˆÏï˛ ˆáˆÏï˛ xyܲy¢ Óyöy° ˆüâ
ˆüâ ˆú˛â Óî≈y!° ˆày˛õö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚° öy
˛õy•yí˛¸ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
öò# xÑyܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏàÄ Ü˛# Ó˚Ç ˆÎy!ö˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛
˛õ ò≈y
~ï˛ í˛z°ú˛ï˛
¢#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆÜ˛Ó° ÓyE˛y ÄÎ˚yE˛y í˛z°ˆÏü£Ï xyÓ˚ ˆü=°yö
~ˆÏ§ ü%ˆÏåÈ ˆòÎ˚ ˆŸ’ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆüü!Ó˚
ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ã˛°öê%˛Ü%˛ xyˆÏåÈñ åȈϮÓ˚ Ü%˛ !é˛Ü˛!é˛Ü˛ xyˆÏåÈñ ôù!öÓ˚ ï˛y° ï˛y°yÄ xyˆÏåÈñ üyˆÏé˛
üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏö •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ú˛§ˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏFåÈñ ò,¢ƒ §§#üˆÏܲ ôÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ÓyE˛yˆÏöyÈÙÈÄÎ˚yE˛yˆÏöy
x§#ü ú˛§#ü ~ˆÏ§ xÑyܲyˆÏܲ ÓÑyܲy ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ–
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õä‰!_´ˆÏܲ û˛yäã%˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy Îyܲ ≠
Úˆ§!òö xyò%ˆÏÓ˚ üyò%ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyE˛y ÄÎ˚yE˛y xyüyÓ˚ üÓ˚y°!ê˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ xyܲy¢Û
~•z ÚüÓ˚y°Û ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ñ Úxyܲy¢Û çyfiê˛ ~ܲê˛y ˆflõˆÏ§Ó˚ •z¢yÓ˚y üyeñ Úxyò%ˆÏÓ˚Û ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢

ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 13
 ≤Ãüy ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ðyˆÏ˛õ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ çê˛ † 195
Úüyò%ˆÏÓ˚Û åȈϮÓ˚ xyòÓ˚yÎ˚ !üí˛z!çܲ ÚÓyE˛y ÄÎ˚yE˛yÛ ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚Ä à!ï˛ ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏFåÈ ï˛ˆÏÓ
ˆ¢£ÏˆÏü¢ üyˆÏöÓ˚ üï˛°Óê˛y ã%˛˛õˆÏ§ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÚüÓ˚y°Û àí˛¸ˆÏåÈ Îy !öˆÏFåÈ Úxyܲy¢Û ~ܲê˛y ˆflõ§
°yàyï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy°ê˛yˆÏFåÈñ Úˆ§!òöÛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ö!ò≈‹T §üÎ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öyñ xÌã˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛
÷öˆÏï˛ üçy Óyí˛¸ˆÏåÈñ ˆüü!Ó˚ ¢∑ ôÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öyñ !üí˛z!çܲ Ó˚yáˆÏåÈñ ã˛°ˆÏöÓ˚ °%ˆÏܲyåÈy˛õy úÑ˛y§
ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ¢∑ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆá°ˆÏï˛ ˆá°ˆÏï˛– Úí˛z°ú˛ï˛Û ÓˆÏê˛– ã˛üÍܲyÓ˚–
Îy •zˆÏFåÈ ò,¢ƒ àí˛Yܲñ ˆÎê%˛Ü%˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ôÓ˚&ܲñ Úxyò%ˆÏÓ˚ üyò%ˆÏÓ˚Û Óy ÚÓyE˛y ÄÎ˚yE˛yÛ üˆÏö ÌyܲˆÏÓñ
ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ç#Óö ˆÎüö xyàyü#ܲy° xyˆÏö– ܲü!˛õí˛zê˛Ó˚ @ˇÃy!ú˛Ü‰˛ˆÏ§ àí˛¸y !í˛!çê˛y°
•zˆÏüçñ ˆÎüö Úí˛z°ú˛ï˛Û öyü ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ §¡õÜ≈˛ ˆö•z– Úí˛z°ú˛ï˛Û
¢∑!ê˛ fl∫Î˚ǧÓ≈fl∫– ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õyë˛Ü˛•z xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓö öy ˆÎ ܲ!Óï˛y!ê˛ öyöy üçyÓ˚
ˆçyàyö !òˆÏFåÈñ ü%§Ü˛Ó˚y•ê˛ !òˆÏFåÈñ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ¢ Ú•ê‰˛ˆÏÜ˛Û–
xyüÓ˚y Îáö §Ç§ò ã˛°yܲy°#ö xyˆÏ°yã˛öy=ˆÏ°y ˆò!á çyfiê˛ üçy üyÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ◊ˆÏk˛Î˚ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y
á%ˆíÏ ˛¸yÓ˚ ò°....ˆ¢£ÏˆüÏ ¢ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !§!Ó˚Îy˚ § ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y öÎ˚ñ çyfiê˛ üçy....ú˛yö....xyüÓ˚yÄ xyö®
ú˛yö® ˆòˆÏá÷ˆÏö xy•zˆÏê˛ü öy¡∫yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yüÓ˚ ˆòy°ö....ã˛ƒyˆÏö° Óò° ܲ!Ó˚....!ÓK˛y˛õˆÏöÓ˚
ܲ#ˆÏ§Ó˚ çöƒ xyç üˆÏö ÌyˆÏܲ öy....çyfiê˛ é˛°Ü˛ !òá°y Îy....ˆú˛y°y ˆú˛y°y ê%˛§ ê%˛§ àyˆÏ°Ó˚
ˆáyܲy á%Ü%˛ xyÓ˚ ˆÎÔÓö ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •y!§á%!¢ ÚüyÛ– hflÏöƒ˛õyÎ˚# ã˛ï%˛‹õò# ˆüÓ˚&ò[˛#Ó˚ üyÎ˚yüÎ˚#
üy–
ï˛ˆÏÓ ÓyÓ˚#ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y •zFåÈyÜ,˛ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ flø,!ï˛ àí˛¸ˆÏï˛ öyÓ˚yç– xö%˛õˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ°áy àyö •ˆÏï˛
ã˛yÎ˚ öy– ◊#çyï˛ÈÙÈÓ˚ ˆ°áy ܲ!Óï˛y Óy üˆÏöÈÙÈÓ˚yáy ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü !ê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ öy–
≤Ã!ï˛flõô≈y öÓyM˛È° §¶˛yö#–
xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ öy!Î˚ܲy ˆ°ê˛ öy•zê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÓ˚í˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ Ó˚yï˛ í˛zjyü ܲyê˛yÎ˚ñ •zˆÏFåÈ
üˆÏï˛y ˆí˛!ê˛Ç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ ˛õ%Ó&˚ ˆÏ£ÓÏ ˚ §ˆÏDñ ÎyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆí˛!ê˛Ç ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ¢£ÏˆüÏ ¢ ç#Óö§D#Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ
ˆÓˆÏåÈ öyÈÙÈÄ !öˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ •zˆÏFåÈ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° flõyü≈ ÓƒyÇܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyFã˛y ˆöÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚ §Ç@ˇÃ•
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚– xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ¢∑ñ åÈ®ñ ¢∑yÌ≈ñ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏö
!ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛üö•z !ú˛§°ö Óy{– §Ó Ó˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ Óy §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ !ú˛!:!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óç≈ö– Ó˚«˛îܲy!üï˛yÓ˚
ô§ öyüyˆÏöy– ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ Ó y!ç° •yÓ˚ˆÏåÈ •yÓ˚&ܲñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ ˆflõö !çï˛ˆÏåÈ–
◊#üï˛# ˆòÓÎyö# Ó§%Ó˚ ~•z ܲ!Óï˛y!ê˛ ˛õí˛¸y Îyܲ– !¢ˆÏÓ˚yöyü Ú§yô%û˛y£ÏyÛ– ï˛y §yô% §ß¨ƒy§#
xÓ¢ƒ•z– •zˆÏüç ≤Ãfliyö!Ó®% xyÓ˚ àhsˇÓƒ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï≈˛ˆÏö !ÓŸªy§ Ó˚yˆÏá öy–
ú˛Ó˚ˆÏ§˛õ ܲÓ˚y ˆû˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲy•z!ö– fl¨yöâÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏÓ˚!ö–
!°ú‰˛ê˛ ã%˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° öyüy Äë˛y §•ç •Î˚– !öÉŸªyˆÏ§ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öܲ°
ï%˛ˆÏ°y– ÄÓ˚y çyˆÏö öy öyˆÏܲÓ˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆúœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ü çy•zˆÏ°ü ˆöê˛ÄÎ˚yÜ≈˛– §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
¢Cü#ˆÏí˛¸ â%ü û˛yˆÏä ˆû˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚– !ê˛!û˛ˆÏï˛ â%ˆÏÓ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ ˆ§•z ˆÎÔö§ˆÏ§Ó˚
!ÓK˛y˛õö– ö#° x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛ˆÏ° !ò•z ܲyüôö%– ˆû˛ˆÏ§ xyˆÏ§ ï˛y°ÈÙÈï˛y°yÄ ~Ó˚ üöï%˛!£Ï
àyö– ï˛y°Óö åÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ xyˆÏà xB˛Ü˛£Ïy ÓœƒyܲˆÏÓyí≈˛ ˆàшÏÌ !ò•z– •°%ò ˆö°˛õy!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy ï˛yí˛¸y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ xyüyˆÏܲ– !¢Ó˚òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ê˛yÓ˚Óy•zö ˆflÀyï˛– §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˛õ!° áyÄÎ˚y û˛yäÓ˚y öyã˛ˆÏåÈ Ü˛yˆÏåÈÓ˚ ü%á=ˆÏ°y– Ó˚*˛õã˛ã≈˛y Ä ˆçƒy!ï˛ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚
ܲ!Óï˛yÄ Ó˚Äöy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xy!ü !ܲ ܲ!Ó˚–
ÓyÓ˚#ö ˆây£Ïy° ≤ÃÓ#î ܲ!Óñ ˆòÓÎyö# Ó§% öÓ#ö ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ ò¢Ü˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ú˛y°ï%˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ– í˛zû˛Î˚ xô%öy!hsˇÜ˛ Óy ˆ˛õyfiê˛üí˛yö≈ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚– ˆòÓÎyö# Î!ï˛!ã˛•´ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
196 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö ÓyÓ˚#ö ܲˆÏÓö˚ !ö– Î!ï˛!ã˛•´ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ È Î%!_´˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y xüyöƒ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˛õ,ÌܲˆÏcÓ˚
§)ã˛Ü˛– ˆòÓÎyö# üˆÏö Ó˚yáyˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– ÓyÓ˚#ö !flõ°‰ê˛ §yí˛zu˛ ~ˆÏú˛Q
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ xÌ≈yÍ ôù!ö!ÓˆÏFåÈò Óy ôù!ö û˛D%Ó˚ï˛yñ xyÓ˚ ˆòÓÎyö# ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ö
!flõ°‰ê˛ !fl;˛ö ~ˆÏú˛Qñ ã˛°!Fã˛ˆÏe ˆÎ xy!Dܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà ~ܲy!ôܲ ò,¢ƒ ~ܲˆÏÎyˆÏà fl∫ï˛sfï˛y§•
ˆòáyˆÏöy •Î˚ ~ܲ•z !fl;˛ˆÏö–
§•çˆÏÓyôƒ ò%ÈÙÈ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õä‰!_´ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚!åÈ Úfl¨yöâÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏÓ˚!ö–Û xyÓyÓ˚
Ú•°%ò ˆö°˛õy!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy ï˛yí˛¸y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ xyüyˆÏÜ˛Û– ˜òö!®ö ç#ÓˆÏö Úˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyܲyÛ !e´Î˚y!ӈϢ£Ïî ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z §yÓ˚y«˛î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ü!•°yÓ˚y Ú!ü¢ öy áyÄÎ˚yÛ xˆÏÌ≈–
Úˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲyÛ....Úï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈÛ ~ܲ•z xˆÏÌ≈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
xyô%!öܲ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ öy!Î˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ñ ¢∑yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî !åÈ° ÚüˆÏöy@ˇÃƒy!üÛ }ç%˜ÏÓ˚!áܲï˛yñ
xô%öy!hsˇÜ˛ ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ ˛õ!°àƒy!üñ Ó‡ˆÏÎyç# xyã˛Ó˚î–
ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õä‰!_´ Úxy!ü !ܲ ܲ!Ó˚Û– ˆÎö e´ü!Ó!FåÈߨ âê˛öy=!° fl∫ï˛ÿ˛°ñ ܲ!ÓÓ˚
!öÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ñ !ï˛!ö ˆÜ˛Ó° o‹Ty– ˆÎçöƒ Ó°ˆÏåÈöñ ÚÓ˚*˛õã˛ã≈˛y Ä ˆçƒy!ï˛ˆÏ‹ÒÓ˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚
ܲ!Óï˛yÄ Ó˚Äöy !òÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–Û Ó§ï˛Óy!í˛¸ñ âÓ˚§Ç§yÓ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚çöñ ˆö°˛õy!°¢ Ä fl¨yöâÓ˚ñ
§Ó•z xy˛õö xy˛õö •zFåÈyô#öñ §Ó•z ày•zˆåÏ È Úüöï%˛!£Ï àyöÛ– ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆåÏ È ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛ x!hflcÏ
Ä xyˆÏÎy˚ çˆÏöÓ˚ fl∫Ó*˚ ˛õ– åÈܲ §¡±§y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ !öåȈÜÏ ˛Ó˚ xy@ˇÃˆ•Ï – ≤Ãy§!Dܲ ܲ!Óï˛y!ê˛
xyô%!öܲ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ú˛ü≈ Ä Ü˛öˆÏê˛rê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ–
≤Ãy܉˛ xyô%!öܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyô%!öܲ ˛õÓ≈ x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ xô%öy!hsˇÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ú˛ü≈ñ
ܲöˆÏê˛rê˛ Ä Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ôÓ˚ï˛y•z e´üyàï˛ ÓòˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– !ÓK˛yö ≤ÃÎ%!_´ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ°
ç#ÓöÎy˛õö ≤Ã!ï˛!öÎ˚ï˛ ÓòˆÏ° ÎyˆÏFåÈ o&ï˛à!ï˛ˆÏï˛– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ §ÇK˛y Ä ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛“ ~ÓÇ
!öˆÏî≈Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyˆÏFåÈ– Ú{ŸªÓ˚ ܲîyÛÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔåȈÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎö §Ó Ó˚•§ƒ
í˛zˆÏÓ ˆàˆÏåÈñ xÌã˛ ~ܲ§üÎ˚ Ó˚•§ƒ•z !åÈ° ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÓyÓ˚ñ çyÎ˚àyê%˛Ü%˛– ˆ˛õyfiê˛üí˛yö≈
ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛y ÚˆÜ˛yÎ˚yrê˛yü Ó ·˛y[˛Û– ˆòÓÎyö# xï˛~Ó Ó°ˆÏï˛•z ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö Úxy!ü !ܲ ܲ!Ó˚Û–
ï%˛°öyü)°Ü˛ §yÓ˚!îÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü ~•z !öÓ¶˛ ˆ°áܲ xô%öy!hsˇÜ˛ñ ˆ˛õyfiê˛üí˛yö≈ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ
°«˛î=ˆÏ°y ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö....xÌ≈yÍ 1 Î%!_´Ó˚ ÓÑyôö ˆÌˆÏܲ ü%_´ñ ˆåÈï˛Ó˚yˆÏöyñ e´üyß∫Î!˚ Ó•#öñ
ÄˆÏ˛õö ~ˆÏu˛í˛ñ x˜ÏÓ˚!áܲñ Ó‡˜ÏÓ˚!áܲñ ˛õ!°ÈÙÈüy!Œê˛ °«˛îÎ%_´ñ ~ˆÏ°yˆÏüˆÏ°yñ ˆÎÔ!àܲñ
x!Ó◊yhsˇ x§¡õ)î≈ åÈ!Óñ xy§DÎ%_´ñ ç#Óö Ä Îy!˛õï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Çâyï˛ ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåÈyê˛ ˆì˛í˛z
ï%˛ˆÏ° ì%˛ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ x®ˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ !¢ˆÏÓ˚yöyü ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚&Ó!Ó˚ܲ....ê˛y•zˆÏê˛° öÎ˚ñ
Úxy!üÛ û˛D%Ó˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ñ ˆã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ ≤Ãy•zü!í≈˛Î˚y° ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yrê˛yü !ú˛”˛ §Ó≈û)˛ˆÏï˛£Ï%–
≤ÃܲyÓ˚yhsˇˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏû˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §¶˛yöñ xú%˛Ó˚hsˇ üyˆÏöñ Ó‡Ó˚äyñ ˆÎüö •zˆÏFåÈ •ˆÏÎ˚ Äë˛y ܲ!Óï˛yñ
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ xö%˛õ!fliï˛ñ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD xˆÏöܲ=ˆÏ°y Óyï≈˛y Ó•ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ˆê˛:ê˛ fl∫Î˚Ç
≤Ãyôyöƒ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áܲˆÏܲ ˆàÔî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ÓyÓ˚#ö ˆây£Ïy°ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛yñ ˆòÓÎyö#
Ó§%ÈÙÈÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y_´ °«˛î=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ=ˆÏ°y•z Ó•ö ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆòáy Îyܲ ü°Î˚
Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ≠
xy°ú˛y ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y
ܲ# !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ï%˛•z⁄ öyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚
xyöy ÎyˆÏÓ öyˆÏܲy ӈϰ ˆï˛yÓ˚ ‡ü!ܲ
 ≤Ãüy ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ðyˆÏ˛õ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ çê˛ † 197
xÓ!hsˇÜ˛y– ˆÜ˛yö‰ }ï%˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ àí˛¸y⁄ flÒã˛
öy !§Çà° üŒê˛⁄ öy!ܲ ï%˛•z ˆ•y!üIJõƒy!ÌÓ˚
!¢!¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏÓÈÙÈÎyÄÎ˚y 35 •yçyÓ˚ !ú˛ê˛
IJõˆÏÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏ¢ñ ˆ≤’ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ•yˆÏ”˛ Ó˚yáy ¢#ˆÏï˛
öò#Ó˚ ˆüyã˛í˛¸yˆÏöy ÓÑyˆÏܲ •z!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ éÑ˛yܲ⁄
xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆò¢°y•z ӈϰ û˛yÓ!° ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
ˆÜ˛ö⁄ ˆÜ˛ö⁄ ˆÜ˛ö⁄ ˆÜ˛ö⁄ xуyñ xÓ%ñ
xÓ!hsˇÜ˛y⁄ û%˛ˆÏ° ˆà!° ˆï˛yÓ˚•z ˆåÈÑyÎ˚y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚
xyí˛¸ˆÏüyí˛¸y ˆû˛ˆÏä!åÈ° ã˛Ü˛ü!ܲ ˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏÈÙÈ˛õyÌÓ˚–
Ó° ï%˛•zñ ӈϰ ú˛ƒy°ñ !ü!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆö Îï˛ é˛y°
çüy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åȧ flÒã˛ÈÙÈáyÄÎ˚y !çˆÏû˛ó
ˆï˛yÓ˚•z Óy!í˛¸ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛£ÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛#Ó  xyˆÏ°y
§)Î≈ ĈÏë˛!ö xyç ˛õˆÏöˆÏÓ˚y !òˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢
ï˛Ó% ˆï˛yÓ˚ ü%á◊# ¢#ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛ö⁄
xy§ˆÏ° xˆÏöƒÓ˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yàñ í˛z˛õ°«˛ƒ xy!üñ
•Ñƒyñ •Ñƒyñ á%ˆÏ° Ó°ñ òÑyˆÏï˛ òÑyï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó°
ˆÎ û˛yˆÏÓ •zˆÏFåÈ ï%˛•z í˛zàˆÏÓ˚ ˆò fiê˛Ü˛ ˆï˛yÓ˚....
ˆï˛yˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó öyñ ~ÈÙÈ!öˆÏ£Ïô
xüyöƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õyï˛!åÈ ˆã˛yÓ˚y ¢∑úÑ˛yò
xÓ!hsˇÜ˛y Ó%ˆÏöyà¶˛y á%!ܲÓyò# ˆ• ˆ≤Ã!üܲy
~•z ˆö üy!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ˛õyí˛¸yˆÏöy xyä!ê˛ñ •Ñyê%˛ ˆàˆÏí˛¸
!ò!FåÈ ˆï˛yÓ˚ e%´k˛ xyä%ˆÏ°ñ !ö!Ó Óy ˆú˛ˆÏ° !ò!Ó
ï˛y ˆï˛yÓ˚ xƒyˆÏí»˛öy!°ö Ó%é˛ˆÏÓ xÓ!hsˇÜ˛y
xy!ü ˆï˛y öyã˛yÓ˚ñ Îï˛«˛î öy Îy!Fåȧ
üàˆÏçÓ˚ åÈy•zàyòyÈÙÈ!Óflø,!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zˆÏí˛¸yÈÙÈxyÓí˛yˆÏ°
xy°ú˛y ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y xy°ú˛y öyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ñ xy°ú˛y öyÓ˚#Ó˚ öyü ÚxÓ!hsˇÜ˛yÛñ öyü!ê˛
~ܲˆÏöyç!ê˛Ü˛ñ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ç xyÓ˚ ¢∑yÌ≈ ˆû˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ñ ˛õ!°àƒyüy§– xÓ!hsˇÜ˛yÓ˚ xy•zˆÏí˛!rê˛!ê˛
Ó‡üy!eܲñ ï˛yˆÏܲ !ö!ò≈‹T ˆú ˛ˆÏü ôÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öyñ ~•z ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ≠ Ú....ï%˛•z
ˆ•y!üIJõƒy!ÌÓ˚ !¢!¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏÓÈÙÈÎyÄÎ˚y 35 •yçyÓ˚ !ú˛ê˛ IJõˆÏÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏ¢ñ ˆ≤’ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ•yˆÏ”˛
Ó˚yáy ¢#ˆÏï˛ öò#Ó˚ ˆüyã˛í˛¸yˆÏöy ÓÑyˆÏܲ •z!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ éÑ˛yܲ–Û x!öˆÏî≈Î˚ñ ÓyÎ˚Ó#Î˚ñ ã˛°üyöñ ˆû˛çyñ
éÑ˛yܲ.... xÌ≈yÍ ÚÓ‡cüÎ˚ à!ï˛¢#° ÓyÎ˚Ó#Î˚ §_yÛ Îy ≤ÃyÎ˚ xö%˛õ!fliï˛– xÓÎ˚Ó•#ö xÓÎ˚ˆÏÓÓ˚
ôyÓ˚ܲ– fl∫≤¿§ü– xÌã˛ â!ö¤˛ñ §¡õÜ≈˛ ï%˛•zˆÏï˛yܲy!Ó˚Ó˚– Óö°ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y §%ò)Ó˚ Ä xˆÏ˛õ«˛üyî
öÎ˚ñ ö#Ó˚yÈÙÈÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y Î%!_´Ó˚ öyàyˆÏ° öÎ˚ñ ˛õÓ˚üy≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆã˛ï˛öyüÎ˚# üye ~ÓÇ
§y¡±!ï˛Ü˛– öyà!Ó˚ܲ– ˛õ!°àƒy!üˆÏï˛ xyfliy ï˛yÓ˚– !˛õÎ˚E˛Ó˚ ˆö¢yÓyçñ Ó%ˆÏöyà¶˛yñ á%Ü%˛Óyò#–
xö%˛õü ü%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÈÙÙÙÈ
!§ •zç òƒ....fiê˛yÓ˚
ÚÓ%ˆÏöy ˆã˛yáÈÙÙÙÈ˛õÑy÷ˆÏê˛ ü%á
~ܲê˛y öï%˛ö ï˛yÓ˚y
ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ !ã˛Ó˚ˆÏܲˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
198 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Ä â%ˆÏüyˆÏÓ
!ë˛Ü˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y•z
ÄÓ˚ xˆÏã˛öy ˆçyÓ˚
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ û˛yäyˆÏã˛yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
~ܲê˛y !ë˛Ü˛ë˛yܲ ö#•y!Ó˚ܲy ˆ•yܲ
ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y à#!ï˛!Óï˛yˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õyï˛y....
˛õ÷ˆÏܲ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ xyˆÏà
üyö%£Ï ˆï˛y ˛õy!áˆÏܲ•z û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá
ܲ!Ó ˆÜ˛yöÄ flõ‹T •zˆÏüç àí˛¸ˆÏåÈö öy ï˛yÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§ fiê˛yÓ˚ñ í˛zFã˛yܲyA«˛#ñ ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ܲ!ÓÓ˚
÷û˛Ü˛yüöyñ ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ Ü˛öƒyñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚– ü°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ öy!Î˚ܲyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y
Î%Óï˛# Óy ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ öÎ˚ñ xï˛~Ó Ü˛!ÓÓ˚ ܲyüöy ˆ§ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ˆ•yܲñ ö#•y!Ó˚ܲy ˆ•yܲ– ~áöÄ
•zˆÏüç ôy!Ó˚î# öÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó%ˆÏöy ˆã˛yáñ Óöƒï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õñ ã˛y•!öˆÏï˛– xyàyü#Ó˚ Ó#ç–
ÓyÓ˚#ö ˆây£Ïy°ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ñ •ˆÏÓy •ˆÏÓy •ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ñ ˆã˛ï˛öyüÎ˚ åȈϮyüÎ˚ Óƒ!_´Ó!ç≈ï˛ñ
!°!û˛Ç !Ó!Î˚Ç Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ä•z ÚüÓ˚y°Û– xÌã˛ ˆàyê˛y ܲ!Óï˛y!ê˛ ≤ÃyîÓhsˇ í˛zqy!§ï˛ í˛zjyü– !ã˛í˛¸
ôÓ˚yˆÏöyÓ˚ ˆá°y– üçyòyÓ˚ üyö§ºüî– ˆ§ ï%˛°öyÎ˚ ü°Î˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛y Óƒ!_´§•ñ
xy°ú˛y öyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆï˛yÎ˚yç– Ü˛!Óï˛y ܲ!ÓÓ˚ âÓ˚Óy!í˛¸– xy°ú˛y ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ã˛Ü˛ü!ܲ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ˛õyÌÓ˚ñ
x!@¿û˛–
ò¢Ü˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛õÎ≈hflÏ ˆï˛y ÓˆÏê˛•zñ ܲ!Óï˛y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ܲ!ÓÓ˚ ÓˆÏÎ˚§ xö%üyö ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ öy
ˆÜ˛yöÄüˆÏï˛•z– Úܲ!ÓÓ˚ ÓˆÏÎ˚§ ÓyˆÏí˛¸ öyÛ ˛≤ÃÓyò!ê˛ ~áö ÎÌyÌ≈–
◊#üï˛# Ó˚&îy ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §¡±!ï˛ ˆ°áy ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!Óï˛y ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ xyˆÏà xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ çöç#Óö
˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆú˛°y Îyܲ–
1. •Ó% Ó˚y‹T…˛õ!ï˛ í˛z˛õöÎ˚ö §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚ ò[˛#âˆÏÓ˚ §ß¨ƒy§# ôˆÏü≈ á%ò‰Ü%˛ˆÏí˛¸y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ !û˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ é%˛!°
!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈö û˛yÓ˚ï˛ºüˆÏî ˆû˛yê˛yû%˛!ê˛ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ó˚yçˆÏÓ¢ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏÓö ӈϰ–
2. ˆ§!òö ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ Ó%!í˛¸ê˛y üˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛í˛z ÜÑ˛yò° öy....í˛y!ê≈˛ !˛õܲã˛y§≈ •yí˛z§ú%˛° !åÈ°....Ó%!í˛¸ê˛yÓ˚
Óy!í˛¸ ~áö Üœ˛yÓâÓ˚–
3. •y•zĈÏÎ˚ˆÏï˛ ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ê˛ΔyܲˆÏã˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y öyÓy°Ü˛ !ӈϰy ~•z!ê˛ö ¢y!hflÏ !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ ï˛ˆÏÓ
ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÓ û˛yÓy •ˆÏFåÈ–
4. xyç §¶˛ƒy åÈÛê˛yÎ˚ ˆày°˛õyˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yrê˛yü !ÓK˛yöñ ܲ!Óï˛y xyÓ˚ ˜mï˛y˜Ïmï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛öy§û˛y–
5. §ü#Ó˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆãÏ ˛Ôô%Ó#˚ Ó˚ Úˆ˛õyfiê˛üí˛yö≈ !Óí˛¸yˆÏ°Ó˚ §¶˛yˆÏöÛÈÙÈÓ˚ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ §ÇflÒÓî˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ã˛°ˆÏåÈ–
Ó˚&o !ܲÇ÷ܲ ˆû˛ˆÏÓ x!fliÓ˚–
ï˛yüˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆã˛Ô£Ï!Rܲ°yÈÙÈ7
x¶˛ˆÏöy_´yÓ˚ ˆö˛õÌƒÜ˛y!•!ö á%ˆÏ° ˆò!á!ö ܲáöÄ– ܲƒyöû˛yˆÏ§ °yày•z!ö Ó˚Ç
≤Ãüy ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ðyˆÏ˛õ çí˛¸yˆÏöy çê˛
Îï˛ê˛y !ܲ§§yÓ˚ Ó˚Ç üyˆÏá
 ≤Ãüy ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ðyˆÏ˛õ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ çê˛ † 199
ï˛ï˛ê˛y •z!ï˛•y§ öÎ˚
ˆû˛yܲyRy •ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ Î!ò ö#° Ó˚Ç !ܲå%Èê˛y xyܲy¢ Ó˚yˆÏá !Ó£ÏÎ˚# ܲƒyöû˛yˆÏ§ÈÙÙÙÈ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚•#ˆÏöÓ˚ !Ó!fløï˛ •yï˛ˆÏ°
í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î Óy!ï˛ˆÏ° Ó˚yˆÏá •Ç§Ü˛Ìy
˛õy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛ê˛yˆÏö í˛zí˛¸y°˛õ%ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜mï˛≤Ãܲ“
ÓyüÓy‡Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚D ˆí˛ˆÏܲ ï%˛°ˆÏåÈ í˛yöÓy‡Ó˚ Ó›û˛yÓöy
Óyç%ӈ϶˛ ü%á ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˛õ!Ó˚!Ó£ÏÎ˚# x˜Ïmï˛
xy!ü ˆï˛y !Óôyï˛y ö•zñ ãÑ˛y!òÎ˚yˆÏ° ˆáyòy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓy ˛õy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó˚•§ƒÈÙÙÙÈ
Î!ò Óy !ܲå%È ÌyˆÏܲ
!Óºü ˆÌˆÏܲ !ã˛ˆÏö !öÄ
Îï˛ê˛y üyeyˆÏÓyˆÏô üˆÏöyÓ˚ü °yˆÏà
xÓÈÙÈˆÜ˛ í˛z˛õ§ˆÏà≈ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˛õyÓ˚üyî!Óܲ Îï˛ê˛y §yò,¢ƒ ˆã˛ˆÏöñ üyö!Óܲ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛
ï˛ï˛ê˛y•z ˜Ó§yò,¢ƒ– ï%˛°yò[˛ ˆáÑyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ xò,¢ƒ ˆ˛õyˆÏí˛¸öÈÙÙÙÈ
ï˛Ó% ˛õy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ fl∫FåÈï˛y ˆüˆÏá
ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ä í˛z˛õy_ òyà
òyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ !ö!Óí˛¸ ò%ÛˆÏã˛yá
û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y !ã˛ˆÏö ˆöÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ xyòÓ˚
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛•z Ú≤Ãüy ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ðyˆÏ˛õ çí˛¸yˆÏöy çê˛Û ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ üü≈Ó›– ÚÎ!ò !ܲå%È ÌyˆÏܲ !Óºü
ˆÌˆÏܲ !ã˛ˆÏö !öÄ Îï˛ê˛y üeyˆÏÓyˆÏô üˆÏöyÓ˚ü °yˆÏàÛ....ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !ܲå%È ˆö•zñ ã˛y!Ó˚!òˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ä§....
˜öÓ˚yçƒ ˆÎö– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛•z ÜÑ˛yã˛y°B˛yÓ˚ òyü ܲü°– ˆÌyܲ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚
òyòyÓyÓ% ˆ Ï ò Ó˚ •ÆyÓ§% ! ° üyÓ˚ ˆá°– ~û˛yˆÏ Ó •z çöç#Óö ÓyçyÓ˚ ò Ó˚ ü®yÓ˚ üyÓ˚
¢y!hsˇ!öˆÏÜ˛ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ˛õyjyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ x¢y!hsˇ Ó˚*˛õyÓ˚*˛õyhsˇˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚– ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚
ôü≈ ˆ§•z ü!ï˛à!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛§®û≈˛–
Ó˚&îyÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ¢∑yÌ≈ å%ÈшÏÎ˚ å%ÈшÏÎ˚ ¢∑•#öï˛yÎ˚ â%Ó˚˛õyܲ áyÎ˚– xÌã˛ üˆÏö Ó˚yáyÓ˚ Ó˚§ò ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚–
ܲ!Óc xyÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y Ä ç#Óö !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ Ó_´Óƒ !üˆÏ°!üˆÏ¢ ~ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ¢#ñ çê˛ ˆáyˆÏ° üyeyˆÏÓyˆÏô–
x!ï˛ Óç≈ˆÏö x˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏüÎ˚ fl∫Î˚Ç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏüÎ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÜÑ˛yã˛ˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚yˆÏá– ˛õä‰!_´=!° ÎyÎyÓÓ˚ öÎ˚ñ
û˛yÓ˚ï˛à¶˛#ñ ˆã˛öyÓ˚ xçflÀ xyû˛y§– ò,¢ƒ=!°Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓöyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˆê˛:ˆÏê˛•z ôÓ˚y xyˆÏåÈ– fl∫FåÈï˛y
Ä ç!ê˛°ï˛y ˆÎö çê˛# Ä çˆÏê˛ŸªÓ˚ñ ˛õyÓ≈ï˛# Ä ü•yˆÏòÓ– x«˛Ó˚ôyü ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyüyáƒyôyü
ˆ§yçy úœ˛y•zê˛– í˛zí˛¸y°˛õ%ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜mï˛ ≤Ãܲ“–
xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yrê˛yü ˆ§Õ≥˛ Ä Üœ˛ƒy!§Ü˛y° ˆ§ˆÏÕ≥˛Ó˚ ã˛y˛õyöÈÙÈí˛zˆÏï˛yÓ˚– x!üï˛yû˛
˜üe ≤ðy˛õˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏöˆÏåÈö ÓyhflÏÓç#Óö ˆÌˆÏܲ– ÷û˛B˛Ó˚ òy§ ≤Ãüy Ä ≤ðy˛õˆÏܲ
!ü!¢ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆá°yÓ˚ åȈϰ– ˆòÓÎyö# xÓyhflÏÓˆÏܲ•z ÓyhflÏÓ üˆÏö !öˆÏï˛ !môy!ß∫ï˛ öö–
Óƒ!_´üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ öyàyˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ ˚ ~ܲ•zû˛yˆÏÓ ÓyçyÓ˚òÓ˚ Ä ü®yÓ˚ üyÓ˚ñ ≤ÃK˛yÓyö ˆöï˛y§Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ü%ˆÏáö üy!Ó˚ï˛Ç çàÍ xyÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸hsˇ ˆ¢Î˚yÓ˚ üyˆÏÜ≈˛ê˛ñ ≤Ãò)£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !ï˛!ï˛!ÓÓ˚_´ xyÓ•yÄÎ˚yÎ˚
ã˛y£Ïüy!ê˛Ó˚ ï,˛£èyï≈˛ ú˛yê˛Ü˛ñ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ °!çܲy° e´ƒy܉˛– §yÓ˚fl∫ï˛ §üyç !Ó˛õò§ÇÜ%˛°–
˜ÓÓï≈˛˛õ%Óy˚ î xyí˛zê˛ xú˛ üyˆÏÜ≈˛ê˛– Ó ˆ·Ï ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ö ˆÜ˛yö!òˆÏܲ çyˆÏö ÷ô% xyÓ•yÄÎ˚y òú˛ï˛Ó˚–
200 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
Úï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ä í˛z˛õy_ òyà
òyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ !ö!Óí˛¸ ò%ÛˆÏã˛yá
û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y !ã˛ˆÏö ˆöÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ xyòÓ˚Û
Å˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ï˛yÓyò# xyô%!öܲï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ñ ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!öܲ xy!ô˛õˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ 1961 ˆÌˆÏܲ
°yàyï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°ö ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ܲ!Ó ˆ°áܲ !ã˛e!¢“#Ó˚yñ xyë˛yˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ àòƒ ˛õòƒ
xyˆÏ®y°ö âˆÏê˛ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ܲ– ~•z !öÓ¶˛ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛!Õ‘¢ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò#â≈ ˆ°áy
xyˆÏåÈ ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ö# Ó®öy ˆò §¡õy!òï˛ ≤ÃÌü §Çáƒyñ ˆüÔ°yöy xyÓ%° ܲy°yü xyçyò
•zö!fiê˛!ê˛í˛zˆêÏ ˛Ó˚ §y•ã˛ˆÏÎ≈ Sˆú˛yö 033ÈÙÈ2335ÈÙÈ5410V– xyˆÏ®y°ö=!° ã˛ˆÏ° 1982 ˛õÎ≈hsˇ–
ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ ¢∑ ¢∑yÌ≈ åÈ® ü)°ƒˆÏÓyô •zï˛ƒy!ò !åÈ° •zܲö!ü hflˆÏ ÓÏ –˚ ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ xÌ≈˜öÏ !ï˛Ü˛
í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚îñ öÓ˚!§Ç• Ó˚yÄÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xyü° ˆÌˆÏܲ– ˆáy°yÓyçyÓ˚ ã˛y°% •Î˚– í˛zòyÓ˚ö#!ï˛ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚ åÈy!˛õˆÏÎ˚ •zܲö!üÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!àܲ ~°yܲyˆÏï˛Ä fl∫yû˛y!Óܲû˛yˆÏÓ åÈy˛õ ˆú˛ˆÏ°– ¢∑ñ
¢∑yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ñ åȈϮÓ˚ñ ú˛ˆÏü≈Ó˚ñ •zܲö!ü ôˆÏ§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ˆÜ˛ööy ≤Ã!ï˛§®û≈˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ xyˆÏ§ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ç#Óö
ˆÌˆÏܲ– Úxô%öy!hsˇÜ˛Û ¢∑!ê˛ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚ ˆã˛ï˛öy ˆÌˆÏܲ– ˆåÈyê˛ ˛õ!eܲy=ˆÏ°y Îy
≤ÃÌü ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ !ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ çyï˛ ˆ§=!° ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ öyöy ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!öÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚
ˆáy°y xyˆÏÎ˚yçˆÏܲÓ˚ û)˛!üܲyÎ˚ §Ó˚Ó •Î˚–
!ÓŸªyÎ˚ö....ˆáy°yÓyçyÓ˚ñ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏöê˛ñ í˛z•z!ܲ!˛õ!í˛Î˚yñ ˆüyÓy•z° •zˆÏü° ˆú˛§Ó%ܲ •zï˛ƒy!ò
ò%!öÎ˚yˆÏܲ §ÓyÓ˚ öyàyˆÏ° ~ˆÏö ˆòÎ˚ •yÄÎ˚y •yÄÎ˚y•zˆÎÏ –˚ §Ó !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓÑyôöü%_´– x¢Ó˚#Ó˚#
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyàñ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÌü í˛z_Ó˚ Å˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yôy ü°Î˚
Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#ÈÙÈÓ˚ !ï˛ö•yçyÓ˚ ˆöê˛ÈÙÈÓ¶%˛– !ï˛!ö ˆöê˛y!çö– í˛zòyÓ˚ö#!ï˛ §ÓˆÏ«˛ˆÏe çß√ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
•zFå%Èܲ Ä x!öFå%Èܲ– í˛zòyÓ˚ö#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ •zFå%Èܲ x!öFå%Èܲ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ñ ã˛y!£Ïñ Óyܲú˛§°ñ !ã˛í˛¸ ôˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏÎ˚yçˆÏö– ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛eܲˆÏ“ñ ôù!ö§)ˆÏe– §Ó≈e–
Ú¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈˛õ!Ó˚!ô ˆû˛ˆÏä ôù!öüÎ˚ ç°– xyˆÏ°yÈÙÈx¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó‡ò)Ó˚ Óyç%Ü˛Û SÓ˚&o !ܲǧ%ܲ ≠
ÚˆüÓ˚yÇÛ ≠ ˆ˛õyܲyüyܲˆÏí˛¸ ö#!°üyV
!ã˛í˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆÏåÈ xyfliyÎ˚....û˛Ó˚§yÎ˚ñ ôù!ö≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà ò,¢ƒÜ˛ˆÏ“ñ ü)°ƒ Ä ü)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏô xï˛~Ó Ü˛!Óï˛yÓ˚
˛õy°ê˛y öyã˛ö í˛z°!ê˛˛õy°!ê˛–
ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö

ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö
ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö

òƒ xê˛ü‰ xú˛ òƒ ˛õƒy!ê˛ΔÎ˚yÜ≈˛

àƒy!Ó ˆÏÎ˚° ày!§≈Î˚y üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç

Ä
!≤’!öÄ xƒy˛õ%ƒˆÏ°Î˚ ˆüö‰ˆÏí˛yçyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö

x ö% Óy ò
xOö ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚

ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö


ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ xyFåÈyñ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ !ܲ ˆ§•z ˆ≤’öê˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ ˆÜ˛yö ˆ≤’öê˛y⁄
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ 23 çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ 1958 §yˆÏ° ܲyÓ˚yܲyˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓhflÏ#î≈ xM˛ÈˆÏ°Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚y!e
ò%ˆÏê˛yÎ˚ ˆÎê˛y í˛zˆÏí˛¸ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– xyüÓ˚y ò%çˆÏö•z ï˛áö §yö‰ Óyö≈y!ò≈ˆÏöyÓ˚ úœ˛ƒyˆÏê˛
Ìyܲï˛yü á%Ó §Ω˛Óï˛ xyÓ˚ xyüÓ˚y ò%çˆÏö•z ÓyÓ˚y®y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá!åÈ°yü
üôƒÓ˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ !öܲ£Ï x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ çμ°ˆÏåÈ !öû˛ˆÏåÈ ˆ≤’öê˛yÓ˚ °y° xyˆÏ°y ò%ˆêÏ ˛y– ˆ≤’öê˛y
í˛zí˛¸!åÈ° ˆÓ¢ !öã%˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Îy!FåÈ° ~üö ~ܲê˛y ¢•Ó˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏö
ܲyÓ˚!ú˛í˛z ã˛°!åÈ° ã˛!Óù¢ â^ˇê˛y ï˛y•z xy˛õyï˛ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ úÑ˛yܲyñ xÌã˛ ˆÎáyˆÏö
~ܲê˛y üyö%£ÏÄ !öoyFåÈߨ öÎ˚ xyˆÏòÔ– §Ü˛ˆÏ° í˛zò@ˇÃ xy@ˇÃˆÏ• xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚!åÈ°ñ
ü%•)ï≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xöƒ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ˛õy ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyä%ˆÏ° =ˆÏö Ó˚yá!åÈ°
§üÎ˚.... ~ܲöyÎ˚Ü˛ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÓ§yˆÏöÓ˚ Ä•z ≤Ãï˛#«˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ•z
•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛!åÈ° ò#â≈ï˛ü–
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ Ä•z ˆ≤’öê˛yÓ˚ ܲÌyñ ˆÎê˛yˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ç‰ !çˆÏüˆÏöç‰ ï˛áö ˆò¢
ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ï˛Í˛õÓ˚....–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ •Ñƒyñ ˆ§•z ˆ≤’öê˛yñ ˆÎê˛y ˆû˛ˆÏöç%ˆÏÎ˚°yÓ˚ ò#â≈ xyê˛ ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲöyÎ˚Ü˛ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚
Úˆ¢£Ï!òöÛ §ˆÏD ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°!åÈ°– ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z Ó°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Ä•z
!ӈϢ£Ï ü%•)ï≈˛!ê˛Ó˚ ܲÌyÈÙÙÙÈ~ê˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçöñ ܲyÓ˚î !ë˛Ü˛ Ä•z ü%•)ï≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆï˛yüyÓ˚
üyÌyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ öï%˛ö í˛z˛õöƒy§ çß√ !öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲï˛sfˆÏܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚....ò#â≈
§ˆÏï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ä ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ò%ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §¡õ)î≈ ï˛ç≈üy ˆú˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎñ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ!ê˛ Úòƒ xê˛ü‰ xú˛ òƒ ˛õƒy!ê˛ΔÎ˚yÜ≈˛Û •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
Ä•z ˆ≤’ˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !åÈ° !í˛Ü‰˛ˆÏê˛ê˛Ó˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ flf# Ä ï˛yÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y Ä ï˛Í§• üsf#
Ä á%Ó Ü˛yˆÏåÈÓ˚ Ó¶%˛Ó˚y– !í˛Ü˛ˆÏê˛ê˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%á ã˛Ó˚ü ˆe´yˆÏô •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!åÈ° °y° Ä
ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyŸª≈ã˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ ˆ§ ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚ Ä•z ˆe´yˆÏôÓ˚ ӈϢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°!åÈ° x!öÓyÎ≈
ày!°Ó£Ï≈î– ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ˛õy°yˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆ≤’ˆÏö Äë˛yÓ˚ ò!í˛¸Ó˚ !§Ö!í˛¸ê˛yÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢
Ä•z ˛õyŸª≈ã˛Ó˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ~àyˆÏÓ˚y !ü!°Î˚ö í˛°yˆÏÓ˚ û˛!ï≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
!Ó ú˛ˆÏܲ§ÈÙÙÙÈÎyÓ˚ ˆ¢yܲ !í˛Ü˛ˆÏê˛ê˛Ó˚ û%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ° öy ˆÜ˛yöÄ üˆÏï˛•z–
xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xˆÏöܲ í˛zãÑ ˛% ˆÏï˛ ˆ≤’öê˛y ܲƒy!Ó˚!ÓÎ˚yˆÏöÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ í˛zí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚y üye•zñ
ˆÓ˚!í˛ÄÓ˚ ˆây£Ïܲñ Üœ˛ƒy!§Ü˛y° §Çà#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xö%¤˛yö xyã˛üܲy Ìy!üˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
àï˛ !ï˛ö†ã˛yÓ˚!òö ÎyÓÍ §ühflÏ xö%¤˛yˆÏöÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° e´üyàï˛ ÓyçˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy Ä•z
~ܲˆÏâшÏÎ˚ Üœ˛ƒy!§Ü˛y° §D#ï˛ •ë˛yÍ•z Ó¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ñ xyüÓ˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ° ˆÓ˚!í˛ÄÓ˚
§yüˆÏö öˆÏí˛¸ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ ӈϧ!åÈ°yü....ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ÷öˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yü ˆây£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ§•z
xˆÏüyâ §ÇÓyò û˛y£Ïƒ˛õyë˛....!í˛Ü‰˛ˆÏê˛ê˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ˆö•zñ ˛õï˛ö •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ܲöyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚–
~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛yñ !e´fiê˛üy§ !ê˛ΔÛˆï˛ ˆüyüÓy!ï˛ çμˆ° Ï Äë˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲyÓ˚yܲyˆÏ§Ó˚
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÓœƒyܲÈÙÈxyí˛zˆÏê˛Ó˚ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ú%Ñ˛ˆÏí˛¸ çμˆÏ° í˛zˆÏë˛!åÈ° xyˆÏ°y–
ï˛áö §ˆÏÓüye ˆû˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y ú%˛ê˛ˆÏåÈñ Óyï˛yˆÏ§ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ~ܲ â%ühsˇ
!•ü....xyüÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!åÈ°yü ã)˛í˛¸yhsˇ í˛zͧˆÏÓ ˆ§ˆÏç í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈ ã˛y!Ó˚!òܲ....xÎÌy
204 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆÓˆÏç í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈ §Ó ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ •ö≈ñ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏåÈ xˆÏöˆÏܲñ
ú˛ƒyQ!Ó˚=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Óy!çˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ x§üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §y•zˆÏÓ˚öñ ày!í˛¸ Ä
°!Ó˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚ ê˛y!äˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ fl∫yô#öï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚!äö ˛õï˛yܲy–
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ñ Ó!®ˆÏòÓ˚ ü%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Úöƒy¢öy° !§!ܲí˛z!Ó˚!ê˛ !Ó!”˛ÇÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §yüˆÏöñ
ˆû˛yÓ˚ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ xyˆÏà•z !öˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈ ~ܲò° ˆü•ö!ï˛
üyö%£Ï–
ˆ§•z ≤ÃÌüñ °y!ï˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÎ˚ñ xyüÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲöyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õï˛ö
ˆòˆÏá!åÈ°yü– §yÆy!•Ü˛ §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏeÓ˚ §yÇÓy!òܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xy!ü Ä ày!§≈Î˚y
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ˆ§•z §ühflÏ !òö=ˆÏ°yÎ˚ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢ âê˛ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy §ü)• !ÓÓï≈˛ö=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
≤ÃyÎ˚ åÈ!ÓÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y üyÌyÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ï˛yü– xyüÓ˚y Ä•z!òö Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åÈ°yü !ܲå%È«˛î ˛õˆÏÓ˚•zñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~ܲöyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ «˛üï˛yÓ˚
í˛zͧ!Ó®%=ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈ö ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°yü ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲñ Î!òÄ ˆ§•z§Ó
~ܲòyÈÙÈáƒyï˛ «˛üï˛yÓ˚ í˛zͧ=!°ñ Ä•z ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åÈ°
Ú˛õy!áÓ˚y°Î˚Û=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y åÈyÎ˚yFåÈߨ Ä ¢#ï˛°–
~ܲöyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ú!í˛ˆÏú˛™ üsfܲÛ!ê˛ !åÈ° ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò%ˆÏà≈Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y xö!ï˛e´üƒ....
xyüÓ˚y xyÿ˛Î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏá!åÈ°yü ÓyÓ˚y®yÎ˚ ï˛áöÄ ˆé˛y°yˆÏöy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆ§•z
≤Ãܲy[˛ §yÓôyöÓyî#....Ú~áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓñ˚ û%˛ˆÏ° ÎyÄ ~áyˆÏö
Îy ˆòˆÏáåÈ Óy ÷ˆÏöåÈ–Û xyüÓ˚y !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yü !üÓ˚yˆÏúœ˛yˆÏ§≈Ó˚ Ó˚y‹T…˛õ!ï˛û˛ÓˆÏö–
ˆ§!ê˛ !åÈ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöy ôÑyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ÚܲˆÏ°y!öÎ˚y°Û ì˛ˆÏä ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ≤Ãy§yò ÎyÓ˚
í˛zˆëÏ ˛yˆÏöÓ˚ üyé˛ÈÙÈü!ôƒáyˆÏö !åÈ° ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢y° ˆú˛yÎ˚yÓ˚y Ä ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xyöyˆÏã˛ÈÙÈ
ܲyöyˆÏã˛ Ó˚yáy !åÈ° ú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ é%˛!í˛¸=ˆÏ°y– ≤Ãy§yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöy ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚
§ˆÏD ܲÌy ӈϰ!åÈ° ày!§≈Î˚y üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç– xyüÓ˚y çyöˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°yü Ӈܲy°
xyˆÏà ˆ§•z ç%Î˚yö !û˛ˆÏ§rê˛ ˆàyˆÏüç öyˆÏüÓ˚ ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ §üÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆ§
~•z ≤Ãy§yˆÏò ܲü≈Ó˚ï˛– fliyö#Î˚ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ û˛yÓ˚# ˆàÑyú˛ Ä ˆây°yˆÏê˛ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚
x¢#!ï˛˛õÓ˚ Ó,k˛ !åÈ° ~•z ç%Î˚yö !û˛ˆÏ§rê˛ ˆàyˆÏüç– ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ï˛!Ó˚¢ ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
~ܲöyÎ˚ˆÜÏ ˛y!ã˛ï˛ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ Ä x˛õ¢y§ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓñ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ !ÓåÈyöyˆÏï˛•zñ ¢y!hsˇˆïÏ ˛
üˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° ç%Î˚yö ˆàyˆÏü牖 ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛yÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏ°!åÈ° Ä•z ç%Î˚yˆÏöÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ ܲÌy
ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛áöÄ üˆÏö xyˆÏåÈ....üˆÏö xyˆÏåÈ ˆ§•z ˆòy°öyê˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆÎê˛yˆÏï˛ ÷ˆÏÎ˚
~ܲöyÎ˚ܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !òÓy!öoy §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚ï˛ Óy ˆ§•z °í˛¸yÜ%˛ ˆüyÓ˚àê˛yÓ˚ ܲÌyñ ç%Î˚yö
ˆàyˆÏüˆÏçÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ Ä•z Î%k˛ÈÙȈüyÓ˚à!ê˛ ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚ !çˆÏï˛ xy§ï˛ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ
ü%Ó˚!àÈÙÈ°í˛¸y•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Óy!ç– xyFåÈyñ Ä•z ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛yÓ˚ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ò#â≈ ܲÌy Ó°ÓyÓ˚
˛õˆÏÓ˚•z !ܲ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ üyÌyÎ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ê˛y xyÓ˚Ä û˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ òyöy ÓÑyˆÏô⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ öyñ ˆ§Ó˚ܲü !ë˛Ü˛ öÎ˚– ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ !ܲ ˆÎ ¢y§Ü˛ ç%ö‰ê˛yò°ñ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ç
!çˆÏüˆÏöç‰ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲöyÎ˚Ü˛ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÓ§yˆÏöÓ˚ ò%†!ï˛ö !òˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z Ä•z
!üÓ˚yˆÏúœ˛yˆÏ§≈Ó˚ ≤Ãy§yˆÏò•z ~ܲ çÓ˚&!Ó˚ §ˆÏ¡ø°ö ˆí˛ˆÏܲ!åÈ°⁄ xï˛ƒhsˇ çÓ˚&!Ó˚ !ܲå%È
xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ã˛°!åÈ° !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ü!ê˛Ç ܲˆÏ«˛ xyÓ˚ Ó‡ §yÇÓy!òܲ Ä ú˛ˆÏê˛y@ˇÃyú˛yÓ˚
xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚!åÈ° ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛ˆÏrê˛Ó˚ x!ú˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ °yˆÏàyÎ˚y– Ä•z ˆåÈyê˛ âÓ˚ê˛yˆÏï˛....
~û˛yˆÏÓ §üÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛!åÈ° ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ â^ˇê˛y xyÓ˚ ˆû˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏê˛ öyàyò
 ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö † 205
òÓ˚çy á%ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° •ë˛yÍñ !˛õå%È •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§!åÈ° ~ܲ
Î%k˛ÈÙÈÜœ˛yhsˇ ˆ§öyôƒ«˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ï˛áöÄ ôÓ˚y !åÈ° ˆü!¢öàyö Ä ÎyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ç%ˆÏï˛y !åÈ° ï˛áöÄ Ü˛ò≈üy_´– ˆ°yܲ!ê˛ !˛õå%È •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ñ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÓ˚ï˛
§yÇÓy!òˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yüˆÏöñ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ Ó®%ܲ í˛zÑ!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ §ühflÏ
ܲyˆÏ˛õ≈ê˛ê˛yˆÏï˛ Ü˛yòy åÈí˛¸yˆÏï˛ åÈí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ !àˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ° Óy•zˆÓÏ ñ˚ Ä•zû˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆöˆÏü
!àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ Ä í˛zˆÏë˛ ÓˆÏ§!åÈ° ~ܲê˛y xˆÏ˛õ«˛üyî ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ñ ˆÎê˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ
!öˆÏÎ˚ í˛zôyÄ •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ï˛Í«˛îyÍ–
ˆ§öyôƒ«˛!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ÓyÓ˚ Ä•z ü%•)ï≈˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ñ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ Îáö xyüÓ˚y öï%˛ö
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ àë˛ö !öˆÏÎ˚ ܲÌyÓ˚ ˛õy•yí˛¸ ç!üˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°!åÈ....xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ §•§y ~ܲ
˜òÓ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y Ú«˛üï˛yÛ Ä ï˛yÓ˚ xy§° Ó˚•§ƒ!ê˛Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ í˛zÂây!ê˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ~ܲê%˛ ~ܲê%˛– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~Ó˚•z ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!òö ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyüÓ˚y ò%çˆÏö•z Îáö
ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§ ˛õ!eܲy òƈÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°!åÈñ ï%˛!ü ӈϰ!åȈϰñ Ú°y!ï˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyö
~ܲöyÎ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏÎñ˚ ˆ§û˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆ°áy xyç ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˆ°áy•z •Î˚!ö–Û xyüÓ˚y
ò%çˆÏö•z §•üï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yü ˆÎ x§ê˛y!Ó˚Î˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ°áy Úòƒ ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛rê˛Û öyˆÏüÓ˚
~ܲüye Ó•zê˛y xy§ˆÏ° ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z xáyòƒñ ~ܲöyÎ˚Ü˛ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ü)° Ó˚•§ƒê˛y•z
ˆ§áyˆÏö xö%˛õ!fliï˛....–
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ •Ñƒyñ Äê˛y §!ï˛ƒ•z x§ú˛° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó•z–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ï%˛!ü ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰ ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚
ç#Óö#– ï%˛!ü xyÿ˛Î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰ ˆÎ °y!ï˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ û)˛ï˛˛õ)Ó≈
§Ó ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲ•z xy§ˆÏ° !åÈ° Ú¢Î˚ï˛yöÛ Ä Ú˛õyàˆÏ°Ó˚Û ~ܲ !ö˛õ%î §Ç!ü◊î–
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ñ !í˛öyÓ˚ ˆê˛!ӈϰ ï%˛!ü xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ܲçö ~ܲöyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚
˛õyà°y!ü Ä í˛zß√_ï˛yÓ˚ ܲy!•!ö ˆ¢yöyˆÏï˛....ˆÎüöñ ˆ§•z ˆÎ !åÈ° ~ܲ
í˛zß√yà≈àyü# ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢•Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ühflÏ Ü˛yˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆäÏ Ó˚ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ö,¢Ç§û˛yˆÏÓ
•ï˛ƒy ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ •Ñƒy üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈñ ˆ°yܲê˛y !åÈ° •y•z!ï˛Ó˚ í˛yÉ í%˛û˛y!°Î˚Ó˚ñ ÎyˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏöˆÏܲ
í˛yÜ˛ï˛ Ú˛õy˛õy í˛y_´yÓ˚Û ÓˆÏ°– ˆò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ühflÏ Ü˛yˆÏ°y Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛°ÓyÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚îê˛y !åÈ° ~Ó˚ܲüñ ˆÎ Ú˛õy˛õy í˛y_´yÓ˚Û áÓÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ï˛yÓ˚•z ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ
¢e& öy!ܲñ ôÓ˚y ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° ¢y!hflÏ Ä •yçï˛ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ û˛ˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y ܲyˆÏ°y
Ü%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õyhsˇ!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ....Ú˛õy˛õy í˛y_´yÓ˚Û ˆ§•z áÓÓ˚ ˆ¢yöy üye•z
‡Ü%˛ü ܲˆÏÓ!˚ åÈ°ñ ܲyˆÏ°y Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ §yüˆÏö ˆ˛õˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛°y xÓ¢ƒ ܲï≈˛Óƒñ
ÎyÓ˚ xöƒÌy •ˆÏ° ¢y!hflÏ x!öÓyÎ≈–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ xyÓ˚ ˛õƒyÓ˚y=ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ§•z í˛y_´yÓ˚ ú ˛yö!§Î˚y⁄ ÎyÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhsˇ xyˆÏò¢ !åÈ° Ü%˛!í˛¸
ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ •ˆÏ° ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ öyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏܲ !ÓÓy• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ– x!ÓÓy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyܲÓyÓ˚ ¢y!hflÏ !åÈ° üyÓ˚ydܲ....–
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ •Ñƒyñ !ë˛Ü˛•z ӈϰåÈ xyÓ˚ ˆ°yܲê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ §ühflÏ ˆò¢ê˛yˆÏܲ ò%ˆÏû≈˛òƒ ˆâÓ˚yˆÏê˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° Ó‡ ÓåÈÓ˚– Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ§ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
~!_´Î˚yÓ˚•z !åÈ° öyñ ÷ô%üye !ã˛!ë˛ xyòyöÈÙÈ≤ÃòyˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyê%˛Ü%˛ åÈyí˛¸y– xÓ¢ƒ
206 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆ°yܲê˛yñ ˆ¢yöy ÎyÎ˚ñ !åÈ° ~ܲ Óí˛¸ üyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ òy¢≈!öÜ˛Ä ÓˆÏê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î ܲy°≈y•zˆÏ°Ó˚
üˆÏï˛y !ÓmIöÄ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ӈϰ!åȈϰö ˆÎ í˛y_´yÓ˚ ú ˛yö!§Î˚yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚Ä û˛yˆÏ°y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆú˛°y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ í˛z!ö !ܲ !̈ÏÎ˚yç!ú˛fiê˛ !åȈϰö⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ öy– !̈ÏÎ˚yç!ú˛fiê˛ ˆ§•z xˆÏÌ≈ !åȈϰö ~°ÈÙȧy°û˛yˆÏòyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üƒyܲ!§!ü!°Î˚yˆÏöy
•yö≈yöˆÏòç‰ üy!ê≈˛ˆÏö牖 !ï˛!ö xyÓyÓ˚ §yÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢ Ú•yüÛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ü•yüy!Ó˚ ˆë˛Ü˛yˆÏï˛
Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ §Ó xyˆÏ°y ˆì˛ˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö °y° ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ë%˛!° !òˆÏÎ˚– üy!ê≈˛ˆÏöç‰
!öˆÏç•z xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ˛õu%˛°yüñ ˆÎê˛y é%˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáy •ï˛
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ áyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ≤’ê˛=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚ñ Ä ˆÎê˛y öy!ܲ ӈϰ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ xyˆÏòÔ
áyÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !Ó£Ï åÈí˛¸yˆÏöy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ !ܲ öy–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ xyÓ˚ ˆàyˆÏüç⁄ ˆû˛ˆÏöç%ˆÏÎ˚°yÓ˚ ç%Î˚yö‰ !û˛ˆÏ§rê‰˛ ˆàyˆÏüç‰⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ ˆàyˆÏüç‰ !åÈ° xyÿ˛Î≈Ó˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ xö%û)˛!ï˛≤ÃÓî– öy ˆòáy âê˛öy ‡Ó‡ ӈϰ !òˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ï˛ ˆàyˆÏüç‰ñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎö ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yüˆÏö•z âˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈ §Ó!ܲå%È–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ ÷ˆÏö!åÈ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ!òöÄ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° !öˆÏç•zñ xyÓyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏö !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚
~ˆÏ§!åÈ° ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ܲ!ë˛ö ˆã˛‹TyÎ˚ñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ Ó!î≈ï˛ Ä•z
Ú˛õƒy!ê˛ΔÎy˚ ˆÏܲ≈ Ó˚Û üˆÏï˛y– ~ܲê˛y ܲÌy !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎ Úòƒ xê˛ü‰ xú˛ òƒ ˛õƒy!ê˛ΔÎy˚ Ü≈˛Û ˛õí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛
˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ã˛!Ó˚eê˛y xˆÏöܲê˛y ç%Î˚yö‰ !û˛ˆÏ§rê˛ ˆàyˆÏüˆÏçÓ˚ xyò° Ä
Óƒ!_´c !öˆÏÎ˚ ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸....~ê˛y !ܲ ÷ô% xyüyÓ˚ ~ܲyÓ˚•z ôyÓ˚îy öy ˆï˛yüyÓ˚
üˆÏöÄ ˆàyˆÏüç‰ öyˆÏüÓ˚ ~•z ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ öy ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ !åÈ°ñ Îáö ï%˛!ü
í˛z˛õöƒy§ê˛y !°á!åȈϰ⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ xyüyÓ˚ xy§° í˛zˆj Ï ¢ƒ !åÈ° §ühflÏ °y!ï˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyö ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ§ˆÏD
§yüˆÏö ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ~ܲê˛y !ü!◊ï˛ ã˛!Ó˚e àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ Ü˛ƒy!Ó˚!ÓÎ˚yö
~ܲöyÎ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚....Îy•z ˆ•yܲ öy ˆÜ˛öñ ˆàyˆÏüˆÏçÓ˚ Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ !åÈ° ~ï˛•z
≤ÃÓ°ñ ˆÎ xyüyÓ˚ ˆ°áyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲå%Èê˛y åÈy˛õ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆàˆÏåÈ– xöƒ
xˆÏöˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°öyÎ˚ñ ˆàyˆÏüˆÏçÓ˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yê˛yñ xyüyÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ú˛õƒy!ê˛ΔÎy˚ ܲ≈Û ˆÓ!¢
§üÎ˚ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ x!ô@ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆàyˆÏüç‰ Ä xyüyÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
Ú˛õƒy!ê˛ΔÎ˚yÜ≈˛Û ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛•z xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏöÓ˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ åÈ!Óê˛y ~ܲñ !ܲv ï˛y
ӈϰñ xyüyÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ê˛y xyÓyÓ˚ ܲáöÄ•zñ ÷ô%üye ˆàyˆÏüˆÏçÓ˚ à“ öÎ˚–
ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛yÓ˚ åÈyÎ˚yê˛y xyüyÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ~ܲê˛y xÓÎ˚Ó ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ Ä•z ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y÷öyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛!ü Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰñ
ˆÓ¢ !ܲå%È ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ Ä•z ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲ xÌ≈yÍ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z xhsˇï˛
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ÈÙÙÙȈÎüöñ ~ê˛y !ܲ §!ï˛ƒ öÎ˚ñ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y
≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z !åÈ° !˛õï,˛•#ö⁄ ï%˛!ü ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ ~ê˛yÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ xy!ü ˆÎê˛y §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ xyüyÓ˚ ˆ°áyÎ˚ ˆÎ Ä•z ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚
≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏö üyÛÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ !åÈ° x˛õ!Ó˚§#ü– ï˛y•z xöƒû˛yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛
ˆàˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y !åÈ° ≤ÃÌü ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !˛õï,˛•#öñ !ë˛Ü˛ ï%˛!ü ˆÎüö Ó°ˆÏ°– xÓ¢ƒ
xyüyÓ˚ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y !ܲv ÷ô% ˆ§•z§Ó ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ çˆÏöƒñ ÎyÓ˚y !öˆÏçÓ˚
ˆçyÓ˚ Ä ¢!_´ !òˆÏÎ˚ «˛üï˛y òᰠܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛ü •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲçö
 ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö † 207
xyˆÏåÈ ÎyÓ˚y í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ §)ˆÏe ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ Ä «˛üï˛y •ë˛yÍ•z ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ܲÌy ã˛ˆÏ° öy–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ ï%˛!ü ӈϰ!åȈϰ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó ˆ°áyˆÏï˛•z ~üö !ܲå%È ò,¢ƒüyö åÈ!Ó Óy
âê˛öy≤ÃÓy• ÌyˆÏܲñ Îy ˆ°áyê˛yˆÏܲ xöƒ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆòáy Óy ˆ¢yöy ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ xöƒ üyeyÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ ˆòÎ˚– ~•z Úòƒ xê˛ü‰ xú˛ òƒ ˛õƒy!ê˛ΔÎ˚yÜ≈˛ÛÈÙÈ~ !ܲ
ˆ§•z !ӈϢ£Ï ò,¢ƒüyöï˛y⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ xy°yòy ˆã˛•yÓ˚yê˛y •° ~ܲçö x¢#!ï˛˛õÓ˚ ~ܲöyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ñ !Î!ö §¡õ)î≈ ~ܲ°y
ÌyˆÏܲö ~ܲ !Ó¢y° ≤Ãy§yˆÏò xyÓ˚ ÎÑyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ≤Ãy§yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ ~°yܲy ç%ˆÏí˛¸
Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲå%È àÓy!ò ˛õ÷–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ï%˛!ü xyüyˆÏܲ ӈϰ ÌyܲˆÏÓ Óy •Î˚ˆÏï˛y !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛ !°ˆÏá!åȈϰ
xyüyˆÏܲ ˆÎ ï%˛!ü à“ê˛y ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰñ x¢#!ï˛˛õÓ˚ ~ܲöyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚
!Óã˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò,¢ƒ !òˆÏΖ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ä•z ò,¢ƒê˛yñ xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö xyˆÏåÈñ Óy!ï˛hflyÏ Ó˚
ˆçöyˆÏÓ˚° Úˆ§y§y ÓœyˆÏB˛yÓ˚Û !Óã˛yÓ˚ñ ˆÎê˛y xyüÓ˚y •yû˛yöyˆÏï˛ !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚
çˆÏÎ˚yÕ‘yˆÏ§Ó˚ ú˛°◊&!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏá!åÈ°yü....ˆ§ê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ xö%≤Ãy!îï˛– ï%˛!ü
xy§ˆÏ° ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§ê˛y ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰ ò%ÓyÓ˚ñ !ܲv ˆ§•z ò%ÓyÓ˚•z ˆÓ¢ !ܲå%Èê˛y
~!àˆÏÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰ §Ó!ܲå%È– ˆÜ˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰ ~üö⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ xyüyÓ˚ xöƒ§Ó ˆ°áyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ~•z ˆ°áyê˛yˆÏï˛Ä xyüyÓ˚ §ü§ƒy •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°
ˆ°áyê˛yÓ˚ àë˛ö !öˆÏÎ˚– Ä•z §ü§ƒy öy ˆüê˛y ˛õÎ≈hsˇ xy!ü ~ˆÏàyˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öy
ܲáöÄ•z– ˆ§y§y ÓœyˆÏB˛yÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òöñ xˆÏöܲ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ñ •yû˛yöyÎ˚ ӈϧ xyüyÓ˚
üˆÏö •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ í˛z˛õöƒy§ê˛yÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y àë˛ö ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y
ò#â≈ fl∫àˆÏï˛y!_´ !òˆÏÎ˚ñ Ó,k˛ ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲñ !Î!ö ü,ï%˛ƒòˆÏ[˛ ò![˛ï˛ñ Ä•z fl∫àˆÏï˛y!_´
Ó§yˆÏöy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá– !ܲv ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!òˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z xy!ü Ä•z ôyÓ˚îy
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy!§– ܲyÓ˚î xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ≤ÃÌüï˛ñ ˆ°áyê˛y
Ä•zû˛yˆÏÓ à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ •z!ï˛•y§ÈÙÈ!ÓÓ˚&k˛– ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚
§Ü˛ˆÏ°•zñ •Î˚ Ó,k˛ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ÓÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ §yˆÏÓ!ܲ ü,ï%˛ƒ öÎ˚ˆÏï˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
•ï˛ƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ– !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÜ˛í˛z•z !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%ˆÏá òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚!ö–
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ ê˛yöy fl∫àˆÏï˛y!_´ñ ˆ°áyê˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲçˆÏöÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇyû˛yÓöyÓ˚ áyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yîë˛y§y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ xyÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛y •ˆÏÓ ~ܲçö ~ܲöyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆã˛yá !öˆÏÎ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛yˆÏܲ
ˆòáy....–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ xy!ü çy!ö ˆÓ¢ !ܲå%Èê˛y §üÎ˚ ï%˛!ü Úòƒ xê˛ü‰ xú˛ òƒ ˛õƒy!ê˛ΔÎ˚yÜ≈˛Û !öˆÏÎ˚ ~üö•z
ÓƒhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åȈ°
Ï ˆÎ ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ ÚÄÎ˚yö •yöˆÏí˛» í˛ •zÎy˚ Ó˚§‰ xú˛ §!°!ã˛í˛zˆíÏ ˛Ó˚Û
ܲyçê˛yÄ §!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°– ~üöê˛y •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ° ˆÜ˛ö⁄ ~ܲê˛y Ó•z !°áˆÏï˛
!°áˆÏï˛ §¡õ)î≈ xöƒ ~ܲê˛y Ó•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç üyÌy âyüyˆÏöyñ §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ ÷!ö!ö xyüÓ˚y–
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ xy!ü ÚÄÎ˚yö •yöˆÏí»˛í‰˛ •zÎ˚yÓ˚§‰ xú˛ §!°!ã˛í˛zí˛Û ˆ°áyê˛y §yü!Î˚ܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ !åÈ°yü ܲyÓ˚î Îy !°á!åÈ°yü ï˛áöñ ˆ§•z !Ó£ÏÎê˚ ˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy=ˆÏ°y
ˆï˛üö ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ !åÈ° öy– üˆÏö •!FåÈ° !°ˆÏá Îy!FåÈ ÓˆÏê˛ñ !ܲv !ë˛Ü˛ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚
üˆÏôƒ xyˆÏòÔ ÌyܲˆÏåÈ öy ~Ó˚ àë˛ö ≤Ã!e´Î˚y– ˆ§!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°
208 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ÚÄÎ˚yö •yöˆÏí»˛í‰˛ •zÎ˚yÓ˚§‰ xú˛ §!°!ã˛í˛zí˛Û !åÈ° ˆÓ¢ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yö ~ܲê˛y ≤ÈÏçQ Îy
üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏ鲕z ˆÌˆÏü ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏåÈ ˆÓ¢ xˆÏöܲê˛y §üÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ñ Îï˛«˛î öy ˛õÎ≈hsˇ
á%шç
Ï ˛õyÄÎ˚y ˆàˆÏåÈ ôÑyôyÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ê˛yñ xÌ≈yÍ ˆ°áyê˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ Ä•z ÚܲÌö
û˛!DüyÛ– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y ~ܲê˛y ˆ°áy !°áˆÏï˛ !°áˆÏï˛ xöƒ ˆ°áyÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚y ˆÎ
xyˆÏà •Î˚!ö ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö ï˛y öÎ˚– •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲÓyÓ˚ñ ˆÎüö 1955
§yˆÏ° Ú•zö‰ •z!û˛° xyÄÎ˚yÓ˚Û ˆ°áyê˛y ˛õƒy!Ó˚ˆÏ§ ӈϧ !°áˆÏï˛ !°áˆÏï˛ñ xy!ü
ˆÌˆÏü !àˆÏÎ˚ •yï˛ !ò•z ÚˆöyÓ!í˛ Ó˚y•zê˛§‰ ê%˛ òƒ ܲˆÏö≈°Û ˆ°áyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç....§¡õ)î≈
xöƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°áy ~ܲê˛y Ó•zñ Îy xyüyÓ˚ üyÌyÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åÈ° ˆÜ˛yöÄ
~ܲ §üˆÏÎ˚ Ä xyüyˆÏܲ xöƒ !ܲå%ȈÏï˛ üö !òˆÏï˛ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏö ôÓ˚!åÈ°
ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚– ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆ°áܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyüyÓ˚Ä Ä•z ~ܲê˛y•z ú˛ü%≈°yÈÙÙÙÈ
!°áˆÏï˛ !°áˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Îáö•z xyüyÓ˚ üö ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ñ xy!ü
§yü!Î˚ܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ xy!§ ˆ°áyê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ– xy!ü çy!ö xyÓyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ü%•)ï≈˛ !ë˛Ü˛•z
xy§ˆÏÓñ Îáöñ xyÓyÓ˚Äñ Ä•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛y xyüyˆÏܲ Óƒ!ï˛ÓƒhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓ–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ Î!ò ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆ°áy ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ó•z §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ °y•zˆÏö ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ !ܲå%È Ó°y •Î˚
ˆï˛y ï%˛!ü ܲ# Ó°ˆÏÓ⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ xy§ˆÏ° xyüyÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆ°áy•z •° Ú«˛üï˛yÓ˚ ö#Ó˚Óï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ çß√ ˆöÄÎ˚y
~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!Óï˛y–Û
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ !°áˆÏï˛ xï˛ ò#â≈ §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö •Î˚ ˆÜ˛ö⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ ܲyÓ˚î xy!üñ ܲ!Óï˛y ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ ˆ°ˆÏáñ ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ àòƒ !°!á xÌ≈yÍ
~ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ á%ˆÑ çÏ á%ˆÑ ç
Ï Ó§yˆÏï˛ Ìy!ܲ §yòy ˛õyï˛yÎ˚– ÷Ó˚&Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛ê˛y
°y•zö !ë˛Ü˛û˛yˆÏÓ áyí˛¸y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z ˆï˛y xyüyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ §Æy• ˆ°ˆÏà ÎyÎ˚–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ ~•z Ó•zê˛y xÌ≈yÍ Úòƒ xê˛ü‰ xú˛ òƒ ˛õƒy!ê˛ΔÎ˚yÜ≈˛Û !°áˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛!ü xˆÏöܲÓ˚ܲü
fl∫yô#öï˛y !öˆÏÎ˚åÈ....ˆÎüö ~Ó˚ û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ üyeyñ ~•z ˆ°áyÎ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ §üÎ˚ xÌÓy
!ܲå%Èê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚üyî ˆû˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ ôƒyöôyÓ˚îy=ˆÏ°y ï%˛!ü Ä°ê˛˛õy°ê˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚åÈ
•zFåÈyÜ,˛ï˛ñ xÌÓy ˆÜ˛ ˆÎö Ó°!åÈ° ˆÎ •z!ï˛•y§....•Ñƒyñ •z!ï˛•y§Ä ï%˛!ü xyˆÏàÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yöÄ !öü≈yî ˆüˆÏö xö%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚!ö ~•z Ó•zê˛yˆÏï˛– ≤Ã̈Ïü û˛y£Ïy !öˆÏÎ˚•z
!çˆÏK˛§ ܲ!Ó˚ñ ˆÎ Ó•zê˛yˆÏï˛ xyüÓ˚y ˆò!á ï%˛!ü !Ó¢y° Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸ ˛õƒyÓ˚y@ˇÃyú˛
!°ˆÏá ã˛ˆÏ°åÈ xyˆÏòÔ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆ§!üˆÏܲy°ö Óy ú%˛°fiê˛˛õ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ
˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ üˆÏö •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ !Ó!û˛ß¨ ò,!‹Tû˛!D ˆÌˆÏܲñ !Ó!û˛ß¨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ Óî≈öy ˆÎö ~ܲ§ˆÏD í˛zˆÏ°Ó˚ çyüy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆÓyöy •ˆÏÎ˚
ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛yÓ˚î ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎ
ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ӈϢ£ÏˆÏcÓ˚ñ xyüÓ˚y çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ~•z xq$ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛
ܲyÓ˚îê˛y ܲ#⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ !ë˛Ü˛ xyˆÏåÈ– ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆï˛yüÓ˚y ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚y Ó•zê˛yÓ˚ ~ܲüy!eܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚
ܲÌy û˛yÓˆÏï˛– ˆ°áyê˛y ã˛°ˆÏï˛•z ÌyܲˆÏÓñ ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÓ öy ~ÓÇ e´üyàï˛ ~ܲˆÏâˆÏÎ˚
•ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ Ä•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe– !ܲv Ú˛õуyã˛yˆÏ°yÛ ~ܲê˛y àë˛ö ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚
üˆÏö •Î˚ñ xy!ü ~•z ˆ°áyÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° xyöy !Ó¢y° ~ܲê˛y §üÎ˚ˆÏܲ •zˆÏFåÈüˆÏï˛y
ã˛y˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆåÈyê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åÈñ à“ê˛yÓ˚ öyöy ≤Ãy§!Dܲï˛yˆÏܲ ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåÈyê˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFåȈÏò û˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó§yˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åÈ ˆ°áyê˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~áyˆÏö ˆ§áyˆÏö
 ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö † 209
xyÓ˚ öyöy üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~ܲܲ §Ç°yˆÏ˛õ ˆ°áyê˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ }k˛–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚*˛õ Ä•z !Ó¢y° üyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲƒy!Ó˚!ÓÎ˚yö £Ïí˛¸ÎˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲÌyê˛y üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ
ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆ§ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ x§ÇრˆåÈyê˛Óí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ï%˛FåÈ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆày˛õö
áÓÓ˚yáÓˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ§Ó xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲyLjϢÓ˚•z xçyöy öÎ˚ xyç....ï˛y•z xöƒ
û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ àï˛yö%à!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ àˆÏòƒÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏä ˆ§§Ó !°ˆÏá ˆàˆÏ° ï˛y ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ
Üœ˛yhsˇ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ï˛ §ˆÏ®• ˆö•z– Îy•z ˆ•yܲ öy ˆÜ˛öñ xyüyÓ˚ §ühflÏ ˆ°áyÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ ~•z ˆ°áyê˛yˆÏܲ xy!ü §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !öÓ˚#«˛yü)°Ü˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z– ˆ°áy!ê˛
xyüyˆÏܲ ~Ó˚ ÚܲyÓƒüÎ˚ Ó˚•§ƒÎyeyÎ˚Û xyçÄ §üyöû˛yˆÏÓ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ xyÓ˚ Ä•z §üÎ˚ˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ Ä°ê˛˛õy°ê˛ ˆá°yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ üˆÏö xyˆÏåÈ ˆÎ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ §Ü˛y°ˆÏÓ°y â%ü
ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲ ˆòáˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢ §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z °y° Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !¢Ó˚flfyî
˛õ!Ó˚!•ï˛⁄ ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚•z üˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ӈϰ!åÈ° ~ܲò° xq$ï˛
üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲÌy....
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ !ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ çƒyˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲyˆÏ°y ˆ˛õy¢yܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!•ï˛....–
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ •Ñƒyñ !ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ çƒyˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆ˛õy¢yܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y °y° !¢Ó˚flfyˆÏîÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ°
!òˆÏFåÈ •z=Î˚yöyÓ˚ !í˛üñ Ü%˛!üˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛yüí˛¸yñ ï˛yüyܲ xÌÓy ã˛ˆÏܲyˆÏ°ê˛– ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲ
!ÓåÈyöyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çyöy°yê˛y á%ˆ° Ï !òˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ° !öˆÏç•z– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°
~ܲê%˛ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆöyäÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy ï˛yÓ˚•z Î%k˛ çy•yç!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ñ !e´ˆÏfiê˛yú˛yÓ˚
ܲ°¡∫yˆÏ§Ó˚ !ï˛ö!ê˛ Óy!îçƒï˛!Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ~üö•z ˆÎ §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ âê˛öy=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚¡õÎ≈
~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z ˆû˛ˆÏä ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° Ä•zû˛yˆÏÓ– ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ !e´ˆÏfiê˛yú˛yÓ˚ ܲ°¡∫y§
xyÓ˚ ܲáö•z Óy Óy!îçƒï˛!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ öyöyö §yü@ˇÃ#Ó˚ ˛õ§Ó˚y !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆöˆÏü ~ˆÏ§!åÈ°
Ä•z !ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ çƒyˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆ˛õy¢yܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!•ï˛ !û˛öˆÏò!¢ !ÓˆÏe´ï˛yÓ˚y⁄ xy!üñ
•zFåÈyÜ,˛ï˛ñ ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z §üÎ˚ê˛yˆÏܲ û˛yäˆÏï˛ û˛yäˆÏï˛ xyÓyÓ˚ àí˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ìy!ܲ öï%˛ö
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ xyÓ˚ Ä•z ˆû˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ xÓfliyö=ˆÏ°y ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ö!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈy....ˆ§•z
Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲå%È ÓˆÏ°y....–
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ •Ñƒyñ ÎyˆÏܲ ӈϰ û)˛ˆÏày°ê˛yˆÏÜ˛Ä •zˆÏFåÈüˆÏï˛y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°yü– ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲ
ܲƒy!Ó˚!ÓÎ˚yˆÏöÓ˚ üyö%£Ï !åȈϰö §!ï˛ƒ•zñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y !åÈ° •zÇÓ˚y!çˆÏï˛ Ü˛ÌyÈÙÈÓ°y
ܲƒy!Ó˚!ÓÎ˚yˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD flõƒy!ö¢ ܲƒy!Ó˚!ÓÎ˚yˆÏöÓ˚ §Ç!ü!◊ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ çyÎ˚ày– ï%˛!ü
çyˆÏöy xy!ü !öˆÏç ܲƒy!Ó˚!ÓÎ˚yˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ m#˛õ Ä ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ¢•Ó˚ ï˛ß¨ ï˛ß¨ çy!ö
ï˛y•z Ó•zê˛yˆÏï˛ xy!ü §ühflÏ Ü˛ƒy!Ó˚!ÓÎ˚yöê˛yˆÏܲ•z öyöyû˛yˆÏÓ •y!çÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ åÈ– ≤Ã̈Ïü
~ˆÏö!åÈ xyüyÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ܲƒy!Ó˚!ÓÎ˚yöê˛yˆÏܲñ ˆÎüö Ä•z ˆÓ¢ƒy°Î˚ñ ÓƒyˆÏÓö˚ Ü%˛•z°yÎ˚
ˆÎáyˆÏö xy!ü ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ â%ˆüÏ yˆÏï˛ ˆÎï˛yü– ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ Ü˛yê≈˛yˆÏçöy....
çy•yç âyê˛yÓ˚ Ä•z ˛õyö¢y°y=ˆÏ°yñ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛!òö ˆû˛yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ˆêÏ ˛Î˚ áÓˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚
x!ú˛§ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy!ü ˆÎáyˆÏö ˆáˆÏï˛ Ó§ï˛yüñ ~üöܲ# xyÓ˚&Óy xyÓ˚
Ü%˛Ó˚yܲyÄÈÙÈ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ §ü%oÎyeyÓ˚ ≤ÃyE˛yˆÏ° Ó‡ ˆÓ¢ƒy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!‹Tï˛ Ä•z§Ó
çy•y!çˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌyÄ xy!ü !°ˆÏá!åÈ í˛z˛õöƒy§ê˛yˆÏï˛– ~üö xˆÏöܲ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÌy
xyˆÏåÈ ˆ°áyê˛yÎ˚ Îy ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛!ü Ú˛õyöyüyÓ˚Û ÚܲƒyˆÏ° ˆò°‰ ܲüy!¢≈ÄÛÈÙÈˆÜ˛ !ã˛öˆÏï˛
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 14
210 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
˛õyÓ˚ˆÓÏ – xyÓ˚Ä Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ Èñ •yû˛yöy ¢•ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ öyöyö à!°â%!Ñ çñ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ È Ú§yö ç%Îy˚ öÛ
xÌÓy Ú°yÈÙÈ=xy•zÓ˚yÛÈÙÙÙÈxyÓyÓ˚ !ܲå%È çyÎ˚ày ~üö ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ Îy !Ó !ê˛¢ ĈÏÎ˚fiê˛
•zö!í˛ˆÏçÓ˚ ܲÌyñ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ñ í˛yã˛ Ä ã˛y•z!öç üyö%£Ï=!°Ó˚ ܲÌy üˆÏö ˛õ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ˆòÎ˚–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ӈϰ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲ xy§ˆÏ° ò%!ê˛ Ó,•Í ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚
§üß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ •° Úܲ!òˆÏÕ‘yÛÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y @ˇÃyüƒ ã˛!Ó˚eñ ˆÎüö ˆï˛yüyÓ˚
ˆàyˆÏüç‰ñ ˆÎö ˆ§ !ë˛Ü˛ fl∫yô#öï˛y ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ à,•Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ •Õ‘y Ä •°%ò
xÓƒÓfliy=!°Ó˚ ˆôÑyÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•züye ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~°ñ Ä•z ˆàyˆÏüç xy§ˆÏ°
•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ä•z !ӈϢ£Ï ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xy•zö¢,C°y Ä çyï˛#Î˚ ˙ˆÏܲƒÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– xyÓ˚Ä Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆ§yˆÏüyçyÓ˚ ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲ
e&!çˆÏ°y •z܉˛ ~Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ã˛!Ó˚eÈÙÙÙȈÎö !öã%˛hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ§öyôƒ«˛ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó#Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yöÄ ÓƒOöy ˆö•zñ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyö ˆöÔÈÙȈ§öyÓ˚ ˆàyüí˛¸yÈÙÈü%ˆÏáy •ï˛û˛yàyˆÏòÓ˚
üˆÏï˛y....ï%˛!ü ܲ# ӈϰy ~•z§Ó xyˆÏ°yã˛öy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ §üyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎ Îy•z Ó°%ܲñ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÌyê˛y ӈϰ!åÈ° xyüyÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï Ó¶%˛
ˆçöyˆÏÓ˚° ÄüÓ˚ ˆê˛y!Ó˚ˆÏçy§– üyÓ˚y ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ üye xyê˛ã˛!Õ‘¢ â^ˇê˛y xyˆÏàñ
ˆê˛y!Ó˚ˆçÏ y§ xyüyˆÏܲ •ï˛ã˛!Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰ!åÈ° Úòƒ xê˛ü‰ xú˛ òƒ ˛õƒy!ê˛ΔÎy˚ Ü≈˛Û
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆ§Ó˚y Ó•z– xyÓ˚Ä ÓˆÏ°!åÈ°ñ ÚxyüÓ˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ°ñ ï%˛!ü ˆÎüö Óî≈öy !òˆÏÎå˚ Èñ
!ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•zÓ˚ܲü–Û
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ xq$ï˛ xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲê˛y ܲyܲï˛y°#Î˚ âê˛öy •° ˆÎ Ä•z ~ܲ•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°áy
xöƒyöƒ °y!ï˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyö ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§Ä ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ Ó•zê˛yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
Ä•z §üˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ •ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– ˆÎüö !ܲí˛zÓyÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ xyˆÏ°ˆÏçy
ܲyˆÏ˛õ≈ö!ê˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ°áy Ú!Ó˚çö§‰ xú˛ ˆfiê˛ê‰˛Ûñ ˛õƒyÓ˚y=Î˚yö ˆ°áܲ xàyˆÏhflÏy
ˆÓ˚yÎ˚y Óy§ˆÏï˛yÓ˚ Úòƒ §%!≤ÈÏüyÛ Ä ˆû˛ˆÏöç%ˆÏÎ˚°yÓ˚ xyê%≈˛ˆÏÓ˚y í˛z§°yÓ˚ !˛õˆÏÎ˚!eÓ˚
Úx!ú˛§‰ ú˛Ó˚‰ òƒ ˆí˛í‰˛Û •zï˛ƒy!ò– ï%˛!ü ~ê˛yˆÏܲ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ ~ê˛y ˆÜ˛yöÄ §•§y âˆÏê˛ ÎyÄÎ˚y âê˛öy öÎ˚– °y!ï˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyö §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
≤Ãôyö !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°Ó˚ xöƒï˛ü •° Ä•z ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲï˛sf xyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ó°y
ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲ•z •° °y!ï˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ܲüye ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !ü̉ñ ÎyÓ˚
˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Ó,_!ê˛ ˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏï˛ ~áöÄ Ó‡Ü˛y° Óy!ܲ–
xy!ü xÓ¢ƒ ˆ§•z xˆÏÌ≈ §yühsˇï˛y!sfܲ ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xï˛ê˛y û˛y!Óï˛
ö•z– xyüyÓ˚ §ühflÏ ˆ°áyÎ˚ xy!ü «˛üï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˆÜ˛w!Ó®% á%ÑçˆÏï˛
ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ Îy ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ §yühsˇï˛y!sfܲ ôƒyöôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ ڕуyñ ˆ§ê˛y ˆï˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆÓyé˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆ°áyÎ˚– !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ Ú•zö •z!û˛°
xyÄÎ˚yÓ˚Û Ä ÚÄÎ˚yö •yöˆÏí»˛í˛ •zÎ˚yÓ˚§ xú˛ §!°!ã˛í˛zí˛Û ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°ñ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚
ò,!‹Tû˛!D §•ˆÏç•z í˛zqy!§ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ ˆÏã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yüˆÏö– !ܲv xyüyÓ˚ ≤ß¿ •°
ï%˛!ü ܲ# çˆÏöƒ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ •ˆÏ° Ä Ü˛#û˛yˆÏÓ⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ ܲyÓ˚î xy!ü ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚•z ôyÓ˚îy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§!åÈ ˆÎ ã)˛í˛¸yhsˇ «˛üï˛y òá°•z •° üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zÑã%˛ Ä ç!ê˛° ܲü≈ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ !öò¢≈öñ xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z Ä•z «˛üï˛y
òá°ñ Î%à˛õÍñ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô°#ˆÏöƒÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛ Ä ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚
xÓöüˆÏöÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&Ä ÓˆÏê˛– °í≈˛ xƒyܲê˛ö‰ ˆÎüö Ó°ˆÏï˛ö ˆÎ Ú«˛üï˛y üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ
 ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌö † 211
ܲ°%!£Ïï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhsˇ «˛üï˛y §ˆÏD !öˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ x˛õ!Ó˚ˆüÏ Î˚ ܲ°%£ÛÏ – ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛•z ~•z «˛üï˛yÓ˚ ê˛yöyÈÙȈ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ö ~ܲ !≤ÃÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ◊¤˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚
í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ñ ~•z «˛üï˛y °yˆÏû˛Ó˚ x!û˛≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚ e´üyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ xâê˛ö â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°y
üyö%£= Ï ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ° §y!•ï˛ƒàï˛û˛yˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍ Ó•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ !ܲ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ°áܲ Óy !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ó•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲÌy
üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ Ú•z!ò˛õy§ ˆÓ˚:Û xyüyˆÏܲ xˆÏöܲ !¢!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xy!ü xyÓ˚Ä xˆÏöܲê˛y ˆçˆÏö!åÈ
Ú≤’%ï˛yÜ≈˛Û ~ÓÇ Ú§%ˆÏï˛y!öÎ˚y§‰Û ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y ç%!°Î˚y§ !§çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#Óö !öˆÏÎ˚
ÎÑyÓ˚y•z !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ xy!ü ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ•z ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ xˆÏöܲ !ܲå%Èñ....–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ Úç%!°Î˚y§ !§çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚Û ã˛!Ó˚e ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ á%Ó xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z öÎ˚ !ܲ⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ ÷ô% xyܲ£Ï≈î•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ öyñ xyüyÓ˚ ˛õ!ë˛ï˛ §ühflÏ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ !§çyÓ˚•z ~ܲüye ã˛!Ó˚e
•ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏ벖 xy!ü ܲï˛ÓyÓ˚ ˆû˛ˆÏÓ!åÈ !§çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛!Ó˚e !öˆÏç•z
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚Óñ !ܲv ˆ§ê˛y ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ §Ω˛Ó öÎ˚– ï˛y•z xy!ü °y!ï˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
§ühflÏ ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ åÈyÎ˚y xÓ°¡∫ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ xööƒ ~ܲöyÎ˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !öü≈yî
ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ ï%˛!ü !ܲv Úòƒ xê˛ü‰ xú˛ òƒ ˛õƒy!ê˛ΔÎ˚yÜ≈˛Û §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ò%ÈÙÈ~ܲê˛y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#
ܲÌy ӈϰåÈ– ӈϰåÈ ˆÎ ~•z ˆ°áyê˛yÎ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ Ü˛Ìƒ û˛y£Ïy ÓƒÓ•*ï˛
•ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È– !ܲv !ë˛Ü˛û˛yˆÏÓ û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ üyeyê˛y xö%ôyÓö ܲÓ˚ˆ° Ï §¡õ)î≈ í˛z°ˆÏê˛y ~ܲê˛y
ˆã˛•yÓ˚y xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §yüˆÏö ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ĈÏ벖 xyüÓ˚y ˆò!á Ó•zê˛yÓ˚ û˛y£Ïy xï˛ƒhsˇ
ò%à≈üñ ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏ°y Ä §yôyÓ˚î ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ¢_´....–
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ xy!ü ~•z x!û˛ˆÏÎyà üyö!åÈ öy– Ó•zê˛yˆÏï˛ Ü˛ƒy!Ó˚!ÓÎ˚yˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §ühflÏ xM˛ÈˆÏ°Ó˚
≤ÃÓyòñ çö◊&!ï˛ Ä ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ âê˛öyÓ!° ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È– xö%ÓyòܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yöÄ
≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ˆ°yܲàyÌyÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ xÌ≈ ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ üyÌy ú˛y!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛°ˆÏ°Äñ ï%˛!ü
ˆòáˆÏÓñ ÓƒyˆÏÓö˚ Ü%˛•z°yÓ˚ ~ܲ x!¢!«˛ï˛ ê˛ƒy!: í»˛y•zû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ Ä•z ˆ°yܲàˆÏ“Ó˚
!ë˛Ü˛ xÌ≈!ê˛ !ܲv á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z ≤ÃyO° •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏ벖 à“!ê˛ ÷ˆÏö ˆ§ Ó%ˆÏé˛ !öˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §Ó Ä ˆ§ ˆ•ˆÏ§ ĈÏë˛ xy˛õö üˆÏö– ~üö•z •Î˚–
ÓÓ˚Ç ˆ°áyê˛yˆÏܲ xyüÓ˚y û˛Î˚yÓ•û˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛ƒy!Ó˚!ÓÎ˚yö ӈϰ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ~ê˛y ~ܲyhsˇ û˛yˆÏÓ•z ܲ°!¡∫Î˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÜ)˛°Óï˛#≈ çö˛õˆÏòÓ˚ à“– ˆÎ
ˆ°áܲ ÚÄÎ˚yö •yöˆÏí˛» í˛ •zÎy˚ Ó˚§ xú˛ §!°!ã˛í˛zí˛Û !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓñ˚ ~ê%˛Ü%˛ fl∫yô#öï˛y
ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ö•z Óy ÌyܲˆÏÓ öy ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ Îy á%!¢ ˆ§ ï˛yÈÙÈ•z !°áˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ•z
Óy!ܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆüˆÏö !öˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Ú§y!•ï˛ƒÛ ӈϰ⁄
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ ï%˛!ü xyÓ˚Ä ÓˆÏ°åÈ ˆÎ ~•z ˆ°áyê˛y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ fl∫#ܲyˆÏÓ˚y!_´ñ ~ê˛y
~üö ~ܲê˛y Ó•z ÎyˆÏï˛ åÈí˛¸yˆÏöy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ Óƒ!_´àï˛ x!û˛K˛ï˛yÓ˚
ü!îüy!îܲƒ=!°– xy§ˆÏ° !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎö xydç#Óö#ñ ~ܲê%˛ xöƒû˛yˆÏÓ ˆ°áyñ ï%˛!ü
xüö ӈϰ!åȈϰ....–
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ •Ñƒyñ ~ê˛y xyüyÓ˚ fl∫#ܲyˆÏÓ˚y!_´Ó˚•z üˆÏï˛y– ~ê˛y•z •° ˆ§•z Ó•z Îy xy!ü ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚•z
!°áˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ– !ܲv ˛õy!Ó˚!ö ~ܲÓyÓ˚Ä–
ˆüöˆÏí˛yçy ≠ ~ê˛y á%Ó•z xyÿ˛ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ âê˛öyÓ!° !ë˛Ü˛üˆÏï˛y
212 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
§yçyˆÏ° ï˛y ~ܲ Ú~ܲöyÎ˚ˆÏܲÛÓ˚ ç#Óö •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏ벖 ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ üˆÏöy!ã˛!ܲͧܲ
~•z§ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyû˛y§ ˆ˛õˆÏ° ܲyö áyí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏÓ xyÓ˚Ä xˆÏöܲ !ܲå%È–
ï%˛!ü ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ӈϰ!åȈϰ Ú«˛üï˛yÓ˚ ö#Ó˚Óï˛yÛ •° ~üö•z ~ܲy!ܲc Îy ~ܲçö
ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏD ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– ï%˛!ü !ܲ xy§ˆÏ° Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰ
≤ÃܲyÓ˚yhsˇˆÏÓ˚ Úáƒy!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲy!ܲˆÏcÛÓ˚ ܲÌy⁄ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ !ܲ üˆÏö •Î˚ öyñ ˆÎ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚
~•z !Óáƒyï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Äë˛y Ä ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ~•z !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚üyî áƒy!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD
Äë˛yÓ§yñ üˆÏöÓ˚ à)ì˛¸ xû˛ƒhsˇˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ Ä•z ~ܲy!ܲˆÏc !Ó˛õߨ ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲ!ê˛Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ §•yö%û)˛!ï˛¢#° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ⁄
üyˆÏÜ≈˛ç ≠ xy!ü ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö•z Úáƒy!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲy!ܲˆÏcÓ˚Û §ˆÏD Ú«˛üï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲy!ܲcÛˆÏܲ §üyö
˛õ!Ó˚üyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲ!Ó˚!ö– xy!ü ӈϰ!åÈ ˆÎ ~•z ò% ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ Ú~ܲy!ܲcÛˆÏܲ
xˆÏöܲ §üˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ ӈϰ üˆÏö •Î˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ xöƒ!òˆÏܲ ~ܲçö
ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ Îy ˆ˛õ¢yñ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ !öɧD xÌÓy ~ܲyܲ# xyÓ˚ xöƒ ܲ#•z Óy
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ܲyÓ˚î Îáö ˆ§ ˆ°ˆÏáñ xöƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z•z ï˛yˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
öyñ ~üöܲ# xöƒ ܲyÓ˚Ä ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÓyé˛yÄ §Ω˛Ó öÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆ°áܲ !ë˛Ü˛ ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ã˛y•zˆÏåÈ– ˆ§ ï˛áö ã)˛í˛¸yhsˇ ~ܲ°y Ä §¡õ)î≈ !Ó!FåÈߨ ~ܲ üyö%£Ïñ ÎyÓ˚ §yüˆÏö
˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ܲ !ö‹ÒÓ˚&î §yòy ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õyï˛y–
Úáƒy!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲy!ܲcÛ ~ÓÇ Ú«˛üï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲy!ܲcÛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲê˛y ܲÌy xÓ¢ƒ Ó°y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ «˛üï˛y ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy ~ÓÇ áƒy!ï˛Ó˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚
xyàˆÏ° Ó˚yáy ~•z ò%•z ü•yçyà!ï˛Ü˛ !e´Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yàï˛ ~ܲê˛y §yÎ%çƒ
á%ÑçˆÏ°Ä á%шÏç ˛õyÄÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ ≤Ãôyö ܲyÓ˚îê˛y •° Ú~ܲy!ܲcÛñ
ˆÎê˛y ò%ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z Óï≈˛üyö– !ܲv Ä•z §yÎ%çƒê%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z Óƒy˛õyÓ˚=ˆÏ°y !û˛ß¨
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– «˛üï˛y Ä áƒy!ï˛ ~•z ò%•z ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲï˛y•z Úû˛y£Ïy•#öÛ xyÓ˚ Ä•z
Úû˛y£Ïy•#öï˛yÛ Óy Ú˜öÉ¢∑ƒÛ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §ü§ƒy ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– e´ü¢ ˆÎ
«˛üï˛yÓyö ~ÓÇ ˆÎ áƒy!ï˛üyöñ ò%ÛçˆÏö•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ e´ü˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö¢#° §ï˛ƒ=!°
ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ Ä Ü˛yí˛zˆÏܲ•z çyöyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
û˛y£Ïy•#ö hflÏ∏˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy– áƒy!ï˛ Ä «˛üï˛y ~ܲ ò#â≈ ≤ß¿ §yüˆÏö !öˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ§....ÚܲyˆÏܲ ï%˛!ü !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄Û ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä í˛zˆÏë˛ xyˆÏ§
xöƒ xˆÏöܲ !çK˛y§y Ä ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï Óyôƒï˛•z !öˆÏçˆÏܲ•z ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚....Ú~ï˛ ˆÎ
xyüyÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏFåÈñ ï˛y ~•z Úxy!üÛ ˆÜ˛yö •ï˛û˛yày⁄Û
xy!ü !öˆÏç Î!ò ~ܲ !Óáƒyï˛ ˆ°áܲ öy •ï˛yüñ xy!ü Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛•z ˛õyÓ˚ï˛yü öy
≤Ã!ï˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy Úé%Ñ˛!ܲÓ˚Û Ü˛Ìy– ~•z Úé%Ñ˛!ܲÛ=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ã˛ˆÏö !öˆÏï˛
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åÈ ÓˆÏ°•z xy!ü ~üö ~ܲçö x¢#!ï˛˛õÓ˚ ~ܲöyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲÌy !°áˆÏï˛
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åÈñ ˆÎ §Ó!ܲå%ȈÏï˛•z §!®•yöñ ~üöܲ# !öˆÏçÓ˚ öyüê˛yÄ ÎyÓ˚ §ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚
xyÄï˛yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ öÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ~•z xyˆÏàÈÙÈ!˛õˆÏåÈ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆá°yÎ˚ Óy ~•z
ˆòÄÎ˚yÈÙȈöÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ܲçö ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚•z §,‹T ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ üyÎ˚y
ÌyܲˆÏÓ öyñ ~ê˛y •ÄÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó•z öÎ˚ xyˆÏòÔ– Îï˛•z öy Óç≈ö#Î˚ ˆ•yܲ ˆ§•z
ã˛!Ó˚eÈÙÙÙÈ !ܲå%Èüye xö%ܲ¡õy ˆ§•z ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏe xÓ¢ƒ•z Ó!£Ï≈ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛

ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛
ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛

ܲ!Óï˛y
ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛
.....
Ĉϰ ˆ§y•zB˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y
!Ó˚ã˛yí≈˛ Ó !ê˛àyˆÏöÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y

ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛
 216 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

ÓˆÏöÓ˚ Ü%˛!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õÌ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ~°yü

üî#w =Æ xy° üy•ü%ò
ÓyÓ°y àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ç#î≈ Ü%˛!ê˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ¢!_´ ˆÎ ˆö•z
òÓ˚çy ˆáy°y– ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ xÑyã˛° ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ û˛!_´ ˆÎ ˆö•z
!û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ÌyÜ˛ï˛ ˆ§ ~áö ܲ!òö ˆö•z–
Ó˚y«˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏD !Ó•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ò%˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏÓ°y ~•z ܲ!Óï˛y !°á!åÈ xy!ü ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ çöƒ
Ó˚y«˛§# ~ˆÏ§ ì%˛ˆÏܲˆÏåÈ ~•z âˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z Ó°ˆÏÓ ˛õí˛¸!åÈ ˆï˛y ˆÓ¢ ôöƒ ôöƒ
Ó˚Ó í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ ì˛yܲy ¢•Ó˚ úÑ˛yܲy ӈϰ
!Ó•yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈñ •zˆÏòÓ˚ å%È!ê˛ ÓÑyܲy ãÑ˛yˆÏò xÑyܲy ӈϰ
Ó˚y«˛§# ~áö ~ܲy â%ˆÏüyˆÏFåÈ âˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õ°!û˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ •yí˛¸¸ àç≈üyö x°Ü˛yö®yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÎyÓ ˛õÌ •yÓ˚y°yü ˆï˛˛õyhsˇˆÏÓ˚
ò%•z ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y í˛zÑã%˛– ˆÜ˛ xyåÈ ˆày ëÑ˛y•z ˆòˆÏÓ !ܲ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚⁄
ˆÓ°y ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ xy§!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈ Ó‡ !òˆÏöÓ˚ xy§y xyüyÓ˚ ˆö¢yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y
˛õÑyã˛ÈÙÈåÈê˛y !ÓˆÏܲ°ˆÏÓ°yÓ˚ ã˛í˛Y•z ~ˆÏ§ çyàˆÏåÈ Ó%ˆÏܲ !ã˛Ó˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ˛õ¢yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y
ï˛yÓ˚ öyˆÏܲ ü%ˆÏá ì%˛ˆÏܲ â%ü û˛yäy°–
Ó˚y«˛§# ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚_´y_´ ˆã˛!° Ü%˛!ã˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ÓyÓ˚ •°– ˛õÌ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ~°yü
~•záyˆÏö ˆï˛y •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ û˛yˆÏ§ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚•z öyü
Ó˚yï˛ àû˛#Ó˚ •ˆÏ° åÈyÎ˚y˛õÌ àƒy°y!:Ó˚ ã˛yܲyÓ˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ !òˆÏ¢•yÓ˚y ܲ!Ó xy!ü
xyܲyˆÏ¢ flõ‹T •°– ~•z üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏáy ˆ°áyñ åÈ!Ó xy!ü
x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ âˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏܲ öò#çˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y Ó•zˆÏï˛ °yà°–
˛õÓ˚!òö §Ü˛yˆÏ° xyÓyÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ üyö%£Ï !åÈ°yü ú˛yö%§ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zí˛¸!åÈ •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚
ÓyÓ°y àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ ç#î≈ Ü%˛!ê˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òÓ˚çy ˆáy°yñ §yô ˆçˆÏàˆÏåÈ §Ó!ܲå%ȈÏܲ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÎ˚
§Ó ˆÎüöˆÏܲ ˆï˛üö– Îy•z ã˛ˆÏ° Îy•z !òˆÏ¢•yÓ˚y ò¢ !òàhsˇ
xyüyÓ˚ ã˛°yÓ˚ öy•z !ö¢yöy öy•z ˆÓ˚ xhsˇ–
ˆ°yˆÏܲ û˛yˆÏÓ åÈ® ˆü°y•zÈÙÙÙÈx¶˛ ˛õyà°
ˆã˛yˆÏá xyüyÓ˚ x◊&!Ó®% í˛z˛õã˛yˆÏöy ç°
ã˛yÄ Î!ò öyÄ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ˛õy!ö
ܲ# °yû˛ ӈϰy !üˆÏ̃ xy¢yÓ˚ ê˛yö!åÈ ây!ö
~ÓyÓ˚ xy!ü ˆ˛õÔшÏåÈyˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢
öÓ˚ü üy!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyòyÎ˚ ˆí˛yÓy ÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢–
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 217 218 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

üy!ê˛Ó˚ ܲ°§ ò#˛õܲ Ó˚&o

xyˆÏ°yܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xydhflÓÏ
˛xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó◊yü
xyÓ˚ !ܲ ܲáöÄ ï%˛!ü üyé˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛
ˆ§•z üy!ê˛Ó˚ ܲ°§ÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆüyˆÏüÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ •ÑyˆÏê˛y ˆüÔö!ü!åȈϰñ
çˆÏ°ÈÙÈû˛Ó˚y– üyé˛áyˆÏö
öyü•#ö ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ˆ¢yˆÏöy çöܲˆÏÕ‘yˆÏ°
xy¡À˛õÕ‘Ó xyˆÏåÈ–
xyˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ fl∫ˆÏÓ˚ñ
xy¡À˛õÕ‘ˆÏÓÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ ˆ¢£Ï !öÌÓ˚ ˛õyÌÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰñ
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲÈÙÙÙÈ °IyÎ˚ •ï˛üyö ü%á ˆì˛ˆÏܲ!åȈϰ
âö §Ó%çñ §Ó%ˆÏçÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ x˛õüyˆÏö⁄
öyöy Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ ˆòy˛õy!ê˛–
Î%k˛ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ï%˛!ü•z ~ܲy çÎ˚Ó˚Ì#ñ
å%È!ê˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈñ å%È!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#ñ ¢∑ˆÏû˛ò# Óyîñ
ˆòÔí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆòÔí˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ó!° û˛y£ÏƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ~ܲüye xööƒ fl∫ü!•üyÓ˚ñ
ˆÎö xyˆÏhflÏ ã˛ˆÏÕ‘ ˛õˆÏÌ ˛õˆÏÌ §yÌ≈ܲ ˆây£Ïîy ˆï˛yüyÓ˚–
å%È!ê˛ Ü˛ü •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
~üö•z üˆÏçåÈ ï%˛!ü !öˆÏçÓ˚ ܲÌyÎ˚ñ
Ü˛ï˛ !ܲå%È Ü˛ü •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°ñ xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ó !ÓÓÓ˚î ӈϰ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y
ܲü •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈ– ˆï˛yüyÓ˚•z •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚áyÎ˚–
§Ó Ä•z xyˆÏhflÏ xyˆÏhflÏ ã˛°yÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ ܲ#!ï≈˛üyö ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚
üy!ê˛Ó˚ ܲ°§ öyÈÙÈÌyܲyÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ– ¢e&âyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢y!hsˇñ Ó,!_ÈÙÈí˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ñ
ö,ï˛ƒà#ï˛ñ •yï˛ˆÏï˛y°y xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zk˛yÓ˚⁄
Ä üyôÓ#ñ ï%˛!ü üy!ê˛Ó˚ ܲ°§ !˛õåȈÏö ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y åÈyÎ˚yÈÙÈ˛õòy!ï˛Ü˛ñ
ˆòˆÏáåÈ ˆï˛yñ xy¡À˛õÕ‘Ó ˆòˆÏáåÈ ˆï˛y.... !òöÓ˚yï˛ ã˛°üyö ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ܲÌyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌñ
ã˛°ñ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ ã˛°ñ !Ó◊yü ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚Ä !ܲ !ç•¥y §ü!˛õ≈ï˛ !ÓçˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌñ
å%È!ê˛Ó˚ !òö ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ– Ó¢ƒï˛yÎ˚ñ ≤ß¿•#öï˛yÎ˚
Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ˆçyÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ §Ó !öˆÏÎ˚ ï˛ú˛yï˛ !ܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ˆÏòÓ˚⁄
ˆåÈyê˛ÄÈÙÙÙÈöyöy Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ ˆòy˛õy!ê˛ñ ï%˛!ü ÌyˆÏüy öy ÌyˆÏüy
ç°ÈÙÈû˛Ó˚y ܲ°§ñ ˆï˛yüyˆÏòÓ˚ å%È!ê˛ Ü˛ÌyÓ˚ ˆçyÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!òö
~ܲê%˛Ä ܲü •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈÈ öy ˆï˛y– û˛yê˛yÎ˚ !ú˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ !ö!ÿ˛ï˛–
xÜ,˛˛õî !ú˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yê˛yñ ú˛°Ü˛ñ xyŸªy§
˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸ñ çDˆÏ°ñ öò#ÈÙÈüyˆÏë˛
xyˆÏ°yí˛¸ö ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓ xyÓyÓ˚–
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 219 220 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

!öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ e´#ï˛òy§
Ӈܲy° §#üyˆÏhsˇÓ˚ ~•z ≤Ãyã˛#ö ≤ÃyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §yÓ˚yê˛y ç#Óö !ܲ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ
ӈϧ xy!åÈ– ~•z ˆÓ¢ xy!åÈñ
~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ¢Î˚ï˛yöñ xöƒ!òˆÏܲ àû˛#Ó˚ ö#° ç°ñ òÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyüyÎ˚ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ Ó˚yˆÏáy
ӈϧ ӈϧ ÓÎ˚§ àí˛¸yÎ˚ñ •yï˛ÈÙÈ˛õy ÜÑ˛yˆÏ˛õñ xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y⁄
í˛y•zˆÏö Óy ÓÑyˆÏÎ˚ öyüˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ•z ~ÓyÓ˚ñ ≤Ãçy•#ö Ó˚yçˆÏc û˛yˆÏ°y xy!åÈñ
öÎ˚ˆÏï˛y Ó%!°í˛yˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ§•z àyôyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ fl∫c ˆòÓ öyñ òy§áï˛ !°ˆÏá
x˛õ%!‹TˆÏï˛ ÷!ܲˆÏÎ˚ üÓ˚Ó !öâ≈yï˛– ˆòÓ öy !öˆÏçˆÏܲ åÈyí˛¸yñ
xöƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲyˆÏåÈ ~ˆÏ°•z
çí˛¸Ó%!k˛ xy!üñ ˆï˛yüyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇy Óyí˛¸y•zñ
í˛zÍܲ^ˇê˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ §çyÓ˚&Ó˚ üˆÏï˛yó
ï˛ˆÏ° ï˛ˆÏ° Ó%ˆÏí˛¸yê˛yÓ˚ üï˛°Ó Ü˛#ñ
§üyˆÏç §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚ Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚
§%ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ xû˛yˆÏÓ §Íñ öy!ܲ ˆï˛üö ܲˆÏÓ˚
çö•#ö m#˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲÓ⁄
ˆ°yû˛ ˆòáyÎ˚!ö ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲáöÄñ
ˆÎÈÙÈà!Ó˚Ó ÓˆÏ° ÄÓ˚ ôƒyöK˛yöñ fl∫à≈ˆÏ§y˛õyöñ §Óy•zˆÏܲ û˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ §ˆÏ®• ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆ§ ˆï˛y xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Ü%˛«˛#àï˛ñ ˆÓшÏã˛ Ìyܲy ÎyÎ˚⁄
~ Ó,ˆÏk˛Ó˚ §yôƒ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛ï˛– ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ •yï˛ !ܲ ÷ô% ˆã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ
xô≈¢ï˛y∑# ~ˆÏܲ öyüï˛y ˆ¢yöy•zñ @ˇÃy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ñ
˛õˆÏÌ ~ÓyÓ˚ öyˆÏüy Óy˛õ% •y!§ üye•z üï˛°!Óñ
~ܲê˛y ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õï˛yܲyÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ñ ܲyߨyÓ˚ !˛õåȈÏöÄ xyˆÏåÈ x!û˛§!¶˛ à)ì˛¸⁄
üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyç ÷ô% ~ܲy •yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
òˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§yñ ôö •ˆÏÓñ üyö •ˆÏÓñ ˆÓ°y ˆÎ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏ§ñ
ï˛ˆÏÓ öy fli!ÓÓ˚ ôˆÏí˛¸ ≤Ãyî !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÓñ ÓyÓ˚y®yÎ˚ çˆÏü ÌyˆÏܲ ܲï˛!òˆÏöÓ˚
ò° öy ã˛y•zˆÏ° ï%˛!ü ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ñ ܲyàçñ !ã˛!ë˛ñ
ˆÓÄÎ˚y!Ó˚¢ °y¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ˆú˛!Ó˚ÄÎ˚y°y ˆ•ÑˆÏܲ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ñ
ˆú˛yöÄ ˆï˛y ÓyˆÏç öy •zòyö#Ç ˆÓ˚yç–
Óyò¢y!• ˆÎ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ~ï˛!òö Ó§ï˛
xyüyÓ˚ñ ~áö ˆòÄÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ åÈ!Ó=ˆÏ°y
§•flÀ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÓ˚ ú˛yê˛° ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yˆÏï˛ñ !ÓÓ˚_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ x•Ó˚•ñ
öˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏåÈ §Ó˚° xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ !û˛ï˛ñ ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ xyí˛¸y° ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛yˆÏܲñ •yˆÏ§ñ
ˆàyí˛¸yÎ˚ çˆÏüˆÏåÈ !ÓhflÏÓ˚ Óç≈ƒñ !Ó¤˛yñ Îáö ~üö !åÈ°yü öyñ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
ˆåÈÑí˛¸y •zhflÏy•yÓ˚ñ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y !ÓŸªy§– !åÈ°yüñ
x§• ˆ§•z §Ó §üÎ˚ ˆú˛Ó˚yÎ˚ñ
~áöÄ ÌyܲˆÏ° ӈϧ x!fliã˛ü≈§yÓ˚ é˛y˛õ§y ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ öyã˛yÎ˚–
˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÓ !ë˛Ü˛ ¢Î˚ï˛yˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°ñ
Óyöû˛y!§ òˆÏ°Ó˚ à°yçˆÏ°– Óy!í˛¸ê˛y •ë˛yÍ Óí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈñ
xyüyÎ˚ ~ܲê%˛ çyÎ˚ày ˆåȈÏí˛¸
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 221 222 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

fl∫yÌ≈˛õÓ˚ âÓ˚=ˆÏ°y åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧˆÏåÈñ

˛õyˆÏåÈ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆ≤Ãü !òˆÏÎ˚ñ üüï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ö,!§Ç•
xyüyÓ˚ Ä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫!î≈° ˆòÓyÓ˚!ï˛ !üe
¢)öƒï˛y û˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚–
xy£ÏyˆÏì˛¸ !ÓˆÏܲ°ˆÏÓ°y ˆüˆÏâÓ˚ ö,!§Ç• ˆöˆÏü ~°ÈÙÙÙÈ
xy!ü ܲˆÏÓ ˆÌˆÏܲ e´#ï˛òy§ ˆ§yöy!° ˆÜ˛¢ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆúÑ˛yê˛y ˆúÑ˛yê˛y àyì˛¸ Ó,!‹Tç°ñ
•ˆÏÎ˚ xy!åÈ xyüyÓ˚ ~ܲyÓ˚–– ò%ɧ• xyˆÏe´yˆÏ¢ Ó˚yˆÏà ã˛!Ü˛ï˛ !Ó•¥° ˆã˛yáü%á
!•Ó˚îƒÜ˛!¢˛õ% öyˆÏü Ó‡!òö §!M˛Èï˛ fl∫≤¿ˆÏܲ
!åÈߨ!û˛ß¨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ò°–
§Ó fl∫≤¿ ï˛yü!§Ü˛ñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ üyˆÏö òyöÓ Ó˚y«˛§ñ
§%Ó˚&!ã˛Ó˚ ˆÓí˛¸y ˆû˛ˆÏä xˆÏã˛ï˛ö ˛õy˛õñ
ˆfl∫FåÈyã˛y!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ ÎyÄÎ˚y–
Ó˚_´ñ âyüñ Ìуyï˛°yˆÏöy !˛õ[˛ xyç ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ã˛y!Ó˚!òˆÏܲñ
xhsˇô≈yö ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãyî ˆö•z–
ö,!§Ç• ˆÓˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ û˛yˆÏ°y û˛_´ ≤ÂyòÈÙÙÙÈ
!ÓŸªöyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ò%Éáñ ˆ¢yܲñ Üœ˛y!hsˇ Ä ˆÓòöy
ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ !ܲå%È öy ӈϰ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° ï%˛ˆÏ°
•ë˛yÍ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆà° ã%˛ü% áyˆÏFåÈñ öyã˛yˆÏFåÈ xyòˆÏÓ˚–
xyܲy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ §yòy ˆüâ
Ó˚&üy° ˆöˆÏí˛¸!åÈ° !ܲå%È«˛î
Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛# ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚•z° !˛õåȈÏö
ây§åÈÑyê˛y °ˆÏö ¢#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yj%Ó˚ xhsˇÉfl∫Ó˚
˛õÑy!ã˛° ê˛˛õܲyˆÏöy ˜ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ òüܲy •yÄÎ˚y §ˆÏï˛ƒwöyÌ û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈
û˛Ó˚y Ó£Ï≈yÓ˚ àDyÓ˚ ˆàÓ˚&Î˚y
˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚•z° xhsˇÉfl∫ˆÏÓ˚ û˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ xy!åÈ ~ ÎyÓÍ Ü˛y°
°M˛Èâyê˛ Ü˛yåÈy!Ó˚üyë˛ Ü˛!Óï˛yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈx¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏ¢ ô)üˆÏܲï%˛ÈÙÙÙȈÓ˚áy
°y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚Ó˚ çyöy°yÎ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ¢∑ °y° xyˆÏ°y ˆçÓ ye´!¢Ç
xÓ%é˛ ≤Ãï˛#«˛y ˆê˛Δö ÌyˆÏü öy°®yÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ~ܲ xí˛¸•Ó˚ ˆáˆÏï˛
xyÓ˚ ~•z xy!ŸªˆÏöÓ˚ !Ó£Ï]ï˛yÎ˚ ~•z §Ó Îyey ˆ§ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%öÓ˚yÎ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§y
ˆày˛õö ~ܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆåÈÑí˛¸y ˆÓ•y°yÎ˚ xû˛ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ åÈí˛¸ ˆê˛ˆÏö ÎyÄÎ˚y
x§üyÆ ˛õy[%˛!°!˛õ
~ê˛y•z ç#Óö !ܲöy çy!ö öy ï˛y xyçÄ
xÌÓy Îy ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏåÈ öò#Ó˚ IJõyˆÏÓ˚
çDˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y âö çDˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y üü≈Ó˚
çDˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y° ˆâÑˆÏ£Ï öò# xyÓ˚ ¢yhsˇ Ü%Ñ˛ˆÏí˛¸âÓ˚
xÌã˛ xöƒyöƒ fl∫Ó˚ Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ xyÿ˛Î≈ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚
òÓ˚çy ˆáy°yÓ˚ ¢∑ ˆ¢yöy ÎyÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢ ò)ˆÏÓ˚
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 223 224 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

ÓÎ˚§ Ó˚î!çÍ òy¢

xÓ˚&ˆÏî¢ ˆây£Ï
¢ƒyüÓ˚yÎ˚ ü!®Ó˚ñ !Ó£%è˛õ%Ó˚
ÓÎ˚§ñ ÓÎ˚§ öÎ˚ñ ã˛ˆÏ° xyÎ˚ xy!ü ˆï˛yˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÓ ˆú˛Ó˚
~ܲ ú%Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ å%ÈühsˇÓ˚ í˛zˆÏm° Î%Óܲ– xyÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ Úxy!üÛñ Úxy!üÛ ~ÈÙÈüy!ê˛ ˛õ%ˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ÷k˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xy=ˆÏö–
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÷ô% !öˆÏçˆÏܲ•z «˛Î˚– ˆ§•z ˆÎ §¡ÀyK˛# öÓ!ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ çß√ xöhsˇ ~áyˆÏö çyˆÏàÈÙÙÙÈ!òöyˆÏhsˇÓ˚ û˛!_´ÈÙÈàyö ÷ˆÏö–
ˆÌˆÏܲ x¶˛ !åÈ°ñ ˆáyçyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy•yÓ˚yÎ˚ xyü,ï%˛ƒ Ü%˛üyÓ˚# ~áö ~ÈÙȈ˛õyí˛¸yüy!ê˛Ó˚ âÓ˚ xyê˛ã˛y°yñ ëÑ˛y•z !Ó£%è˛õ%Ó˚ó
ÌyܲˆÏÓ öy xyÓ˚– ˆ§ÈÙÈfl∫yô#ö ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ á%шÏç xyö Î%Óy– ˆÜ˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÈÙÈâˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆÜ˛yöÄ û˛àÓyöÈÙÙÙÈ!Ó£Ï]ñ §%ò)Ó˚⁄
xyüyˆÏܲ•z ÓyåÈy •° ≤Ãï˛ƒhsˇ ≤ÈÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ •yÈÙÈí˛z°Dñ ˆáyòy ~•z âÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá Ó%!é˛ñ §Ü˛° ü!®Ó˚
ˆ§•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z xy!åÈ ÓÎ˚§ ÓyˆÏí˛¸ öy ܲyÓ˚Äñ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˛õyÌÓ˚ Ü%Ñ˛ˆÏí˛¸âÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈüyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §%ˆÏáÈÙÈò%ɈÏá !fliÓ˚–
çß√y¶˛ Ó˚üî# !ë˛Ü˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛õƒ Ó%ˆÏé˛ ˆöÎ˚ ˆ•yܲ ‡ÈÙȇ çμÓ˚– ˆÜ˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÈÙÈâˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ¢ƒyüÓ˚yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ˛õ)çyÎ˚ñ ܲ#ï≈˛ˆÏö⁄
˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yˆÏÓ˚•z ˆ§ÈÙȈÎÔÓö ܲ#ÈÙÈ!ö!°≈Æñ û%˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ~ÈÙÈâˆÏÓ˚ Ü,˛£Ïyî# ÌyˆÏܲñ ü•y!ӈϟª ôyöã˛yÓ˚y ˆÓyˆÏö–
ˆÎÔÓˆÏö ≤Ãàyì˛¸ ≤ÃK˛y ˛õyˆÏ¢ Î!ò ö@¿ öyÓ˚# ˆáy°y @ˇÃˆÏsi ç°
ˆ≤ÃÔì˛¸ˆÏc !Ó˛õ%° ˆã˛‹Ty ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ˆò!á ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÌ ˆö•z ˆÜ˛yöÄ
Î!ò Óy ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y °y°yÈÙÈx◊&ÈÙÈ!ï˛_´ï˛yÎ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏÓ˚ öy ܲáöÄ ˆ• ˛õp§Ω˛Ó
ï˛Ó% ˆ§ xÑyܲˆÏí˛¸ ÌyˆÏܲÈÙÙÙÈÎyÈÙÈ•ÓyÓ˚ÈÙȈ•yܲ ӈϰñ Ó˚_´ ã%Ñ˛•zˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎÈÙÈôyÓ˚y!ê˛ ~ï˛Ü˛y° Ó#ç ÓˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏö!åÈ° ˆ§ÈÙÈ•z ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó%k˛˛õ)!î≈üyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ñ ˆ• ˛õp§Ω˛Óñ
Ó˚_´ ˆòÎ˚ xï˛° à•¥ˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ü)!ï≈˛ xˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !ÓfløÎ˚ çyàyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ôƒyöü@¿ ï,˛£èy•#ö ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ܲ!ë˛ö ˆòˆÏ•
ãÑ˛yò ~ï˛ ˆçƒyÍfl¨y ì˛yˆÏ° ˆÜ˛ö⁄
çy!ö öyñ çy!ö öy xy!üñ x¢yhsˇ Ä ã˛wy•ï˛ üˆÏö
ò%Û•yˆÏï˛ Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ‹T ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ôˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ Ìy!ܲ
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ !ö!°≈Æ ˆÓ!òü)ˆÏ°–
üˆÏö üˆÏö ÷ô% Ó!°ñ Ó%k˛ û˛àÓyöÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆÓ˚Ôoû˛yäyÓ˚ ¢∑=FåÈ xyüyˆÏܲ ò%ɈÏáÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲñ ï˛ö‰•y ˆÌˆÏܲ ï,˛£èy ˆÌˆÏܲ !ã˛Ó˚ü%!_´ òyÄñ
x!Ì≈ï˛y ü[˛° xyüyˆÏܲ ܲÓ˚&îy ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ xyüyˆÏܲ ÓÑyã˛yÄÊ
xyüÓ˚y !ܲ ï˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ Îy!FåÈÊ !ܲÇÓy í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ü%•)ï≈˛Ê ˆÜ˛yöÄ §yí˛¸y ˆö•z– ï%˛!ü !ö!Ó≈ܲyÓ˚ òyÓ˚& ü)!ï≈˛ÈÙÙÙÈ
˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ å%ÈшÏÎ˚ xy!åÈñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚•z ◊k˛yÎ˚ !ö!ü≈ï˛ñ
˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ !¢“– =!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ !û˛ï˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚•z ò%ɈÏá xyÓ˚ •y•yܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲyˆÏhsˇ ˛õ)!çï˛ÈÙÙÙÈ
öˆÏí˛¸ í˛z벰ÈÙÙÙȈÓyÓy xy=ˆÏö x!û˛üyö ˛õ%í˛¸ˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ§ xyåÈ í˛zòy§#öÈÙÙÙÈÓ˚yû˛yÇ°yÈÙÈÓ˚ ˛õy•yí˛¸ã)˛í˛¸yÎ˚Ê
xyÓ˚ áˆÏ§ ˛õí˛¸y xy°ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ hfl)Ï˛õ ÓyˆÏí˛¸ÈÙÙÙÈ xy!ü ÷ô% û˛y!Óñ ~•z ≤âyhsˇ !öÓ≈yî≤ÃyÆ Ó%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚
ãÑ˛yò ~ï˛ ˆçƒyÍfl¨y ì˛yˆÏ° ˆÜ˛ö⁄
xyüÓ˚y ü,ï%˛ƒ ˆ˛õy¢yܲ åÈyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ åÈyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸
ˆú˛°!åÈ ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ñ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ §yǧy!Ó˚ܲ ê%˛!ܲê˛y!ܲ.... ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆò• ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆày˛õö ò%ô áyÎ˚⁄
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 225 226 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

˛õÑ!ã˛¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~•z àDyÓ˚ ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚

§%ˆÏÓyô §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ó˚üy≤çyò ˆò
˛õÑ!ã˛¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ xy!ü ˆû˛ˆÏÓ ~°yü ˆÓy!Ó˚¢ !Ó˚!çñ
~ÓyÓ˚ ~•z ˆ°yܲê˛yˆÏܲ xy!ü üyÓ˚Ó í˛zí˛¸y° ˛õÓ≈ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ
ˆê˛ˆÏö ~ܲê˛y ÌyØí˛¸ ܲ£ÏyÓñ !ܲv ˛õy!Ó˚!ö xy˛õöyÓ˚ Ó§!ï˛–
˛õÑ!ã˛¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ •y!§ ü%ˆÏá ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ ~°yü çß√§ö 1974–
ˆÜ˛üö xyˆÏåÈö⁄ ˛õyOy!Ó ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ° xy˛õöyˆÏܲ û˛yˆÏ°y ˆòáyÎ˚– ~üö !ܲå%È ˆÓ!¢ ÓÎ˚§ •Î˚!ö ~áöÄñ
ï˛Ó% üˆÏö •Î˚
xyüyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ~ܲê˛y ÌyØí˛¸ çˆÏü xyˆÏåÈ §yˆÏí˛¸ ã˛yÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚
xyüyÓ˚ ü%ˆÏë˛yÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y â%!§ çˆÏü xyˆÏåÈ xy˛õ!ö ÓˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö–
xyüyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y °y!Ì çˆÏü xyˆÏåÈ xy˛õöyˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ÎÑyÓ˚y ã˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö
xyüyÓ˚ üyÌyÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y !¢äx°y ˆüy£Ï çˆÏü xyˆÏåÈ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ò¢ !òàˆÏhsˇÓ˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç
!ܲv ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ•z xy!ü üyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚!ö– ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ xyçÄ
ĈÏÎ˚!°Çê˛ö ˆflÒyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ ~ܲçö !Ó£ÏyˆÏò í%˛!ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ܲ°üñ
≤Ãy_´ö Ó:yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yü¢≈ !òˆÏ°ö ≠ ˆçμˆÏ° ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≤Ãï˛#«˛y ÓƒyÜ%˛° ≠
ÓyÓ˚y®yÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y Óy!°Ó˚ ÓhflÏy ê˛y!äˆÏÎ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~§ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~§ ≤Ã!ï˛ôù!ö
§¶˛ƒyܲyˆÏ° ~ˆÏ°y˛õyÌy!í˛¸ â%!§ ã˛y°yö ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸ ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸ çyˆÏà–
xy˛õöyÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ çˆÏü Ìyܲy ~ܲê˛y ÌyØí˛¸
xy˛õöyÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ çˆÏü Ìyܲy ~ܲê˛y ˆüy£Ï
xy˛õöyÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ çˆÏü Ìyܲy ~ܲê˛y ˛õòyâyï˛ ~!Ìöy ˛õy˛õyòy!ܲñ
§Ó ç°#Î˚ Óy‹õ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– !@ˇÃ§ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yö ~ܲ Óyï˛yÎ˚öÈÙÈ!Ó˛õöˆÏö
xy˛õöyˆÏܲ ˆò!á ≠
!ܲv xyüyÓ˚ flõô≈y xï˛ ˆåÈyê˛ öÎ˚ á%ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ Ó•z
xy!ü ày¶˛#!çˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y ÌyØí˛¸ üyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z Ú≤ÕÓ˚ çyˆÏàö !Î!ö fl∫à≈ x!û˛ü%áÛ–
xy!ü ܲy°≈ üyÜ≈˛§ˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y ÌyØí˛¸ üyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z ˛õyë˛ÈÙÈx§yôƒ •Ó˚ˆÏú˛ •Ó˚ˆÏú˛
≤Ãôyöüsf#ˆÏòÓ˚ âã˛yÇ ú%˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z– !ܲv ˆÜ˛ö⁄ ˆÎ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ˆã˛yá Ó˚y!á
ÄÓ˚y ˆï˛y ≤Ãyï˛ÉfløÓ˚î#Î˚ ˆ°yܲçöñ ÄÓ˚y ܲ# ˆòy£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö⁄ ~ˆÏÌöy ˆòÓ#Ó˚ ˆ§•z ˛õyˆÏÌ≈öö ü!®ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛áö
â^ˇê˛yôù!ö ˆÓˆÏç ĈÏë˛
xyüyÓ˚ ܲÌy ~ܲê˛y•zó ~ܲê˛y•z xyüyÓ˚ ܲÌy !á fiê˛˛õ)Ó≈ §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ôù!öÈÙȈì˛í˛z
xy˛õöyÓ˚y §Óy•z xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ àƒyö !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°öñ §ƒyÓ˚ ˆû˛ˆÏä ˆû˛ˆÏä •Ó˚ˆÏú˛ •Ó˚ˆÏú˛ ˆüˆÏ¢ ≠
Ó˚&!ê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ö öy– xy!ü flõ‹T ÷öˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z
xy˛õöyÓ˚ fl∫àï˛ û˛y£Ï
•yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ û˛yˆÏ§
Î%à ˆÌˆÏܲ Î%àyhsˇÓ˚Óƒy˛õ#–

ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 15
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 227 228 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

xy!ö ˆû˛çï˛yÓ˚ñ
ˆöòyÓ˚°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ó xy˛õ!ö ≤Ãï˛% ƒ£Ï
ï˛Ó% ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyÇ°y öyü xy˛õöyˆÏܲ üyöyÎ˚ ≠ Sí˛zͧà≈ ≠ ܲÓ#Ó˚ §%üöV
§Ñyé˛Óy!ï˛– Ó˚y‡° ˛õ%Ó˚ܲyÎ˚fli
âˆÏÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ xy˛õöyÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y!öã˛Î˚
§¶˛ƒyÓ˚ ≤Ãò#˛õ çμyˆÏ° ~üö !áˆÏòÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛
!fl¨?˛ xyˆÏ°y åÈí˛¸yÎ˚ xÑyôyˆÏÓ˚– ï%˛!ü xyÓ˚ •y•yܲyÓ˚
ò%Û•yˆÏï˛ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈö û˛yÓöyÓ˚ xò,¢ƒ !á°yö ˆÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚y öy ˜û˛Ó˚Ó
!¢°#û)˛ï˛ àyö ˆÓyˆÏ°y öy Ó˚y!eÓ˚ ܲÌy
ܲ# §%Ó˚ ˆ¢yöyÎ˚ xhsˇÓ˚yˆÏ° à°y ôyï%˛ñ àˆÏ° àˆÏ° Ó•y ôyï%˛
≤ØÏà!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ xyüyÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y åÈÑyˆÏã˛ Ü˛¡õüyö
~ܲyˆÏhsˇ xy˛õ!ö çyˆÏöö ≠
xyüÓ˚y ˆçˆÏö!åÈ ÷ô% xy!ü ܲ# Óy ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏÓÊ
ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ¢∑yÓ!° xˆÏ°yܲ xyˆÏ°yܲ–
Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ àû˛#ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yà
!Ó˚!çñ ˛õy˛õyòy!ܲ !ܲÇÓy ˆû˛çï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚yà Î!ò ˆÓˆÏç ĈÏë˛
ˆÎ ˆÎáyˆÏö ÌyÜ%˛ö ˆÓˆÏç ĈÏë˛ §%ˆÏÓ˚
xy§ˆÏ° xy˛õöyÓ˚y §Óy•z xyˆÏåÈö
~•z àDyÓ˚ ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚ xy!üÄ ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏî Îy•z
xyüyÓ˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚– §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ≤Ãy!hsˇˆÏܲ ~ܲy
§)ˆÏÎ≈yòˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 229 230 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆÎ ÎyÓñ çyˆÏö ˆüâñ !Óò%ƒÍ

~•z ◊yÓˆÏîÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ ˆú˛ˆÏ° xy§y @ˇÃyüñ Óy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ô%ˆÏ°y ˆá°y–
í˛zòÎ˚¢ÇܲÓ˚ Óü≈y •öö‰ˆÏüÓ˚&Ó˚ ï˛ü§yÓ˚y xq$ï˛
ü,ï%˛ƒˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy ˆï˛y xӈϕ°y–
ˆüâ í˛yˆÏܲ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ñ öyüˆÏÓ Ü˛áö Ó,!‹TôyÓ˚y•z çyˆÏö
xyüyˆÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ~§Ó üyˆÏö–
í˛zß√yò ˆ≤Ãü !§_´ ~ÓÇ ˆe´yô#
◊yÓˆÏî ◊yÓˆÏî @ˇÃ#‹øˆÏܲ xÓˆÏÓ˚yô#–
~ âö à•ˆÏö ÜÑ˛yˆÏ˛õ !Óò%ƒÍ°ï˛y
ܲÌy ӈϰy ˆÎö ¢y§ˆÏöÓ˚ ï˛ç≈ö#–
x◊& Ä ˆÓ˚yˆÏ£Ï ü_y ˆ• x!ÓÓ˚ï˛y
xöy!üܲy ç%ˆÏí˛¸ çμˆÏ° Ó˚!_´ü ã%˛!ö– ܲyܲ
ü!îò#˛õy !ÓŸªy§ ܲ#ï≈˛ö#Î˚y
ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ !ã˛ˆÏö!åÈñ !ã˛öˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚!ö ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y
ï˛y•z ~•z ò%•z Üœ˛yhsˇ xyüyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ò%˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yò °y!ú˛ˆÏÎ˚ öyü° ܲy!ö≈¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ
xyöüˆÏö ï%˛!° ◊yÓîôyÓ˚yÓ˚ =шÏí˛¸y xyÓ˚ û˛yäy í˛yöy ܲyܲ áy áy ܲˆÏÓ˚
!Üœ˛ß¨ ç#ÓˆÏö í˛zͧ ÓyöyÓ ï˛yˆÏï˛– ˆí˛ˆÏܲ í˛z벰 ¢)öƒï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– xˆÏò‹TˆÏܲ ˆòy£Ï
!òˆÏï˛ !òˆÏï˛ å%ȈÏê˛ ~° Ó˚yôyüy!§– öí˛¸ˆÏåÈ öy
§Ó%ç §Ó#ç âyˆÏ§Ó˚y fl∫≤¿ xyç xüDˆÏ° üÓ˚î– ˆÎö í˛zí˛¸ˆÏ°•z ˆû˛ˆÏä ÎyˆÏÓ
öàÓ˚# û˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ Ü˛Ç!e´ˆÏê˛ Ü˛Ç!e´ˆÏê˛– xyÓåÈyÎ˚y ò,¢ƒ˛õê˛– ã˛üܲyˆÏöy xy!Óû≈˛yˆÏÓ !Ók˛
ܲyˆÏ°y ˆôÑyÎ˚yñ ô%ˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ~áyˆÏö Ó˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ §)!ã˛ü%á •y•yܲyÓ˚– ~шÏê˛yÓ˚ à¶˛üyáy
ï˛yÓ˚•z åÈyÎ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ öÓ#ö ~ ≤ÃyÓ,ˆÏê˛– ˆåÈÑí˛¸y ÎyˆÏö !åÈê˛ˆÏܲ ĈÏë˛ öy•zÜ%˛[%˛ñ Óí˛¸ˆÏáyܲyÓ˚
ˆ˛õyˆÏí˛¸yç!ü ç%ˆÏí˛¸ úÑ˛y˛õy üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !û˛ˆÏí˛¸ ü!°ö ï˛˛õ≈î– ˆüˆÏê˛ Ü˛°!§ ˆû˛ˆÏä åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛!åÈ xˆÏöܲ– Üœ˛y!hsˇÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ö#ˆÏí˛¸ÈÙÙÙÈ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xï,˛Æ ç°ÈÙÙÙÈô%ˆÏ°y çˆÏß√Ó˚ !öÉfl∫
ˆê˛!ӈϰ ¢y!Î˚ï˛ xˆÏã˛ï˛ö ˆÓ˚yà# ˆÎö §M˛ÈÎ˚– !ï˛° Ä ï˛[%˛°ˆÏû˛yà# ≤Ãyã˛#ö
˛õyˆÏ¢ ÷ô% ï%˛!üñ ò,!‹T ܲ# áÓ˚ ˆ¢ƒö– !öˆÏ£Ïô áy áy ӈϰ xyܲZ˛ áyÎ˚
ܲy!°– !öÓ≈yîñ ¢)öƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛y˛õ– ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛
ˆ≤Ãü Ä â,îyÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ §•Óy§ ˆ¢yˆÏܲÓ˚ ò%˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ é˛y˛õê˛yˆÏöy í˛yöy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆöˆÏü
§•zˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öyñ §•zˆÏï˛ ˆï˛y ï˛Ó% •ˆÏÓ– xyˆÏ§ ܲyˆÏ°y ˆÌyܲy ˆÌyܲy ç° xyÓ˚
!Óò%ƒÍ ÎÌy Ó£Ï≈yÓ˚ !öÉŸªy§ ˆÜ˛Ô!îܲ ú˛yê˛y ˆã˛Ó˚y çÓ˚yÎ˚%Ó˚ ü•yo&ï˛ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚....–
ˆÜ˛yü° ç°ˆÏܲ ˆâˆÏÓ˚ ‡ÇܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
◊yÓî ˆàˆÏ°Ä xyÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ ˆ§ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚
ï%˛!ü ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ° !ú˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ öy ˆüˆÏâ xyÓ˚–
x¢!öò#!Æ üyÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ §Ç§yÓ˚
xy!ü ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ÎyÓ Ü˛#!ï≈˛öy¢yÓ˚ ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚–
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 231 232 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

§Ó≈öy¢
!Óû˛y§ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#
§ü#Ó˚î ü%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛yü....
Ó!°!öñ ܲyÓ˚î
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ çöƒ
xyܲyˆÏ¢ xyܲyˆÏ¢ ÷ô% ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ çöƒ xyöÓ !ܲˆÏö ˆâyí˛¸yñ
!°ˆÏá ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xö%ˆÏÓ˚yô– ê˛àÓ!àˆÏÎ˚ å%Èê˛ˆÏÓ §ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏà
~üö ˆòˆÏá!åÈñ •#Ó˚y˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü!îˆÏü°y ˆÌˆÏܲ–
ܲÌy ú%˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛•z ã˛yÎ˚ öy.... §ÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏöܲ Ü˛í˛¸y òy!üñ
ˆ¢£ÏˆÏü¢ ˆ°áy ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷ˆÏ£Ï ˆöÎ˚ §Ó.... ã˛°yÓ˚ éÑ˛yˆÏé˛ fl∫î≈ô%°y ĈÏí˛¸
Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ â%ü í˛zôyÄ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆöÎ˚
Îy !ܲå%È ö#Ó˚ÓÊ
fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ ˆ§•z ˛õ«˛#Ó˚yçáy!ö–
§ühflÏ ú%˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ°
§yòy Óy!° í˛zˆÏë˛ xyˆÏ§ ˆã˛yˆÏá– ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ çöƒ xyöÓ !ܲˆÏö ˆâyí˛¸y
¢ö¢!öˆÏÎ˚ å%Èê˛ˆÏÓ Óyï˛y§ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛
ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛yü.... ü%Ü%˛ê˛ üyÌyÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Ä Ó˚y!ö–
Ó!°!öñ ܲyÓ˚î
xöƒüöflÒ üyö%£Ï
fl∫û˛yÓï˛ §Ó≈öyˆÏ¢ ˆéÑ˛yˆÏܲ....
öyü ˆö•z
ç°üòÓï˛# Ó˚_´Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚yñ
í˛zͧ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚# ç°ÈÙÈ•yÄÎ˚y ˆö•z
ï˛Ó%Ä ú˛îy ˆï˛yˆÏ°Ê
çˆÏ° ˆû˛çy ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õÓ˚#
§•ç ö#°yû˛ Ó˚yï˛ ˆüˆÏáñ §yüˆÏö ûÑ˛yí˛¸yÓ˚
§%°ç ˆ¢yöyÄ áy!° ˆ°yˆÏû˛Ó˚ ê%Ñ˛!ê˛ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ
~üö Î%à° !òˆÏöó §%ˆÏá ÌyˆÏܲy–
◊#ï˛üy §Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ §yô xy!ü ã˛y•z
~ܲ ˆúÑ˛yê˛y ˆá°yå%È°ñ §Óy•z â%ˆÏüyܲ
ÓÑyã˛y ˆï˛y ˆú˛yí˛¸ö ܲyˆÏê˛ xy!ü ˆçˆÏà Ìy!ܲ
◊# Ó˚yôyÓ˚ ÜÑ˛yˆÏá ç°ó ~ܲy ~ܲy–
xüö Ü,˛£è˛õ«˛ !åÈ° ÓÜ%˛° ÎyÓ˚ öyüñ
xÑyôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏàˆÏåÈ !òöñ àyåÈ !ܲÇÓy öyÓ˚#
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá !åÈ° ò%ˆÏê˛y•z §üyö ˆ≤Ã!üܲ
~ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ã˛!w°ó
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 233

û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y §Ó áyÎ˚
à!Ó˚ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ü%˛!ê˛Ó˚ñ !öÓ≈yî •Î˚!ö ï˛ÌyàˆÏï˛Ó˚
ôö#Ó˚ ûÑ˛yç ܲÓ˚y ˛õyOy!Ó– ......
÷û˛B˛Ó˚ òy¢
xy§ˆÏ° xƒy!°§ xï˛ê˛y ÓyFã˛y ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ä öÎ˚ Îy xyüÓ˚y ˆû˛ˆÏÓ!åÈ ~ï˛!òö– âˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ ˆöˆÏê˛
fl∫≤¿ ˆò!á û˛yÓ˚ã%˛Î˚y° ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ ã˛ƒyê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛Ü˛ê˛y ˆÓyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚•z ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸° •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛–
áy!öܲê˛y ˆú ˛§ ~Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆáÑyˆÏçñ ˆÎö Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ê˛y ˆú ˛§ ~Î˚yˆÏÓ˚ û˛Ó˚˛õ%Ó˚ ˆú ˛¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ–
~ܲ ˆÎ !åÈ° @ˇÃyüÈÙÙÙÈ
xy!ü ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó‡ÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y ¢∑ê˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏö ˆÓyé˛yˆÏï˛– ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏò ܲ!ܲˆÏÎ˚ •yï˛
˛õ!° §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ôˆÏÓ˚Ä ˆòˆÏá!åÈ ¢∑ê˛yÓ˚ !ÓàˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÄÎ˚y xÓfliyö– §yÓ˚y àyˆÏÎ˚ ܲyüˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ òyà !öˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ°Ä
ÎyÓ˚y ç!üê˛yˆÏܲ ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ü%á ú˛§ˆÏܲ ˆ§Ü˛Ìy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!ö §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚– xyÓ˚ ˆö•yï˛ ˆÓyܲy ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y !çK˛y§y
üˆÏï˛y Óy!öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ xˆÏÜœ˛ˆÏ¢ ü¢yÓ˚ ܲyüí˛¸ ӈϰ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ !òï˛ ˆ§– xyç ˆÎüö !ò°–
ˆ§áyˆÏö ~áö ï%˛ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xy=ö
ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ xyçܲy° ü¢y ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏåÈ á%Ó–
!ô!ܲ !ô!ܲÊ
!üˆÏ̃ ܲÌy xy!ü ˆâߨy ܲ!Ó˚– !ܲv !üˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ §!ï˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˆòˆÏá ã%˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ܲ ˆÎ !åÈ° @ˇÃyüÈÙÙÙÈ Ìy!ܲ xyçܲy°–
û˛yàyˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎáyˆÏö !ã˛°ÈÙÈ¢Ü%˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ§ â%ˆüÏ yˆÏ° ã%˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆüyÓy•zˆ°Ï Ó˚ ü%åȈïÏ ˛ ü%åȈïÏ ˛ ˆÓyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y ˆüˆÏ§ç=ˆÏ°y
ܲyí˛¸yܲy!í˛¸ xyÓ˚ Äí˛¸yí˛z!í˛¸ñ ˛õ!í˛¸– ~•z í˛zö˛õM˛Èy¢ ÓåȈÓÏ Ä ˚ ˆÎ xyüyÓ˚ ÓyFã˛y ˆåȈ° Ï Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲyߨy ˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛y ˆòˆÏá !öˆÏçˆÏܲ
ˆ§•z û˛yàyí˛¸ ˆÎö e´ü¢ ˆÓyܲyˆÏã˛yòy üˆÏö •Î˚– •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛õÑyò ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§ Ìyܲy xyüyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ
@ˇÃy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈó xÓ¢ƒ•z ~§Ó xyüyÓ˚•z ˆòy£Ï– ~§Ó•z çyfiê˛ !§ü˛õƒy!Ì ú˛y܉˛–
§•ç §Ó˚° üö xƒy!°§ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸° !ë˛Ü˛•z !ܲv ˆ§ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° Ó‡ xyÎ˚öy °yàyˆÏöy ~ܲ
•ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚– xyÎ˚öy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆüyí˛¸y ~•z •° xú˛ !üÓ˚yÓ˚‰§– xƒy!°§ ï˛áö ã˛yÓ˚!òˆÏܲ–
~ܲ ˆÎ !åÈ° @ˇÃyüÈÙÙÙÈ í˛y•zˆöÏ ÓÑyˆÏÎ˚ !˛õåȈöÏ §yüˆÏö §Ó≈e– xƒy!°§ ~ܲê˛y öܲ° •y!§ •y§°ÈÙÙÙÈxyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó¡∫=ˆÏ°y
ˆÜœ˛ò !åÈ°ñ xÈÙȧ%á !åÈ° Îy e´ˆÏü ò#â≈ï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛!åÈ° !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !ò° ˆ§•z •y!§Ó˚ í˛zï˛ˆÏÓ˚y° ˆ§•z •yí˛z°– ~áyˆÏö
!ܲv ~áö ˆÎö ~áö xƒy!°§ˆÏܲ á%шÏç ˛õyÄÎ˚y á%Ó ¢_´– ˆÜ˛yöê˛y ˆÎ xy§° xƒy!°§– ˆ§!ê˛ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ
x§%ˆÏáÓ˚ ÓU˛ Óyí˛¸Óyí˛¸hsˇ– xyÎ˚öyÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛– ˆÎáyö ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏåÈ öy
xyÓ˚– Óy !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ°Ä ï˛yˆÏܲ !ܲ xyüÓ˚y xƒy!°§ ӈϰ !ã˛öˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö–
~ܲ ˆÎ !åÈ° @ˇÃyüÈÙÙÙÈ
~ê˛y ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛Ìy öÎ˚ ˆÎ xƒy!°§ ê˛ƒyÓˆÏ°ê˛ ˆÜ˛ö ˆáï˛Ê ˆ§ ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ ÓyFã˛y ˆüˆÏÎ˚ öÎ˚ñ
ï˛Ó%Ä fl∫≤¿ ˆçˆÏà Ó˚Î˚ñ
ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !åÈ° §Ó üƒy!çܲy° Ó!í˛¸ Îy ï˛yˆÏܲ ò¢ ú%˛ê˛ °¡∫y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òï˛ !öˆÏüˆÏ£Ï–
ò%ÈÙȈã˛yá û˛Ó˚y fl∫≤¿ñ
xÌÓy öy!üˆÏÎ˚ xyöï˛ •z!M˛È áyˆÏöˆÏܲ– üyˆÏö !°ˆÏDÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ê˛yÄ !åÈ° üƒy!çܲy°–
•yöy•y!ö ˆåȈÏí˛¸ @ˇÃyü ~ܲ!òö
üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆåÈyê˛ Óí˛¸ •ÄÎ˚y !öˆÏÎ˚ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !¢«˛y xyöˆÏï˛ ˆà° ÎyÓ˚yñ ï˛yÓ˚y xyÓ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚
•ï˛ƒyܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ ˆçyÓ˚ˆÏ§
xyˆÏ§!ö– xÌÓy ~áöÄ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚!öñ !öÓ≈yî °yû˛ •Î˚!ö ï˛ÌyàˆÏï˛Ó˚– ˆ¢áy
úÑ˛y!§ ˆòˆÏÓñ
•Î˚!ö ˆÓшÏã˛ Ìyܲy Óy üÓ˚yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Óy•yò%!Ó˚ ˆö•z– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆüyÓy•z° ˆú˛yöê˛y §üyˆÏö
fl∫!hflÏ ˆú˛Ó˚yˆÏöyÓ˚ ï˛y!àˆÏò–
çμ°ˆÏåÈ xyÓ˚ !öû˛ˆÏåÈ– Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏ¢ åÈܲ˛õˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛yñ Óyï≈˛y xy§ˆÏåÈ ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚
xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ü!•üyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏû˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~•z§Ó Ó˚&ˆÏ˛õy!° =шÏí˛¸y û˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚
•*òÎ˚ Îy ˆ§ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄñ xy§ˆÏ° Îy ï˛yÓ˚ ܲáöÄ !åÈ° öyñ xyÓ˚ ï˛y çyöï˛
öy ˆ§ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ ˆòÎ˚!ö ˆ§ ܲÌy– ÷ô% ˆ§ üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ å%ÈÑï˛ ˆ§•z áy!°ê˛yˆÏܲñ
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 235 236 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyòÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛ !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚Ä fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ û˛yˆÏÓ•z ~ܲê˛y •*òÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ–
ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ xyüÓ˚yÄ–
xy§ˆÏ° ~•z§Ó ˆüˆÏ§ç=ˆÏ°y ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~•z ò#â≈ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Ó˚y!e ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚yÓyÓ˚ Ó˚§ò !åÈ°–
ï˛y•z ˆ§ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ï˛ ~•z üyÎ˚y ~•z !Óºü Îy xyüÓ˚y §Óy•z !ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!òö ˆàÔï˛ü •yçÓ˚y
•y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Îy•z ~•z xyÎ˚öy ˆüyí˛¸y •°ê˛yÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚–
xy!ü xƒy!°§ˆÏܲ ӈϰ!åÈ°yü xy!ü ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ !ã˛öˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öy– ~•z ˆÎ xyüyÓ˚
öï%˛ö §Ü˛y°
§yüˆÏö ˆÎ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ˆ§ ˆï˛y xyüyÓ˚ xƒy!°§ öÎ˚– ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ xƒy!°§ üyÓ˚y ˆàˆÏåÈ !ÓˆÏܲ° à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° åÈyÎ˚y ò#â≈ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚
÷û˛– ˆ§•z Ó%ôÓyÓ˚ ˆÎ!òö ï%˛!ü ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§!åȈϰ ~ܲy ~ܲê˛y Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚
ÎyÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛y !ê˛Ü˛!ê˛!ܲ ˆ˛õyܲy ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆê˛ö¢ö !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆçˆÏà!åÈ° ÷ô%– xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y •zï˛hflÏï˛ ˛õyï˛y ĈÏí˛¸ flõ¢≈yï%˛Ó˚ ˆëÑ˛yˆÏê˛
öò# Îy xyüyÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z ÜÑ˛yˆÏò!ö ÓˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§!åÈ° ~ܲy ~ܲyñ xyüyÓ˚ üyÌyê˛y Îáö !åÈшÏí˛¸ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ ĈÏë˛ ˆòÓòyÓ˚&ñ ˆàÓ˚&Î˚y üy!ê˛....
í˛zˆíÏ ˛¸ Îy!FåÈ° ~!òܲ Ä!òܲ ï%˛!ü ~ˆÏ§ ~ܲÓyÓ˚Ä ˆ§•z !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ò%•yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ç!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ôˆÏÓy˚ !ö–
ï˛áö §ühflÏ ˆÜ˛Ôï%˛Ü˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆöˆÏã˛ ÄˆÏë˛ ò«˛ Óyï˛y§
ˆ§ üyÓ˚y ˆàˆÏåÈ ˆ§•z !òö ÷û˛ñ ˆ§•z xƒy!°§– üyö%£Ï !ܲ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏò !Ó÷k˛ •ˆÏÓñ •yí˛z •yí˛z
û˛yˆÏäñ ˆû˛ˆÏä ˆú˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃÌyàï˛ !öçfl∫ !öÎ˚ü....
ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó%ܲ ã˛y˛õˆÏí˛¸ ú˛y!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ˆòáˆÏÓ Ó˚§ Ó˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚ üyÎ˚y– öy!ܲ xy=ö ï˛yˆÏܲ !Ó÷k˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xy!ü ï˛yÓ˚ üyÌyÓ˚ ~•z §ühflÏ Îsfîy ˆÎy!ö ã%˛ˆÏ£Ï !àˆÏ° !öˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ– ˆò!áñ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ô !âˆÏÓ˚ ú%˛ˆÏê˛ í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈ xyˆÏ°y
ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛yá xyÓ˚Ä ¢)öƒï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÷ô%– ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆçˆÏà í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈ öï%˛ö §Ü˛y°Ê
Î!ò xƒy!°§ ~•z ˆ°áyê˛y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö– ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆú˛ˆÏ° Î!ò– Ó!í˛¸ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ â%ü ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚
çyàˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ° xyˆÏÓ˚ܲÓyÓ˚ çyˆÏà– ï˛áö ˆï˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ !ã˛öˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ åÈyï˛ °yˆÏàyÎ˚y ~•z ˆåÈyR
âÓ˚– !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ é˛àí˛¸y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ xyˆÏÓÜ˚ ˛ÓyÓ˚– ï˛áö öy •Î˚ ü¢yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° åÈyÓ˚ˆ˛Ï õyܲyÓ˚
à“ Ó°ˆÏÓ ˆ§ñ !ܲv ï˛yˆÏï˛ Ü˛#ñ ï˛yӈϰ !ܲ xyüÓ˚y ç°çƒyhsˇ ~ܲê˛y xƒy!°§ˆÏܲ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ åÈ!Ó
ˆú˛°Ó ~ܲê˛y x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Ó˚y!eÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ñ çyfiê˛ °y•zܲ òƒyê˛–
ò%Û~ܲê˛y ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ xy!ü
ü•yû˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏåÈ⁄ ï%˛ˆÏ° xyöˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ åÈ!Ó
x!öÓ≈yî ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ò%Û~ܲê˛y ¢∑
xÌã˛ñ ò%Ó˚hsˇ ˆ§ åÈ!Ó–
§¶˛ƒy •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà •y°Ü˛y !ÓˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y ˆÎ åÈ!Ó •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆú ˛üÓ!® !ܲÇÓy öÎ˚
å%ÈшÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ñ xÌÓy x°#ܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xyÿ˛Î≈ ˆÜ˛y°yç–
Ü˛ï˛ üyÎ˚yñ ˆüy• xyÓ˚ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y
åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ñ üyôÓñ üyôÓ– ò%Û~ܲê˛y ¢∑ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ
~áyˆÏö ÄáyˆÏö
§Ó Îáö ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ çy!öñ ܲy!° ˆ°ˆÏà ˆôÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyˆÏÓ ã˛ï%˛!ò≈ܲ
ï˛áö•z Îï˛ û˛yÓöyñ Îï˛ ˆáÑyçyá%Ñ!ç ï˛Ó% §yüyöƒ ˆÎê%˛Ü%˛ xyˆÏ°y
ܲ# ܲ# ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åÈ°%ü ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ñ Ü˛ï˛ Îb ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ °yÓîƒ û˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ
á%шÏç ˛õy!FåÈ öy ˆÜ˛ö⁄
ˆò!áñ ˆçˆÏà í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈ x§yüyöƒ ˆÓ˚áy
üˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ §Ó °#°yˆÏá°y ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ü)ï≈˛ ~ܲ xyÿ˛Î≈ åÈ!ÓÊ
¢ï˛ §•flÀ Óy¶˛Ó#ˆÏܲ ˆåȈÏí˛¸
ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚
ÓÑy!¢!ê˛Ä !ܲ §ˆÏD !öˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö ¢ƒyü⁄
!Ó£Ï] •ö!ö⁄
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 237 238 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

ÓyÇ°y ˆ¢áy
§Ñyï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚Ì#ö ܲÓ˚
§%!üï˛yû˛ ˆây£Ïy°
Ü%˛üyÓ˚# ˆfl‘ˆÏê˛ !°ˆÏá ã˛ˆÏ°!åÈ
Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ í%˛Ó §Ñyï˛yÓ˚•z û˛yˆÏ°y Óî≈üy°y
!˛õ!åȈÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ û˛Î˚ ÌyˆÏܲ öy ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛ á x xy
ÓƒyˆÏäÓ˚y §Ó •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ !Óòƒy§yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆfl¨•üyáy •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚
Îáö ˆÎüö •°%ò §Ó%ç xyˆÏ°y
§yòy ˛õyï˛yÎ˚
çˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ flõ‹T •ˆÏÓ ü%á ˆÓyé˛y•z ܲÓ˚y ܲ°!§ •Ñy!í˛¸
ˆ§ ü%á ˆòˆÏá xy‚y!òï˛ §Óy•z ˆáyÎ˚y•z ˛õˆÏÌ àyˆÏöÓ˚ ï˛!Ó˚
§Çáƒy ˆÓ!¢ÈÙÙÙȈ§ê˛y•z xy§° ܲÌy ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ ü¢y•z ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏåÈö
ˆÌÑï˛ˆÏ° ÎyˆÏÓ ò%Éá ˛õyÄÎ˚y !Ó£Ï] !ã˛Ó%ܲ
üöáyÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲ°ü ˛õˆÏܲˆÏê˛ !öˆÏÎ˚
Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ çˆÏ° !Ó¡∫Óï˛# •yˆÏ§ ˆ•ühsˇˆÏ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ áí˛¸Ü%˛ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£Ï
§yï˛ §ü%o⁄ áy•z•!Ó˚î#Ó˚ í˛yˆÏܲ xy!Ó‹T
~•z ˆï˛y xyüyÓ˚ öˆÏÌÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ê !òà‰º‹T ç#Óöyö® !ܲ ~áöÄ ê˛ΔyüÓ˚yhflÏyÎ˚Ê
~°!§ˆÏöyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ öÓ˚ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ
í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§ˆÏåÈ í˛zÓ≈¢# Ä xyˆÏê≈˛!ü§
!Ó£%è ˆòÈÙÈÓ˚ ~!°Î˚ê˛ÈÙÈüöflÒï˛yÎ˚
x!öˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ÓƒÌyÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ üÓ˚ˆÏã˛Ó˚ Óy•yÓ˚
xˆÏ°yܲ §yühsˇ
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ÌyÓ˚ !môy ÌÓ˚ÌÓ˚ ã)˛ˆÏí˛¸
çöö#ÈÙÈçß√û)˛!ü ˛õ%ÓyܲyˆÏ¢ xhflÏ ˆàˆÏ° í˛zê˛˛õy!áÓ˚ í˛zòy§#öï˛yÎ˚
IJõyˆÏÓ˚ §yÓ˚ˆÏüÎ˚ ~˛õyˆÏÓ˚ fl∫çyï˛#Î˚ ú˛yê˛y !í˛ˆÏü ï˛y !òˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲö §%ô#wöyÌ
í˛zû˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ å%È!Ó˚ˆÏï˛•z ò%˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §)Î≈ 鲰§yÎ˚
ˆàÔÓ˚#˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ !ê˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ° Ó,!‹TÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑
ܲyߨyÄ û˛Î˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ xÓÓ˚&k˛ §yï˛ §ü%j%Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏç ĈÏë˛
=üˆÏÓ˚ ĈÏë˛ ˆüâ xhsˇÉ§!°°y x!üÎ˚ ã˛e´Óï˛#≈Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§ï˛yÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!òˆÏܲ x◊yhsˇ ≤Ã˛õyï˛
~áöÄ àyˆÏåÈ àyˆÏåÈ Ü˛!Óï˛y ê˛yäyˆÏFåÈö
§Ó≈yˆÏDÓ˚ ˆ°yü !û˛ˆÏç ˛õ!‹T •Î˚ ~ܲ ܲ!Ó Ä Ü˛yäy° ¢y° ü‡Î˚yÓ˚ çDˆÏ°
ˆŸ’‹øyçμˆÏÓ˚ Ó‡ò)Ó˚ âyˆÏ§Ó˚ xÓ˚ˆÏîƒ
Ó˚yüyÎ˚î flø,!ï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° öyüàyö çμˆÏ° í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈ xyܲy¢û˛Ó˚y §)Î≈ï˛yÓ˚y
Ü˛ï˛ ˆ§ÔÓ˚ˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ò#≤à xyˆÏ°y
ÓhflÏyÓ!® •ˆÏÎ˚ xy§y °Óîy_´ m#ˆÏ˛õ ì˛yܲy•z xyüòy!öÓ˚ í˛zIμ°ï˛yÎ˚
~áyˆÏö fl∫ˆÏò¢ öy!ܲ xöƒï˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yò !üˆÏ¢ ÎyÎ˚ çˆÏß√Ó˚ xyï˛Ó˚ à¶˛ÈÙÙÙÈ
ã%˛!˛õ ã%˛!˛õ ܲÌy ӈϰ Ó˚_´ ˆÌˆÏü ÎyÎ˚ ÓyÇ°y ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ û%˛ÓˆÏö–
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 239 240 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

§%!üˆÏï˛¢ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §OÎ˚ ˆ§yü

ú˛ı ãÑ˛yò ˆÌˆÏܲ §)Î≈
≤ÃÌü °y•zˆÏö ~ˆÏ§!åÈ ú%˛° Ü%˛ˆÏí˛¸yˆÏï˛
xy!ü !°ˆÏá Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈÈÙÙÙÈ˛õy˛õˆÏÓyô Ä Üœ˛y!hsˇ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üy°yÎ˚ ç%í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z à¶˛
!mï˛#Î˚ °y•zˆÏöÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛y°y•° Ä ¢#ï˛yï≈˛ï˛y •° !ܲöy ï˛yÓ˚ xyüÓ˚y ܲ# Ó%!é˛⁄
~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ °y•zö=!°ˆÏï˛ !ö!ÿ˛ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ•z Ó˚yäyˆÏöy ˆëÑ˛yê˛ ˆú˛§ÈÙÈÄÎ˚y¢ ܲÓ˚y ü%á ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ ܲ# °yû˛⁄
{ŸªÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ˆ§•z§Ó ܲÌyÓyï≈˛yÈÙÙÙÈ ÄˆÏï˛ üö à°ˆÏÓ öy
ˆêÑ˛Ó˚y âyí˛¸ ˆ§yçy •ˆÏÓ öy
ÎyÓ˚ Ó!•Ó˚ˆÏD ~ܲê˛y xy˛õyï˛ÈÙÈxyôƒy!dܲ xyÓÓ˚î Ó˚•zˆÏ°Ä û˛yäˆÏÓ öy x!û˛üyö
xhsˇÓ˚ˆÏD ü,ò% ˆÎÔöï˛y ÓˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ–
ãÑ˛yò ˆÌˆÏܲ §)ˆÏÎ≈ ºüˆÏî xy!åÈ
fl∫≤¿ ˆú˛yê˛yÓ˚ !òö öy ~ˆÏ°
ÌyüˆÏÓ öy ºüî
xöƒÓ˚ܲü xyˆÏ°y x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ à¶˛ öy ú%˛ê˛ˆÏ°
=!åȈÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ üy!ê˛ üyáy ú%˛°=ˆÏ°y
x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚Ä ~ܲ xyˆÏ°y xyˆÏåÈ–
~ܲ xöƒï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y–
hflÏ∏˛ï˛yÓ˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚ Îy ≤Ã!ï˛û˛yï˛ •Î˚– Ü,˛£èã)˛í˛¸y !°áˆÏï˛
Ó˚y!eÓ˚ üöflÒ˛õyˆÏë˛ Îy ô#ˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈô#ˆÏÓ˚ §!ï˛ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏ벖
Ó,k˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚!åÈ
ÎyˆÏܲ ˆåÈÑyÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öyñ ï%˛!ü xyüyÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˛õåÈ®
flõ¢≈ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆ°yˆÏܲ ˛õyఠӈϰñ ï˛y Îy á%!¢ Ó°%ܲ
x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àû˛#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ û˛yˆÏ°y °yˆÏàñ §y!ߨˆÏôƒ xyÓ˚Ä ˆÓ!¢ û˛yˆÏ°y Ìy!ܲ
Îy x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚•z !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ e´ü¢– ˛õ«˛ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õ«˛ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚
ï˛y•z ˆï˛y •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ Óï≈˛üyö ˛õÎ≈ê˛ˆÏö xy!åÈ
ï%˛!ü Î!ò í˛zòÎ˚ö ܲÌy üˆÏö ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ öy !òˆÏï˛
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲ üˆÏö Ìyܲï˛⁄
ç° üy!ê˛ ˛õy•yí˛¸ ˆ¢Ü˛í˛¸ÓyÜ˛í˛¸ ï%˛!ü !°!áˆÏÎ˚ öy !öˆÏ°
ˆÜ˛í˛z !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 241 242 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

•yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ !¢í˛z!° !ã˛!öˆÏÎ˚åÈ

ˆ§Ä ˆï˛y ï%˛!ü §%ö#°Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ò_
Óyâ öáñ Ü˛í˛¸üˆÏí˛¸ òÑyï˛ñ àyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆûÑ˛yï˛Ü˛y à¶˛ ˆã˛yˆÏá xyê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ô)§Ó˚ x!fliÓ˚ï˛y
ï%˛!ü öy ˆ¢áyˆÏ°
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyôê˛y ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö çß√yï˛Ê xy!ü ~áö ˆÜ˛üö ö#Ó˚Ó ò¢≈ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà!åÈ
!öˆÏçˆÏܲ ˆüˆÏ° ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ •zˆÏFåÈ •Î˚ öyÈÙÙÙÈ
ò%Éá˛õ%Ó˚yî !°áˆÏï˛ !°áˆÏï˛ •yï˛ ~áö ö%ˆÏ°y ≤Ã!ï˛!öÎ˚ï˛ Î%!_´Ó˚ ¢yö !ò•z
ï˛Ó%Ä ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ •yï˛ åÈyí˛¸!åÈ öy xyÓ˚ ÓƒÌyÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚ á%Ñ!ç Äü‰–
Ü,˛£èã)˛í˛¸y !°áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ öy xyüyˆÏòÓ˚Ê
~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ !•ü ÓÓ˚ˆÏú˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y x§yí˛¸ ˆÎö
§Ó ˆã˛ï˛öyñ
ˆÓyôÓ%!k˛ ¢)öƒï˛yÎ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆüˆÏâÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y–
üˆÏö •Î˚ Ó,!‹T •ˆÏ° û˛yˆÏ°y •ï˛
§ühflÏ @’y!öñ §ühflÏ Üœ˛y!hsˇ
ô%ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛–
!í˛çyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ~áö ˆ§•z ˆüÔ§%!ü ÓyÎ˚%
{!∞ï˛y •y°òyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ Óy ˆ§•z Ó,!‹T˛õyï˛
Ó,!‹TÓ˚ !ã˛•´ ˆö•z ˆÎ ã˛cˆÏÓ˚Ê
ï˛ï˛«˛ˆÏî xy!ü ˆ≤’ê˛!öܲ Î%ˆÏk˛ ˆ•ˆÏÓ˚ ˆà!åÈñ ܲÌy ӈϰ!åÈ ~ ˆÜ˛yö û˛yÓöyÓ˚ ï˛yí˛¸öy üˆÏöÓ˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
§%˛õ ˆì˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚•z ˆÓ˚y!Î˚Ç ˆÓ˚y!Î˚Ç ˆÓ˚y!Î˚Ç
ò!«˛î ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆà!åÈ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !•® !§ˆÏöüy ˛õÎ≈hsˇ üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ xˆÏöܲ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ •zˆÏFåÈ •Î˚
xyÓ˚ ò#â≈ åÈyÎ˚y xyüyÓ˚ Ä•z xˆÏÌ≈yí˛: ã˛yã≈˛ xˆÏöˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲÌy ÷öˆÏï˛ •zˆÏFåÈ •Î˚
Ó¶˛ !§öyàà xÓ!ô !àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ– xˆÏöˆÏܲ xˆÏöܲ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆï˛° ܲy!° ì˛y°y xˆÏô≈ܲ Ó¶˛ ê˛Δyü°y•zˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆÎ Îy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ Ó°%ܲ öyñ
ˆ°y•y =òyˆÏüÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ã˛yˆÏü!° !ú˛Õ√ ˆ°ê˛ ܲƒy!˛õê˛y!°çü ˆÎ ˆÎ û˛yˆÏÓ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ã˛°%ܲ–
ã˛y !í˛üˆÏê˛yfiê˛ ˆ§y!ö ˆ¢yÓ˚&ü ◊#◊#ã˛[˛#Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆÌˆÏü Ìyܲy ˆï˛y ÎyÎ˚ öyñ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚
xyüyˆÏܲ ö@¿ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢öy §ÇfliyÓ˚ ~ܲê%˛ xyˆÏà– ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛y •ˆÏÓ•z
ˆÎö ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏåÈö ˆòÓò)ˆÏï˛Ó˚y– Ä•z ~áöÄ ˆã˛yˆÏá xyê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ô)§Ó˚ x!fliÓ˚ï˛y–
~ܲê%˛ xyˆÏ°y ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛yöyÎ˚ ú˛!í˛¸ÇˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆá°y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛ï˛«˛ˆÏî ˆÓí˛¸y° ≤Ãܲy¢öyÓ˚ ܲy!ö≈¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆçˆÏà í˛zˆÏë˛
•yüy=!í˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆöˆÏü Îyܲ §yÓĈÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚–
ï˛ï˛«˛î xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ öyöy Ó˚äy x“ ˆåÈöy° ˆ˛õ!ê˛ˆÏܲyê˛=!°
åÈyˆÏò í˛zí˛Yܲ •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚

ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 16
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 243 244 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

~áö !Ó◊yˆÏüÓ˚ §üÎ˚ !°!° •y°òyÓ˚

Óyô≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ ˆã˛ÔܲyˆÏë˛ ˛õy !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ– !¢í˛z!°*
âˆÏÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z Ìy!ܲ– ˆàyô)!°Ó˚ ï˛yˆÏö §ÇàˆÏï˛ !¢í˛z!°
¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ~ܲê%˛ áyÓ˚y˛õ •ˆÏ°•z ˆáç%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏ§ •Ñy!í˛¸ ÓÑyˆÏô üö
§ÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛üö ÓƒhflÏï˛y åÈyï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y âöÜÑ˛yê˛yÓ˚ ÓˆÏö
§ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛yÓ˚ öçÓ˚òy!Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç ï,˛!£Ïï˛ ç#Óö
âˆÏÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó◊yü ˆöÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢y§ö–
˛õ,!ÌÓ# üˆÏö •Î˚ ˆåÈyê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏåÈñ
§#üyöy ˆÎö xyê˛ˆÏܲ ˆàˆÏåÈ é%˛° ÓyÓ˚y®yÎ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚
!òöÓ˚yï˛ x§Çრüyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆflÀyï˛
x§ÇრÎyöÓy•ˆÏöÓ˚ Üœ˛y!hsˇ•#ö à!ï˛ @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï âÓ˚
xy!ü ˆò!á Ó yï˛ƒú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y....
xy!ü ÓyÓ˚y®yÎ˚ ӈϧ ӈϧ ˆò!áÈÙÙÙÈ àyåÈàyåÈy!° ˆé˛y˛õé˛yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚
ˆò!áñ ܲ# öyˆÏü í˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ
ú%˛ê˛˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ Óy•y!Ó˚ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚y §Ó §)Î≈ ~ˆÏ§⁄
ô%ˆÏ°yÎ˚ û˛Ó˚yñ !ÓÓî≈ ü!°ö
xò)ˆÏÓ˚ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ í˛y°˛õyï˛y ˆÜ˛üö ¢#ï˛ @ˇÃ#‹ø....xyܲyˆÏ¢ üyÌy Ó˚yˆÏá
!öˆÏhflÏç !ö‹±yî
üˆÏö •Î˚ ~ܲê%˛ ç° !åÈ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xy!§ÈÙÙÙÈ ≤Ãyhsˇ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛yñ ≤Ãy!hsˇÜ˛
Óy!ܲ §üÎ˚
ã%˛!˛õã%˛!˛õ òÓ˚çyÓ˚ !åÈê˛!ܲ!ö ˆáy°yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲ!Ó˚– §Ó%ç xyˆÏ°y....Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚
xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ§•z §ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛yÓ˚ ¢y§öñ ˆáˆÏï˛ ˆáˆÏï˛ ¢§ƒ åÈí˛¸yÎ˚
~áö !Ó◊yˆÏüÓ˚ §üÎ˚Ê
ˆÜ˛í˛z í˛yˆÏܲ û)˛!ü•#ö....
!Ó◊yü ˆï˛y ~ܲ §yôöyñ üy!ê˛Ó˚ flõˆÏ¢≈ ≤Ã!ï˛«˛î
!Ó◊yü !öˆÏï˛ çyöˆÏï˛ •Î˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚•#ö üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚....≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ç#Óö
!Ó◊yü Ó°ˆÏ°•z !ܲ !Ó◊yü •Î˚Ê
üˆÏöÓ˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÎö !Ó£Ï]ï˛yÓ˚ çüyê˛ ˆüâ–

[*!¢í˛z!°ÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,!_Ó˚ öyü– §üyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãy!hsˇÜ˛ Ä !ö¡¨Óà#≈Î˚ üyö%£Ïñ

ÎÑyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§Ó˚ܲü fliyÎ˚# ܲyç ˆö•zÈÙÙÙÈÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò%•zÈÙÈ!ï˛ö üy§ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ˆáç%Ó˚àyåÈñ
ï˛y°àyåÈ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ Ó˚§ §Ç@ˇÃ• ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ ï˛y !Ó!e´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy !öÓ≈y•
ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓöôyÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ Óy ç#!Óܲy xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆòˆÏ¢ xyçÄ àˆÏí˛¸ ĈÏë˛!ö– ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ÎÑyÓ˚y ç#!Óܲy !öÓ≈y• ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°áy !°!° •y°òyÓ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!Óï˛y Ó˚yáy •° ~áyˆÏö–]
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 245 246 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

Óy!°ˆÏ˛õyï˛y
!ܲå%È ú%˛° Ü%˛ˆÏí˛¸yˆÏï˛ •Î˚ x°§ Óy!°ˆÏ˛õyï˛y1
˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛yˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏî
!ܲå%È ú%˛° Ü%˛ˆÏí˛¸yˆÏï˛ •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈ!¢í˛z!° ˆÎüö §yÓ˚y!òö ˆÓ˚yò üyˆÏá àyÎ˚
á§áˆÏ§ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ à!Ó˚Ó §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,k˛y
§)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ˆüˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚....
Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §yàÓ˚
ï˛y˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛yˆÏ˛õ
í˛z£ÏyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤ÃÌü ˆòáy Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈï˛˛õö ˆçƒy!ï˛ü≈Î˚
!¢!¢Ó˚ é˛ˆÏÓ˚ âyˆÏ§
Óyê˛y!°ñ åȃy°‰ñ àyåÈܲyê˛y òy....ˆÎ ÎyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ §Ó%ç !ÓåÈyöy
ˆê˛yöyÎ˚2 ÓÑyˆÏô §Ç§yÓ˚
á§áˆÏ§ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆáÑy˛õyÎ˚ ˆáç%Ó˚ ú%˛ˆÏ° ÓÎ˚!§ ˆüˆÏÎ˚
§Ç§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏî
ã˛ˆÏ° ö#Ó˚Ó x!û˛§yÓ˚
Ó˚yï˛ xyÓ˚ !òˆÏöÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛
!òܲã˛e´ÓyˆÏ° âÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
ˆ•üˆÏhsˇÓ˚ !ÓˆÏܲ°
!ܲå%È ú%˛° Ü%˛ˆÏí˛¸yˆÏï˛ •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈ!¢í˛z!° ˆÎüö
ˆ§yöy!° ôyˆÏö ˛õy!áÓ˚ éÑ˛yܲ
!ú˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈ í˛yˆÏ° ôyö á%шÏê˛
˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ô%ˆÏ°y
ˆàyô)!° ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓÑy!¢
!§Öò%Ó˚ÈÙÈÓ˚yäy ˆüâ üô%ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y !§k˛ôyˆÏöÓ˚ ˆö¢yÎ˚ çyˆÏà
!ܲ£Ïyî˛õyí˛¸y
!¢!¢Ó˚ òÓ˚çy á%ˆÏ° òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚yÓ˚yï˛
ܲáö ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ ÎyˆÏÓ ~ܲê˛yöy....¢∑....§y¶˛ƒÜ)˛çˆÏö
Ó%ˆÏöy àˆÏ¶˛ !¢!¢Ó˚ xy°ï˛y ˛õy.... •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
•y•yܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •°%ò ˆáˆÏï˛
Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ §M˛ÈÎ˚ ˛õ°y¢ú%˛ˆÏ°
üô%àˆÏ¶˛ ˆüÔüy!åÈÓ˚ üÕ‘yÓ˚ !ܲ!ã˛Ó˚!ü!ã˛Ó˚ §%Ó˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏü
ˆàyô)!°Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y
¢#ï˛üyˆÏá !¢í˛z!° ˜û˛Ó˚Ó# ï˛yˆÏö
!òàˆÏhsˇ §y¶˛ƒ ˛õò≈yÎ˚
¢#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !§Öò%Ó˚ÈÙÈÓ˚yäy ˆüâ
Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ !¢!¢Ó˚ üô%ÈÙÈÓ˚§ •ˆÏÎ˚
!áˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ xy=ö çμyˆÏ°....
˛õ°y¢•Öy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ çˆÏü

1. Óy!°ˆÏ˛õyï˛y†Óy!°àyåÈyÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲê˛y ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ °¡∫y ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– ÎyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Óyê˛y!°ñ åȃyö‰ñ

àyåÈyܲyê˛y òy ¢yö ˆòÎ˚y •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈÓy!° !òˆÏÎ˚–
2. ˆê˛yöyÈÙÙÙÈÎyÓ˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚ àyåÈܲyê˛yÓ˚ §Ó˚Oyü Ó˚yáy •Î˚–
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 247 248 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

ˆ•ühsˇ çyˆÏö üô%Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÇÓyò

xyü°Ü˛#˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˆ•ühsˇ
üô%Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÇÓyò
¢Ó˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆüˆÏâÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y
Ó˚yç•Ç§ @ˇÃ#Óy
í˛zß¨ï˛ flõô≈yÎ˚ Óy!°ˆÏï˛ •yˆÏ§ åȃyö‰
ï%˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏö ˆây°y çˆÏ° ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ fl∫yò
§•ˆÏç §¶˛yö ˛õyÎ˚
•*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã˛°yˆÏú˛Ó˚y....
÷ܲˆÏöy ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ Óy!°Ó˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚
!öÓ˚*˛õ ú˛ıôyÓ˚y....
öƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈxöƒyÎ˚
!Ó!ò¢y ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
~Ó˚y xöƒyÎ˚ˆÏܲ xöƒyÎ˚ û˛yˆÏÓ öyñ û˛yˆÏÓ ~ê˛y•z öƒyÎ˚ñ öƒyÎ˚
xöƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛ú˛yï˛ çyˆÏö öyñ ˆÓyˆÏé˛ öyñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
Ó%!k˛ÈÙȧ%!k˛ ˆö•z⁄ çvˆÏï˛ ˆÓyˆÏé˛ öyñ ˆÜ˛yöê˛y öƒyÎ˚ xyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yöê˛y xöƒyÎ˚ñ !ܲv üyö%£ÏÄ !ܲ !ë˛Ü˛ ï˛y•z⁄ öƒyÎ˚
xöƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÎyÓ˚y ï˛ú˛yï˛ ˆÓyˆÏé˛ öyÊ ï˛yÓ˚y xöƒyÎ˚ê˛yˆÏܲ•z
üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ó≈ˆÏ◊¤˛ öƒyÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ ˆÓyô •Î˚–
~ê˛yÄ !ܲ !ë˛Ü˛Ê ~üöê˛y !ܲ •ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏåÈ⁄ öƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈxöƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
üˆÏôƒ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ˆÜ˛yöê˛y öƒyÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöê˛y xöƒyÎ˚–
öƒyÎ˚ê˛yˆÏܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ @ˇÃ•îñ xöƒyÎ˚ê˛yˆÏܲ !òˆÏï˛ •Î˚
!Ó§ç≈öñ üyö%£ÏÓ˚y ˆÜ˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ xöƒyÎ˚ ܲyç⁄ ˆÜ˛ö ˆÓyˆÏé˛
öyñ xöƒyÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yê˛y ˆüyˆÏê˛Ä !ë˛Ü˛ öÎ˚ñ xöƒyÎ˚ xyÓ˚
öƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÓˆÏåÈ !öˆÏï˛ •Î˚ öƒyÎ˚ˆÏܲ•z–
~•z ˆÓyô¢!_´ §ÓyÓ˚•z xyˆÏåÈ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöê˛y öƒyÎ˚ xyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yöê˛y xöƒyÎ˚ñ ˆåÈyê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z çˆÏß√ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÓyô¢!_´ñ ï˛Ó%
ÎyÓ˚y xöƒyÎ˚ê˛yˆÏܲ•z ˆÓˆÏåÈ ˆöÎ˚ ˆçˆÏöÈÙÈ÷ˆÏöñ Ó•y°
ï˛!ÓÎ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ xöƒyÎ˚ ܲyç=ˆÏ°yñ öƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈxöƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
üyöòˆÏ[˛ öƒyÎ˚ê˛yˆÏܲ•z ˆÓˆÏåÈ öyÄ–
¢yÓ˚ò#Î˚ 1419
˛õyÌ≈§yÓ˚!Ì ˆây£Ï
ÄüyÊ
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ xyÓy•ö ï˛y•z xyöˆÏ® ≤Ãyî í˛zˆÏm°ñ
ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚!ï˛ ˆòÓÈÙÙÙȈö•z ú%˛°ñ ≤Ãò#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛°Ê
ˆçƒyÍfl¨yÈÙÈï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ ӈϰ ~•züye ˛õ%!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ üöÈÙÙÙÈ
!ô!ܲ !ô!ܲ !¢áyÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ ÓˆÏ§ xy!åÈñ !Óû)˛!ï˛û)˛£ÏîÊ
àï˛Ü˛y° !Ó£Ïy_´ •° §yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï ç°Ü˛îyñ
!Ó!ܲ!ܲ!ö fl∫yˆÏÌ≈ Ó˚y!á ܲyüÈÙȈe´yôÈÙȈ°yû˛ xã≈˛öyÈÙÙÙÈ
üy!ê˛ˆÏçyí˛¸y Óöû)˛!ü xò,¢ƒñ ï,˛îü)ˆÏ° ˆ§•z xB%˛Ó˚
ˆòˆÏáy ï%˛!üñ ã˛yÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ï%˛wyÓ˚ §y•yÓ˚y ô%ÈÙÈô%Ó˚....
ˆüÓ˚&Ó˚ ˛õy•yí˛¸ ˆû˛ˆÏä ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ˆÎ ç°!ôÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏܲÈÙÙÙÈ
í˛zï˛°y xyï˛ˆÏB˛Ä •zFåÈyÓ˚ í˛yüyˆÏí˛y° ÎyÎ˚!ö ˆï˛y ã%˛ˆÏܲ–
!öÉŸªyˆÏ§ !Ó£Ï ê˛y!öñ !˛õ˛õy§yÎ˚ ˆö•z ˆÜ˛yöÄ ç°ÈÙÙÙÈ
çöï˛yÓ˚ Ú÷öy!üÛˆÏï˛ çàÍ !öü!Iï˛ñ ÎyÎ˚ Ó˚§yï˛°Ê
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xyç ü,ï˛≤ÃyÎ˚ñ ô!£Ï≈ï˛y Î%àÎ%àyhsˇˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
àyåÈ˛õy°yñ çvç#Ó òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ üÓ˚î §òˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎ ܲyˆÏë˛ ÓÑy!ô âÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z ܲyˆÏ법z ˆçμˆÏ°!åÈ xy=öÈÙÙÙÈ
ï˛yˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ öy!ã˛ xyçñ ≤ðˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï ú˛y=öÊ
xü,ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §hsˇyö ˆò!á xyç ≤Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ à!°ˆÏï˛ •yÓ˚yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
û˛!_´Ó˚ xy!¢§ öÎ˚ñ Ó%!k˛Ó˚ åÈ°öy ï˛yÓ˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏçyˆÏí˛¸ ã˛yÎ˚Ê
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 249 250 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

çÓyöÓ!®ñ ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ £ÏÑyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ Ó¶%˛Ó˚y

ˆòÓˆÏçƒy!ï˛ Ó˚yÎ˚ ≤ÃÓy§ ò_
ˆ°yˆÏܲ ӈϰ ˆàÑyÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏày!Ó® xy!ü xyüyÓ˚ Ó¶%˛Ó˚yñ ÎyÓ˚y
Óyí˛zu%˛ˆÏ°ñ Ó%!k˛ á%Ó Ü˛ü– ܲRÓ˚ ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ !åÈ°
xy˛õö ˆáÎ˚yˆÏ° â%!Ó˚ ~˛õyí˛¸y IJõyí˛¸y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Óy ~áöÄ ï˛y•z xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ
≤ÃÓ,!_ Ü˛í˛¸y öyí˛¸ˆÏ° !ܲå%Èê˛y ÓòˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î!Ó!ô ~ÈÙÈÓ˚ܲü•z üˆÏö •Î˚ ˆòˆÏá
xyüyÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔÓ˚&£Ï ˆÎö §ü)• ˆÜ˛Ôï%˛Ü˛ñ !§!Ó˚ÄÈÙÈܲ!üܲó xy§ˆÏ° Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y
ˆ°ç öy!í˛¸ñ ây§ áy•zñ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy=ö çμˆÏ° òyí˛z òyí˛z ˆ§ÈÙÈÓ˚ܲü ˆö•z ˆüyˆÏê˛ xyÓ˚
§üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆflÀyˆÏï˛ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ñ «˛üï˛yÓ˚
ˆàyÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ áí˛¸ Ä û%˛!§Ó˚ flø,!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ü§,î ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ÓÑyˆÏܲ
!öɧD ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ô%ˆÏ°yñ Üœ˛yhsˇ á%Ó˚ñ ~áö §Óy•z ï˛yÓ˚y
•zˆÏê˛Ó˚ xyâyˆÏï˛ !˛õˆÏë˛ «˛ï˛– xyày˛õy¢ï˛°y
áyòƒyáyˆÏòƒ ˆö•z ˆÜ˛yöÄ !Óã˛yÓ˚!Ó°y§ó ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ áÑy!ê˛ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y
xyüyÓ˚ fl∫yô#ö åȈϮ
ôy!ü≈ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆüy«˛°yû˛ •Î˚– ˆáˆÏÓ˚y ˆ§•z áyï˛yê˛yÎ˚
öyüôyü ˆ°áy xyˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏê˛
!¢ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ï˛#«¯˛ï˛y xyÓ˚ «%˛ôyÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓÈÙÙÙÈ ~áö §Óy•z ï˛yÓ˚y
í˛zû˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏà ô§ öyˆÏü !Óflø,ï˛ !Ó≤’ÓÈÙÈÓyî#ÈÙÙÙÈ
ܲƒyˆÏ°u˛yˆÏÓ˚ !fløï˛ü%á öê˛Ó˚yçÓy•ˆÏöÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ– !åȈÏê˛ˆÏÓí˛¸y Óy›Ó˚ ܲÌy
fl∫û˛yÓ í˛zòy§ñ !ÓÓy!à ˆã˛ï˛öy !öˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚
!¢Ó˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏܲñ í˛z˛õ!ö£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z ˆò¢
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá Îy•z ˆày˛õö çÓyöÓ!®ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÎáyˆÏö ÎyÓyÓ˚ ܲÌy
~•z û˛y£Ïy !ÓˆÏ£Ï ö#°ñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ¢yˆÏô ˆÜ˛í˛zˆÏê˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y !åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈ˛õyÄòˆÏ°
xy˛õyï˛ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ §Ó ¢yhsˇñ !fliÓ˚ñ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y•#ö– ~áö §Óy•z ï˛yÓ˚y
x!ï˛¢Î˚ xüy!Î˚ܲ
Ó%!k˛ç#Ó# û˛yˆÏ°y û˛oˆÏ°yܲ
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 251 252 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

xˆÏ°yܲ ˆ§ö !§Ö!í˛¸

¢ƒyü° ¢#°
ˆÓí˛ ö¡∫Ó˚ åÈy!Óù¢
~ܲ Óê˛àyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ xöƒ Óê˛àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
~ܲñ ò%•zñ !ï˛ö.... ~áö ö¡∫Ó˚ ˆ°ˆÏà xyˆÏåÈ àyˆÏÎ˚ °y!ú˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛ !ã˛öˆÏÓ xyüyˆÏܲ ~ÓyÓ˚⁄
x§Çà!ï˛Ó˚ hflÏ∏˛ï˛y ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
Ó¶%˛Ó˚y ã˛üˆÏܲ !àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰñ Úû˛yàÛ xy!ü !Ó£Ïyò ˆÓˆÏåÈ ï%˛°!åÈ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚çö çyˆÏö ˆÓ˚yà ˆ¢yˆÏܲ•z ç#Óö
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ •yï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ӈϰñ Úˆ• {ŸªÓ˚Û– ¢Ü˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ö#Ó˚Óï˛y ú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ üy°yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑
û˛yÓ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏü ÎyˆÏFåÈ
«˛!îܲ !ï˛!üÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ày°ü® ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆà°
«˛î≤Ãû˛yÓ xyˆÏ°y ~ˆÏ§ Ó°°ñ Ú~ÓyÓ˚ í˛zk˛yÓ˚ x!ÓÓ˚ï˛ ã%Ñ˛•zˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y çˆÏ°
ˆ• ˛õyï˛Ü˛Û ¢ƒyÄ°yÓ˚ xyhflÏÓ˚ˆÏî ˆì˛ˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏFåÈ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Äë˛yÓ˚ !§Ö!í˛¸
ÈÙÙÙÈü%á !ê˛ˆÏ˛õ ˆ•ˆÏ§ ˆà° xyˆÏ°y x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚
ˆê˛!ӈϰ ¢y!Î˚ï˛ åÈy!Óù¢ ö¡∫Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÎyÓ˚y çyˆÏö ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÓyˆÏé˛ ˆÜ˛ =Æ âyï˛Ü˛–
ˆòáy
xö%˛õü ü%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
!≤ÃÎ˚ ˆ• Ó˚yhflÏy
x˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xy!ü ~ܲ ˆ§öñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÜÑ˛yܲÓ˚
flø,!ï˛ §Ó˚!îˆÏï˛ ÷ô% ܲyê˛yܲy!ê˛ xyÓ˚
òƒyˆÏáy!ö ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òöñ xyçÄ– fl;$˛
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆÎ !ÓöÎ˚ xOö !ã˛öˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ öy
ò%ÈÙÈ•yˆÏï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ ï˛yˆÏܲñ
xy=ö !ܲ çμy°yˆÏÓ xy=öÊ 2
ˆüôy˛õˆÏÌ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ºüî ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ xyüyÓ˚ ˆã˛yá
xyüyˆÏܲ xyÜ%˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îï˛
ï˛ï˛ê˛y !öÉ¢∑ !Ó§ç≈ö ~•z ˆ¢yÄÎ˚y §!ï˛ƒ öÎ˚
~•z ˆ¢yÄÎ˚y !üˆÏ̃ öÎ˚
!òˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zñ ˛õy!Ó˚ ܲ#Ê
ˆ• !≤ÃÎ˚ñ xˆÏ°yܲÓ˚Oö– ~•z ˆ¢yÄÎ˚y....
xˆÏöܲ ˆã˛yá ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈñ òƒyˆÏáy
ܲ!Óï˛yñ ~áöÄ ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ˆ°áyÓ˚ flõô≈y xç≈ö ܲ!Ó˚!ö–
§)e ≠ xˆÏ°yܲÓ˚Oö òy¢=Æ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ öÎ˚
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 253 254 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

üÓ˚&û)˛!üÓ˚ ܲyߨy ü%ˆÏáyü%!á

!¢Óyö# ˛õÑyçy ¢ƒyü°# ˆ§ö=Æ
û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§Ó ӈϰ Ü˛ï˛ x◊& ˆ§ˆÏô ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åÈÈÙÙÙÈ ò˛õ≈ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò˛õye ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy!°Ü˛y!ê˛ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚°
ï%˛!ü öy ܲyˆÏåÈ ~ˆÏ°ñ ܲ# ã˛yÄ⁄
ܲyÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ §yçyÓ xû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲÌyñ xyüyÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!òˆÏܲ àû˛#Ó˚ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ §¶˛ƒyò#ˆÏ˛õ ì˛y°Ó ܲyüöy– ï˛Ó%ñ ú˛!í˛¸ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ÓÑyôy §%ˆÏï˛yÓ˚ flõ¢≈
xyüyÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒˆÏï˛ ÜÑ˛yòÓ ÓˆÏ°ÈÙÙÙÈ ï˛yÓ˚ÈÙȧƈÏܲ ܲ¡õö ˆï˛yˆÏ°
ˆÎê%˛Ü%˛ x◊& ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åÈ°yüñ åÈyÎ˚yåÈyÎ˚y x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ò˛õ≈ˆÏî !Ó!¡∫ï˛
ˆ§ê%˛Ü%˛Ä ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ÓƒÌyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ò°yü– Óy!°Ü˛yÓ˚ öyˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆöy°Ü˛....
ï%˛!ü !ܲ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y öyñ ï˛yÓ˚ ô)§Ó˚ ˆëÑ˛yˆÏê˛ Üœ˛yhsˇ •y!§
ï%˛!ü !ܲ xyüyÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ üy!ê˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y öy⁄ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ Î%àyhsˇˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ «˛ï˛!ã˛•´–
ï˛y•ˆÏ°•z ˆï˛y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ §ühflÏ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xyˆÏ°y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆöy°Ü˛!ê˛ ≤ß¿ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲÓyÓ˚
ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛òyˆÏö ˆÓ˚ˆÏáy öy ÓM˛ÈöyÈÙÙÙÈ Ü˛# ã˛yÄ⁄
üÓ˚&û)˛!üÓ˚ ܲyߨy •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓñ ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó!°ÈÙÙÙÈ~ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ x§•yÎ˚ ˆ≤Ã!üܲy
§ühflÏ xyö® •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy!üÈÙÙÙÈü•yû˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õyM˛Èy°#–
ˆ˛õyí˛¸y üy!ê˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ö#Ó˚Ó •ˆÏÓÊ ~áöÄ á%Ñ!ç Ü,˛£è§áƒ
ï%˛!ü xyüyˆÏܲ Îï˛ x§%®Ó˚ òyÄÈÙÙÙÈ ~áöÄ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õy[˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ó,£Ïfl҈϶˛ ày[˛#ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyû˛y§....
xy!ü §Ó!ܲå%ȈÏܲ §%®Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆöˆÏÓy– ~áöÄ àû≈˛ú%˛° ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ Ó!§
÷ô% ï%˛!ü xyüyÓ˚ àˆÏÓ≈ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§yÈÙÙÙÈ ~áöÄ x!û˛üö%ƒÓ˚ ÚüyÛ í˛yˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#«˛yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
~•z ≤Ãyã%˛Î≈ !öˆÏÎ˚ ≠ ã˛e´Ó)ƒ• ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy§yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ÷öÓ ÓˆÏ°
ï%˛!ü ˆÎö Ó§ˆÏhsˇÓ˚ ú%˛°ÈÙÙÙÈ ò%•z ˆã˛yáˆÏܲ ¢y§ö ܲ!Ó˚....
ˆÜ˛yöÄ !Ó£Ï]ï˛y ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!öÊ ˆöy°Ü˛ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚
˛õyÓ˚yá§yˆÏöy ò˛õ≈ˆÏî ˛õyM˛Èy°#Ó˚ ˆåÈÑí˛¸y åÈ!Ó
•*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ û˛@¿yÇ¢....xyÓ˚ Ó˚!äö §Ó ò,¢ƒüyö
ü%ˆÏåÈ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xyÓ•ÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆÎ!òö §Óê%˛Ü%˛ Ó˚!äö ò,¢ƒüyö
í%˛ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏÓ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ°
ˆ§•z!òö ~ ˆá°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 255 256 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

ܲƒyˆÏüÓ˚y
◊#ü!hsˇ ˆ§ö=Æ
ö‹T≤ÕÓ˚
!§Ö!í˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ ÎyˆÏFåÈö ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!Ó˚ܲyñ
ÜÑ˛yˆÏá ܲ°!§ñ §%ˆÏí˛y° Óƒyܲy ˆÜ˛yüÓ˚ñ
˜ã˛ï˛y!° ˆò
ˆÜ˛yüˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ áÑyˆÏç ܲ°!§Ó˚ ¢yhsˇ xy◊Î˚– ÚÚxyàˆÏ° Ó˚y!á§....ÊÛÛÈÙÙÙÈÓۈϰ
˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y Óy!í˛¸ê˛y•z ˆÓшÏã˛ xyˆÏåÈ xò)Ó˚ û)˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ!òö ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ Äü !òˆÏÎ˚åÈñ
˜•ühsˇ# é˛Ó˚y ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏä !üˆÏ°!üˆÏ¢ ܲyˆÏ°yÈÙȧyòy °IyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !öÓyÓ˚îÊ
ÈÙÙÙÈÚÚ§Ó%ˆÏçÓ˚ ~•z ˆò¢ê˛y !ܲv xyüyÓ˚....ÛÛ
ü%áñ ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ üˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y !ã˛hsˇyñ
•°%ò òÑyï˛=ˆÏ°y !ú˛ˆÏܲ •y!§ˆÏï˛ û˛!ï≈˛ û˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ã%˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏ° ˆ§!òö–
ÚÚ~§Ó xyüyÓ˚ñ Ó° Ó° ï%˛•z ¢§ƒÈÙÈ¢ƒyüyñ
Óy!í˛¸ê˛yÓ˚ åÈyˆÏò ¢ƒyÄ°yˆÏï˛ ˆÓшÏܲ xyˆÏåÈ m®μüô%Ó˚ üí˛z!° xy!ü
û˛yäy ey•z§y•zˆÏܲ°ñ °y° Ó˚Ç ˆï˛yÓ˚ÊÛÛ
≤ÃÌü ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y•z û%˛ˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚y í˛zIμ° ˛õ°y¢ÈÙÈÓ˚yäy û˛#Ó˚& Ó%ˆÏܲ
ˆ§!òö ˆ§ ~ܲ xçyöy é˛í˛¸¸ñ xˆÏã˛öy §%á–
~ܲ!ê˛ ò°å%Èê˛ ã˛í˛¸y•zñ ˆüyÓy•z° ê˛yÄÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚ öyˆÏÎ˚ û˛Ó˚y !öáyò í˛zåÈ°ñ
Ó!° •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲê%˛ xyˆÏàñ ¢Î˚ï˛yˆÏöÓ˚ àyö ˆàˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈ ëÑ˛y•z ˆö•zñ ï˛y•z ò%ÈÙÈÜ)˛° û˛yˆÏ§ ç°ˆÏflÀyˆÏï˛
ܲƒyˆÏüÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ç#ÓˆÏöñ ܲƒyˆÏüÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ Óyô≈ˆÏܲƒ ò%ÉáÈÙÈܲîyÊ ˆfl∫òÈÙÈܲîyÊÊ xyÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏÈÙÈܲîyÎ˚ÊÊÈÙÙÙÈ˛õîƒÓ‡°ñ
!òˆÏöÈÙÈ!òˆÏö–
x!ï˛e´yhsˇ üˆÏ•yͧˆÏÓÓ˚ @’y!ö !öˆÏÎ˚
ܲˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆ§•z !òöê˛y ~°ÊÈÙÙÙÈÓ#ï˛ˆÏ¢yܲÈÙÈÓ˚yï˛
à!û≈˛î#ˆÏܲñ ˛õîƒÈÙÈflf#ˆÏܲñ ˜fl∫!Ó˚î#ˆÏܲÈÙÙÙÈxö%ܲ¡õyÎ˚
˛õ%í˛¸ˆÏåÈ §yçyˆÏöy fl∫≤¿˛õ%Ó˚# §%ÈÙÈÎï˛ˆÏö öy!í˛¸ÈÙÈã%˛ƒï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ܲˆÏÓÊ
ˆàyˆÏ°yܲ!Ó•yÓ˚# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ܲê%˛Ü%˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆê˛Ó˚ •° öyÊÊ

xyàyåÈy•z ÷ô% Óyí˛¸ˆÏåÈ– ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ !öܲ£Ï ˛õyÌÓ˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ §Ó Ü%˛Z˛y=!°....

ˆÓ°û)˛!ü ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏö çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zFå¥Èy§ §yÓôyˆÏö....ñ ÓƒÓôyˆÏö....ñ ܲyˆÏö ܲyˆÏö....ñ
ˆê˛ˆÏö xyˆÏö ˆåÈÑí˛¸y ç%ˆÏï˛yñ ˛õã˛y ܲyë˛ñ ¢yü%ˆÏáÓ˚ ¢Ó Ó°ˆÏ° ˆí˛ˆÏܲñÈÙÙÙÈÚÚˆì˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ û˛yÕ‘yˆÏà öy xyÓ˚....
ï˛yÓ˚Ä ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ç#Óö ˆàyˆÏö !öÎ˚ˆÏüÓ˚ ç˛õüy°y ~ÓyÓ˚ xyüyÎ˚ åÈyí˛¸‰–ÛÛ
í˛zòÎ˚yhflÏ !Ó£Ï ˛õyö ܲˆÏÓ˚ x¢yhsˇ ˆÎÔÓö– ôùLjϧÓ˚ ˆ§•z §Ó òyÎ˚û˛yÓ˚
ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ fl∫ˆÏà≈ ¢y!Î˚ï˛ ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ !fløï˛ ü%á– åÈÑyê˛y âyˆÏ§ ç°yO!°ÈÙÙÙÈ÷ô%•z xyüyÓ˚Ê
Ì%ï%˛ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ¢#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ü˛y°– Ó˚ˆÏ_´ !ӈϣÏÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚D– ãÑ˛yò Ó!îˆÏܲÓ˚ Îyey ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ñ öï%˛ö ˆòˆÏ¢....
ˆû˛çy ˆã˛yˆÏá §)Î≈!ܲÓ˚î– xçflÀ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ ˆú˛yÎ˚yÓ˚y– Óy!îçƒ ˆú˛Ó˚Ê xyöˆÏܲyÓ˚y §%á §•z •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ !ö!Ó≈ã˛yˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎÈÙÈüyö%£Ï çyàˆÏï˛ çyˆÏö öy ˆ§•z ܲ!Ó •Î˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï– ˆ°Ô•Óy§Ó˚ñ ¢Ó˚¢Îƒy í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸
§ÇˆÏܲyˆÏã˛ ü%á °%ܲyÎ˚ Ü%˛!Z˛ï˛ ˆÎÔÓö– xyÓyÓ˚....ÊÊÊ
xyàyåÈy•z ÷ô% Óyí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ˛õ%í˛¸ˆÏåÈ §yçyˆÏöy fl∫≤¿˛õ%Ó˚#–
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 257 258 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

ç#Óö!çK˛y§y
§%üsf
§üÎ˚ •Î˚!ö xyÓ˚ ã˛ï%˛˛õ≈ò#üy°y
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ •*òÎ˚ÈÙÈòÓ˚çyˆÏï˛ òyí˛zò •yÎ˚òyÓ˚
~ˆÏ§ ˆòáy !òˆÏï˛ 11
åÈ!ÓÓ˚ üˆÏï˛yö ÌyˆÏܲy ï%˛!ü
òÓ˚çyˆÏï˛ §yÓ˚y«˛î ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Óö ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆà° ˛õˆÏÌÈÙÈ˛õˆÏÌñ
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ §yòy •y!§ˆÏï˛ !û˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ã˛y° ܲyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ xyܲyí˛¸y–
ú%˛ˆÏê˛ ÄˆÏë˛ Ó‡çˆÏß√Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛#«˛y ˆÎÈÙÈ!ï˛!üˆÏÓ˚ !åÈ°yü ˆ§•z çàˆÏï˛
ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ §yòy Óܲ ~üö åÈ!Ó ~шÏܲˆÏåÈ xy!ü ï%˛!ü §à,ˆÏ••z Óy›•yÓ˚y
¢)ˆÏöƒ ö#°yû˛ xyܲyˆÏ¢ÈÙÙÙÈï˛Ó%Ä ˆï˛yüyÓ˚
Óy!í˛¸ !âˆÏÓ˚ ~üö Ó˚•§ƒÈÙÈÜ%˛Î˚y¢yÈÙÙÙÈ 12
§%ò#â≈ §ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ =•y Ü%Ñ˛ˆÏí˛¸ Ü%Ñ˛ˆÏí˛¸ Ú≤ÕÓ˚ˆÏçyí˛¸y !eï˛y°Ûñ ¢C ܲÎ˚
§Ü˛° §üÎ˚ ~•z ≤ß¿ çyˆÏàÈÙÙÙÈ Úx¶˛ˆÏܲ å%ÈшÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ x¶˛Ó˚y–Û
çyˆÏà ~ܲ !ö!°≈Æ !çK˛y§y ˆò¢ç%ˆÏí˛¸ x¶˛ñ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ xy◊Î˚⁄
~!ܲ ç#Óöñ ~!ܲ ü,ï%˛ƒ– ÈÙÙÙÈâˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈâˆÏÓ˚ öyˆÏã˛ ˜Ü˛ˆÏܲÎ˚#ñ üsiÓ˚y

x!öɈϢ£Ï xy•¥yö 13
ˆòÓÜ%˛üyÓ˚ ò_ çμ°ˆÏåÈ ÓyˆÏâÓ˚ ˆã˛yá ö#°ÈÙÈx¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ñ
ò)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá üˆÏö •Î˚ x!@¿˛õ%O–
x!öɈϢ£Ï üyöÓ#Î˚ !Óû˛yÎ˚ xyç ÎyÓ˚y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚
~áöÄ ü•yܲ!Ó ˛õ!Ó˚ÓƒyÆ !ÓŸªû%˛ÓöüÎ˚ ï˛_¥yÓôyÎ˚ܲñ ˆ˛õyí˛¸yˆÏÓ §yçyˆÏöy Ü%˛!ê˛Ó˚ÈÙÈÜ%˛O
û˛Ó˚˛õ%Ó˚ ~•z û˛yäy üö Ó˚&à‰î ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ö®öÈÙÈ°#°yÎ˚
ܲ# û˛Î˚yöܲ ≤Ãy§!Dܲ xyçÄ 14
§Ó ˆòˆÏ¢ §Ó }ï%˛ˆÏï˛ §Ó xyÓ•yÄÎ˚yÎ˚Ê
Óy!ܲ !åÈ° ˆÎÈÙÈê%˛Ü%˛ §Ó≈öy¢
§Çà#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ é˛ˆÏÓ˚ §%Ó˚ §üyôy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ !öçÈÙÈ•yˆÏï˛–
ö#° xyܲy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ü%˛‡ï˛yö Ó˚_´y≤’%ï˛ û˛y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚
~•z òyÓòyˆÏ•Ó˚ §üˆÏÎ˚Ä ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ܲ•z fl∫≤¿üÎ˚Ê ˆì˛ˆÏ°!åÈ xy=öñ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇâyˆÏï˛
ï˛y•z ¢y!hsˇ!öˆÏÜ˛ï˛ˆÏö ˆàÔÓ˚≤ÃyDî ç%ˆÏí˛¸ üw ü,ò% °ˆÏÎ˚
xyÓ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆ¢yܲ ≤Ã§Ó Ü˛Ó˚&ܲ ˆŸ’yܲ 15
xyÓ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚fl¨yï˛ ••z ÷ˆÏö Ó˚Ó#ˆÏwÓ˚ §Çà#ï˛–
~ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ !môy ˆö•z
§%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy=ˆÏö áy° ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ~ˆÏö!åÈ Ü%˛!üÓ˚ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ Ä @ˇÃyˆÏü–
xyÓyÓ˚Ä ò?˛ ˆ•yܲ ü%?˛ ˆ•yܲ ü@¿ ˆ•yܲ ~•z xhsˇÓ˚– áy°ÈÙÈ˛õy•yÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆÎ !åÈ° ˆçyÎ˚yöñ ï˛yˆÏܲ
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆây°yˆÏê˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Ü%˛!üÓ˚ xy‚yˆÏòñ xyÓ˚yˆÏü
ˆÎüö §•y§ƒ ö#!°üyÓ˚ ü%áFåÈ!Ó !°Æ ÌyˆÏܲñ
!ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛üö•z Óyï˛yˆÏ§ û˛y§ˆÏÓ ü•y≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ xy•¥yö– ˆüÈÙÈç%ö 2012

ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 17
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 259 260 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

ï˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ üyé˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ üòüÎ˚ ˆçƒyÍfl¨yÎ˚ Ü%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲyí˛¸yܲy!í˛¸

û˛Ó˚y Ó£Ï≈yÎ˚ ÜÑ˛y§y•z ˆÎö •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲǧyÓï˛#
Ü%˛°Ü%˛° xyÄÎ˚yˆÏç Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xöà≈° ê%˛§%ÈÙÈû˛yò%ñ xyÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ ˆÎ °IyÓï˛#
!öï˛y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã˛ï%˛Ó˚y◊ü üy üö§yÓ˚ !ò!Óƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ •ÑyˆÏ§Ó˚ üyǧ xyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü Ó˚yˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÓyï˛°
!ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ §y•y üˆÏö •Î˚ xyüyÓ˚Ä ç#Óö ü•yâ≈ƒ
Ó ·˛ã˛Î≈ ~ܲày° òy!í˛¸ñ ӈϧ ÎyÄÎ˚y ˆã˛yÎ˚y°
ï˛Ó%Ä xߨ˛õ)î≈y üy•yˆÏï˛yÓ˚ üy ˆí˛ˆÏܲ ˆöÎ˚ñ ~üö•z ܲ˛õy°
ÜÑ˛y§y•zˆÏܲ §y«˛# ˆÓ˚ˆÏá â%ü ˆÌˆÏܲ Äë˛y xߨ˛õ)î≈yÓ˚ •yï˛ ô!Ó˚
ÜÑ˛y§y•zˆÏܲ §y«˛# ˆÓ˚ˆÏá â%ˆÏüyˆÏï˛ ÎyÄÎ˚y ˆÎö xyܲyˆÏ¢ ï˛yÓ˚y á!§ ˛õ!í˛¸
â%ü ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ법z üyí˛¸ÈÙÈû˛yï˛ òˆÏü ˛õ°y¢ñ òˆÏü !¢ü%°ñ ˆÎö â%ã˛° xöyÓ,!‹T
â%üyˆÏï˛ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏàÄ ï˛y•z ü‡Î˚y ˆáˆÏÎ˚ áy°y!§Ó˚y !ã˛Í˛õyï˛ñ üsf ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ Ü˛#ñ ü‡Î˚yÓ˚ â yˆÏî •yöy ˆòÎ˚ •y!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õy°
ܲ#ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yöy !ÓÓy•Óy§Ó˚ °[˛û˛[˛ñ ê˛ˆÏ°yüˆÏ°y ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ öyüyÓ!° àyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚ éÑ˛y˛õyö ˆö˛õy° xyã˛yÎ≈
ò%ÈÙÈê˛yܲy •y!çÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆàyÓ˚&ÈÙÈåÈyà° ã˛Ó˚yˆÏöy ˆ§•z ˆÌˆÏܲ â%ˆÏã˛ ˆà° Ó ·˛ã˛Î≈
ÓˆÏöÈÙÈÓyòyˆÏí˛¸ ˆê˛y ˆê˛y
Óí˛¸ Ó˚yhflÏyñ ˆÓ˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ Ü%˛!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ° ã%˛ü%ܲ
xyôˆÏ˛õyí˛¸y !§àyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ñ ˆòy_´yñ á•z!öˆÏï˛ °y°yüÎ˚ ç#Óö ày•≈flƒi
ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚y ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§•z Ó%í˛¸y üyfiê˛yÓ˚ çyüy˛õƒyrê˛ á%°yˆÏÎ˚ !¢áy° §•ç ˛õyë˛
§Ñyé˛ˆÏÓ°yÎ˚ ÓyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !é˛ü%!öñ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Óí˛¸!Óí˛¸y!ö âˆÏÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ Óy˛õÈÙÈüy
˛õ)!î≈üyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ üö≤Ãyî û˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y Ó,!‹TˆÏï˛ â%ü û˛yˆÏä òyÄÎ˚yÎ˚ xyüÓ˚y
üˆÏö •Î˚ ˆÎö fl∫≤¿ñ òyÄÎ˚yÎ˚ Óy˛õÈÙÈüy ~ˆÏܲ xöƒˆÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏâyˆÏÓ˚ â%üyÎ˚ xߨ˛õ)î≈y xyÓ˚ xy!ü
àˆÏï≈˛ ç° ì%˛ˆÏܲ ÎyÄÎ˚yÎ˚ åÈyöy§• ˛õƒyˆÏDy!°ö ï˛áö xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ òyÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛Ìy ˆö•zñ ö#Ó˚Ó Óyï≈˛y ÷ô%
~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ܲï˛!òö §)Î≈ ĈÏë˛ Ó˚yï˛û˛Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ܲÌy ӈϰ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ •yï˛
Óí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ xyüyÓ˚ §Ó !ܲå%È ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˛õy
Ü%˛üyÓ˚# öò#Ó˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ áy!§Ó˚ üyǧñ !áã%˛!í˛¸ xyÓ˚ ˆò!¢ üˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ° ÓöˆÏû˛yˆÏç •yˆÏï˛á!í˛¸ Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ó%ܲ
ˆ§ !òö•z ôyü§y ÓyçyˆÏöy !¢áyÎ˚ üyï˛y° Ó˚yˆÏçö üyfiê˛yÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ §ˆÏD ü%á
!öÓ˚Oö Óyà!òÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !¢ˆÏá ˆú˛!° ˆåÈÔÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚&ܲyÎ≈ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ !åÈ° ˆÓ˚ ~ï˛ §%á
Óy˛õÈÙÈüy òƒyˆÏá öy!ï˛ÈÙÈöyï˛!öÓ˚ ü%á
û˛Ó˚y @ˇÃ#ˆÏ‹ø Óyàü%![˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° ü%Ó˚=üy í˛ƒyˆÏü ˆòˆÏá ˆú˛!° xyò%° ܲyë˛Ü%˛í˛¸y!öˆÏܲ ï˛yöy!§Ó˚ ã˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏö !ò•z xyáñ í%˛ÇÓ˚yÓ%Ó˚&Ó˚ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÎ˚ û%˛Ry
ܲ# §%®Ó˚ ã%˛°ñ Ü˛ï˛ §%®Ó˚ °yˆÏà Ó%ܲ ò%!ê˛ Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚yï˛°yÎ˚ xߨ Ó%ˆÏö ˆòÎ˚ °y° ¢yܲñ Ó˚yï˛˛õy•yÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆåÈyê˛ê˛y
üˆÏö •Î˚ ~áö•z ò%ÈÙÈ•yï˛ ˆüˆÏ° í˛zˆÏí˛¸ ÎyˆÏÓ xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ àyˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ˆçyåÈöy üyˆÏá
•yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ üö≤Ãyîñ §Ó !ܲå%È ˆÜ˛ö ˆÎö û˛yˆÏ°y °yˆÏà ˛õy•yÓ˚yÓ˚ °y!ë˛ §Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá
ˆé˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xyí˛¸y° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆò!á ˆ¢Î˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y àí˛¸yÎ˚ ï˛yöy!§Ó˚ ã˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ àí˛¸yà!í˛¸ ˆòÎ˚ ü‡Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÓyï˛°
ˆåÈÑí˛¸y ¢y!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ xyÓ & ˆì˛ˆÏܲ ˛õyí˛¸yï%˛ˆÏï˛y ˆÓyö âÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° §Ñyé˛ˆÏÓ°yÎ˚ Óy˛õÄ üyï˛y°ñ ˆåȈϰ•z Óy •ˆÏÓ öy ˆÜ˛ö
~ï˛§Ó âê˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ òyÄÎ˚yÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆò!á ˆ§ ~ܲ çyò%ÈÙÈܲy[˛
xÌã˛ !öˆÏç•z !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ˆòáyÓ˚ñ ˆòáyˆÏöyÓ˚ çöƒ ˆçyˆÏê˛ öy ˆÜ˛yöÄ xyÓ˚!¢ ˆçyåÈöy üyáy ~ܲ û˛y°%ܲ ~ˆÏ§ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ xyáˆÏáˆÏï˛
~ܲ!òö û˛yàƒ ˆáyˆÏ°ñ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z!ë˛ é˛y°òy Ó˚&ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆê˛ΔܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ áy°y!§ üê˛üê˛ û˛yäˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ xyáñ ü‡Î˚yÈÙÈüyï˛y° ˆåȈϰ ˆòÎ˚ •yüy=!í˛¸
üy§˛õÎ˚°yÎ˚ üyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÓyï˛°ñ ò¢ ê˛yܲyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛öy ü%Ó˚!àÓ˚ öy!í˛¸û%Ñ˛!í˛¸ à°yà!° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚ ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy!ܲê%˛Ü%˛ñ ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ§ ܲ# çí˛¸yç!í˛¸
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 261 262 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

Ó˚yï˛û˛Ó˚ ê%˛˛õê˛y˛õ !¢!¢ˆÏÓ˚ !û˛ˆÏç ĈÏë˛ ò%çˆÏö•z ò%•z ˆåȈϰ ~ܲ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ñ fl¨yö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆöyÇÓ˚y !é˛ˆÏ°
~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ܲyˆÏåÈ •Î˚ ˛õyá˛õyáy!°ñ àyåÈàyåÈy!° §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ˆÜ˛yöÄüˆÏï˛ ày ü%ˆÏåÈ ÄÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !üí˛ˆÏí˛ !üˆÏ°
~üö ˆåȈϰˆÏܲ !ܲ âˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy ÎyˆÏÓ Ó•záyï˛yÓ˚ ˆáÑyç Ó˚yˆÏá ˆÜ˛ xyÓ˚ñ Ìy°yÈÙÈ@’y§ !öˆÏ°•z xˆÏöܲ
ÓÑyôy ÎyˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xyàˆÏ°•z Ó!° üyfiê˛yÓ˚!öñ !ú˛ ÓåȈÏÓ˚ çˆÏü !ܲ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ê˛yܲy ܲy!í˛¸áyˆÏöܲ
üyé˛ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ÜÑ˛yˆÏò xߨñ Ó%ˆÏܲ çy˛õˆÏê˛ ÜÑ˛y!ò xy!üÄ ~ܲê˛y ˆåÈ•z°y ã˛ˆÏ° ˆà° ü%!í˛¸Ó˚ ày°y ܲyÓ˚áyöyÎ˚
ˆ˛õê˛ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ áyÄÎ˚y öy•zñ ˆÓ˚¢ˆÏö öy•z ã˛y°ñ !ã˛!öÄ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲê˛y !öÓ˚&ˆÏj¢ñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆáÑyç öy•z
Ü%˛í˛¸y° •yˆÏï˛ å%È!ê˛ ÓˆÏöÈÙÈÓyòyˆÏí˛¸ xˆÏÎyôƒy ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ üÎ˚)Ó˚ !í˛ü ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎ ˆé˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xÑyôyˆÏÓ˚
àyˆÏåÈ ˆÜ˛y˛õ !òˆÏï˛•z òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ˆåȈϰ!ê˛ ˆ§áyˆÏö•z Ó®%ܲ ã˛y°yˆÏöy !¢ˆÏáˆÏåÈ ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåȈϰê˛y
ܲ# §%®Ó˚ ÄÓ˚ ˆã˛yáñ çˆÏ° ê˛°ê˛° ˆ§•z áÓÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õ%!°¢ê˛y ~ˆÏ§!åÈ° üyé˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛
!áˆÏò û%˛ˆÏ° Óy˛õÈÙÈÓƒyê˛yÓ˚ ˆ§ ܲ# •y§y•y!§ ¢Ûò%ˆÏÎ˚ܲ ê˛yܲy xyÓ˚ !Ó°y!ï˛ üˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyï˛° •yˆÏï˛
¢y°˛õyï˛yÎ˚ !˛õÖ˛õˆÏí˛¸ !í˛ü û˛yàyû˛y!à ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã%˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyöy ü‡Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ° í%˛Ó ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ Ó!°ñ çy!ö öyˆÏܲy Óy˛õ% ˆåȈϰê˛y ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚
˛õyöˆÏܲÔ!í˛¸Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y üyÌy ï%˛°ˆÏï˛•z ˆò!á ã˛yÓ˚!òܲ xÑyôyÓ˚ xߨ˛õ)î≈y Óí˛¸•z §Ñyï˛yÎ˚
§)Î≈ í%˛ˆÏÓ ˆàˆÏåÈñ ܲy° í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ xyÓyÓ˚ üyé˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ •y!çÓ˚ ˆåÈyê˛ê˛y
~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ÓÎ˚§ ÓyˆÏí˛¸– !áˆÏòÄ ÓyˆÏí˛¸ ˆã˛•yÓ˚y xyüyÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ä Ü˛yë˛ˆÏáyRy
Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ°yû˛ ˆã˛yá ˆÎö çμˆÏ° •yÎ˚öyÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚y
˛õí˛¸!¢Ó˚ •ÑyˆÏ§Ó˚ üyǧ ú%˛ê˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ xyüyÓ˚ ˆ•ÑˆÏ¢ˆÏ° ӈϰ ˆ§ñ ê˛yܲy !ú˛Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚ ˆò Óy˛õ
xߨñ ܲï˛!òö ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆï˛ˆÏ°ˆÏé˛yˆÏ° ÓyÓ%•z âyˆÏ§Ó˚ ò!í˛¸ =åÈyˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏö ï˛yÓ˚y
ˆüâ í˛yˆÏܲñ Ó,!‹T •ˆÏÓ üˆÏö •Î˚ ӈϰñ ~ê˛yÎ˚ à°yÎ˚ !ò ˆò ˆï˛yÓ˚y
˛õí˛¸!¢Ó˚y !âˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ° âÓ˚ˆÏòyÓ˚ é%˛üé%˛ü §çyÓ˚& •ÑyˆÏê˛ üÎ˚)Ó˚ ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸
°[˛û˛[˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ §Ó !ܲå%Èñ òyÄÎ˚yÎ˚ Ä°ê˛yÎ˚ §yˆÏôÓ˚ §§˛õƒyö åÈyöy !öˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚Ä àû˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ §sfhflÏ üyÈÙÈ˛õƒyˆÏDy!°ö
üyÓ˚ôÓ˚ñ ˆã˛yê˛˛õyˆÏê˛ §Ó !ã˛Í˛õyï˛ °y¢ ˆ˛õÑyï˛y ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ x°#ܲ xÑyôyˆÏÓ˚
ï˛áö !öé%˛ü üyé˛Ó˚yï˛ çÓ%ÌÓ% xߨñ ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ܲyÓ% xy!ü çâöƒ
ˆëÑ˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ !ܲöyÓ˚yÎ˚ Ó˚_´ çüyê˛ ~ï˛!òö ˆÜ˛ö û˛y!Ó!ö ܲyÓ˚Ä çöƒ
ˆåÈÑí˛¸y ¢y!í˛¸Ó˚ xÑyã˛ˆÏ° Ó˚_´ ü%ˆÏåÈ ˆöÎ˚ xߨ˛õ)î≈y çμy°y ç%ˆÏí˛¸yˆÏï˛ û˛Ó˚§y ˆ§•z ÜÑ˛y§y•z
Ü%˛!˛õ çμy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°§#ï˛°yÓ˚ xÑyôyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ìyܲy üyǧ Ü%˛!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏö Óy!° á%шÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y ç°ñ ï˛yˆÏï˛•z Ü˛ï˛ !ܲå%È û˛y§y•z
üy!ê˛üyáy üyǧñ ܲˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó˚_´ !üˆÏ°!üˆÏ¢ !áˆÏòÎ˚ xyÜ%˛° ü%ˆÏá Ó•zˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ âÓ˚ˆÏòyÓ˚ñ üyöÈÙȧ¡øyöñ !ÓŸªy§ÈÙÈx!ÓŸªy§ñ áí˛¸Ü%˛ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ò%°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆflÀyˆÏï˛
fl∫yˆÏòÓ˚ é˛Ó˚öy ú˛ï%˛Î˚y ˆê˛ˆÏö ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˆ˛õy£Ïy Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ñ ˆ°ç öyˆÏí˛¸ñ ˆÎö ӈϰ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˛õy°yÄ
ú%Ñ˛!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ú%Ñ˛!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÜÑ˛yˆÏò §y«˛yÍ xߨ˛õ)î≈y ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ Îy!Ó öy ï%˛•zñ •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ Óy!° ĈÏí˛¸ñ ˆÎö ܲÌy ӈϰ ÜÑ˛y§y•z
~û˛yˆÏÓ•z •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ Ü˛ï˛ ¢ï˛ Ó˚yï˛ Ü˛yÓyÓ˚ ã˛y![˛° í˛ƒyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆáÑyí˛¸y ¢y!°Ü˛ xyüyˆÏܲ §ygsˇöy ˆòÎ˚ñ ˆÎö ӈϰ ï%˛•z ÓU˛ ˆÓyܲy !öï˛y•z
Ä°ê˛ÈÙÈ˛õy°ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ §yˆÏôÓ˚ §Ç§yÓ˚

Óyö≤Ãfli §ß¨ƒy§

ˆê˛ΔܲyÓ˚ ~áö ã˛ˆÏ° á%Ó Ü˛ü ~áö ÓÎ˚§ñ ò%•z Ü%˛!í˛¸ ò¢

ê˛yê˛yÓ˚ öï%˛ö ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ~áö ˆÓçyÎ˚ òü áyÄÎ˚yÈÙÈòyÄÎ˚y Óí˛¸•z ܲüñ •yï˛ÈÙÈ˛õy xÓ¢
ô%ÑܲˆÏï˛ ô%ÑܲˆÏï˛ ã˛y£Ï ˆüyí˛¸ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓyܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ •Ñyê˛y•Ñy!ê˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!ã˛ˆÏhsˇ ã˛ˆÏ° §Ç§yÓ˚ñ xy!üÄ ˆê˛ˆÏöê%˛ˆÏö ã˛!°
ˆÓܲyÓ˚ ˆåÈyê˛yå%È!ê˛ñ xߨ˛õ)î≈y ~áö xû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ §ˆÏD !òöÓ˚yï˛ ˆáˆÏ° ܲyê˛yÜ%˛!ê˛ •yÓ˚yˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ xߨ˛õ)î≈yñ ˆ§ ~áö xߨÈÙÈ˛õyà!°
 ܲ!Óï˛y † 263

ˆ•ÌyˆÏ•yÌy â%ˆÏÓ˚!ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ñ !˛õˆÏë˛ ühflÏ ~ܲ ˆé˛y°y ܲy Óƒ öy ê˛ Ü˛

......................
ܲ# ˆö•z ï˛yˆÏï˛
~Ó˚ ˆåȈϰˆÏÓ°yñ ÄÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ°y
ˆÎ ç#Óö ú˛!í˛¸ˆÏäÓ˚ ˆòyˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ°Ó˚
üyé˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ üyë˛yÓ%Ó˚&Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°ñ ãÑ˛yò Îáö ˆì˛yˆÏ° ......
ˆåȈϰ öyü ôˆÏÓ˚ í˛yˆÏܲ xߨñ ˆã˛yá û˛yˆÏ§ çˆÏ°
ܲyߨyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑ ü‡Î˚y àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° üyÈÙÈû˛y°%ܲ ÌüˆÏܲ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ñ !öÉ¢ˆÏ∑
ü°Î˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#
!¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏÓÓ˚ úÑ˛yˆÏò åÈyöy •yÓ˚yˆÏöy û˛y°%ܲÈÙÈüyÄ ÜÑ˛yˆÏò ˛õye˛õye#
ò%•z üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ú%Ñ˛!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ܲyߨyÎ˚ !Ó£ÏyˆÏò ˆåȈÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ àyåÈÈÙÈàyåÈy!°ñ Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õyáÈÙÈ˛õyáy!° 1. ܲy¢ƒ˛õ !ú˛!ܲÓ˚– Ó,k˛– ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÓyàyˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Î˚yÓ˚ˆÏê˛Ü˛yÓ˚–
ò°üyÓ˚ •y!ï˛Ó˚y å%Èê˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ü•yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ 2. Ó!òƒöyÌ Î%Óܲ– ܲy¢ƒ˛õ !ú˛!ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆåȈϰ–
xò,¢ƒ úÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó%ˆÏöy ÷ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y àç≈yˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ 3. !Óû)˛!ï˛§)®Ó˚– ˆ≤ÃÔì˛¸– £Ï¤˛ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §¡Àyê˛ •£Ï≈Óô≈ˆÏöÓ˚ =Æã˛Ó˚–
àyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ê%˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ áˆÏ§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚yï˛ã˛Ó˚y ˛õy!áÓ˚ åÈyöy!ê˛ 4. ˆòÓÎyö#– 18 ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Î%Óï˛#–
í˛yܲyí˛y!ܲñ •Ñyܲy•Ñy!ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏé˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!‹T öyüyÎ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ã˛yï˛Ü˛ 5. !ã˛ö% •Ñy§òy– ˆ≤ÃÔì˛¸– ö#°ã˛y!£Ï– 1860ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ• !ö•ï˛–
6. •Ñyò% °flÒÓ˚– Î%Óy– ö#°ã˛y!£Ï– 1860ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ• !ö•ï˛–
!ï˛Ó˚!Ók˛ ≤ç)!ï˛ÈÙÈ•y!ï˛!ê˛ Ü˛yö ò%!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆåÈyˆÏê˛ñ ˆ§Ä ˆáÑyˆÏç ï˛yÓ˚ öÓçyï˛Ü˛ 7. ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ ˆ¢Î˚y°– 21 ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ò°ã˛yÓ˚#–
~üö •y!Óçy!Ó fl∫≤¿ ˆòˆÏá ˆÓ˚yç•z âyˆÏü !öï˛y•z 8. !ï˛ö!ê˛ ÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚– 12 ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó˚yçòÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲü#≈–
9. á%!öÓ˚ ò°– Óï≈˛üyö Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ û˛yí˛¸yˆÏê˛ =u˛y–
•yˆÏï˛ öy•z ܲü[˛°%ñ ˆö•z ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆû˛Ü˛
!òöû˛Ó˚ ˆ•ÌyˆÏ•yÌyñ !òöyˆÏhsˇ §%ôy!öÈÙÈ!Óü!° öyã˛!öÓ˚ ˆë˛Ü˛ üM˛Èò,¢ƒ ≠
ˆÎáyˆÏö ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ° ˆü¢yˆÏöy •Î˚ ˆÜ˛yܲÈÙȈ˛õ˛õ!§ S!ÓˆÏë˛yˆÏú˛öÜ,˛ï˛ ÚÄí˛ ê%˛ çÎ˚Û §D#ˆÏï˛ ˆåȈÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ˛õ!Ó˚ò,¢ƒ ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ÈÙÈ
é%˛ü%Ó˚ÈÙÈé%˛ü%Ó˚ öyˆÏã˛Ó˚ åÈ!Ó ˆï˛y°yˆÏï˛ •y!çÓ˚ !çö‰§ÈÙÈ!ç˛õ!§ Óyàyö– ˛àyåÈ˛õy°y ˆé˛y˛õé˛yˆÏí˛¸ ˆâÓ˚y x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆàyÓ˚hflyÏ ö– ˆ°y˛õyˆÏê˛Ó˚
üö ˆÜ˛üö ˛õ°yˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛yˆÏ° í˛zòy§# ôˆÏö¢ñ ˆëÑ˛yˆÏê˛ ˆé˛yˆÏ° ˆüˆÏê˛ •zÑò%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ åÈyöy çöƒ !öô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ ~!ê˛ó ¢y§ˆÏܲÓ˚ myÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y Ü%˛!ã˛!•´ï˛ ~ÓÇ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÓ˚
ˆú˛°y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z §ˆÏD ~ÈÙȇÜ%˛ü !åÈ°ñ ~Ó˚y üy!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛°yÎ˚
ˆçyöy!ܲ àyˆÏÎ˚ ˆüˆÏá •y!çÓ˚ •Î˚ üyÈÙÈÓyò%í˛¸ çƒyhsˇ °y¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑyï˛y Ìyܲ !ã˛Ó˚ܲy°ó !ê˛ˆÏܲ Ìyܲ xӈϕ°y û%˛ˆÏà–
x¶˛ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆåÈyR hflÏöÓ,hsˇ !ë˛Ü˛ á%шÏç ˆöÎ˚ ~ܲÓ˚!_ åÈyöy ¢¢yˆÏB˛Ó˚ !òöܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ˆàyÓ˚hflÏyö ˆòáyˆÏ¢yöy ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ !ú˛!ܲÓ˚
xy=ö çμˆÏ° ühflÏ í˛zˆÏë˛yˆÏöÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ÓLjϢÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ˆåȈϰ ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y ˆüˆÏö– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y §¡Àyê˛ xˆÏ¢yˆÏܲÓ˚
â%ühsˇ öyã˛!öˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y üˆÏö •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ •ï˛ƒyÜ,˛ï˛ û˛y•zÓy˚ Ä xyˆÏåÈ ~•z ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÓyàyˆÏö– ~áö ˆÎ ˆÜ˛Î˚yÓ˚ˆêÏ ˛Ü˛yÓ˚
!¢§ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ ˆÎö í˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ öyü ܲy¢ƒ˛õ !ú˛!ܲÓ˚– §¶˛ƒy •ˆÏï˛ ˆû˛yÓ˚ x!∑ ˆòáyˆÏ¢yöy ܲˆÏÓ˚
Óy!í˛¸ ˆú˛ˆÏÓ˚ §)ˆÎÏ y≈ òˆÏΖ˚ xyç ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%Óy ˆåȈ°
Ï Ó!òƒöyÌ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ
çyò%ÈÙȈåȈϰÓ˚ à°y ˆÎö ˆ¢yöy ÎyÎ˚ ÓyÓyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ– ܲçö üyö%£Ï ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyÌÓ˚ê˛y ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛üö
xyÎ˚ Óy˛õñ xyÎ˚ÈÙÈxyÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏåÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ öyˆÏüÓ˚ ú˛°Ü˛ó
˛õy!° Ó y!·˛ öyàÓ˚# ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ öyü ˆ°áy– Î%àÈÙÈxö%ÎyÎ˚# ˆàyˆÏÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ˆû˛yÓ˚ •Î˚ ÜÑ˛y§y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ @ˇÃy!ú˛!ï˛ xÑyܲy–V
ˆÓyê˛Ü˛y à¶˛ xyÓ˚ ˆ¢Î˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛ÍܲyˆÏÓ˚ §Ç!ÓÍ ˆú˛ˆÏÓ˚
˛õy•y!í˛¸ ˆé˛yˆÏ˛õ â%üyˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ xyüyÓ˚ ˛õyà!°ÈÙÈxߨ ܲy¢ƒ˛õ ≠ ܲy° é˛í˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ xÌã˛ Ó,!‹TÓ˚
ˆé˛y˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚§Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ •Î˚ ܲ# ÓˆÏê˛ ˆòáy ˆö•zó Îï˛•z Óy ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚
üyÈÙÈüö§yÓ˚ !ò!Óƒñ ˆçyí˛¸y •Ñy§ !òÓñ ĈÏܲ ˆÎö öyÈÙÈܲyˆÏê˛– !ã˛Ó˚ÈÙȈàyÓ˚hflÏyöó §!ï˛ƒ !ã˛Ó˚ˆÏܲˆÏ° ~•z
üí˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ çüyˆÏÎ˚ï˛ üy!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ó
xˆÏöˆÏܲ !Óºü åÈyí˛¸y !ò!Óù ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyˆÏܲ
¢¢yB˛ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ !òöܲy° Óy ï˛yÓ˚Ä
xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓшÏã˛ xyˆÏåÈ ˆ°y˛õyˆÏê˛Ó˚ °y¢ó
÷ˆÏöˆÏåÈ !ܲ ˆÜ˛í˛z xöƒ §üyˆÏç Óy ˆòˆÏ¢
 ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ † 265
üÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ä ç°ã˛° ã˛°ˆÏÓ öy
Ó˚ܲü Ó˚#!ï˛⁄ ÷ô%•z ~ÈÙȈ˛õyí˛¸yü%ˆÏáy
ˆ°yܲ=ˆÏ°yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ §üyˆÏç Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈó
~ˆÏò¢ ¢y§ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyܲï˛yí˛YÎ˚yÓ˚y–
Ü˛ï˛ é˛í˛¸ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° Ü˛ï˛ Ó˚yçy ~°
xyÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆà°ñ xÌã˛ ~ÈÙȈàyÓ˚hflÏyˆÏö
ˆÓшÏã˛ xyˆÏåÈ ˆ§•z §Ó üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y
xܲyÓ˚ˆÏî üˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ó
ü•yÓ˚yç xˆÏ¢yˆÏܲÓ˚ û˛y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y xyˆÏåÈ ÙÈ
ˆÜ˛Ó° ü,ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ !Óºü# ÓyhflÏÓ–
Ó!òƒöyÌ ≠ ü,ï%˛ƒ ˆï˛y ܲyÓ˚ÄÓ˚ Óy!§ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ åÈeyܲó
xyüyÓ˚ ü!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò ˆÜ˛ö ~ܲçö öyÓ˚#
ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ IJõyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛yˆÏܲñ
ˆ§ ˆÜ˛yö Ó˚•§ƒüÎ˚# xyˆÏåÈ ~•záyˆÏö
ˆÎ xyüyÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àˆÏ¶˛ ˆçˆÏà ĈÏë˛⁄
ܲy¢ƒ˛õ ≠ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ üÓ˚î ~° ˆ§ê˛y ç#!ÓˆÏï˛Ó˚
ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ §ü§ƒyó üÓ˚yÓ˚ §üˆÏÎ˚ Äê˛y
xÓyhsˇÓ˚ ≤ß¿ ӈϰ xy!ü üˆÏö ܲ!Ó˚ó
çß√yÓyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌÄ !û˛í˛¸–
Ó!òƒöyÌ ≠ !ܲv ÓyÓy ˆåÈyê˛ˆÏÓ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆàyÓ˚hflÏyˆÏö
ˆòá!åÈ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ
~áyˆÏö öy ~ˆÏ° üöê˛y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ܲ‹T
≤ÃyÎ˚ ӈϰ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ é˛í˛¸Ó,!‹T xöy!åÈ!‹T
ÎyÈÙÈ•z ˆ•yܲ xy§y ã˛y•z ˆò!áó ܲ# ˆÎ ܲyç
ï˛yÄ ˆï˛y Ó%!é˛ öyñ ÷ô% ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ Ó˚yáyñ
ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ §üÎ˚ Óy °yˆÏàñ ÓˆÏí˛¸yˆÏçyÓ˚
~ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòí˛¸ â^ˇê˛yñ ï˛Ó% §yÓ˚yÓ˚yï˛
ܲyê˛yÄ ~áyˆÏöÊ Ü˛yÓ˚y ~Ó˚y⁄ üˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓшÏã˛
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xyd#Î˚
ôyˆÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ xyˆÏ§ öy ~áyˆÏö ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö⁄
•Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~áyˆÏö ˛õyˆÏÓy fl∫ˆÏ≤¿ ˆòáy öyÓ˚#
ˆÎ xyüyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤ߪyˆÏ§ í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛
ܲy¢ƒ˛õ ≠ â,îyˆÏܲ xç≈ö §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲˆÏ¡øy öÎ˚–
=u˛yÈÙȈ°ˆÏ벰Ó˚y ¢y§ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆüˆÏö
=üá%ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ °y¢ ˛õÑ%ˆÏï˛ˆÏåÈ ~áyˆÏö–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆ°yܲ ÜÑ˛yˆÏò!öˆÏܲy ï˛Ó%–
˛õyï˛yˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆçˆÏö ã%˛˛õ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ–
266 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
°yˆÏ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!ö xy!üñ òyò%Ó˚ §üÎ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòá!åÈ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ò)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲñ
xyí˛¸yˆÏ° !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ˆì˛ˆÏܲ– ˆòá!Ó ˆÜ˛üö
~ܲ ~ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÓÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ
xyÓ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ܲ•zˆÏÓ Ü˛ï˛ ˆÎ
ܲÌyñ ï˛yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆö•z– ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà xyÎ˚
ï˛y!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ !û˛!çˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚&!ê˛ xyÓ˚ üyǧ áy•z–
üy!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ÓyÇ°y
ܲÌy ӈϰñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎö xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ–
ˆ˛õÑyˆÏò ÓÑy¢ öy ˆáˆÏ° §ï˛ƒ xçyöy ÌyˆÏܲ
~ܲüye üí˛¸yÓ˚y•z çyˆÏö üˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏ°–
SÜÑ˛yˆÏôÓ˚ ï˛y!í˛¸Ó˚ •Ñy!í˛¸ âyˆÏ§Ó˚ IJõÓ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ Óy˛õ xyÓ˚ ˆåȈϰ ï˛y!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ã%˛!ÓˆÏÎ˚
Ó˚&!ê˛ áyÎ˚ ~ܲ üˆÏö– ~ï˛ àyåÈ˛õy°y
ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚&˛õy!° xyˆÏ°y ì%˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ öy–
Ó˚yï˛ âö •ˆÏ° àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚
ӈϧ ò%•zçˆÏö– Ó‡«˛î ã%˛˛õã˛y˛õ–
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ÓÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ •£Ï≈Óô≈ˆÏöÓ˚
ã˛Ó˚ !Óû)˛!ï˛§%®Ó˚ñ ¢¢yˆÏB˛Ó˚ !ӈϣÏ
üˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°ñ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚ ç!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆüÓ˚çy•z
˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ xyí˛¸ˆÏüyí˛¸y û˛yˆÏä– xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛
Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y˛õy ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚ §%®Ó˚#
≤ÃyܲÈÙÈxyô%!öܲyñ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ° ¢y!í˛¸ñ
ˆÜ˛yüÓ˚ x!∑ ã%˛°ñ Ó˚yçô£Ï≈ˆÏîÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ §yühsˇÈÙÈã˛yüã˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛à!ï˛ÈÙÈܲÓ˚y–V
ܲy¢ƒ˛õ ≠ ˆ°yܲê˛yÓ˚ öyü öy!ܲ !Óû)˛!ï˛§%®Ó˚ñ
=Æã˛Ó˚ !åÈ° Ó˚yçy •£Ï≈Óô≈ˆÏöÓ˚–
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yˆÏܲ ˆòá!åȧñ öyü ˆòÓÎyö#ñ
ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ ˆ≤Ã!üˆÏܲÓ˚ çöƒ ӈϧ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ä•z òƒyá ˆÓˆÏÓ˚y° ò%Ûçö çyï˛ã˛y!£Ïñ
ö#°Ü˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÎ˚ÓÓ˚y ˆòüyÓ˚ÈÙȈòüyÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ñ §˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ%шÏï˛ˆÏåÈ Ìуyï˛y °y¢–
xyÄÎ˚yç ܲ!Ó˚§!ö ˆÎö ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚
öÎ˚ˆÏï˛y §Óy•z ~Ó˚y ˆôÑyÎ˚yÓ˚ Ü%˛[˛°#
•ˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏÓ ˆÎÈÙÈÎyÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ˆàyˆÏÓ˚ó
ã%˛˛õã˛y˛õ ˆ¢yöñ ü,ï%˛ƒ ˆÜ˛üö üçyÓ˚ñ
ˆòˆÏá xyê˛áyöy •!Ó ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌyÎ˚ó
¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ §ü§ƒy •° ï˛yÓ˚ àyö ˆö•z–
 ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ † 267
!Óû)˛!ï˛§%®Ó˚ ≠ ܲ# ˆày ˆòÓܲöƒyñ ~áöÄ !ܲ ˆò•ç%ˆÏí˛¸
ü£Ï≈ܲyü# ¢y§ˆÏܲÓ˚ ò%à≈¶˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
ˆï˛yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•⁄ çyö°%ü ¢¢yˆÏB˛Ó˚ ˆò¢
ò%Ó˚yã˛yÓ˚# !ü̃yã˛yÓ˚# x§yô% üyö%ˆÏ£Ï
ˆåȈÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈñ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ¢ï˛y∑# ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆà°
xyÓ˚Ä xöÓ!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚•z ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ ˆò!á–
ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏåÈ •yˆÏÎ˚öyàˆÏîÓ˚ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ó
à!Ó˚ˆÏÓÓ˚ §Çáƒy ˆò!á ˆÓˆÏí˛¸•z ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈó
xÌã˛ •yüÓí˛¸y•z ÷!ö !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ñ Óí˛¸ÈÙÈÓí˛¸ ܲÌy
Ó˚yçˆÏöï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲˆÏZ˛ñ ܲ# ˆÎ xy•yü!Ó˚ñ
!ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ˆãÑ˛ã˛yˆÏü!ã˛ Ü%˛ã%˛ˆÏê˛ ˆfl‘yàyˆÏö–
~ܲòy xˆÏ¢yܲ öy!ܲ x!•Ç§yÓ˚ Óyî#
!°ˆÏá!åÈ° Ü%Ñ˛ˆÏòÈÙÈÜ%Ñ˛ˆÏò ˛õÿÏÓ˚ÈÙÈ!¢°yÎ˚ñ
ˆ§ÈÙÈ§Ó ˆ°y˛õyê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ çyò%âˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy–
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ñ ˆï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°– ܲ•z ˆï˛yÓ˚
Î%Óy ˆ§ÈÙÈ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ~ˆÏ°y öy ˆï˛y xyçˆÏܲÄÊ
ˆòÓÎyö# ≠ ≤Ã!ï˛!òö xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ ˛õÌ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ó
!ܲå%È•z ÎyÎ˚ öy ˆû˛y°y– •ï˛ƒyܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
flø,!ï˛à¶˛ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏÓ öy ܲáöÄ–
ܲï≈˛y ÎyÎ˚ ܲï≈˛y xyˆÏ§ñ º‹Tàî ÌyˆÏܲ
~ˆÏò!¢ §üyˆÏçñ ˆã˛•yÓ˚y Óò° ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ˆÜ˛ööy á%!öÓ˚y åÈyí˛¸y ã˛ˆÏ° öy ¢y§öó
öyÓ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ öyÓ˚# Ìyܲy §ÓˆÏã˛ Ü˛!ë˛ö
xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ !òˆÏöó Ó‡ öyÓ˚# ˆàyÓ˚hflÏyˆÏö
~ˆÏö ˛õ%шÏï˛ !òˆÏFåÈ ¢y§ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ˛õÎ˚yòyÓ˚yó
ˆÜ˛yöÄ Óò° ˆï˛y ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ˆòá!åÈ öy–
àò≈ˆÏû˛Ó˚y !ã˛Ó˚ܲy° ¢y§Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ö#°ã˛y!£Ï !ã˛ö% •Ñy§òy ≠ ö#°ã˛y£Ï •Î˚ öyˆÏܲy xyÓ˚ ÷!ö ÓˆÏê˛
ˆÜ˛Ó° •ï˛ƒyÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï •Î˚ xyçܲy°ó
§ÓˆÏã˛ í˛z_ü !¢“ ¢ÓˆÏܲ §yçyˆÏöy–
ˆúÑ˛y˛õy!öÈÙÈüyáyˆÏöy àyö ˆû˛ˆÏ§ xyˆÏ§
Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ö!Ó˚!Ó!° ¢y!hsˇ û˛D ܲˆÏÓ˚–
üˆÏÓ˚Ä !öhflÏyÓ˚ ˆö•z ~•z ˆ˛õyí˛¸y ˆòˆÏ¢–
ˆòÓÎyö# ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!üܲ ~ˆÏ°y öy ˆï˛y⁄
ö#°ã˛y!£Ï •Ñyò% °flÒÓ˚ ≠ ¢y§ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆüy§yˆÏ•Ó !öÜ,˛‹T ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚yó
¢y§ˆÏܲÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y çÕ‘yˆÏòÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y í˛z˛õyÎ˚ÈÙÈ˛õÌ ˆö•z–
268 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆÎ Î%k˛ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ !öˆÏç üˆÏÓ˚ öy–
ˆòÓÎyö# ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ~ˆÏ°y öy ˆï˛y⁄
ܲy¢ƒ˛õ ≠ Ä•z òƒyá !ï˛öˆÏê˛ ÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÓÓ˚ •°ñ
Ü%˛Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° Ó˚yçyÓ˚ xyüˆÏ°
ï˛y•z ‡Ü%˛üÈÙÈÓÓ˚òyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àöàˆÏö
ˆ°y•yÓ˚ ¢yÓ° ˆ˛õˆÏê˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ üˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°–
xy§ˆÏ° ï˛áö ÄÓ˚y ÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ !åÈ° öyó
Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
çy!ö öyˆÏܲy ˆÜ˛yö çyò%ühsˇˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ӈϰÊ
~ ~ܲ xyçÓ üy!ê˛ñ ܲáöÄ ÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚
˛õyÎ˚ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õñ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲáöÄ
üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y ÷ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üyÌy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
Ó!òƒöyÌ ≠ xyüÓ˚y Ü%˛üyǧ áy!FåÈ •ˆÏÓ öy ˆï˛y !ܲå%È⁄
ܲy¢ƒ˛õ ≠ Ü%˛Ü˛yç Ü%˛Ü˛Ìy ӈϰ xyÓ˚ !ܲå%È ˆö•zñ
à!îï˛Ó!ç≈ï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ Ó,_ ˆày° öÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ï˛Ìƒ ӈϰ !ܲå%È ˆö•zñ ÷ô%•z âê˛öyó
~áö ˆï˛y Îy •zˆÏFåÈ áyÓyÓ˚ !òöܲy°
Îy •zˆÏFåÈ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ó°ÓyÓ˚ ˛õã˛yÎ%àñ
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛y °y¢ xyˆÏ§ ≤Ã!ï˛!òö ˆàyˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎáyˆÏö çyÎ˚ày ˛õy•z ë%˛ˆÏ§ !ò•z üí˛¸yó
xˆÏöܲ Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ °yˆÏ¢ÈÙÈ°y¢ ë˛y§yñ
ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆö•zñ ÓˆÏU˛y fliyöyû˛yÓó
!òˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚ ï˛y•z ˆÓyÓy ˆ§ˆÏç Ìy!ܲ–
Ó!òƒöyÌ ≠ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ï%˛°öy ˆö•zñ Óy˛õ ÓˆÏê˛ ï%˛!ü–
ˆòÓÎyö# öyˆÏü Ä•z Î%Óï˛#ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏÓ⁄
°y¢ ˆï˛y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚ܲy°–
~ܲÓyÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y ΈÏ̈ϋTÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ó
xyüyÓ˚ öyüê˛y ÄÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆú˛ˆÏ°ñ ˆòáˆÏÓy ܲ# •Î˚ ¢ˆÏÓ ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚Ê
xy!ü ˆÎ xy!ü•z ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãüyî ˆï˛y ˛õyˆÏÓy–
üˆÏö •Î˚ Ó‡Î%à Ä•z öyÓ˚#!ê˛Ó˚
xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ñ ~ˆÏ§!åÈ xyç ~•z
¢Óï˛#ˆÏÌ≈ó ~áyˆÏö !ü°Ó ò%•zçˆÏö–
•Î˚ˆÏï˛y xy!ü•z ÄÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!üܲ !åÈ°%üÊ
ܲy¢ƒ˛õ ≠ üyÌyü%[%˛ ˆö•z ˆï˛yÓ˚ û˛yÓöyÈÙÈ!ã˛hsˇyÓ˚–
ˆÜ˛í˛z•z ÓyhflÏÓ öÎ˚ñ xöƒ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚–
~°yܲyÓ˚ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y ~ê˛yˆÏܲ öÓ˚ܲ
ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyí˛¸ˆÏã˛yˆÏá ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ó
 ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ † 269
xyüyˆÏÜ˛Ä û)˛ï˛ û˛yˆÏÓñ ˆòˆÏá!åȧ !öˆÏç–
xÓyhflÏÓ ÄÈÙÈçàˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° üí˛¸yÓ˚y
ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï%˛•z ˆï˛y ÓyhflψÏÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!åȧ–
ˆï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛ö¢ï˛ ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óí˛¸–
û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y •Î˚ öyˆÏܲy xyâyï˛!Ó•#öñ
Ó˚_´ öy é˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˆ≤Ãü x§¡õ)î≈ ÌyˆÏܲó
ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ Ü%˛üyÓ˚# öÎ˚ ӈϰ Ó˚y!á ˆï˛yˆÏܲ–
Ó!òƒöyÌ ≠ ÓyhflÏÓ çàˆÏï˛ xy!åÈ xyôˆÏ˛õê˛y ˆáˆÏÎ˚ñ
ˆÓܲyÓ˚ Î%Óܲ xy!ü– ï%˛!ü üˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏ°
~ÈÙÈã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏÓyñ Îy xyüyÓ˚ û˛yÕ‘yˆÏà öy–
Ä•z ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y û˛yˆÏ°y ˆ°ˆÏà ˆàˆÏåÈ
ĈÏܲ•z !ÓÓy• ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓñ
öÎ˚ˆÏï˛y §Ç§yÓ˚ ˛õy!ï˛ ÄÓ˚•z Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚
ì%˛ˆÏܲñ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÓ !ã˛Ó˚ܲy° ÄÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ–
ÎyˆÏܲ ï%˛!ü û˛yˆÏ°yÓyˆÏ§y xyÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ
û˛yˆÏ°yÓyˆÏ§ñ çy!ö ï˛yÓ˚y §ï˛ï˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ–
ܲ# •ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛ÔüyÎ≈ !öˆÏÎ˚ ã˛y•z ˆï˛y ˆ≤Ã!üܲyÊ
ܲy¢ƒ˛õ ≠ !Ó˛õˆÏÌ öyÈÙȈàˆÏ° å%ȈÏê˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
Î!ò ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyï˛ ˆ•y§ ö‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ Îy!Ó–
Ó!òƒöyÌ ≠ !Ó˛õˆÏÌ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° Ó˚yhflÏy ˆáÑyçy x§Ω˛Ó–
ˆ≤Ãü !öˆÏÓòö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyï˛ •ˆÏÓy–
ܲy¢ƒ˛õ ≠ òÓ˚ÓyÓ˚# ò°ã˛yÓ˚# ˆòˆÏÓ ˆï˛yˆÏܲ ˆçˆÏ°–
Ó!òƒöyÌ ≠ ˛õy°yˆÏÓy ˆ§áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ– ܲˆÏÎ˚!òÓ˚y çyˆÏö
ˆç° üyˆÏe ˛õ°yÎ˚öܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫à≈–
ˆ≤Ã!üܲˆÏܲ ˆÓшÏô Ó˚yáy ˆçˆÏöy x§Ω˛Ó–
ܲy¢ƒ˛õ ≠ ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ !Óôü#≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ӈϰ Ó˚y!á–
Ó!òƒöyÌ ≠ öyÓ˚#Ó˚ •Î˚ öy ôü≈– Äê˛y ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y
!öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ çööyD !âˆÏÓ˚ Óy!öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ôü≈yôü≈ ˆö•z–
ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚Ä ˆÜ˛yöÄ ôü≈yôü≈ •Î˚ öyˆÏܲy–
ü,ï˛ˆÏò• ˆòˆÏá ˆÜ˛ ˆÓyˆÏé˛ Ü˛#ÈÙÈà“ !åÈ°⁄
ܲy¢ƒ˛õ ≠ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ ò%Ó≈° ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓ¢ «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚–
Ó!òƒöyÌ ≠ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ öyÓ˚# §%®Ó˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ܲy¢ƒ˛õ ≠ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ ˆÎ §sfy§ ï˛y çy!ö§ !ܲ ï%˛•z⁄
Ó!òƒöyÌ ≠ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ üyLjϧ ˆö•z– xö˛õˆÏöÎ˚ ï˛Ó%ó
§%®Ó˚#Ó˚ û˛yˆÏ°yÈÙÈü® ӈϰ !ܲå%È ˆö•z–
ĈÏܲ û˛yˆÏ°yˆÏӈϧ xy!ü üˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
270 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ܲy¢ƒ˛õ ≠ ï˛y!í˛¸ ˆê˛ˆÏö üàˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆï˛yÓ˚ Îü
í˛yܲˆÏåÈ ˆÓyô •Î˚– Îy ã˛y•z ï˛y ܲÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ñ
ˆÜ˛Î˚yÓ˚ˆÏê˛Ü˛y!Ó˚ ÓÇ¢ â%ã˛ˆÏÓ xhsˇï˛ñ
xöƒ ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ˛õ û%˛àˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ öyó
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÓ˚•z xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ–
xyˆÏÓàˆÏܲ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛°y §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y–
ü,ˆÏï˛Ó˚y ˆÎÔöï˛y•#öñ üˆÏö ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎö–
Ó!òƒöyÌ ≠ ˆÎÔöï˛y ܲ# Ó›⁄ í˛zÑã%˛!öã%˛ üy˛õˆÏçyܲ–
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÈÙÈåÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !ü!öê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ–
ˆ≤Ãü !ܲ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ !ü!öê˛ ˛õˆÏöˆÏÓ˚y⁄
üyLjϧ üyLjϧ ï˛Ó˚°ï˛y xyòyöÈÙÈ≤Ãòyö⁄
S~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ÓÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ ˆ¢Î˚y°
˛õyï˛yܲy í˛zÑ!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚
ôù!öˆÏï˛ çyöyÎ˚ ÚÚˆàyÓ˚hflÏyö ü%ò≈yÓyòó
öÎ˚ˆÏï˛y üyöÓÈÙÈçß√ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ
ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚ÈÙÈÓ!M˛Èï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ÌyÜ˛Ó öy–ÛÛ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆãÑ˛ã˛y!ö ÷ˆÏö xˆÏöƒÓ˚y Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚
ì%˛ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸– !öÉ¢∑ Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚
ÓyˆÏç ÓÓ !í˛°yˆÏöÓ˚ ÚÓœyí˛ xö ê˛Δƒy:Û–
÷ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y ˆ¢Î˚yˆÏ°Ó˚y ˆàyˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚–V
ܲy¢ƒ˛õ ≠ ÄÓ˚y §Ó Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ éÑ˛yܲñ
çy!ö öyˆÏܲy ˆÜ˛yö òˆÏ° !åÈ°ñ ˆÓ˚yç ˆò!á
xyçˆÏܲ ~ÈÙÈãÑ˛ƒyã˛y!ö ܲy°ˆÏܲ xöƒ ܲÌy–
xyçˆÏܲ ˆ¢Î˚y° ÓˆÏê˛ Ü˛y° •ˆÏÓ Ü˛yܲ
ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ˆòˆÏÓ •yˆÏÎ˚öyÓ˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ
xÌÓy •Î˚ˆÏï˛y •ˆÏÓ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸yˆÏê˛ ¢Ü%˛ö–
~ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ xyÓ˚ fliyö ˆö•z ˆÜ˛yöÄ–
Ó!òƒöyÌ ≠ ÎyÓ˚y Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!üܲ •Î˚ öy–
˛õyà° í˛zß√yò Îï˛ öFåÈyÓ˚ ÓIyï˛
Óƒyê˛yÓ˚y üˆÏÓ˚Ä ˛õy°ê˛yÎ˚!ö ˆòá!åÈñ
~ˆÏòÓ˚•z çˆÏöƒ ˆò¢ Ó˚§yï˛ˆÏ° ˆà°–
ö#° ˆ¢Î˚yˆÏ°ˆÏï˛ xyç ˆåȈÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ ˆò¢–
ö#° ˆ¢Î˚yˆÏ°Ó˚y °y° Ó˚ˆÏä ˛õy°ê˛yÎ˚
xÌÓy §Ó%ç Ó˚Ç !öˆÏÎ˚ ¢y§ˆÏܲÓ˚
!§Ç•y§ö !âˆÏÓ˚ °ƒyç ò%ÛˆÏÓ°y öyí˛¸yÎ˚–
ˆÜ˛ö ˆÎ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ_´ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y ˆö•zó
§ˆÏÓˆÏòÓ˚ x!∑ ~Ó˚y ܲ°%ˆÏ£Ï ü%ˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ–
ï˛y•z ˆï˛y ã˛y•z!åÈ Ä•z §%®Ó˚#Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚
 ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ † 271
˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ó!°ñ !öö öy xyüyˆÏܲñ xy˛õöyÓ˚
öyü ˆ°áy ˆàyˆÏÓ˚ ò%ÛçˆÏö ÓÑyôÓ ç%!ê˛
fl∫à≈ÈÙÈöÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ó xy!ü ~•zÈÙÈöÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚
öÓ˚ñ xy˛õ!ö fl∫ˆÏà≈Ó˚ °y¢Ó˚*˛õ# ‡!Ó˚–
ܲy¢ƒ˛õ ≠ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛•z ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆüˆÏÎ˚
çƒyhsˇ •ˆÏÎ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ó
°y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ öyÓ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ fl∫à≈ •ˆÏï˛ öyˆÏü–
ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÓ ï˛y çy!ö öyñ ï˛Ó%
≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ «˛!ï˛ ˆö•zó ~ܲçö
üyö%£Ï#ˆÏܲ ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y
ÎyˆÏÓñ •ˆÏ°•z Óy ˆò¢ê˛y üÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ
~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÓшÏã˛ ˆöÎ˚yñ
Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ §%á ˆüˆÏ° öÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÌˆÏܲĖ
SxyÓyÓ˚ ܲÓÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓÓ˚ •Î˚ •Ñyò%ñ
!ã˛ö% ã˛y!£Ïñ !Óû)˛!ï˛§%®Ó˚ñ ˆòÓÎyö#–V
!Óû)˛!ï˛§%®Ó˚ ≠ §y•!§ö# öyÓ˚#ñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ¢yô !öˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ xyüyˆÏܲñ =üá%ˆÏö ˛ü,ï˛ ÎyÓ˚y
ܲyê˛y!FåÈ §üÎ˚ ~•z üy!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛°yÎ˚–
!û˛ß¨ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ üyöÓÈÙȧüyˆÏç ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
•Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!üܲˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
ã˛y!£Ï •Ñyò% °flÒÓ˚ ≠ !ܲv §yˆÏÎ˚Ó§%ˆÏÓyÓ˚y ÷!ö ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏåÈñ
!öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ !àˆÏÎ˚ áyÓyÓ˚ ˆçyˆÏê˛ öy
°%ˆÏê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˛õy°ˆÏê˛ Î%k˛ °ˆÏí˛¸ üˆÏÓ˚–
§!ï˛ƒ !ܲ ˆ≤Ã!üܲ xyˆÏåÈ üyöÓÈÙȧǧyˆÏÓ˚⁄
ã˛y!£Ï !ã˛ö% •Ñy§òy ≠ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˛õy°ê˛yÎ˚ ÷ô%– û˛!ÓÓ˚y ˆû˛yˆÏ° öy–
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ¢yô !öˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ¢e& ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
öy•ˆÏ° üyhflÏy!ö ì˛ˆÏä ܲˆÏÓ˚y á%ˆÏöyá%!öÈÙÙÙÈ
xyd#Î˚ÈÙÈfl∫çöˆÏòÓ˚ ܲã%˛Ü˛yê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y ˆàyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚yˆÏü ܲyê˛yÄ–
üˆÏö •Î˚ ˆ≤Ã!üˆÏܲÓ˚y ˛˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ˆö•z–
ã˛y!£Ï •Ñyò% °flÒÓ˚ ≠ ܲ# Ó˚ܲü ˆÎö üˆÏö •Î˚ à¶˛ ˛õy!FåÈ
Ü%˛üyǧ áyÓyÓ˚ñ •yí˛¸ ˆã˛ÓyˆÏöyÓ˚ ¢∑–
ç#!Óï˛Ó˚y Ó˚_´üIy ã%˛ˆÏ£Ï ˆò¢ê˛yˆÏܲ
Äë˛yˆÏ°y ˆÓyôÎ˚ °yˆÏê˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢∑ ˛õy•z–
ˆòÓÎyö# ≠ üyǧ öÎ˚ñ ç#!Óï˛ üyö%£Ï ˆÜ˛í˛z xyˆÏåÈ
ܲyˆÏåÈ!˛õˆÏë˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚•z ŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ §%Ó˚yû˛y§
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆüyˆÏòy üÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ à¶˛ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈó
ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y •ï˛ƒyܲyÓ˚# öÎ˚ üˆÏö ܲ!Ó˚
272 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆÜ˛ööy á%!öÓ˚ âyüÈÙÈà¶˛ !ã˛!ö xy!ü–
!Óû)˛!ï˛§%®Ó˚ ≠ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ܲ à¶˛ ˛õyŒê˛y˛õy!Œê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ
ç#ÓöÈÙÈü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚⁄ ˆàyÓ˚hflÏyˆÏö ç#!Óï˛Ó˚yÊ
§üyˆÏçÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ üÓ˚y °y¢=ˆÏ°y xyçÊ
ã˛y!£Ï •Ñyò% °flÒÓ˚ ≠ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yöÄ §üyç !åÈ° öyó
ˆüyí˛¸°Ó˚y !åÈ°ñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~áöÄ xyˆÏåÈ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆüyí˛Y!°ñ !û˛ß¨ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆ§ˆÏçó
ˆ˛õy¢yܲ ˆï˛y ˆò!á xyÓ˚ ˆ§Ó˚ܲü ˆö•zó
Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏÜ˛Ä ÓܲÓܲ ÌyˆÏü öyˆÏܲy–
!Óû)˛!ï˛§%®Ó˚ ≠ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ܲÌy !ë˛Ü˛– ≤Ã!ï˛!òö
ÎyÓ˚y xyˆÏ§ñ xŸ’#° ˆ˛õy¢yˆÏܲ ˆàyˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏܲ–
•Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆ§çöƒ ï˛yÓ˚y ÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ¢Î˚y°
•ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚*˛õ Óò°yÎ˚ üy!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛°yÎ˚–
ã˛y!£Ï !ã˛ö% •Ñy§òy ≠ xyüyÓ˚ ˆï˛y üˆÏö •Î˚ =üá%ö ܲÓ˚y
ӈϰñ ¢Óyã˛yÓ˚ âˆÏê˛!öˆÏܲyñ ï˛y•z ÄÓ˚y
xüö ˆ˛õy¢yܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆàyˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏܲ–
!ܲv ç#!ÓˆÏï˛Ó˚ à¶˛ xyˆÏåÈ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ!˛õˆÏë˛ñ
ˆ§•z à¶˛ Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸yê˛yÓ˚ öÎ˚ñ
ˆÎÈÙÈÓ%ˆÏí˛¸yê˛y ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ é˛yí˛¸ˆÏ˛õÑyåÈ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ˆòÓÎyö# ≠ xy!üÄ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~ܲüï˛– ï˛yÓ˚
ˆò• àï˛yö%à!ï˛Ü˛ ◊ˆÏü !û˛ˆÏç ÌyˆÏܲ–
~ÈÙÈà¶˛ ˛õ%Ó˚&‹T Î%ÓˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛y !ö!ÿ˛ï˛
ӈϰ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ó û˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z à¶˛–
~•z à¶˛ xyüyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!üܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛
!öˆÏçÓ˚ âü≈y_´ ˆòˆÏ• xyöï˛ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚–
ˆÜ˛yê˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛Ó˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ò%çöˆÏܲ
á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyüyˆÏܲ ô£Ï≈î xyÓ˚
xyüyÓ˚ Î%Óܲ ˆ≤Ã!üܲˆÏܲ á%ö ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ ˆò• çμ!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ û˛y!§ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
Ó˚*˛õöyÓ˚yˆÏöÓ˚ ˆflÀyˆÏï˛ Ó‡ Î%à xyˆÏà–
ܲy¢ƒ˛õ ≠ Äú˛Ê x!ÓfløÓ˚î#Î˚ ò%â≈ê˛öy– xy!ü ˆï˛yˆÏܲ
Ó˚*˛õöyÓ˚yˆÏöÓ˚ ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚ Ü%˛!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ
Ó!òƒöyÌ– ĈÏÓ˚ xy!ü xˆÏ˛õÔÓ˚&£Ï ˆ°yܲñ
ÓÇ¢ˆÏ°y˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ˆû˛ˆÏÓ öò# ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆï˛yˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏö!åÈ xyüyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ó
!ÓÓy• ܲ!Ó˚!ö ï˛y•z ˆï˛yÓ˚ ü%á ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚–
ˆÎ öyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ xyöï%˛ü ˆ§ ˆï˛y ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛y
ˆçˆÏö xy!ü xˆÏ˛õÔÓ˚&£Ï Ó#Î≈Ì!°•#ö–
 ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ † 273
Îy ï%˛•zñ ã˛ˆÏ° Îyñ ¢ÓÓ˚*˛õ# ˆ≤Ã!üܲyÓ˚
ܲyˆÏåÈñ ü%!_´ ˛õyܲ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ–
!öÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆú˛Ó˚ï˛ ÄˆÏܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ âyˆÏüñ
§Ç@ˇÃyü §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈ ˆâÓ˚y çç≈!Ó˚ï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢–
xhsˇï˛ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ◊Î˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ Ìyܲy–
çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ü%˛Óyï˛yˆÏ§ ˆöyÇÓ˚y m®μÈÙȈmˆÏ£Ï–
Ó!òƒöyÌ ≠ ï%˛!ü Î!ò Ó#Î≈•#öñ ˛à!îܲyÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚
ÎyÄ ˆÜ˛ö⁄ ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ !àˆÏÎ˚Ê
ܲy¢ƒ˛õ ≠ Îsfîy §Çâ£Ï≈ ˛õÓ˚yçÎ˚ ˆüˆÏö !öˆÏï˛
ç#!ÓˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛y˛õ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ Îy•z–
öyÓ˚#ÈÙȧDˆÏüÓ˚ çöƒ Îy•z öy ˆ§áyˆÏö–
öyÓ˚#!ê˛Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ ü%á =шÏç ÷ˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲñ
çy!ö§ ܲáö⁄ •y •yñ !òÓyÈÙÈ!m≤ÕˆÏÓ˚Ê
˛õyÈÙÈ=!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !¢÷Ó˚ üï˛öñ ò%ô•#ö
à!îܲyÓ˚ hflÏö ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆfl¨•§%ôy áy•z–
~ÓyÓ˚ §üy!Æ ã˛y•z ~•z ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚–
¢ÓÈÙȧüyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ü%!_´ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ Îy•z–
ï%˛•z Îy !öÎ˚yÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ âˆÏÓ˚
ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyöˆÏï˛ Î!ò ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ û˛yˆÏ°yó
xhsˇï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãyî# !ú˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏö
öï%˛Óy ~ˆÏò¢ ÎyˆÏÓ ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚–
ÄÓ˚ àû≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Î!ò öï%˛ö üyö%£Ï
çß√ ˆöÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ÓÑyã˛yˆÏÓ ˆò¢ê˛yˆÏܲ–
öï%˛Óy ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ì%˛ˆÏܲ xyd•ï˛ƒy ܲÓ˚ó
•Ó˚ØyÈÙÈ•Ó˚ˆÏú˛ ˆ°á ü,ï%˛ƒÈÙÈ!ã˛Ó˚Ü)˛ê˛ñ
ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ÓÎ˚yö ü,ï˛ û˛y£ÏyˆÏï˛•z û˛yˆÏ°y–
Ó!òƒöyÌ ≠ ï˛y•z §•zñ xyd•ï˛ƒy ܲ!Ó˚ñ ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚
˛õyˆÏÎ˚ §ÑˆÏ˛õ ~ÈÙÈç#Óö Îy ˆ≤ÈÏü Ó!M˛Èï˛ó
í˛zß√yò ܲ!Óc ÌyˆÏܲ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚ñ
çy!ö öy ܲ# •ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ú˛°ó ˆòÓÎyö#
Î!ò ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ó% ˆüˆÏö ˆöˆÏÓy–
!ܲå%È•z !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ öÎ˚ñ öy çß√ñ öy ü,ï%˛ƒñ
˛õÑã˛y_Ó˚ ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸yÓ˚ ò% ˆëÑ˛yê˛
ˆòˆÏáñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÓyˆÏé˛ ˆ§Ä ˆáˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ã%˛ü%⁄
SÓ!òƒöyÌ å%ȈÏê˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˆò•
ò%Û•yˆÏï˛ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ó ú˛ˆÏ° •ï˛Óyܲ
ˆòÓÎyö# åÈyí˛¸y xöƒyöƒ §Óy•z !öç
xyò° ˛õy°ˆÏê˛ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ˆôÑyÎ˚yÓ˚ Ü%˛[˛°#
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 18
274 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈÎyÓ˚ Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– ü,ò%
ÚÓœyí˛ xö ê˛Δƒy:ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ fliyˆÏö ˆÓˆÏç ã˛ˆÏ°
!ÓˆÏë˛yˆÏú˛öÈÙÈÜ,˛ï˛ ÚÄí˛È ê%˛ çÎ˚Û §Çà#ï˛–V
ˆòÓÎyö# ≠ çyöï%˛ü ~ܲ!òö xy§ˆÏÓ•z ï%˛!üñ
xyüyÓ˚ ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ í˛yˆÏܲ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏåÈy
~áyˆÏö•zñ xy!ü çyöˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ°%ü
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ àˆÏ¶˛–
üˆÏö xyˆÏåÈ⁄ ˆ§•z §¶˛ƒy⁄ Ó˚*˛õöyÓ˚yˆÏöÓ˚
ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚⁄ xyòyöÈÙÈ˛≤Ãòyö ܲÓ˚ï%˛ü ˆåÈÑyÎ˚y⁄
Óy!°Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ !ÓˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãü⁄
Ó!òƒöyÌ ≠ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy!§ñ Óƒy§ ~ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ çy!ö xy!ü
!ï˛öˆÏ¢y ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•z ˆ•ÌyÈÙȈ§Ìy
á%шÏç!åÈ ˆï˛yüyÎ˚ ˆòÓÎyö# !≤ÃÎ˚ï˛üy–
Î!ò ӈϰy ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚ Óy§y ÓÑy!ô
ò%•zçˆÏöñ öï%˛Óy xyüyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ã˛ˆÏ°y
üy!ê˛Ó˚ Ü%˛!ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ §Ç§yÓ˚ ˛õy!ï˛–
ˆòÓÎyö# ≠ Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛Ìy Ó°y Óy!ܲ xyˆÏåÈ Ó!òƒöyÌ
!ï˛öˆÏ¢y ÓåÈÓ˚ ~ܲy û˛yÓˆÏï˛ ˛Ü˛# ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y
§Ñƒyï˛ˆÏ§ÑˆÏï˛ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ xy!ü
ã%˛˛õã˛y˛õ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ xy!åÈ xy!°Dö•#öñ
˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆåÈÑyÎ˚y Ä xyòÓ˚•#ö ˆòˆÏ•⁄
Ó!òƒöyÌ ≠ çy!ö §Ó çy!ö xy!ü Î%Óï˛# xyüyÓ˚
ï˛y•zˆÏï˛y ~ˆÏ§!åÈ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ Ü%Ñ˛ˆÏí˛¸âˆÏÓ˚
ÓÑyôÓ ò%ÛçˆÏö Óy§y fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ §Ç§yÓ˚–
SÓ!òƒöyÌ ã%˛ü% áyÎ˚ í˛zß√yˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏäñ
e´ü¢ ¢y!í˛¸Ó˚ ˛õyܲ á%ˆÏ° ã%˛ü% áyÎ˚
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §Ó≈e Îy xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !åÈ°–V
ˆòÓÎyö# ≠ ˆÎÈÙȧDü x§¡õ)î≈ !åÈ°ñ ~ˆÏ§y xyç
ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ ܲ!Ó˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ Ó!òƒöyÌ–
SˆòÓÎyö#ÈÙÈÓ!òƒöyÌ âyˆÏ§ xy!°DˆÏö
˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ü@¿ Îáöñ ĈÏòÓ˚ !âˆÏÓ˚
ˆú˛ˆÏ° çöyܲÎ˚ ˆ°ˆÏ벰ÈÙÈüyhflÏyöÈÙÈá%!ö–V
á%!öÓ˚ ò° ≠ üyÓ˚ÈÙÈüyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛° ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛° üyÓ˚
ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛° üyÓ˚ÈÙÈüyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛° üyÓ˚
üyÓ˚ÈÙÈüyÓ˚ üyÓ˚ÈÙÈüyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛° üyÓ˚–
Sï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛y°y á%ˆÏ°
xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛zÓy !öܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ @ˇÃyü ˆÌˆÏܲ
~ܲˆÏÎyˆÏà üï≈˛ÈÙÈ˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ°yܲ !üˆÏ°
 ܲyÓƒöyê˛Ü˛ † 275
ˆåÈyÓ˚yå%È!Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y° !öˆÏÎ˚ xye´üî
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!üܲ Ä ˆ≤Ã!üܲyÓ˚ !åÈߨ!û˛ß¨
ˆò• âyˆÏ§Ó˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ° xR•yˆÏ§ƒ
àyˆÏåÈ ÙÈÓ§y ˛õy!áˆÏòÓ˚ Äí˛¸yÎ˚ xyܲyˆÏ¢–
xˆÏô≈ܲ Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏܲ ÓyòÓy!ܲ ˆ°yܲ
öyã˛ˆÏï˛ öyã˛ˆÏï˛ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ !üˆÏ¢ ÎyÎ˚–
˛õ%öÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆ¢yöy ÎyÎ˚ ÚÓœyí˛ xyö ê˛Δƒy:Û–
ܲy¢ƒ˛õ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ §òƒ á%ö ܲÓ˚y
ˆåȈϰ xyÓ˚ Î%Óï˛#Ó˚ ˛¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ !öܲˆÏê˛–V
ܲy¢ƒ˛õ ≠ §Dü ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ° ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ üï˛ö
fl∫à#≈Î˚ §%£Ïüy ˆö•zñ ï˛yÄ ˆàyÓ˚hflÏyˆÏö–
ˆö¢y ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ï˛ƒ ӈϰ!åÈ° Ó!òƒöyÌó
ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ í˛zß√yò ˆ≤Ã!üܲy–
Sˆû˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ xyÓ˚ ü,ò% ÓyçöyÎ˚
ˆ¢yöy ÎyÎ˚ ˛õ%öÓ˚yÎ˚ !ÓˆÏë˛yˆÏú˛öÜ,˛ï˛
ÚÄí˛ ê%˛ çÎ˚Û– ˆ≤Ã!üܲÈÙȈ≤Ã!üܲyÓ˚ ˆò•
ˆôÑyÎ˚yÓ˚ ö#°yû˛ xyˆÏ°y •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚–V
Ĉϰ ˆ§y•zB˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y
......
xö%Óyò ≠ í˛zòÎ˚ û˛yò%í˛¸#
Ĉϰ ˆ§y•zB˛y xy!ú ˛Ü˛y ü•yˆÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃÌü ˆöyˆÏÓ°
˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˛õyö 1986 §yˆÏ°– ˆ§y•zB˛yÓ˚ çß√ 1934
§yˆÏ°ñ öy•z!ç!Ó˚Î˚yÎ˚– •zÓyòyˆÏöÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ܲˆÏ°ˆÏç ~ÓÇ
°u˛ˆÏöÓ˚ !°í‰˛§‰ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö !¢«˛y°yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆÓ¢ !ܲå%È öyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ Úˆí˛Ì‰ xƒyu˛ !ò
!ܲǧ •§≈üƒyöÛ Ó˚#!ï˛üˆÏï˛y ≤âǧy °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°ñ
öyê˛Ü˛!ê˛ 1973ÈÙÈ74 §yˆÏ° ˆ°áy– ˆ§y•zB˛y ÚÓ˚Î˚ƒy°
ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛ ú˛Ó˚ !°ê˛yˆÏÓ˚ã˛yÓ˚Û ~ÓÇ Ú•zí˛zˆÏöˆÏflÒyÛ ≤Ãò_
§¡øyˆÏö û)˛!£Ïï˛–
öyê˛Ü˛ñ í˛z˛õöƒy§ñ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ñ flø,!ï˛Ü˛Ìy åÈyí˛¸yÄ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
xöƒyöƒ xy!DˆÏÜ˛Ä ˆ§y•zB˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏՑრ§yú˛°ƒ Ӈܲy°
xyˆÏà•z fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛– ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥Ä ˆ§y•zB˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyö ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚
!ï˛!ö ~ܲçö ܲ!Ó– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ xydfliñ
Óƒ!_´àï˛ !°!Ó˚ܲ xyÓ˚ Ó‡ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò#ÈÙÈÓy˚ ç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ñ
1994 §yˆÏ° §yü!Ó˚ܲ ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲï˛sf ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ !öÓ≈y§ˆÏö
˛õyë˛yÎ˚–
~áyˆÏö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Ü˛!Óï˛y xö)!òï˛ •°– í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒñ
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ◊yÓî 1415 §ÇáƒyˆÏï˛Ä ˆ§y•zB˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲå%È
ܲ!Óï˛y í˛zòÎ˚ û˛yò%í˛¸#Ó˚ xö%ÓyˆÏò åÈy˛õy •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
 278 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

Ü,˛£èyD# ày!Î˚ܲy Îyey

[üyˆÏà≈Ó˚ çöƒñ !öí˛z •zÎ˚Ü≈˛]
xyüyÓ˚ ܲòy!˛õ üˆÏö •Î˚!ö xy!ü àhsˇˆÏÓƒ ˆ˛õÔшÏåÈ!åÈñ Î!òÄ
¢#ï˛° üy°y!ê˛ xyä%Ó˚°ï˛yÓ˚ñ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ xy!ü ~ˆÏ§ ˆà!åÈ Îyey˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï– xy!ü ˆ§•z ˛õÌ•z !öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ
˛õyܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yï˛ê˛yˆÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈñ ≤Ã!ï˛ôù!ö ˆÎ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢#£Ï≈!Ó®% •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ xˆÏöܲ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛Ó%Ä
xˆÏöܲ àû˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ ˛õyÎ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ
¢Ó˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ôü!öˆÏï˛ Ó˚_´ é˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆ˛õÔшÏåÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ xöƒ ~ܲ âÓ˚ü%á# üy!ê˛Ó˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚–
{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xâ≈ƒ ú%˛°òy!öñ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏZ˛Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ xy!ü çy!öñ xyüyÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ üyLjϧÓ˚ ˆ°¢üye ˆö•zñ
xçflÀ xydyˆÏܲ ˆì˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ Ó˚yˆÏeÓ˚ çÇ ôÓ˚y xˆÏöܲ çy•yˆÏçÓ˚ xyôˆÏí˛yÓy ˆáyˆÏ° !•ÇflÀ üyˆÏåÈÓ˚y
§%Ó˚yÄ !ܲ ü§#!°Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åÈ°Ê xyüyˆÏܲ á%ӈϰ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ
x§ÇÓk˛ û˛yäyˆÏã˛yÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° xyöy üyLjϧÓ˚ ˛õ§Ó˚yñ ~•z Îyey˛õˆÏÌ xy!ü ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚Ä ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà!åÈ–
˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ú%˛ê˛˛õyï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyöy §y•zˆÏÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚1 «˛ï˛ xyÓ˚ ï˛y•zñ Ó˚&!ê˛ xyÓ˚ üˆÏòÓ˚ xyŸªyˆÏ§
x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ §%Ó˚y ˆflÀyï˛ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ ĈÏë˛ xy!ü ˛õÓ˚yçÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ò%!û≈˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˛õy¢ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§!åÈñ
§%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü,ò% ü)åÈ≈öyˆÏï˛ñ xyÓ˚ ï%˛!ü ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚åÈ xyüyÓ˚ Îyey˛õˆÏÌ ˆ§ §Ó xy!ü ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà!åÈ–
xyç Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ §%Ó˚y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛üö⁄ ܲyˆÏ°yñ xyüyÓ˚ ܲáöÄ üˆÏö •Î˚!ö àhsˇˆÏÓƒ ˆ˛õÔшÏåÈ!åÈ
àû˛#Ó˚ï˛Ó˚ «˛ï˛Ó˚ öü%öy !•§yˆÏÓ Ü,˛£èyD# öyÓ˚# Î!òÄ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y xyÓ˚ xy˛õƒyÎ˚ö xyüyˆÏܲ
xyÓyÓ˚ xyŸªyˆÏ§ ˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ñ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ úÑ˛yˆÏò ˆú˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ
~•z ܲyˆÏ°y üˆÏò !ö¤%˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ≤ÃÓM˛ÈˆÏܲÓ˚ ò° xyüyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÎ˚y°y ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚
àû˛#Ó˚ !öÉ¢∑ «˛ï˛!ã˛•´ xÑyܲy •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛ê˛y ˆû˛yç ˆÎö x!hsˇü ˜ö¢ˆÏû˛yç–1
àyöñ ˆ• ܲZ˛fl∫Ó˚ñ ï%˛!ü•z ~ܲüye ò)ï˛
§%Ó˚yÓ˚ !ò¢y•yÓ˚y ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ Ó˚y!e
~ܲ ˛õÎ˚É≤Ãîy°#– 1. last supper––!á fiê˛ôˆÏü≈ ~ÓÇ !Î÷!á ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏö ~•z x!hsˇü
˜ö¢ˆÏû˛yç §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ §üƒÜ˛ xÓ!•ï˛–
*Journey
*Black Singer
1. !@ˇÃܲ ü•yܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §y•zˆÏÓ˚öÈÙÙÙÈày!Î˚ܲy– àyö ܲyˆÏö ˆàˆÏ° üyö%£Ï ˛õyÌÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛–
 Ĉϰ ˆ§y•zB˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y † 279
Îyò%˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¶˛yö*†˛õyÌÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚
ˆÎ ô)üˆÏܲï%˛!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲüy§ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆôˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ í˛zÕÒy˛õyï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ܲ Ü%˛!ê˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy!äöyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚•z xhsˇÓ≈ï˛#≈
•zö‰ê˛yÓ˚°%ƒí‰˛⁄1
ˆÎáyˆÏö ÓLàû≈˛ ˆüˆÏâˆÏòÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáyü%!á §Çâyï˛ âˆÏê˛ñ xyÓ˚
x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲy!°üy ò#î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y !öÓ≈y!§ï˛
•*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ö§à≈!ã˛e !ë˛Ü˛ á%шÏç ˆöÎ˚ñ ˆ§áyˆÏöÄ Ü,˛!‹TˆÏï˛
≤Ã!ï˛û˛yï˛ ç°yû)˛!ü àí˛¸yÓ˚ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyܲyÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ĈÏë˛ñ
xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ûÑ˛yˆÏç ûÑ˛yˆÏç ˆí˛yˆÏÓ §ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ §#üy•#ö ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôyˆÏï˛–
ÓL˛õyˆÏï˛ ˛õyÄÎ˚y çyò%˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ°yˆÏû˛ñ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyö
xû˛ƒhflÏ ˆ§•z ¢ˆÏ∑ñ ˆáÑyˆÏçñ ˆÜ˛öñ ï˛yÓ˚y !öˆÏçÄ çyˆÏö öyÈÙÙÙÈ
÷ô% çyˆÏö üy!ê˛Ó˚ àˆÏû≈˛ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ã%˛¡∫ܲ ˛õyÌÓ˚ !òܲ!öˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚y ü•y¢)ˆÏöƒ ò%!ê˛ ˆüÓ˚&ˆÏï˛ xyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚–
xyÓ˚ ~ܲ xyÓç≈öyÓ˚ hfl)Ï˛õ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛
ã˛y˛õy ˛õí˛¸y ~ܲ x!@¿àû≈˛ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%í˛¸ˆÏDÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ ~ܲ xy!òü ü!®Ó˚ˆÏܲñ !ã˛Ó˚hsˇö ˜öÉ¢ˆÏ∑ƒÓ˚
à•¥Ó˚=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ ç#î≈ ÷‹Òï˛y ï˛Ó% ˛õyܲ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ˆâyˆÏÓ˚
Îáö ܲyˆÏ°y x˛õ!Óe x!ï˛ˆÏû˛yç# üyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ò°
ïÑ˛yï˛ÎˆÏsfÓ˚ åÈÑyˆÏò xyܲyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ò#â≈˛õÌ
x!ï˛e´yhsˇ ˛õ!Ó˚FåÈߨ ˛õ!Óe §y•zˆÏ°y!ê˛ˆÏܲ
˛õyáöy Ó¶˛ ˛õy!á!ê˛ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xyˆÏ§ !Ó◊yˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏû˛
ïÑ˛yï˛ÎˆÏsfÓ˚ xyÓˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ öܲ¢y=ˆÏ°y §Ó ˆàyê˛yˆÏöy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
üç%ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y xyˆÏåÈ !öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ xy!òï˛ü
ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ ˜öÉ¢ˆÏ∑ƒÓ˚ ≤ÕÓ˚#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈñ ܲáöÄ
•Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆçˆÏà ĈÏë˛ Ó,!‹TÓ˚ !öç≈ö â^ˇê˛yôù!öˆÏï˛
ˆày˛õö àÓy«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ å%ȈÏí˛¸ ˆú˛°y !ö‹±yî Óflf!ê˛
ˆüyã˛í˛¸ áyÎ˚ñ ÎsfîyÎ˚ ÜÑ˛yˆÏ˛õñ ü)ܲ xyÓ˚ x¶˛ ˆÎö Óy
!Ó¢y° ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚á[˛ ˆÓ˛õˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y ≤ÃÓM˛Èܲ ˆã˛yá=ˆÏ°yÓ˚
IJõÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ¢yô !öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ xyÓ˚ ˆ§ xyê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏåÈ
û˛yäyˆÏã˛yÓ˚yñ ç#î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ñ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó•¥°ï˛yÎ˚ ö@¿ •ˆÏÎ˚–
1. ܲ!ÓÓ˚ û)˛!üܲyñ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ü%áÓ¶˛
280 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
Îyçܲ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xö%ã˛Ó˚Ó,®ñ ô)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆôÑyÎ˚y
~ܲ !Ó¢y° Óƒy!ÆÓ˚ ≤ÃyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ò%Ó≈° •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãî!ï˛ çyöyÎ˚– ò%Ó≈° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyä%°
≤Ãò#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ò%Ó≈° !¢áyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î≈y ܲˆÏÓ˚
!ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y ã˛e´yܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆâyˆÏÓ˚ñ â,îy xyÓ˚ §sfyˆÏ§Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚áyÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢Î˚ï˛yˆÏöÓ˚ ï˛sf üsf !òˆÏÎ˚
ò)Ó˚Óï˛#≈ xy=ˆÏöÓ˚ çüyê˛ •…ò!ê˛ˆÏܲ úÑ˛yò ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆöˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ°–
!˛õÖ˛õˆÏí˛¸Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ òÑyˆÏï˛ áÑyç ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°
xyÓ˚ ÄÓ˚y ehflÏ ˆòÔí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ •yï˛ÈÙȈçyí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚
§Ó≈òy•z ˆì˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏá ~ܲ ¢)öƒï˛yˆÏܲ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ü•yö ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈ˆÏö xy§yñ åÈy•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ hfl)ÏˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛
ã˛y˛õy ˛õí˛¸y ü!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôùǧyӈϢ£Ï
ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛sfüsf é˛yí˛¸ú%Ñ˛Ü˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !âˆÏÓ˚ !ö°
~ܲ û˛flø¢ÎƒyÎ˚ñ ü,ò% xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ܲÓ˚ˆÏîñ
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ò%Éá ˆ¢yܲ ü,ï%˛ƒ xyÓ˚ •ï˛y¢y
ˆÌˆÏܲ °%ܲyˆÏöy xy◊Î˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ܲ xyŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yñ
!ÓŸªçàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ï˛wyÓ˚ àû˛#Ó˚–
ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õ)çy!Ó˚ˆÏܲ ≤ß¿ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ˆ§ ˆï˛y çyöˆÏÓ öy
ï˛yÓ˚ x¶˛ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆã˛yá ˆòá!åÈ° ĈÏòÓ˚ ܲ˛õê˛ àû˛#Ó˚
°â%˛õyˆÏÎ˚ •ÑyˆÏê˛ ˆ§ñ ˆÎö ˛õy!áÓ˚ í˛yöyÓ˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚
xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆÎöñ !ã˛Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ ïÖ˛yï˛ÎˆÏsf ¢y!hsˇüÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚e´üy ˛õˆÏÌ–
Îáö ÓL˛õyï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛áö ÓˆÏLÓ˚ ˆòÓï˛y §yˆÏDyÓ˚
˛õ)çy!Ó˚Ó˚y çyò%˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¶˛yˆÏö ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ
ˆÎ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÓL˛õyï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ x!û˛¢Æ ˆ§•z Óy!í˛¸Ó˚
§ühflÏ !ܲå%È ÓyˆÏçÎ˚yÆ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
~ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z •ï˛û˛yàƒ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ Óy!§®yÓ˚y
ò%û˛yˆÏÓ «˛!ï˛@ˇÃhflÏ •Î˚– ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !ü̉ (Myth) xyˆÏåÈñ
ÈÙÙÙȧyˆÏDy (Sango) ÓL˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆòÓï˛y
ˆÜ˛Ó° ò%‹T ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ xyâyï˛
•yˆÏö– ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆòáy ˆ•yܲñ ~ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ò%û˛yˆÏÓ °yû˛ •Î˚– ≤ÃÌüï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ§•z
ü)°ƒÓyö Úçyò%˛õyÌÓ˚Û!ê˛ •yï˛yÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚
ÓL˛õyï˛ ˆÎ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙȈ§•z Óy!í˛¸Ó˚
Óy!§®yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó !ܲå%È ÓyˆÏçÎ˚yÆ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
Sê˛#ܲy ܲ!Ó≤Ãò_V
Hunt of the stone (Interlude for the meteor that plunged earthwards manths later.
And fell...within the hanging yard ?
 Ĉϰ ˆ§y•zB˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y † 281
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ Î%!_´ xyüyˆÏܲ xyï˛!B˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ üƒyˆÏu˛°y
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ Î%!_´ xyüyˆÏܲ xyï˛!B˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ üƒyˆÏu˛°y
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ Î%!_´ xyüyˆÏܲ xyï˛!B˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§§Ó fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚
ÓåÈÓ˚=ˆÏ°yñ §üÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏåÈ o&ï˛ ~ܲ ˜òÓ#ò,!‹TÓ˚
≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÎ˚ñ fl∫yˆÏò àˆÏ¶˛ öÎ˚y ܲü≈§)!ã˛ñ
ˆ§•z xy•¥yöñ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛[˛ °ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ ö«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚î âˆÏê˛
ï˛#Ó  xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ û˛yfl∫Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ ~ܲ Ú§y•§# öï%˛ö ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ÛÊ
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !öÌÓ˚ï˛y ˜öÉ¢∑ƒ– ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ~ܲyhsˇ ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ IJõÓ˚
˛õ,!ÌÓ# ˛õò≈y ˆê˛ˆÏö !ò°ñ Óy!ܲ Ó˚•z°....fl∫≤¿⁄
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ Î%!_´ xyüyˆÏܲ xyï˛!B˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
Ü˛ï˛ ë˛yu˛yû˛yˆÏÓ ï%˛!ü ĈÏòÓ˚ ˆû˛yçÓy!çñ à“ Ü%˛ï˛Ü≈˛
ú%˛ÍܲyˆÏÓ˚ Äí˛¸yˆÏ°⁄
Ú!ã˛!ã˛Ç úÑ˛yÜ˛Û xyÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈܲÓçyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ çˆÏü Ìyܲy ò%ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚
˛õ%Ó˚& üÓ˚ˆÏã˛
~ܲ çyò%ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çyò%òˆÏ[˛Ó˚ flõˆÏ¢≈ é%˛Ó˚é%˛Ó˚ é˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸°ñ
§yòy üƒy!çܲñ ܲyˆÏ°y çyò%òˆÏ[˛Ó˚ üyÌyÎ˚ •y!ï˛Ó˚ òÑyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyç
~ܲ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ çyò%ò[˛ñ ˛õÓ˚ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ˆ°y•yÓ˚ ü%=Ó˚ñ
çvˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ xB%˛¢ñ ˆÓï˛ xÌÓy ¢yüÓܲ1
üyLjϧ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ÓˆÏ§ xyÓ˚ Ó˚_´ é˛ˆÏÓ˚ üyÌy ˆú˛ˆÏê˛ üàçÄ⁄
åÈ°öy ˆÓyé˛y•z é%˛!°ñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚¢!ü ˛õï˛yܲyÓ˚
ûÑ˛yˆÏç ûÑ˛yˆÏç ¢_´ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ !àÖê˛ñ ܲyˆÏ°y ܲ˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚à‰ ú˛yê˛yˆÏÓ⁄
âyˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚jy üyÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ˆã˛yÓ˚yˆÏàyÆyñ ï˛y•z àˆÏï≈˛ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ⁄
˛õyÎ˚Ó˚yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õyhsˇÓ˚ âˆÏê˛ ò%ô §yòy ÓyˆÏçÓ˚ öáˆÏÓ˚⁄
¢y!hsˇÓ˚ x!°û˛ ˛õÕ‘ˆÏÓÓ˚ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ í˛zÑ!ܲ üyˆÏÓ˚ Ó®%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ö°ñ
ÜÑ˛yê˛y ï˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üy°yñ !Ó£Ïy_´ ÜÑ˛yê˛yÓ˚ üy°y
ܲyˆÏ°y ˆÓÎ˚yí˛¸y !Î÷Ó˚ çöƒñ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ çöƒ öÎ˚–
xüyö%!£Ïܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˜ôÎ≈ñ üƒyˆÏu˛°y–
ï%˛!ü !ܲ ú˛§° ú˛°yÄ⁄ •zÑò%Ó˚ xyÓ˚ !àÓ˚!à!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD
Ó¶%˛c ˛õyï˛yÄ⁄ §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ó°!¡∫ï˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ âyˆÏ§ˆÏòÓ˚
Ó,!k˛ ܲï˛ñ ï˛yÄ ˆüˆÏ˛õ öyÄ⁄ ~áö !ܲ ï%˛!ü ¢∑ §¶˛yˆÏöÓ˚
ôÑyôyÎ˚ Ó˚#!ï˛üˆÏï˛y ò«˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàåÈ⁄ xÌÓy òyÓy⁄
öyñ ˆ§ ˆï˛y •ÓyÓ˚ öÎ˚– ôùLjϧÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ °%ܲyˆÏöy xyˆÏåÈ
òyÓyÓ˚ =!ê˛ˆÏï˛ñ ܲyˆÏ°y xyÓ˚ §yòyˆÏòÓ˚ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ °í˛¸y•zÈÙÙÙÈ
ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ à!ï˛˛õÌñ ã˛y° §üyö §üyö–
ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲ•z üÎ˚òyö⁄ öyÊ xhsˇï˛ ˆÓ˚yÓ‰ˆÏÓö m#ˆÏ˛õ öÎ˚–
282 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆã˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆá°yÈÙÙÙȈ§ ˆï˛y xyÓ˚Ä à!•≈ï˛–
~ ˆá°yÎ˚ ˆ§•z ˆ◊!î xyÓ˚ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ ã˛yܲÓ˚ÈÙÈÓyܲÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
¢y§ˆÏöÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xy°yòy §æü ˆö•z–
xyÓ˚ ï%˛!ü ~áöÄ í˛z_Ó˚ •yï˛ˆÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ°åÈ⁄
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ~ܲܲ üy!°Ü˛yöy⁄ ~áö ôˆÏÓ˚y....Ê ï%˛!ü çyˆÏöy
~•z ˆá°yê˛yÓ˚ !öÎ˚üܲyö%öñ ÄÓ˚yÄ ˆï˛y çyˆÏö–
òyö §Ç@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ §üÎ˚ xy§%ܲ !àç≈yˆÏï˛ñ §Ó≈§yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ
§Ç@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ÓyˆÏ: ÌyˆÏܲñ ÚˆÜ˛Ó°§yòyˆÏòÓ˚Û
xˆÏöܲê˛y çyò%ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%oyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛yÈÙÙÙÈò%!òˆÏܲ•z ~ܲ ˆ°áy
ÈÙÙÙȈ•í˛ !ܲÇÓy ˆê˛°ñ °ê˛y!Ó˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏí≈˛ ĈÏë˛ ÚˆçˆÏ° ÎyÄÛ
ÈÙÙÙÈÚˆ§yçy ˆçˆÏ° ÎyÄÛÈÙÙÙÈ~ xyˆÏò¢ °Aâö ˆÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚y öyñ
òyˆÏöÓ˚ Óy܉˛ˆÏ§ ~ܲê˛y ˛õÎ˚§yÄ ˆú˛ˆÏ°y öyñ
xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ñ ÚÎyÄÛÈÙÙÙÈ~ xyˆÏò¢ xüyöƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚y öyñ
Î!ò ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ •yäˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆû˛yçƒ •ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ üyǧ xyÓ˚ •yˆÏí˛¸ñ
xhsˇï˛ñ ~áyˆÏö ˆÓ˚yÓ‰ˆÏÓö m#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õÜ)˛ˆÏ°–
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ Î%!_´ xyüyˆÏܲ xyï˛!B˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ üƒyˆÏu˛°y–
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ Î%!_´ xyüyˆÏܲ !Óö¡À ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ï%˛!ü !ܲ
!àÓ˚!à!ê˛ ˆ˛õyˆÏ£Ïy⁄
àDyú˛!í˛¸Ç ~ˆÏ§ !ܲ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ !öÉ¢∑ û˛yäyÎ˚⁄
Óyò%ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ï˛#Ó  !¢§ !fliÓ˚ !Ók˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ ˆã˛yá
Îy ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ •zFåÈyˆÏï˛ §üÎ˚ x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó‡ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ôyÎ˚–
ܲyÓ˚yܲˆÏ«˛ üˆÏÌÓ˚y !ܲ xyò,ˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ í˛yöy û˛yˆÏä
!¡ÀÎ˚üyî ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ Óy°‰ˆÏÓÓ˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎ xyˆÏ°y
xï˛#Ó «˛#îñ í˛zIμ°ï˛y•#ö⁄ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ò,!‹T â%ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚
ü̉ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ Óy°‰ˆÏÓÓ˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚ñ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ !öû%˛ !öû%˛ ܲ¡õˆÏö
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ò,!‹T !fliÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
àû˛#Ó˚ xö%û)˛!ï˛ !ܲ ˆçˆÏà ĈÏë˛ ¢)öƒÓk˛ Ä•z ê˛yLjÏfiê˛ˆÏöÓ˚
Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲò%ƒ!ï˛ §•§y ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏ°⁄
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ öy!í˛¸Ó˚ à!ï˛ñ xy!ü çy!öñ e´ü¢ «˛#î •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§
!Ó£Ï] ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÓï≈˛ˆÏö– xy!ü çy!öñ !ö¤˛yû˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ Ó˚_´ í˛z£è Óy ¢#ï˛° •Î˚ }ï%˛ã˛e´ ˆüˆÏö
ü,ò% Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ä §yí˛¸y ˆòÎ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ–
~áö â,îy ܲˆÏÓ˚y é˛PyÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆôˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ñ
Î!ò ï˛yˆÏï˛ Ü˛FåÈˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ xyï˛!B˛ï˛ •Î˚–
 Ĉϰ ˆ§y•zB˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y † 283 284 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ܲ# ~áöÄ Ó‡ xyˆÏ°yÜ˛Ó£Ï≈ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ñ üƒyˆÏu˛°y⁄

ò%ɧy•§# ü•ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !òÓƒò,!‹TˆÏï˛ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
Óî≈˜ÏӣψÏüƒÓ˚ ~•z ≤ÃÓ° òy˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ xyí˛¸yˆÏ°
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛ ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏö xyˆÏö⁄ ˜ö¢ ≤ÕÓ˚#⁄ û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ ˆÎyçöy§ü)•
ï˛yÓ˚ òyöÓ#Î˚ Ó%ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ¢∑⁄ öy !ܲ ~ܲ !•ÇflÀ üyï˛y° ˆã˛yá §û˛y!ê˛ í˛yܲy •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°
ܲyÓ˚yܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ òÓ˚çyÓ˚ !åÈo !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ !öÓ˚#«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ çy•yߨyˆÏü ≠ xyhsˇç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ çy!°Î˚yï˛ñ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛!Óò
ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ ~•z ≤ÕÓ˚#•z ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ Ó!® •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ⁄ !ü̃yÓ˚ ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚– §û˛y˛õ!ï˛
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ òyö¢#°ï˛y xyüyˆÏܲ xyï˛!B˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ üƒyˆÏu˛°y– åÈpˆÏÓ¢#ñ ܲyˆÏ°y ˆâyí˛¸y ~ܲñ §yÜ≈˛y§ ˆú˛Ó˚ï˛
çÎ˚ì˛yˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛yüí˛¸yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ê˛yöê˛yö ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ë%˛!° xÑyê˛y ò%Ó˚hsˇ ˆòÔí˛¸
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ °«˛ üyö%£Ï öyˆÏã˛– üƒy܉˛ !ï˛ö1
û˛Î˚ •Î˚ñ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ôü!öˆÏï˛ ˆçÑyˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y xyüÓ˚y ˆ°˛õˆÏê˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !•ˆÏ§ÓüˆÏï˛yÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲ ˆï˛y ¢y!öï˛ å%È!Ó˚
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜òö!®ö û%˛°ã%˛Ü˛=ˆÏ°y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ò%•z !ü̃yã˛yÓ˚ñ !ï˛öÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛K˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ ˆûÑ˛yï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏFåÈ !öÎ˚ï˛ñ ò%Ó˚hsˇ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚áy ˆû˛ˆÏä §Ó≈@ˇÃy§#
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §üˆÏé˛yï˛y §)e ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ Ó ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈ï˛yˆÏܲ !Ó˚_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ñ ÚˆçˆÏ° ˆì˛yܲyÄÛ xyˆÏò¢ ≤ÃòyˆÏö
≤Ã!ï˛K˛y¢)öƒ ~ܲ ü•yˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õyܲfli°# û˛Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yüˆÏö•z ˆÎyçöy§ü)• ≠
xyÓ˚ ܲ# xÓ!¢‹T ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ñ üƒyˆÏu˛°y– üyÄ͈ϧ ï%˛Ç xÑyï˛yï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈ
!ã˛Î˚yÇ Ü˛y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ– ~ö‰e%´üy
ˆày˛õö ã%˛!_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆû˛Ó˚ĈÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌñ
¢˛õÌ ˆöÄÎ˚yö ˆ•!fiê˛Ç§ Óy®y
≤Ãüy!îï˛ ≠ xyÓ˚yú˛ï˛
!öòyÓ˚&î ˆày°‰í˛y ˆüÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ–
ܲyˆÏflfy üòƒ˛õyö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö
!Ó˚ã˛yí≈˛ !ö܉˛§ˆÏöÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
çß√ !öˆÏÓ˚yôܲ §Ó çüy •Î˚ ˆ˛õyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §y¡ÀyˆÏçƒÓ˚
!ÓåÈyöyÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛....
....~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä xyˆÏåÈ

1. Mach––¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ܲå%ÈÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ xö%˛õyï˛–

x!flT…Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óò xyö≈fiê˛ üƒyܲ üƒyܲ§Çáƒy üy˛õyÓ˚ Îsf xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– üƒyܲ
!ï˛ö üyˆÏö ≤Ãã˛[˛ à!ï˛– xö%˛õyï˛ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ üyˆÏö Ÿ’Ì–
 286 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚ 3
!Ó˚ã˛yí≈˛ Ó !ê˛àyˆÏöÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y xy!ü ~ܲê˛y ܲyˆÏú˛ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§
...... ~ܲê˛y ˆÜ˛yܲ áy!FåÈ–
xö%Óyò ≠ ÷û˛B˛Ó˚ òy¢
~ܲê˛y üy!åÈ â%ˆÏüyˆÏFåÈ
ܲyí˛zrê˛yÓ˚ ܲy°ã˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ö!ô !Ó˚ã˛yí≈˛ Ó !ê˛àyˆÏöÓ˚ çß√ 1935 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ öƒy˛õ!ܲöê˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚–
30 çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚– ÎyˆÏܲ !Óê˛ ˆçöyˆÏÓ˚¢ö ü%û˛ˆÏüˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ïï˛ü !Óê˛Ä
Ó°y •Î˚– xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyö ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöy !ã˛hsˇyû˛yÓöy !öˆÏÎ˚ üçy ĈÏܲ â%ü ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ°
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ñ ˆû˛ˆÏä ã%˛Ó˚üyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §y•§ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ §ühflÏ ã˛¢üyê˛y ü%åȈÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ˆ°áy˛õˆÏe– ÎyÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ £Ïyê˛ ò¢ˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ Úê˛Δyí˛zê˛ !ú˛!¢Ç •zö
xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÛ í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ !åÈ° ï˛Ó˚&îˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ Óy•zˆÏӈϰÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y– 49 ~ܲ §%®Ó˚# ӈϧ xyˆÏåÈ
ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ !Ó˚û˛°û˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ =!°ˆÏï˛ §%•z§y•zí˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚Ä ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z–
°y•zˆÏöÓ˚ §%•z§y•zí˛ ˆöyê˛!ê˛ !åÈ° ~Ó˚ܲüÈÙÙÙÈ‘‘Messy, isn’t it?’’
~áyˆÏö ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲå%È Ü˛!Óï˛yÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y xö%Óyò Ó˚yáy •°–

~ܲê˛y û˛yˆÏ°yÈÙÈÓ°y ˆüyüÓy!ï˛

ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y xyüyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y û˛yˆÏ°yÈÙÈÓ°y ˆüyüÓy!ï˛ !åÈ°
àï˛ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ xyüyÓ˚ ˆ¢yÎ˚yÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚–
~ï˛ û˛yˆÏ°y °yˆÏà
á%Ó Üœ˛yhsˇ !åÈ°yü !ܲv ã˛y•z!åÈ°yü
§Ü˛y°ˆÏÓ°y ˆçˆÏà í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛
ˆÜ˛í˛z xyüyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ÌyÜ%˛Ü˛ñ
~ܲy ~ܲy
ï˛y•z ~ܲê˛y ˆüyüÓy!ï˛ çμy°y°yü
xyÓ˚ ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ öy
û˛yˆÏ°yÓy!§ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÓ˚yü
Îáö xyÓ˚ §!ï˛ƒ ÷ö°yü öy â%ˆÏüyˆÏöy xÓ!ô–
û˛yˆÏ°yÓy!§ öy ĈÏòÓ˚–

xˆÏê˛yˆÏü!ê˛Ü˛ !˛õÖ˛õˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ àï≈˛

ܲy!u˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆçÓ˚: !áˆÏòÓ˚ çμy°yÎ˚ xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲÓyÓ˚
çÓÓ˚ò!hflÏ x!ÓÓy!•ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ áyÄÎ˚y §yÓ˚°yü–
xyÉ ~ê˛y üö!fliÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ°yü öy
ï%˛!ü ÷ô%•z ~ܲê˛y ܲ!˛õ ˆÎ !ë˛Ü˛ ܲ# áyÓ ã˛y•z!ö§ öy!ܲ ~ܲê˛y •ƒyüÓyà≈yÓ˚–
ˆ§•z §ühflÏ Ü˛ƒy!u˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ û˛àÓyöñ ~ܲy ~ܲy Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ áyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆáˆÏï˛ ~ï˛ áyÓ˚y˛õ °yˆÏà–
Îy xy!ü ˆáˆÏÎ˚!åÈ !ã˛Ó˚ê˛yܲy°– üˆÏö •Î˚ ˆÎö üyÓ˚y ˆà!åÈ–
 !Ó˚ã˛yí≈˛ Ó !ê˛àyˆÏöÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y † 287 288 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

üôƒy•´ˆÏû˛yˆÏçÓ˚ xyˆÏà
ú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Óyà≈yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y x§Ω˛Ó •zˆÏFåÈ ˆÜ˛í˛z Î!ò ~ܲê˛y Ìyܲï˛
ˆÓyòˆÏ°Î˚yÓ˚ §yöú ˛yö!§§ˆÏܲyˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ìy Ó°yÓ˚ çöƒ–
~ܲê˛y •ƒyüÓyà≈yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fiê˛° !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ
!ܲv ˆ§ ÓyˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
ú%˛° û˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ò!FåÈ°– ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ~ܲê˛y ˆåÈyR xö%¢#°ö
ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ~ˆÏ§ Ó°ï˛
ÚÚxyüyˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yç !òˆÏÎ˚ Îáö fl∫≤¿Ó˚y ˆçˆÏà ĈÏë˛
~ܲê˛y •ƒyüÓyà≈yÓ˚ !òö–ÛÛ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ñ
ˆÓyòˆÏ°Î˚yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° ~ܲê˛y ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ fl∫≤¿Ó˚y ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚
ú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Óyà≈yÓ˚ !òï˛ ç#Óöê˛yÄ–
xyÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y Ó°ï˛
ÚÚ~ê˛y xyÓyÓ˚ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚
•ƒyüÓyà≈yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fiê˛°⁄ÛÛ ˆ§•z §%®Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛yê˛y
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ܲÌy û˛yÓˆÏï˛ û˛yÓˆÏï˛
xy!ü °§xƒyˆÏO!°ˆÏ§ !ÓåÈyöyÎ˚ ÷ˆÏï˛ Îy•z–
Ó˚yhflÏy !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xö%¢#°ö
!ܲå%È«˛î xyˆÏà !•§% ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚
ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §ühflÏ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y=ˆÏ°y xy!ü xyüyÓ˚ !°ˆÏDÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲy•z
§ühflÏ Ó˚yhflÏy=ˆÏ°y !öˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ ~áyˆÏö– û˛yˆÏ°yˆÏӈϧ
xy!ü xyÓ˚ Îy!FåÈ°yü öy ˆÜ˛yÌyÄñ ~ê˛y ˆçˆÏö ˆÎ xyç ò%ÓyÓ˚ ~ê˛y
41 ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ ç#Óö ≠ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ !åÈ°
ê˛yˆÏܲyüyñ ÄÎ˚y!¢Çê˛ö xyÓ˚ á%Ó û˛yˆÏ°y °yàˆÏåÈ û˛yÓˆÏï˛–
ˆ@ˇÃê˛ ú˛°‰§ñ ürê˛yöy
ÄÎ˚y§yܲyñ ˆü!:ˆÏܲy
°u˛öñ •zÇ°ƒyu˛ ˆ≤Ãü
!Ó ˆÜ˛û˛§ñ ˆê˛:y§
!û˛ˆÏQy!Ó˚Î˚yñ !Ó !ê˛¢ ܲˆÏ°y!¡∫Î˚y ~•züye ˛õˆÏöˆÏÓ˚y ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ ܲyê˛y°yü
!ܲ ĈÏÎ˚fiê˛ñ ˆúœ˛y!Ó˚í˛y ~ܲ çy˛õy!ö üy!åÈÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ܲ ò,ˆÏ‹T ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ≠
§yöú ˛yö!§§ˆÏܲyñ ܲƒy!°ˆÏú˛y!ö≈Î˚y ~•z ≤ÃÌü–
ˆÓy”˛yÓ˚ñ ܲˆÏ°yÓ˚yˆÏí˛y Ä òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !åÈ° ~ܲê˛y °y° •zˆÏê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
§Ó !öˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ ~áyˆÏö ≠ !üê˛§%•z Óy!í˛¸ê˛yÓ˚ ≤’yçyÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚
ˆÓ˚yò ˆ˛õyÎ˚y!FåÈ°–
~ܲy ~ܲy üò áy!FåÈ
ˆê˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ÓyˆÏÓ˚ xy!ü ˆÎ ÄÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ xy!åÈ
Ä ˛õy_y•z !ò!FåÈ° öy–
 !Ó˚ã˛yí≈˛ Ó !ê˛àyˆÏöÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y † 289 290 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

ü%á ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚!åÈ° Ä– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y

§%®Ó˚# ~ܲ öyÓ˚# üy!åÈÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyç ÄÓ˚ ˆí˛ê˛ xyˆÏåÈ xï˛#ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆú˛Ó˚yˆÏöy ÎyÎ˚ öy
ˆÎ ÄÓ˚ Óí˛z •ˆÏÓ
Óy çyfiê˛ ÷ô%•z û˛yˆÏ°y Ó¶%˛ üyï,˛çë˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢÷Ó˚ öy!û˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆçyí˛¸y öy!í˛¸
ÎyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !üê˛§%•z ≤’yçyÎ˚ ˆçyí˛¸y ˆòÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy ˆú˛Ó˚
˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÄÓ˚y üôƒy•´ˆÏû˛yç §yÓ˚ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ç#Óö öï%˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚
ò%˛õ%Ó˚ öyàyò– xyˆÏÓ˚ܲÓyÓ˚ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyߨy=ˆÏ°y ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ÷ˆÏܲyÎ˚ öy–
fl∫≤¿Ó˚y •° xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ã%˛ü%
fl∫≤¿Ó˚y •° !ë˛Ü˛ Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ~áö ˆ≤ÈÏï˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y •yöy ˆòÎ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá
ï˛yÓ˚y ÓˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– xyÓ˚ !Óflø,!ï˛Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ e´üyàï˛ xyÓåÈy •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛–
ˆåÈyR=ˆÏ°y •° •yÄÎ˚y
!ܲv ÓˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚yÄ–

ˆáy°yÄÎ˚y°y üyåÈ
~ܲê˛y ˆÓy!Ó˚Ç ˆê˛y!Ü˛Ä Ó˚yˆÏï˛ Îy ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚
~ܲ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆöyê˛ ~üöû˛yˆÏÓ
1. Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ áyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲy ~ܲy áyÄ áÓ˚ã˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎö ï%˛!ü
§Ó§üÎ˚•z ï˛y ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ üçyÓ˚– ~ܲˆÏ¢y ê˛yܲy áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚åÈ
2. í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ•#ö â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yÄ ˆ•yˆÏê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚ôyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ §Ó§üÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y ~ܲˆÏ¢y ê˛yܲyÓ˚ ˆöyê˛
~ê˛y ~ܲê˛y !Ó¢y° ˆ•yˆÏê˛°ñ ï˛y•z ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ áy!° çyÎ˚ày ~üö û˛yˆÏÓ áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ•#ö â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yÓyÓ˚ çöƒ– ˆÎö ï%˛!ü ~ܲê˛y xy•ï˛ {à°ˆÏܲ
áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚åÈ xyÓ˚
3. !°ú‰˛ˆÏê˛ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ö#ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛yÓ˚î ~ܲê˛y xy•ï˛ {à°ˆÏܲ
åÈyí˛¸y•z– ~üö û˛yˆÏÓ áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ
ÎyÓ˚y í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈ ï˛yÓ˚y ÎyˆÏFåÈ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎö ï%˛!ü áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚åÈ
xy!ü ˛õy!FåÈ öy– Ä•z xyܲy¢ê˛yˆÏܲ•z–
ÎyÓ˚y ö#ˆÏã˛ ÎyˆÏFåÈ ï˛yÓ˚y ÎyˆÏFåÈ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚
xy!ü Îy!FåÈ öy–
4. §!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ û˛yÓ!åÈ°yü ö#ˆÏã˛ ˆ•yˆÏê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆú˛yö ˆÌˆÏܲ
xyüyÓ˚ 303 ö¡∫Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛yö ܲ!Ó˚
xyÓ˚ ˆú˛yöê˛y ÓyçˆÏï˛ ÌyÜ%˛Ü˛ xˆÏöܲ«˛î–
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ û˛y!Ó ˆà° ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆ°yܲê˛yñ
ܲáö !ú˛Ó˚ˆÏÓÊ ö#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !Ó˚ˆÏ§˛õ¢ˆÏö
ܲ# ~ܲê˛y ˆöyê˛ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ÎyÓ
xy!ü !ú˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˆÎö !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y ˆú˛yö ܲ!Ó˚⁄
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 19
à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“

à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“
à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“

à“
ˆåÈyê˛à“
Óí˛¸à“

à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“ à“ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Óí˛¸à“

Üœ˛#Ó
......
ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ °y!•í˛¸#
ê˛ƒy!:ê˛y òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ !fliÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ò%È!ê˛ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyê˛yÜ%˛!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ åÈyÎ˚yFåÈߨ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛Ó%
!eú˛°yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°y=ˆÏ°y çμ°!åÈ° !öˆÏÓ≈yˆÏôÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y– ày!í˛¸ñ xˆÏê˛y ã˛°üyö ÎyˆÏöÓ˚ ã˛y°Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ò,!‹T !Óºü çy!àˆÏÎ˚ñ xÌã˛ Ä•z xöí˛¸ ê˛ƒy!:Ó˚ §yüˆÏöÓ˚ !§ˆÏê˛ ò%!ê˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆã˛yá öˆÏí˛¸
ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚ !ܲå%È Óy ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ñ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ !öçfl∫ ày!í˛¸ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üy!°ˆÏܲÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ê˛ƒy!:Ó˚ ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ ò,!‹T á%шÏç !ú˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ
•Î˚ˆÏï˛y çyö°yÓ˚ ܲyã˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ï˛Ó% ~ §üÎ˚ ~!òˆÏܲ Îyö ã˛°yã˛° ܲˆÏü xyˆÏ§ ΈÏÌ‹Tñ ܲyÓ˚î
Ó˚§öy ˆÓ˚hflÏÓ˚yÑÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ˛õyöÈÙÈxy•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÜ˛ê˛ •y°Ü˛y ÌyˆÏܲ öy ܲáöÄ–
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏ§ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÓyòÓy!ܲ ÎyÓ˚y ˆÓ˚hflÏÓ˚ÑyÎ˚ öyöy ܲyçܲü≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲÈÙÙÙȈ§ú˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !üí˛z!ç!¢Î˚yö àyÎ˚ܲÈÙÈày!Î˚ܲyÈÙÈÓÎ˚ÈÙÈÓyÓ%!ã≈˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò– Ó˚yï˛ ~ܲê%˛ ˆÓ!¢
•ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ !ú˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ¢ x§%!ÓˆÏô •Î˚ñ ï˛áö ê˛ƒy!:ñ ˆ¢Î˚yÓ˚ÈÙÈê˛ƒy!: •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆ˛õˆÏ°
ÓˆÏï≈˛ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y xˆÏöܲê˛y •yˆÏï˛ ãÑ˛yò ˛õyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ üï˛öñ ~•z òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy ê˛ƒy!:Ó˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚
ӈϧ Ìyܲy ò%çö ˆï˛üö ~ܲ òÑyÄ üyÓ˚yÓ˚ xy¢yÎ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ öy!ܲ áˆÏjÓ˚ xy§ˆÏåÈ öy
ˆòˆÏá í˛zï˛°y •ˆÏFåÈ⁄ öy!ܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xöƒ üï˛°Ó xyˆÏåÈ⁄ ˆ§ Îy•zˆÏ•yܲñ ĈÏòÓ˚ ò%çˆÏöÓ˚
ˆã˛yá üˆÏôƒ üˆÏôƒ xy¢yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ ã˛Ü˛ã˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈñ !ܲv ï˛y «˛!îܲüyeñ xyÓyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ˆã˛yá ì%Ñ˛í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛áö ˆÓ˚hflÏÓ˚yÑ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%ÈÙÈ~ܲçö ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏåÈñ ˆÜ˛í˛z Óy ~ܲyñ ˆÜ˛í˛z
ˆòyܲyñ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ˆöˆÏü •zï˛hflÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈ öyñ ày!í˛¸ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ !ö!ò≈‹T
çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ñ ú˛ˆÏ° Óy!í˛¸ ˆú˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!öÿ˛Î˚ï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ öy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛Ó° ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ Ó˚yhflÏy ˛õyÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z°ˆÏê˛y !òˆÏܲ Ó˚yáy ày!í˛¸Ó˚ çöƒ áy!öܲê˛y §ï˛Ü≈˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏFåÈñ ˆÜ˛ööy ~ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚
ã˛°üyö ày!í˛¸Ó˚ !flõí˛ ÎˆÏÌ‹T ˆÓ!¢ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•z Ó˚yhflÏy ˛õyÓ˚ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ≤Ã̈Ïü í˛yö!òܲ
˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÓÑy!òܲ ˆòˆÏá !öˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ öyˆÏü ˆÓ˚hflÏÓ˚Ñy •ˆÏ°Ä ~áyˆÏö ÷ô% ã˛y ܲ!ú˛ !ê˛ê˛ÈÙÈ!Óê˛ ˆüˆÏ°
öyñ ò%˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏe ˛õyö Ä xy•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ¢ ÓƒÓfliy xyˆÏåÈñ í˛z˛õÓ˚v ˆåÈyR ˆÓ!ò
ˆÌˆÏܲ àyÎ˚ܲ†ày!Î˚ܲyñ Îsf!¢“#ˆÏòÓ˚ xö%¤˛yö §yÓ˚y âÓ˚üÎ˚ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˛õyö Ä xy•yÓ˚ˆÏܲ
§ü,k˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚Ä– ï˛ˆÏÓ ÎyÓ˚y xyˆÏ§ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ܲÈÙÈçö ˆ§•z §Çà#ï˛ §yüyöƒ üö
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢yˆÏöñ ï˛y ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸ ≤ß¿ˆÏÓyôܲ !ã˛•´•z ÓˆÏê˛ñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛áö ü¢=° ÌyˆÏܲ
!öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌyÎ˚ñ ï˛Ó% Ä•z §Çà#ï˛ ÌyüyˆÏöy ÎyÎ˚ öy ˆ§•z xç%•yˆÏï˛– ÌyüyˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§!¡ø!°ï˛ ò,!‹T ï˛Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ ô%¶%˛üyÓ˚ ܲy[˛ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛í˛z ÷ö%ܲ öy ÷ö%ܲ
àyö •zï˛ƒy!ò ã˛°ˆÏï˛•z ÌyˆÏܲ áyˆÏò §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !öç !öç ܲyˆÏç ü@¿ Ä ≤Ãú%˛Õ‘ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!òˆÏï˛ !òˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ !ë˛Ü˛ñ ܲáöÄ ~ܲçö ܲáöÄ ò%ÈÙÈ!ï˛öçö ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§
ˆÓ˚hflÏÓ˚Ñy ˆÌˆÏܲñ xyÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ !ö!ò≈‹T çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ñ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ ò%˛õyˆÏ¢
Ó˚yáy !öçfl∫ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ §yÓ˚ «˛#î •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ xyÓ˚ Ó‡«˛î Ìü ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÓÓ˚ •Î˚
öy xˆÏöܲ«˛îñ ~ÓÇ ê˛ƒy!:Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ~Ó˚ ò%çö ~ ÄÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãüyò =öˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ
294 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
xyç ˆÓyô•Î˚ ܲ˛õy° ü®ñ û˛yàƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚•z !åÈ°ñ ܲyÓ˚î xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ê˛ƒy!: ~ˆÏ§
òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚!ö ˆ§áyˆÏöñ ï˛y ˆòˆÏá á%!¢•z •Î˚ üˆÏö üˆÏöñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ܲê˛y•z ê˛ƒy!: üç%ï˛ xyˆÏåÈñ
ï˛y•z ˆÎ ˛õƒyˆÏ§OyÓ˚ ê˛ƒy!:ˆÏï˛ xy§ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏÓñ ≤Ã̈Ïü ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏÓ öy– §ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏmà
Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓñ ˆ¢£ÏˆÏü¢ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ !öüÓ˚y!ç •ˆÏÎ˚ xy˛õÈÙÈí˛yí˛zˆÏöÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ~áyö
ˆÌˆÏܲ àhsˇÓƒfli° x!∑ û˛yí˛¸yÓ˚ !m=î ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó§ˆÏÓñ ï˛ï˛«˛ˆÏî Ó˚yï˛ Óyí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓñ ˛õƒyˆÏ§OyÓ˚
x§•yÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~!òܲÈÙÈÄ!òܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚y!ç •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ïñ xhsˇï˛ ê˛ƒy!:Ó˚ ã˛y°Ü˛ Ä ï˛yÓ˚
ˆòy•yÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ xƒy!§ˆÏfiê˛ˆÏrê˛Ó˚ üˆÏö ˆï˛üö Óy§öy•z ≤ÃÓ° •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!åÈ°ñ ˆï˛üö •ˆÏ°
xyç ˆÓ¢ çˆÏ¡õ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ üyǧ û˛yçyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ò%ÈÙÈ˛õÑy•zê˛ ˆê˛ˆÏö ú%˛!ï≈˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÎyˆÏÓñ •yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ã˛•´ ~áö x!∑ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFåÈ öy Ó˚yï˛ Óyí˛¸ˆÏåÈ xÌã˛ ÚÓ˚§öyÛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲòy!ã˛Í ˆÜ˛í˛z
ˆÓÓ˚ •ˆÏFåÈ öy xyç ܲyÓ˚ ü%á ˆòˆÏá ˆÓÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yü ˆÎ....ñ Ó˚!ܲÓ˚ û˛yÓöy ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚
öyñ !ë˛Ü˛ ï˛áö•z åÈÜ%˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Îy!FåÈ° §Ü˛yˆÏ° í˛zˆÏë˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ ü%á ˆÎ ˆòˆÏá!åÈ°yüñ ò#â≈Ÿªy§
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ Ó˚!ܲ !ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°ñ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ °yû˛ ˆö•z ˆÜ˛yöÄñ ày!í˛¸ fiê˛yê≈˛ !òˆÏï˛
!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ åÈÜ%˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyÎ˚ñ ˆ§Ä ˆÓyô•Î˚ ~áyˆÏö xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ öÎ˚– ï˛y Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ˆ§ fiê˛yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y!Ó ˆâyÓ˚yÎ˚ñ ~ܲê˛y ¢∑ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •z!Oö ˆÌˆÏü ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ ï˛áö çyö°yÓ˚
ܲyˆÏã˛ ˆê˛yܲy ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ Ó˚!ܲ ˆú˛Ó˚ fiê˛yê≈˛ !òˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏü ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ ï˛áö çyö°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏã˛ âö âö
ˆê˛yܲy ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ú˛y°ï%˛ Îï˛ñ !ÓÓ˚!_´û˛ˆÏÓ˚ çyö°yÓ˚ ܲyã˛ öyüyˆÏï˛ ÎyÎ˚– çyˆÏö ~ §üÎ˚ í˛zê˛ˆÏܲy
˛õƒyˆÏ§OyÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ âƒyö âƒyö ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ˆ§ ˆÎ òÓ˚ •ÑyܲyˆÏÓ àhsˇˆÏÓƒ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ ˆ§•z
˛õƒyˆÏ§OyÓ˚ é˛yˆÏü°y ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ û˛yí˛¸yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓñ˚ Ó˚!ܲ ï˛y•z ~ܲyhsˇ !ÓÓ˚!_´ˆÏï˛ çyö°yÓ˚
ܲyã˛ öyüyˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ Ì–
çyö°yÓ˚ ˆú ˛ˆÏü ~ܲ ü!•°yÓ˚ xyÓ«˛ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛– ~ܲê%˛ öí˛¸ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ#ö ˛õˆÏÎ˚yôÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
!Óû˛yçܲ §ˆÏüï˛ Ó˚!ܲˆÏܲ !ü¢üyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ ï˛á!ö– ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ_´ !ܲˆÏ§Ó˚ !ú˛§!ú˛§y!ö ÷Ó˚&
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ åÈÜ%˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏà û˛oü!•°y !üö!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚öñ ÚÚ!≤’ç xy˛õ!_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö
öyñ ~ §üÎ˚ ê˛ƒy!: ˛õyÄÎ˚y òyÎ˚ñ xy˛õöyÓ˚y Îáö xyˆÏåÈö....ˆÓ•y°y ˆÓ!¢ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ öÎ˚ñ xy˛õÈÙÈ
í˛yí˛zö !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓy....ÛÛ–
Ó˚!ܲ ˆï˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆöÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ áyí˛¸yñ ï˛Ó% åÈÜ%˛ÈÙÈÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyÎ˚ §¡ø!ï˛Ó˚ çöƒ– åÈÜ%˛
ï˛ï˛«˛ˆÏî Ä•z xyÓåÈy xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ çyö°yÓ˚ ˆú ˛ˆÏü û˛oü!•°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ°áñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚
öyܲܲyö ˆëÑ˛yê˛ !ã˛Ó%ܲñ ï˛yÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ §%ï˛#«¯˛ Ü%˛ˆÏã˛Ó˚ xyû˛y§ åÈÜ%˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲ xyܲyA«˛y çy!àˆÏÎ˚
!òˆÏFåÈñ ˆ§ é˛!ê˛!ï˛ Ó˚!ܲÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ û˛oü!•°yˆÏܲ ê˛ƒy!:ˆÏï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆöÄÎ˚yÓ˚ •z¢yÓ˚y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Ó˚!ܲÓ˚ §yÓ˚y ü%ˆÏá §)- •y!§Ó˚ ˆÓ˚áy– ˆ§ !˛õåÈö !òˆÏܲ •yï˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ òÓ˚çy xyö°Ü˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ û˛oü!•°y o&ï˛ ê˛ƒy!:ˆÏï˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ òÓ˚çy Ó¶˛ •Î˚ §¢ˆÏ∑–
ày!í˛¸Ó˚ §Ó ܲyã˛ ˆï˛y°y ~áö– ê˛ƒy!:Ó˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓåÈy x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ û˛oü!•°yˆÏܲ
flõ‹T ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ öyñ !ܲv ã˛y°ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yüˆÏö ˆÎ xyÎ˚öy !Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ !û˛í˛z !üÓ˚yÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆ˛õåȈÏöÓ˚
ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ ˆòáyÓ˚ xyÎ˚öy ï˛yˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!Ó‹T û˛oü!•°yÓ˚ |ôù≈yÇ¢ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ á%Ó flõ‹T öy
•ˆÏ°Ä í˛zk˛ï˛ hflÏö Ä ï˛yÓ˚ !Óû˛yçܲ ˆòáyÓ˚ çöƒ Ó˚!ܲ öˆÏí˛¸ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ ӈϧñ ~ÓÇ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ à!ï˛
Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ •ë˛yÍ–
ÚÚ~ ܲ#ñ ˆÜ˛yö !òˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏFåÈöñ Ó°°yü ˆÓ•y°yÎ˚ ÎyÓ ˆï˛y–ÛÛ
ÚÚˆ§!òˆÏܲ•z Îy!FåÈñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲê%˛ â%Ó˚˛õˆÏÌ–ÛÛ
ÚÚˆÜ˛ö⁄ ˆÜ˛ö⁄ÛÛ û˛oü!•°yÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏmà–
 Üœ˛#Ó † 295
ÚÚxyˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓñ˚ ~ï˛ âyÓí˛¸yˆÏFåÈö ˆÜ˛öñ xy˛õöyˆÏܲ §%á# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ•z ~áö....ÛÛ– Ó˚!ܲ xyÎ˚öyÎ˚
ˆòáˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ
åÈÜ%˛ ï˛ï˛«˛ˆÏî ü!•°yˆÏܲ §ˆÏçyˆÏÓ˚ çy˛õˆÏê˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ !§ˆÏê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÷•zˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ §ˆÏã˛‹T– ü!•°y
•yï˛ÈÙÈ˛õy å%ÈшÏí˛¸ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ åÈÜ%˛ˆÏܲ xy≤Ãyî Óyôy !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– åÈÜ%˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ
ܲyüí˛¸yˆÏFåÈñ öá !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ê˛˛õ‰ !åÈÖˆÏí˛¸ ˆú˛°yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ xyÓ˚ flÒyê≈˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆú˛°ˆÏï˛
ã˛y•zˆÏåÈ ˛õy !òˆÏÎ˚– ï˛áö åÈÜ%˛ ü!•°yÓ˚ ü%á Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ê˛˛õÈÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆåÈÑí˛¸y ≤Ãyhsˇ !òˆÏÎ˚–
àyˆÏ° ˆëÑ˛yˆÏê˛ x!ÓÓ˚yü ã%˛ü% ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈñ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˛õy !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¤˛˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ã%˛ö% ü%ö%
ˆá°ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ü!•°yÓ˚ Óyôy ˆòÄÎ˚y !¢!Ì° •ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏåÈñ åÈܲ% Ó˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈ öyüˆÏåÈ....
ï˛y ˆòˆÏá Ó˚!Ü˛Ä !fliÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öyñ ÚÚç°!ò ܲÓ˚‰ñ xyüyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚ §•zˆÏåÈ öyñ ç°!ò
ç°!ò–ÛÛ ï˛ï˛«˛ˆÏî åÈÜ%˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ °yú˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ §yüˆÏö ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ñ xyÓ˚ ˆï˛üö
°yú˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!ܲ !˛õåȈÏöÓ˚ !§ˆÏê˛ ¢y!Î˚ï˛ ü!•°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ éÑ˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ ü%•)ï≈˛Ä
ö‹T öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã%˛ö%ÈÙÈü%ö% ˆá°yÎ˚ ü_ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚....–
~ܲê˛y !ÓhflÏ#î≈ úÑ˛yܲy çyÎ˚ày ˆòˆÏá åÈÜ%˛ ày!í˛¸ ÌyüyÎ˚ñ Ó˚!ܲ !çK˛y§% ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ï˛yܲyˆÏ° ˆ§
ӈϰñ ÚÚáy°y§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆï˛y üy°–ÛÛ
ò%ÈÙÈçö ê˛ƒy!: ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆöˆÏü ~ôyÓ˚ÈÙÈÄôyÓ˚ ï˛yܲyÎ˚ñ ÷ö¢yöñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ˆö•zñ ~üöܲ#
ˆÜ˛yöÄ ày!í˛¸Ä öÎ˚– ï˛y ˆòˆÏá c!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ òÓ˚çy á%ˆÏ° ü!•°yˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ã˛ƒyLjÏòy°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚
˛õyˆÏ¢ ~ܲê%˛ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y éÑ˛yÜ˛í˛¸y àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ ÷•zˆÏÎ˚ñ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD ày!í˛¸ fiê˛yê≈˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
ò%Ó˚hsˇ ˆÓˆÏà ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚....–
flÀhflÏ ˆ˛õy¢yܲ áy!öܲê˛y !ë˛Ü˛ë˛yܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ Ä•z û˛oü!•°y ÎyÓ˚ öyü ◊&!ï˛ñ
ˆÌˆÏü ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ܲy° §yÓ˚yÓ˚yï˛ ~áyˆÏö ~ xÓfliyÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åÈ°yü– ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆòˆÏá!ö xyüyˆÏܲñ
xyç §Ü˛yˆÏ°Ä öyñ öy!ܲ ˆòˆÏáÄ é˛yˆÏü°yÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ û˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy¢ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ܲü
âê˛öy •yˆÏü¢y•z ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ áÓˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲyàˆÏç– üyö%£Ï !ܲ ~ï˛•z fl∫yÌ≈˛õÓ˚ !öü≈ü •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆëÏ ˛ˆÏåÈ–
ˆ§ Î!ò ˆòáï˛ ~üöû˛yˆÏÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ìyܲy ܲyí˛zˆÏܲñ ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ ˆ§ §y•yˆÏ΃Ó˚ •yï˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òï˛ñ
öy!ܲ é˛PyˆÏê˛ ç!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ û˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy¢ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÎï˛⁄ ◊&!ï˛ ~áö ˆÜ˛yöÄ !§k˛yˆÏhsˇ
ˆ˛õÑÔåÈyÎ˚ öy– ˆ§ û˛yˆÏÓ ~áö ˆÎ ÎyÓ˚ üyö Ä ≤Ãyî ÓÑyã˛yˆÏï˛ ÓƒhflÏ ï˛y•z •Î˚ˆÏï˛yñ !ܲv xy!üñ
ˆ§ àï˛Ü˛y° Ó˚yˆÏeÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆû˛ˆÏÓ !ò¢y•yÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆÜ˛üö– !öˆÏçˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ!˚ ö
ӈϰ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ x«˛ü Ä ˆòy£Ï# û˛yÓˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyñ ˆ§
ܲy˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï åÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ ܲ# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ xyÓ˚ ܲy˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏÓ˚y ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÓÑyˆÏã˛– xï˛~Ó ˆ§ ã%˛˛õã˛y˛õ
!ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ~áöñ ˆÜ˛í˛z çyöˆÏï˛Ä ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ öy àï˛ Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ âê˛öy– xyÓ˚ öy çyöˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°
ˆ§ xyˆÏàÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏÓ– !ܲv Î!ò ˆÜ˛yöÄ xâê˛ö âˆÏê˛ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~áö•z ˆê˛Ó˚
˛õyˆÏÓ öy– !ܲå%È!òö ˆàˆÏ° •Î˚ˆÏï˛y °«˛î ú%˛ˆÏê˛ ˆÓÓ˚&ˆÏÓñ ï˛áö ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ ◊&!ï˛ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÓÑyã˛y ÎyˆÏÓ öy ˆÎ ܲy[˛ âˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈ Ü˛y° Ó˚yˆÏe– ï˛áö ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ §y•§
xyÓ˚ Ó° ~ˆÏ§ û˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– öy•‰ñ ã%˛˛õã˛y˛õ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÓ öy– Ä•z ò%‹,Òï˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y!hflÏ !òˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ–
˛≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yç•z ~üö âê˛öy âê˛ˆÏåÈ– ˆòy£Ï#Ó˚y ¢y!hflÏ ˆ˛õˆÏ° ï˛Ó% Î!ò !ܲå%È •Î˚ñ ◊&!ï˛ xyˆÏhflÏ
xyˆÏhflÏ ~=ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ÌyöyÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆ§áyˆÏö x!û˛ˆÏÎyà òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ï˛y•ˆÏ°
Î!ò !ܲå%È §%Ó˚y•y •Î˚– ◊&!ï˛ ò%ÈÙÈ~ܲçö ˛õÌã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏܲ !çˆÏK˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyöyÎ˚ •y!çÓ˚ •Î˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï–
≤Ã̈Ïü ï˛yˆÏܲ ì%˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛•z !òˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ öy ˆ§!rê˛Δ– ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆçò ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ öy ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛
296 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
!òˆÏ° í˛z˛õÓ˚ ü•ˆÏ° x!û˛ˆÏÎyà çyöyˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ° ì%˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòÎ˚– x!ú˛§yÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xy§yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
!çˆÏK˛§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ◊&!ï˛ àï˛Ü˛y° Ó˚yˆÏï˛ âˆÏê˛ ÎyÄÎ˚y âê˛öyÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î !òˆÏ° x!ú˛§yÓ˚ ÄÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÚÚÄ ~•zÊÛÛ ÓˆÏ° ~ܲê˛y ò#â≈Ÿªy§ ˆüyã˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ≤ß¿ ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ
ÚÚï˛y xï˛ Ó˚yˆÏe ÄáyˆÏö ܲ# ܲÓ˚y •!FåÈ°⁄ÛÛ
ÚÚÓ˚§öy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Óy!í˛¸ ˆú˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çöƒ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yü–ÛÛ
ÚÚÓ˚§öyñ Ó˚§öy üyˆÏöÛÛ x!ú˛§yÓ˚ üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
ÚÚÓ˚§öy ˆÓ˚hflÏÓÑ˚yñ xy!ü ÄáyˆÏö àyö ܲ!Ó˚–ÛÛ
ÚÚ~rê˛yÓ˚ˆÏê˛öyÓ˚Ê Ó˚y•zê˛⁄ÛÛ
◊&!ï˛ x!ú˛§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌyê˛y !ë˛Ü˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyñ ï˛y•z ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ÚÚàyö ÷öˆÏï˛ ÷öˆÏï˛ ÓyÓ%Ó˚y ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ áyˆÏÓöñ ï˛yÄ xyÓyÓ˚ °y•zû˛ ˆ≤Ãy@ˇÃyüñ ˆÓ˚ܲí≈˛
Óy ˆê˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ öÎ˚ñ ˆáyò ày!Î˚ܲyÓ˚ àyö–ÛÛ x!ú˛§yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏü ï˛yܲyˆÏ°ö ◊&!ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲñ ÚÚˆÓ˚yç
!ê˛˛õ§ ï˛y•ˆÏ° û˛yˆÏ°y•z ˆçyˆÏê˛⁄ÛÛ
ÚÚ!ê˛˛õ§‰⁄ÛÛ
ÚÚ•Ñy •Ñyñ Óí˛¸ˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓˆÏܲ ÎyÄÎ˚y ˆåȈϰÓ˚y xyˆÏ§ñ ĈÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˛õÑyã˛ˆÏ¢yÈÙÈ•yçyÓ˚ ç°û˛yï˛ñ
ï˛y•z !çˆÏK˛§ ܲÓ˚!åÈ°yü Ü˛ï˛ •zöܲyü •Î˚ ˆÓ˚yç⁄ÛÛ
◊&!ï˛ ~•z ≤ÃÌü ÷öˆÏåÈ ˆÓ˚hflÏÓ˚ÑyÎ˚ àyö ˆàˆÏÎ˚ !ê˛˛õ§‰ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ !§ˆÏöüyÎ˚ ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈ
ç!üòyÓ˚†ôö# Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ àyˆÏöÓ˚ üç!°ˆÏ¢ üòƒ˛õ ÓyÓ%Ó˚y ˆÜ˛Î˚y á%Ó ˆÜ˛Î˚y Óyï˛ ÓˆÏ° ˆöyˆÏê˛Ó˚
=FåÈ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ày!Î˚ܲyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ Îáö ï˛áöñ !ܲv ~áö⁄ ◊&!ï˛Ó˚ üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ öy
~Ó˚ܲü !ܲå%È âˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈ !ܲöy ˆÓ˚hflÏÓ˚ÑyÎ˚ !ܲÇÓy ˆ•yˆÏê˛ˆÏ°–
x!ú˛§yÓ˚ ◊&!ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚§ û˛!DˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ ÚÚˆÓ˚yç ò%ÈÙÈ!ï˛ö !ê˛Δ˛õ‰ •Î˚ñ !ܲ
ӈϰy⁄ ö•zˆÏ° ~ï˛ §yç%=ç% òy!ü ˆ˛õy¢yܲÛÛñ ܲÌy ˆ¢£Ï öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ú˛ƒy܉˛ ú˛ƒy܉˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •y§ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲö– ÚÚxyç ˆÓ!¢ !í˛üyu˛ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ åÈ° ӈϰ ˆÓã˛yÓ˚yÓ˚y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ~•z •y° ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ È– ö•zˆ° Ï ....ÛÛ
◊&!ï˛ ˆû˛ˆÏÓ ˛õyˆÏFåÈ öy ܲ# í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòˆÏÓ– Ä•z ê˛ƒy!: í»˛y•zû˛yÓ˚ Ä ï˛yÓ˚ xƒy!§ˆÏfiê˛rê˛ Îy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ x!û˛ˆÏÎyà çyöyˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ ~ ܲ# àyU˛yÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ˆ§Ê ï˛yÓ˚ xÓyܲ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚
üyeyÄ ˆ°y˛õ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ ~áö–
x!ú˛§yÓ˚ ï˛ï˛«˛ˆÏî Ó°ˆÏåÈöñ ÚÚ~ܲê˛y ˆåÈyR Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ñ !ï˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§åÈ
~áyˆÏö⁄ !ü!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛°ˆÏ° ˆï˛y ~ê˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ öy⁄ ~§Ó ˆåÈyR....ÛÛ
ÚÚˆåÈyR Óƒy˛õyÓ˚⁄ ܲ# Ó°ˆÏåÈö xy˛õ!öÊ ~Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óí˛¸ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ ܲ# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲçö
ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏö⁄ÛÛ
x!ú˛§yÓ˚ ˆ•ˆÏ§ ˆú˛°ˆÏ°öñ ÚÚÓí˛¸ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛yÄ⁄ ~«%˛!ö ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ •zü‰üÓ˚y°
ê˛Δy!ú˛!ܲÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ òyˆÏÎ˚ Ä•z ˆåÈyR Ü%˛ë%˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ì%˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÓ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ§˛õy•zÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ
~ˆÏ§ ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ ˛õy!°¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓñ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ ˆú˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏÓ xöƒ ~ܲ ~°yܲyÎ˚ñ
xyÓ˚ ï%˛!ü ~ܲê%˛ §%fli •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲê˛y ÌyöyÓ˚ òÓ˚çy áê˛ áê˛yˆÏÓñ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚yÄ....ÛÛ
x!ú˛§yÓ˚ Óyܲƒ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö öy– ï˛#«¯˛û˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yܲyˆÏ°ö ◊&!ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲñ ÚÚ~áö û˛yˆÏ°yÎ˚
û˛yˆÏ°yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˛õí˛¸– ö•zˆÏ°....ÛÛ
Óyܲƒ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z x!ú˛§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛yá ü%á ˆëÑ˛yê˛ !ã˛Ó%ܲ ܲ˛õy° º* ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ˚áy
çüyê˛ ˆÓшÏô ÎyˆÏܲ §yüˆÏö òÑyí˛¸ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆã˛öy òyÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ÈÙÙÙÈüˆÏö •Î˚
òÎ˚yÈÙÈüyÎ˚y xyˆÏÓà•#ö ~ܲ ˆÓ˚yÓê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï– üyö%£Ï öÎ˚ ˆüyˆÏê˛....
 Üœ˛#Ó † 297
ê˛ƒy!:Ó˚ í»˛y•zû˛yÓ˚ Ä xƒy!§ˆÏfiê˛rê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ !ü¢üyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ !ë˛Ü˛•zñ !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
xöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ à)ì˛¸ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !åÈ° öyñ !ܲv §yüˆÏö ˆÎ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈñ ˆ§ ~ܲy öÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚
í˛z!ò≈ ï˛yÓ˚y !Ó˚Ó° •zï˛ƒy!ò ӈϰ !òˆÏFåÈ ˆ§ Ó˚yç¢!_´Ó˚ ~ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛û)˛– ˆây!£Ïï˛ xÈÙȈây!£Ïï˛
≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ «˛üï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#– ï˛y•z ˆ§ ◊&!ï˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc üy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ =Ñ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ¢)öƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏFåÈñ ˆÎö
ˆ§ öyÓ˚# öÎ˚ ˛õ%ï%˛° üye– ï˛yÓ˚ üö •zFåÈy xy¢y xyܲyA«˛y ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyñ ˆ§ ~!àˆÏÎ˚
xy§ˆÏåÈ ◊&!ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ– ◊&!ï˛ ˆòáˆÏåÈ ~ܲ !Ó¢y° Óy!•ö# !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎö ˆ§ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏåÈ–
◊&!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !ܲå%È ˆö•z– ˆ§ §¡õ)î≈ ~ܲy Ä x§•yÎ˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z §y•yˆÏ΃Ó˚ •yï˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ
öy ~áö– ~üö•z ~ܲ ôùhflÏ xÓfliyÎ˚ •ë˛yÍ•z ï˛yÓ˚ üö ˆoy• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ĈÏ벖 Îy •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ–
ˆÓ˛õˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚•z ˆ§ Ä•z í˛z!ò≈˛õÓ˚y «˛üï˛yÓyö ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï!ê˛Ó˚ ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏÓñ ÚÚxy˛õöyÓ˚y
ܲy˛õ%Ó˚&£Ïñ ~ܲy ~ܲ öyÓ˚# xyÓ˚ xy˛õöyÓ˚y....–ÛÛ ~ê˛y û˛yÓˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ xˆÏöܲ«˛î ˛õÓ˚
!öˆÏçÓ˚ §_y á%шÏç ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ üˆÏö üˆÏö á%!¢ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ á%Ó....◊&!ï˛Ó˚ üˆÏö @’y!ö ÌyˆÏܲ öy
ï˛áö–
!Óflø,!ï˛
......
xÓ˚&ˆÏî¢ ˆây£Ï
[Ú!Óflø,!ï˛ à“!ê˛ xÓ˚&ˆÏî¢ ˆây£Ï !°ˆÏá!åȈϰö 1987 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ üyˆÏ§–
ˆ°áy!ê˛ x§¡õ)î≈ñ x≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛– ˆ°áy!ê˛ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ§)ˆÏe ≤ÃyÆ–]
•Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛•z xyüyÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ 45 •ˆÏÓ– 45⁄ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲüÄ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!ܲv 45 §Çáƒy!ê˛ˆÏܲ xy!ü û˛yˆÏ°yÓy!§– öy !ë˛Ü˛ 45ÈÙÈˆÜ˛ öÎ˚ñ xyüyÓ˚ 45 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ˆÏܲ
xy!ü ˆòáˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z– ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ 13 ˆ˛õÔ£Ï xyüyÓ˚ çß√ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– 13 ˆ˛õÔ£Ï ˆû˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏï˛
xyܲy¢ Îáö °y° •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– §yÓ˚y Ó˚yï˛ ≤Ã§Ó ÎsfîyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ flf#ˆÏ°yܲ
xyüyˆÏܲ ≤Ã§Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈ– ~üö !ܲå%È âê˛öy öÎ˚ñ •Ñƒy xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈÄ öÎ˚– xy!ü üˆÏö Ó˚y!á
öy– Î!òÄ ˆ§•z ü%•ï) ˛≈ xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ– ~•z ˆÎñ xy!ü !°á°yüñ 45ÈÙÈˆÜ˛ xy!ü....–
ˆ§Ä ~ܲ !ü̃yñ ~•z ÓÎ˚§ê˛yˆÏܲ xy!ü ˆòáˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z !öü≈üû˛yˆÏÓñ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z
!öˆÏçÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– ˛õ°Ü˛ öy ˆú˛ˆÏ° ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy–
ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ !•§yÓ xy!ü Ó˚y!á öyñ xyç •ë˛yÍ üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆà°ñ ÓÎ˚§⁄ •Ñƒy ÓÎ˚§⁄ ܲï˛ê˛y
ܲy° ܲyê˛yˆÏöy •° ~áyˆÏö⁄ xy!ü xyüyÓ˚ ˛õy[%˛!°!˛õ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈñ ôùǧ •ˆÏï˛
!òˆÏÎ˚!åÈñ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ ~ˆÏ°yˆÏüˆÏ°y Ä í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ•#ö û˛yˆÏÓ– ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yˆÏÓ˚•z ˆÎÔÓöˆÏܲ xyàyü
ˆê˛ˆÏö ~ˆÏö!åÈ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z xq$ï˛ ˆÎÔÓöˆÏܲ ò%•yˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÓ° ê˛yˆÏö ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ ~•z ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ– ˆ§ê˛y á%Ó §•çû˛yˆÏÓ•z •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆÎ !ö¤%˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆ§
ܲyç xy!ü ܲˆÏÓ!˚ åÈñ ˆ§•z ~ܲ !ö¤%˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD xy!ü ˆåÈˆÑ êÏ ˛ ˆú˛ˆÏ°!åÈ ˜¢¢ÓˆÏܲ– ˆú˛ˆÏ°!åÈ°yü–
å%ÈшÏí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yü !ܲv ˆ§ ˆÎ ܲ# Ó› ï˛y öy ˆçˆÏö•z– ~ܲ Î%ÓˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆòáy •Î˚ ˛õˆÏÌñ
˛õÌê˛y !åÈ° ò)Ó˚ ÎyeyÓ˚ñ ˆ§ xyüyˆÏܲ ê%˛!ܲê˛y!ܲ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°ñ ˆÎüö ã%˛ö Ä ï˛yüyܲ
˛õyï˛yÓ˚ §Ç!ü◊ˆÏî ˜á!ö ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y– •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ï˛y°% ï˛yÓ˚ ã%˛ˆÏö §yòyñ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ÌyØí˛¸
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ˆé˛ˆÏí˛¸ !ö!FåÈ° ˜á!öñ ˆÓ˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyüÓ˚yÓ˚ xöƒÓ˚y û%˛Ó˚& Ü%Ñ˛ã˛ˆÏܲ öyܲ Ü%Ñ˛ã˛ˆÏܲ
ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ!ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y ˆê˛ΔˆÏö â%ˆÏüyÎ˚ öy Óy â%ˆÏüÓ˚ û˛yö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ§
xyÓ˚Ä ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ÌyØí˛¸ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ñ ÚxyFåÈy üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ àû≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ Î%Óܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓÓ˚&ˆÏöy ÎyÎ˚
öy....~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ 25 ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Î%Óܲ–Û flf#ˆÏ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚ !Ófl≥˛y!Ó˚ï˛ ˆã˛yá xy!ü ~ܲ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛
ˆòˆÏá!åÈ°yü– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆã˛yá !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !ö•z– !ܲv ÌyˆÏü!ö ˆ§ñ Ú˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z Î%Óܲ xÓfliyˆÏï˛•z
ü,ï%˛ƒÛ– ˆê˛Δö ‡ ‡ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈöy!ܲ !öÉ¢ˆÏ∑–
xy!ü !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ~áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ•zñ ˆÎáyˆÏö xy!ü òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚– !ë˛Ü˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
öÎ˚ñ ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°!åÈ– ~ê˛y xyüyÓ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y– àÑyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ âÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ÎyÄÎ˚y– ò%˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚
ôyöˆÏáï˛ÈÙÙÙÈÎyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ xy!ü ï˛yܲy•z öyñ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆò!á öy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáyÓyÓ˚
xyˆÏòáˆÏ°˛õöyˆÏܲ– ~áö ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ ≤Ã§Ó ÎsfîyÎ˚ û%˛àˆÏåÈñ öy ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚Ä xy!ü ~ܲ
ܲ¡õö xö%û˛Ó ܲ!Ó˚– ôyöˆÏáˆÏï˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ öï%˛ö à!çˆÏÎ˚ Äë˛y ܲˆÏ°y!öê˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~ˆÏ§•z •ë˛yÍ
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•zñ ~ï˛ !ÓÜ˛ê˛ §Ó%çñ xy•‰– Î!òÄ xyüyÓ˚ ܲˆÏ°y!öÓ˚ ܲÌy•z üˆÏö •Î˚– ܲ°y
ˆé˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !â!O Óy!í˛¸=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ xy!ü ˆ§•z flf#ˆÏ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚•z ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y
ܲ!Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z @ˇÃyüƒ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ӈϰ ú˛ƒyܲy!Œê˛– xÌ≈yÍ º‹Ty– ܲü ÓÎ˚ˆ§Ï Ó˚ flf#ˆÏ°yܲñ Óy!°Ü˛yÄ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~áyöܲyÓ˚ ú˛ƒyܲy!Œê˛ flf#ˆÏ°yܲÓ˚y•z í˛zIμ°ñ ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y ú˛ƒyܲyˆÏ¢ Ä x≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚–
 !Óflø,!ï˛ † 299
e´#ï˛òyˆÏ§Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ï˛yÓ˚y áyˆÏê˛ !ܲÇÓy ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Ó%ˆÏí˛¸yÓ%!í˛¸ xyÓ˚ ÓyFã˛yÓ˚y ˆ§•z§Ó
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚•z ˛õÌ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ §yÓ˚y Ó˚yï˛ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ܲáö ˆû˛yÓ˚ˆÏÓ°y áyÓyÓ˚ Ä xy=ö
!öˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y– !òˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÓ°y â%üyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚yñ â%ü ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ §òˆÏ˛õ≈ ˛õˆÏÌ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚– Ó%ܲ
!ã˛!ï˛ˆÏÎ˚ñ ò%•z ˛õy úÑ˛yܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ã˛°üyö ˛õ!ÌܲˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ë˛yRy ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ü¢Ü˛Ó˚yñ ï%˛FåÈï˛y!FåÈ°ƒ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z x•ÇܲyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üyöyÎ˚–
xyüyÓ˚ ˆ§Ôû˛yàƒ ˆÎñ ~•z ˆû˛yÓ˚ˆÏÓ°y ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyüyÓ˚ ˆòáy •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ Ó˚yï˛ Ü˛y!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚
ï˛yÓ˚y !ú˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈ– ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ܲü ÓÎ˚§ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá ˆüˆÏåÈï˛yñ °y°ˆÏã˛ ˆüˆÏåÈï˛y– xy!ü !çˆÏàƒ§
ܲ!Ó˚ñ ÚÜ˛ï˛ •°⁄Û ~ܲçö í˛yö ˛õyˆÏ¢ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ñ üyÌy ö#ã%˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xöƒ çö xyüyÓ˚
ü%ˆÏáyü%!á– ˆ§ •yˆÏ§ñ ˆ•ˆÏ§ ӈϰñ ÚÄÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ⁄Û Ú!ܲ⁄Û Úˆ˛õê˛ÛÈÙÙÙÈüyÌy ö#ã%˛ ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚
!òˆÏܲ •z¢yÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÚÄ xyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyñ xyç Ó˚yï˛ê˛y ~ü!ö ˆà° ÄÓ˚–Û ÄÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆò!áñ §!ï˛ƒ– ã˛y˛õy •y!§ ˆ•ˆÏ§ xyüyÓ˚ §yüˆÏöÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰñ ÚxyüyˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ üye
13 ê˛yܲyÈÙÙÙÈ~üö !ã˛üy S!ܲ˛õˆÏê˛V ˆ°yܲê˛yñ 22 ê˛yܲy ÄÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÜ˛ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã%˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚!åÈÈ
ÙÙÙȈ°yܲê˛y ï˛áö •yÑ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ â%üyˆÏFåÈ–Û ÚÓy•‰ñ !ܲv Ä ˆï˛y ã%˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛–Û Úï˛yÄ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyñ
~ê˛y ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ öÎ˚ñ üÓ˚ˆÏÓ....Û àû≈˛Óï˛# Óy!°Ü˛yñ ï˛yˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ñ àû≈˛Óï˛# ôyöˆÏáï˛=!°Ó˚
í˛zÕ‘y§– ~áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xy!ü xyüyÓ˚ çß√ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ Îyey ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
˛õˆÏÓ˚ xy!ü ˆòˆÏá!åÈ ï˛yˆÏܲñ xyüyÓ˚ ôye#üyï˛yñ ~ܲ xy!òÓy§# flf#ˆÏ°yܲñ ˆÎ xyüyˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏ°
ò%•yï˛ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôÓ˚ï˛ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° ï%˛ˆÏ° !öï˛ñ ã%˛ü% ˆáï˛ñ ÚܲyÎ˚ ˆï˛yÓ˚ üy Äñ çy!ö§ñ çy!ö§....
ü%Ñ•zÛ üyˆÏܲ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ï˛ñ ÚÅÑÎ˚yÎ˚ öÎ˚ñ ü%Ñ•z ˆï˛yÓ˚ üy ÄÛ– ˆüˆÏÎ˚ •y!ï˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ï˛#Ó  ˆåÈyê˛
°y° ˆã˛yá !åÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ñ ò˛õ‰òˆÏ˛õ °y°ˆÏã˛ ü%áñ ˆÎ xyüyˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚ï˛ !ܲv xy!ü ò)ˆÏÓ˚
ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zï˛yü– ï˛y ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˆòÎ˚!ö xyüyˆÏܲñ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎ xyüyÓ˚ §Çàü •ˆÏÓ ˆ§ ˆï˛y
fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ– xyüyÓ˚ çß√òyï˛y Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yàyÓ˚y!à ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§!åÈ° ò)ˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲ xy!òÓy§#
ˆòˆÏ¢– ˆÎáyˆÏö üyˆÏÜ˛Ä ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ ~ !ܲ àуàyÓ˚ ï˛y!•!ï˛⁄ÈÙÙÙȕуy ï˛y•z– û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚
ï˛y!•!ï˛ÈÙÙÙȈÎáyˆÏö xyüyÓ˚ çß√– xy!ü ï˛y çy!ö öy– xyüyˆÏܲ çy!öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÷ô% •ë˛yÍ Ü˛áöÄ
ˆ§•z flf#ˆÏ°yܲñ ܲü°yñÈÙÙÙÈ~üöܲ# §Çàü ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛Ä–
!ܲv xyüyÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ çß√ñ K˛yˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zˆÏß√£Ï ~áyˆÏö öÎ˚– ˆ§•z xyˆÏÓà≤ÃÓî ˆÓyܲy ˆ°yܲê˛y
üƒyˆÏ°!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ üyÓ˚ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ~•z §Ó xy!òü flf#ˆÏ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáñ !ܲå%Èê˛y ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ xyï˛!B˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ñ ˆÎáyˆÏö ï˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓy §Íüy û˛y•z
ˆÓyöñ ˆ§ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ ĈÏë˛!ö °IyÓ¢ï˛– Óí˛z ÓyFã˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ Ÿª÷Ó˚Óy!í˛¸ñ
Ÿª÷Ó˚Óy!í˛¸ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢y÷!í˛¸Ó˚ ÓyÓyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸– xyüyÓ˚ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !öˆÏçÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ !åÈ°
öy– üyüyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z Óy!í˛¸ xy!ü çy!öñ ˆÎáyˆÏö ò%çö ≤ÃyÎ˚ Ó,k˛ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ïñ ~ܲçö
°¡∫yñ ܲyˆÏ°yñ é˛Ü˛é˛ˆÏܲ ê˛yܲüyÌyñ xöƒçö áyˆÏê˛yñ §yòy ã%˛° Ä fli° ( ܲyÎ˚– ~ܲçö üyï˛yü•#Ó˚
çß√òyï˛yñ °¡∫y •ö– xöƒçö ï˛yÓ˚ á%ˆíÏ ˛¸y– ò% û˛y•zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ flf#Ó˚ ü,ï˛% ƒ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È– ˆåÈyê˛û˛y•z !öɧhsˇyö–
Óí˛¸çˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲüye ˆüˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈxyüyÓ˚ !ò!òüy– Ä•z !Ó¢y° Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ üyÈÙÈ•z ~ܲüye ï˛Ó˚&î#ó
!öÓ≈yܲ Î%Óï˛#– ÄáyˆÏöÄ ˆÓ!¢!òö !ê˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ öy ˆ°yܲê˛yñ flf# ˛õ%e !öˆÏÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°
xy§ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ öï%˛ö ˆòˆÏ¢– ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï öï%˛ö ˆòˆÏ¢•z ˆ§ fliyÎ˚#û˛yˆÏÓ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆà°– öï%˛ö ˆò¢ê˛y
~áö ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏöy •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ–
~•z §Ü˛y°ˆÏÓ°y xy!ü ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ Îy!FåÈ⁄ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yö çyÎ˚àyÎ˚⁄ ܲyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛⁄ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçö xyüyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ Ó¶%˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y !åÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ Îy•z öyñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
ܲyÓ˚î åÈyí˛¸y•z §¡õÜ≈˛ !åÈÖˆíÏ ˛¸ ˆàˆÏåÈ– •ë˛yÍ Ó˚yhflyÏ Î˚ ˆòáy •ˆÏ° ò)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ •y!§ !Ó!öüÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z–
300 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
xy§ˆÏ° ĈÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ öyÈÙÙÙÈÄÓ˚yÄ xyüyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ Ó˚ܲü ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆû˛ˆÏÓ !öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– Ú~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ •zˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÎy ï˛yÛÈÙÙÙÈ~•zÓ˚ܲü •Î˚ˆÏï˛y– ÄÓ˚y Î!ò ~•z §Ü˛yˆÏ° í˛zˆÏë˛
ĈÏòÓ˚ ˆòyÓ˚ˆÏàyí˛¸yÎ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xÑyï˛ˆÏܲ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ã̈Ïüñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xydï,˛!ÆÓ˚ •y!§
•y§ˆÏÓ– xydï,˛!Æ ~•z çˆÏöƒ ˆÎñ ˆ¢£Ï x!∑ ˆï˛y xy!ü ĈÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆà!åÈ– ~Ó˚y x•ÇܲyÓ˚#
!öˆÏÓ≈yôñ û%˛°ç#Óö Ä û%˛° Ó›=!°ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚ü !ܲå%È üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲÇÓy ~Ó˚y !ܲå%È•z öÎ˚ñ ÷ô%
üôƒ!Ó_ñ !ö¡¨üôƒ!Ó_ñ xyÓ˚ !ܲå%È öÎ˚– xy!ü ĈÏòÓ˚ í˛z°ˆÏê˛yñ öƒyLjÏê˛y üyö%£Ï– ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎyà ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
§Ü˛y° ˆÓ°yÓ˚ ˆüˆÏê˛˛ xyˆÏ°y !˛õã˛˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆåÏ È– ¢•ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !òˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏFåÈñ flf#ˆÏ°yܲñ
˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï Ä !¢÷Ó˚y– òˆÏ° òˆÏ°ñ å%ȈÏê˛ å%ȈÏê˛ ÎyˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈÄÓ˚y ÓyÓ%ˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !ë˛ˆÏܲ
!é˛ñ !ܲv ܲüÓÎ˚!§ !é˛ ã˛y•z ÓyÓ%ˆÏòÓ˚– ˆ§ çöƒ ܲüÓÎ˚!§ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y•z ò° ˆÓшÏô ÎyˆÏFåÈ– üç%Ó˚
ÎyÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚y Ó,k˛ñ é%Ñ˛ˆÏܲ é%Ñ˛ˆÏܲ ˛•Ñyê˛ˆÏåÈ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆã˛yá !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ xy!ü xyüyÓ˚
ˆåȈϰˆÏÓ°yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ò,!‹T ˆú˛!°ñ xyüyÓ˚ ˜¢¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– ≤Ã̈Ïü üˆÏö •Î˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yê˛y•z ܲyˆÏ°y
Ü%˛Î˚y¢yÎ˚ ì˛yܲy– !ܲå%È•z ˆö•z xyüyÓ˚ ˜¢¢Ó Ó°ˆÏï˛ñ ˆåȈϰˆÏÓ°y Ó°ˆÏï˛ Îy !åÈ° ˆ§•z ç#Óöñ
ˆ§•z Ó˚•§ƒ– ü%ˆÏåÈ ˆàˆÏåÈ §Ó– !ܲv ˛õÓ˚ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛•z ã˛üˆÏܲ í˛z!ë˛ñ xyˆÏÓ˚ Ä•z ˆï˛y xy!ü– ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛
§yòy ï˛#«¯˛ òÑyï˛ñ öï%˛ö •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢áy !¢÷– ˆÎ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° ï%˛ˆÏ° !öˆÏ°
!ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ó ï˛yˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ܲyí˛¸yܲy!í˛¸ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛y Î%Óï˛#– xy!ü !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚....
~üö ~ܲê˛y çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ ˆÎáyˆÏö ã˛y˛õy x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆé˛y˛õ ~ܲê˛yñ
çD°ñ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ã˛Ü˛ã˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆÎ ç° xy!ü ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy!FåÈ– Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆ˛õåȈÏöÓ˚ !ӈϰÓ˚
ôyˆÏÓ˚ çDˆÏ°ñ ˆÎ ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ xyüyˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈñ ˆ§ xyüyÓ˚ ü%á ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ôˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲyߨy
xyüyÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z ˆÌˆÏü ˆàˆÏåÈñ ˆ§ xyüyˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ– xöƒ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y í˛yܲˆÏåÈ
!ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– á%ÑçˆÏåÈñ Ú~•z ܲ!° §¶˛ƒyˆÏÓ°y ĈÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚....~•z xyÓ˚!ï˛....Û
!¢÷ ܲáö ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ üyÛˆÏܲ ˆâߨy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ çß√ü%•)ï≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲ⁄ xyÓ˚ !¢÷Ó˚
â,îy ˆê˛Ó˚ ˛õyÎ˚ üyÄñ ˆê˛Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚•z ˆ§ û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ ÓˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚⁄ ӈϰñ ~ xyüyÓ˚ ¢_%Ó˚⁄ ˆâߨy Ä
xyܲ£Ï≈î– Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛ü ÓÎ˚ˆ§Ï ~•z ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyüyÓ˚ !Óï,˛£èyñ ~•z à,•fli ç#ÓöÊ Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛üÓÎ˚ˆ§Ï
xy!ü !åÈê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åÈ°yü ~ܲ í˛zͧˆÏÓÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ •!FåÈ°ñ ˆ§
xyüyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛í˛z– ˆ§áyˆÏöñ ˆ§•z ~ܲò° flf# ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ÓyFã˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xy!ü •Ü˛ã˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚
ˆà!åÈñ =!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ– xy!ü ˆòáyüye Ä•z §Ó ˆ°yܲçöˆÏܲ ˆâߨy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚&
ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ– xöƒ §Ó ÓyFã˛yÓ˚y å%ȈÏê˛ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏFåÈ !ܲv xyüyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xyö® !åÈ° öy– xy!ü üyˆÏܲ
åÈyí˛¸!åÈ°yü öy– xyÓ˚ ˆ§ çˆÏöƒ•z xyüyˆÏܲ à!åȈÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y •° ~ܲ ˆ•yÈÙȈ•yÈÙÈ!•ÈÙÈ!• •y!§ˆÏï˛
à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y ~ܲ Î%Óï˛#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ– ܲyÓ˚î üyÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ ܲyç ˆ§•z í˛zÍ§Ó Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ñ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z벰yüñ !ܲv ˆ§ Î%Óï˛# ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ xyüyˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°–
ˆ§•z í˛zFåÈ° Î%Óï˛# xyüyÓ˚ xˆÏã˛öyñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§•z !¢÷ ˆã˛ˆÏö ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá í˛zÕ‘!§ï˛ •Î˚ñ
ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° éÑ˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏܲ ôüܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÜÑ˛yòyÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ã%˛ü% ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ˆ•ˆÏ§ñ
çˆÏ°Ó˚ •Ñy§ñ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ú%˛° xyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ Ä !Óí˛¸y° ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ ¢yhsˇ ܲˆÏÓñ˚ ˆ§ §Ó Î%Óï˛#ˆÏòÓ˚
§ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈñ ~•z ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z öÎ˚– !¢÷ Úxy!üÛ ï˛yÓ˚
ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öy– ày ü%ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!ë˛ñ xÓ¢ƒ ü%!_´ ˆö•zñ ~ê˛y
ܲ#Ó˚ܲüû˛yˆÏÓ Ó%ˆéÏ ˛ ˆà!åÈ– §yÓ˚yê˛y !òö Ä•z xˆÏã˛öy ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ àˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ•z xyüyˆÏܲ ܲyê˛yˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Ó˚yˆÏï˛ üyÓ˚ ˆòáy ˛õyÓñ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà öÎ˚– ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ xyüyˆÏܲ ã%˛ü% áyÎ˚ñ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ
ˆ§ xyüyˆÏܲ ¢yhsˇ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ˆÓyé˛yˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆ§ xyüyˆÏܲ Ü˛ï˛ û˛yˆÏ°yÓyˆÏ§ñ ˆ§ çˆÏöƒ ü!Ó˚Î˚y
 !Óflø,!ï˛ † 301
•ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏ벖 xyüyˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ å%ȈÏê˛ xyˆÏ§ ûÑ˛yí˛¸yˆÏÓ˚ñ •yï˛ í%˛!ÓˆÏÎ˚ !ü!‹T ï%˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏö •Ñy!í˛¸
ˆÌˆÏܲ– ü%ˆÏá =шÏç ˆòÎ˚ñ !ܲå%È«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ ã%˛˛õñ ˆ§ •yˆÏ§– áyÄÎ˚y ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏ° xyÓyÓ˚ ÜÑ˛yòˆÏï˛
÷Ó˚& ܲ!Ó˚– áy!öܲê˛y x§•yÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆ§ñ ~áö ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ xyüyˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ã%˛˛õ ܲÓ˚yˆÏÓ
ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓÊ üy ˆï˛y ĈÏܲ xyÓ˚ ӈϰ ˆòÎ˚!öñ ĈÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%Ü%˛Ó˚˛õyˆÏí˛¸ Îy!Óñ çˆÏ°Ó˚ •Ñy§ñ
àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˛õyï˛y •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ öí˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy âyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆé˛y˛õñ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏ°Ó˚ å%ȈÏê˛yå%È!ê˛....~•z§Ó
ˆòáy!Óñ ã%˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˆÓ!¢ üyö%£ÏçˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ Ó˚yá!Ó öy....– ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ xyüyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° !öˆÏÎ˚
ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy–
xy!ü ˆ§•z Î%Óï˛#ˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy!FåÈñ ˆÎ xyüyˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆû˛ˆÏä ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá– ü%á
ˆÌˆÏܲ •y!§ í˛zˆÏÓ ˆàˆÏåÈ– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏà ÎyˆÏFåÈñ ˆã˛yá ˛õy!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yܲyˆÏFåÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ !¢÷Ó˚
!òˆÏܲñ ôüܲ !òˆÏFåÈñ ~ ܲ# çμy°yÊ ò%ÈÙÈ~ܲçö ÓÎ˚flÒy flf#ˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !àˆÏÎ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ
ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ !ܲå%È Ó°ˆÏåÈñ •y§ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚yñ •yï˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° !öˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏåÈ !ܲv xy!ü Îy!FåÈ
öy ܲyÓ˚&Ó˚•z ܲyˆÏåÈ– ÚÄ....ï%˛!ü xyüyˆÏÜ˛Ä åÈyí˛¸ˆÏÓ öy....xyÓyÓ˚....òÑyí˛¸y ˆï˛yˆÏܲ....Û ~Ó˚ܲü
!ܲå%È !öÿ˛Î˚•z Ó°ˆÏåÈ ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°yܲçö ••z‡ˆÏÕ‘yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ å%ȈÏê˛
ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ âÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ âˆÏÓ˚– ~ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyÓ˚y®y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ä âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyÓ˚y®yÎ˚– xyüyˆÏܲ
~áö•z üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏ° ≤Ãã˛[˛ ÓÜ%˛!ö áyˆÏÓ ˆ§– ï˛y ˆ§ ˆòˆÏÓ öy– xy!üÄ
xyüyÓ˚ !ã˛ÍܲyˆÏÓ˚ ܲyߨyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó%!é˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ò!FåÈñ üyˆÏܲ öy ˆ˛õˆÏ° xy!ü ã%˛˛õ ܲÓ˚!åÈ öy–
ˆ§ ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õåȈÏöñ àyåÈ˛õy°yÓ˚ ï˛°y !òˆÏÎ˚– ˆ§ ~ˆÏàyˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~áyˆÏö ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆö•z– ˆé˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§ ˆ§ •yˆÏ§– ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó Ü%˛üyÓ˚# ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y Îy ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ï˛y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó%ܲ á%ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ hflÏö ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚
§yüˆÏö– xyüyÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá =шÏç !òˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚– §yüyöƒ §üÎ˚ xy!ü ã%˛˛õ– öyñ xy!ü ï˛yÓ˚
hflÏö ˛õyö ܲ!Ó˚ öy– ü%á í˛zà‰ˆÏÓ˚ !ò•z ï˛yÓ˚ Ü%˛üyÓ˚# hflˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÓÑyê˛y– ˆ§ ~áö ˆÓ˚ˆÏàñ ü%á ˆã˛yá
°y° •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ñ ÚÄ....ï%˛!ü ܲü ˛õy!ç öÄ....ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ~ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏFåÈ öy....òÑyí˛¸yÄ....ˆòáy!FåÈ....
ˆòáy!FåÈ....–Û xy!ü ï˛áö xyÓyÓ˚ ܲyߨy ç%ˆÏí˛¸!åÈ–
ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó%ܲê%˛Ü˛ ˆì˛ˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ñ Óœyí˛zˆÏç ˆ§˛õ!ê˛!˛õö xyÓyÓ˚ °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚
Óy!í˛¸=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– !ÓˆÏÎ˚Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ §Ó úÑ˛yܲyñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òÓ˚çy Óy•zˆÏÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢Ü˛° ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆòÄÎ˚y– ˆÜ˛yöÄê˛y ˆû˛çyˆÏöy ˆÜ˛yöÄê˛y •yÈÙȈáy°y– ˆ§ ~Ó˚ܲü úÑ˛yܲy
âÓ˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– ܲ# xq$ï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏîñ xy!ü ï˛áö xyüyÓ˚
ܲyߨy Ìy!üˆÏÎ˚!åÈ– ÷ô% üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ ˆ•Ñã˛!ܲ ï%˛°!åÈ– Î%Óï˛#Ó˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚Ä !¢í˛zˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÌˆÏܲ– ˆ§ xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ü%á !öˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏåÈñ ã%˛˛õ....ã%˛˛õ....ã%˛˛õ– ˆ§•z !öˆÏ£Ïô xy!ü
÷öˆÏï˛ ˛õy!FåÈ....ã%˛˛õ....ã%˛˛õ....ã%˛˛õ–
ˆ§!òö ˆ§•z Î%Óï˛#ñ xyüyˆÏܲ ÌyüyÓyÓ˚ çöƒñ xyüyÓ˚ ܲyߨy Ìy!üˆÏÎ˚ •y!§ ˆú˛yê˛yÓyÓ˚ çöƒ
ܲ# ܲÓ˚ï˛⁄ xy!ü ÷ô% xy®yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ˆ§ !åÈ° í˛zFåÈ°ñ ˆÓ˛õˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y Ä ˆöˆÏã˛ Äë˛y–
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ü˛Ìy Ó°yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ˆ§ ˆÎö ˆöˆÏã˛ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zï˛ñ ~ çˆÏöƒ ï˛yˆÏܲ üyÓ˚ ˆáˆÏï˛ •ï˛ñ
°yN˛öy ˆû˛yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ï˛ÈÙÙÙȈ§ ~§Ó @ˇÃy•ƒ ܲÓ˚ï˛ öy– ï˛yÓ˚ •y!§ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏ°ñ ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏï˛
ã˛y•zï˛ öy– ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyàˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ã%˛ü% áyÄÎ˚yñ xyüyÓ˚ òü Ó¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ï˛– ˆ§•z Î%Óï˛#ÈÙÙÙÈ
ã˛yö%üy!§ñ xy!ü ï˛yˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ •ˆÏ° !çˆÏàƒ§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛yüñ ˆ§!òö ï%˛!ü xyüyˆÏܲ ã%˛˛õ
ܲÓ˚yÓyÓ˚ çöƒ ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yö%üy!§⁄
ˆ§ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆã˛yá Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°ï˛ñ Ä ¢Î˚ï˛yö....xï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲÌy ˆï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö xyˆÏåÈ⁄
!ܲv ã˛yö%üy!§Ó˚ xyüyÓ˚ ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yˆÏÓ•˚ z ü,ï˛% ƒ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èñ ˆ§Ä Ä•z ÓyFã˛y •ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏΖ˚ ≤Ã§Ó ÎsfîyÓ˚
302 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
üˆÏôƒ xyˆÏhflÏ xyˆÏhflÏ !öˆÏû˛ xy§ˆÏåÈ ã˛yö%üy!§ÈÙÙÙÈxy!ü ï˛yˆÏܲ ~áöÄ ˆò!á–
xÓ¢ƒ ˆ§!òö ã˛yö%üy!§ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ !ܲå%È Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚!ö xyüyÓ˚ ܲyߨy ÌyüyÓyÓ˚ çöƒ– ~ܲê˛y úÑ˛yܲy
âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ì%˛ˆÏܲ xyüÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ñ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y flf# Ä ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ïñ §ÇàüÓ˚ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚y
!öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ï˛ê˛y•z ü@¿ !åÈ° ˆÎñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚!ö– ã˛yö%üy!§ !çÓ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˛õy
!ê˛ˆÏ˛õ !ê˛ˆÏ˛õ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ xyüyˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚– !ܲv ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ öy– òÓ˚çy
ˆåȈÏí˛¸ çyöy°yÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ í˛zÑ!ܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏá Ä•z ò,¢ƒÈÙÙÙȈò!á xy!üÄ–
xy!ü ã%˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆà!åÈñ ܲyߨy ˆÌˆÏü ˆàˆÏåÈ xyüyÓ˚ !ܲv ü%ˆÏá •y!§ ˆÎ ú%˛ˆÏê˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ ï˛y öÎ˚–
xy!ü xyüyÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ ò,!‹T !òˆÏÎ˚ Ä•zê%˛Ü%˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÓyôÓ%!k˛§_y !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!åÈÈÙÙÙÈ~ê˛y
ܲ#⁄ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ üˆÏö •ˆÏFåÈñ xyòÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ üˆÏö •ˆÏFåÈñ áyÓ˚y˛õ !ܲå%È xyÓyÓ˚....û˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ܲÇÓy
ˆ•ˆÏ§ Äë˛yÓ˚– ü%ˆÏá •yï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ •y!§ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏåÈ ã˛yö%üy!§– xy!ü ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
ï˛yܲy•z xyˆÏÓ˚ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– ï˛ï˛«˛ˆÏî ˆÓyô •Î˚ ĈÏòÓ˚ §Çàü ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
xyï˛!B˛ï˛ ò%ˆÏçyí˛¸y ˆã˛yáñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá– ã˛yö%üy!§ xyüyˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ å%ȈÏê˛ xyˆÏ§ñ ~ˆÏ§ ~ܲy
ü%á ˆÌˆÏܲ •yï˛ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ•y ˆ•y ˆ•ˆÏ§ ĈÏ벖 •y§ˆÏï˛ •y§ˆÏï˛ °%!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ô%ˆÏ°yÎ˚ öy!üˆÏÎ˚
ˆòÎ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ– ï˛yÓ˚ •y!§ ˆòˆÏá xy!üÄ •y!§–
ò#â≈ ˛õˆÏÌ xyüyÓ˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆòáy •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚&Ó˚ §ˆÏD•z ܲÌy •Î˚ öy– Óy!í˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!ܲå%Èê˛y ÜÑ˛yã˛y ˛õÌ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ~•z !˛õã˛˛õÌ– !˛õã˛˛õˆÏÌ Äë˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ܲÌy •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˆ§•z
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏDÈÙÙÙÈÎyÓ˚y ~áöܲyÓ˚ ~•z @ˇÃyüˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ñ ú˛ƒyܲy!Œê˛– xÌ≈yÍ §yüy!çܲ
ˆÓ¢ƒy– ÎyÓ˚y fl∫yô#ö Ä e´#ï˛òy§#– ÄÓ˚y xyüyˆÏܲ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ áy!öܲê˛y !ã˛ˆÏöˆÏåÈñ ܲÌy Ó°yÓ˚
çöƒ ܲyˆÏåÈ xyˆÏ§– xy!ü ĈÏòÓ˚ û˛Î˚ ˛õy•z öyñ xy!ü ĈÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ~Ó˚y
xyüyÓ˚•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚– ˆÎüö ˛õy!áÓ˚ û˛y£Ïy ˆÓyˆÏé˛ ˛õy!ᖠĈÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆòáy •Î˚ñ ܲÌy •Î˚ñ
•y§y•y!§ Ä ã%˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲy– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÄÓ˚y ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ ĈÏòÓ˚ ܲˆÏ°y!öÓ˚ ˆáyˆÏí˛¸y âˆÏÓ˚– xyüyÓ˚
§yüˆÏö °¡∫y ˛õÌñ xyüyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆòáy •Î˚ ˆòyܲy!öñ !Ó˚ܲ¢yÄÎ˚y°yñ ˆÓ˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆàê˛!ܲ˛õyÓ˚ñ
xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆàÓ˚fliñ üç%Ó˚ Ä ã˛y!£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏD– ~Ó˚y ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z xyüyˆÏܲ ü%á ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏá–
ˆò!á xy!üÄ !ܲv ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛Ìy •Î˚ öy– ÎyÓ˚y ˆã˛ˆÏö xyüyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y !çˆÏàƒ§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ öyñ ~ï˛
§Ü˛yˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ ÄÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y û˛yˆÏÓ xy!ü x•ÇܲyÓ˚#ñ û˛yˆÏÓ xy!ü ˆÓ!¢ ܲÌy Ó°y ˛õåÈ®
ܲ!Ó˚ öy– ÄÓ˚y áy!öܲê˛y û˛ˆÏÎ˚ û˛ˆÏÎ˚•z xyüyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyÎ˚– xy!ü ĈÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛
ã˛y•z– ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ê˛y ˆ°yܲˆÏܲ ï˛#«¯˛ ˆã˛yˆÏá ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆò!áñ xy!ü ã˛y•zñ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆã˛öy Ä
xˆÏã˛öy üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏD ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ñ ˆÎ ܲÌyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xÌ≈ ˆö•zñ ü)°ƒ ˆö•z !ܲv ï˛y ܲÌy–
ˆÎüö ÄÓ˚y !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ӈϰ ÌyˆÏܲ– ã˛y•z !ܲv ˛õy!Ó˚ öyñ ÓƒyÜ%˛° ˆã˛yá ï%˛ˆÏ° ÷ô%
ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲñ ܲÌy •Î˚ öy– ÄÓ˚y xyüyÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆã˛yá §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆöÎ˚ñ xy!üÄ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛
Ìy!ܲ– ~ï˛ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ÷ô% ~ܲçö ï˛yÓ˚ û˛yäyˆÏã˛yÓ˚y ˆòyܲyö ˆÌˆÏܲ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ĈÏë˛ñ ÚxÓ˚&îòy ~•z §E˛y°ˆÏÓ°y ˆÜ˛yöáyˆÏö⁄Û
§yÓ˚y §Ü˛y° 鲰ü° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ĈÏë˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌyÎ˚– ~ xöƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z öÎ˚ñ üyáöòy– ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈fl∫
•y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ üˆÏòñ ÷ô% üˆÏò•z– ç%Î˚yÎ˚ öÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆòyܲyö Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ã˛yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆà°y§
xyÓ˚ ܲy!°˛õí˛¸y û˛yäy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛ê˛!°– §¶˛ƒyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~áyˆÏö üò !Ó!e´ •Î˚ñ ò%ÈÙÈã˛yÓ˚ çö
áˆÏjÓ˚– §yÓ˚y ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ û˛!ï˛≈ x§%á üyáöòyÓ˚– á%Ó §Ω˛Ó í˛z˛õòÇ¢ ú%˛ˆÏê˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ È– •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°
ò%ÓyÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yˆÏܲñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xyˆÏÓ˚ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ò%ÈÙÈ~ܲ !òˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z– ˆ§
xyÓyÓ˚ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÚxÓ˚&îòy ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ÎyöÛ xy!ü ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá •y!§– ˆÎö Ü˛ï˛«˛î
˛õÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°yÓ˚ üyö%£Ï ˛õyÄÎ˚y ˆà°Ê

¢!•òˆÏÓ!ò
......
í˛zòÎ˚ û˛yò%í˛¸#
xyçܲy° §ˆÏ¶˛ °yàˆÏ° xy!ü ~ܲê%˛ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÓÓ˚ ••z– ܲáöÄ Óy!í˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ü!öê˛ ò¢ÈÙÈÓyˆÏÓy˚ ñ
Ü%˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ê%˛!°ÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö xyˆÏÓ˚ܲê%˛ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ !öüï˛°y Ÿ¬¢yöâyê˛ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö á%Ó Ü˛yˆÏåÈñ
ˆ¢yû˛yÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛e´ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ °y•zö ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ flT…yu˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏí˛Ó˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ àDyÓ˚ âyê˛–
àDyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöy ˆÓ¢ !ܲå%È âyˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆ§áyˆÏö Ó§yÓ˚ çyÎ˚ày ˛õyÄÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ!ܲå%È !ܲå%È ˆã˛öyü%ˆÏáÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆòáyÄ •ˆÏÎ˚Ä ÎyÎ˚– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ àòyôÓ˚ ˛õ!ï˛ï%˛[%˛ ˆ°ˆÏöÓ˚
§yˆÏÓܲ Óy!§®yˆÏòÓ˚Ä ò%ÈÙÈã˛yÓ˚çö §ˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ §üÎ˚ àDyÓ˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˆçyˆÏê˛– xy§ˆÏ° í˛z_Ó˚
ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ ~•z à!°â%Ñ!çÓ˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåÈyê˛ ˆáyˆÏ˛õ ˛õyÎ˚Ó˚yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆÎ§Ó üyö%£Ï §yÓ˚y!òö
xyê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ܲê˛y òüÓ¶˛ xÓfliy ˆÌˆÏܲ áy!öܲ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ ï˛yÓ˚y àDyÓ˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°
xyˆÏ§– ~ê˛y ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ xˆÏû˛ƒ§ÈÙÙÙÈã˛!Õ‘¢ñ ˛õM˛Èy¢ÈÙÈ£Ïyê˛ ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xˆÏû˛ƒ§ ܲyÓ˚Ä Ü˛yÓ˚Ä–
≤Ãã˛[˛ àÓ˚üñ ò%ɧ• !•í˛z!ü!í˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Îáö §yÓ˚y ¢•Ó˚ •Ñy§úÑ˛y§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ ï˛áöÄ ~•z çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ñ
àDyÓ˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y fl∫yò% !é˛Ó˚!é˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆû˛çy Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆåÈÑyÎ˚y ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÓåÈÓ˚ !ÓˆÏ¢Ü˛
xyˆÏàÄ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚•z ˆÓ¢ !ܲå%È üyö%£Ïñ ˆåȈϰ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y ˆáˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòˆÏÎ˚ àDyÓ˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÓàˆÏ°
¢ï˛Ó˚!M˛È !öˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° xy§ï˛ÈÙÙÙÈâ%ˆÏüyˆÏï˛– §yÓ˚y ÓåÈÓ˚ öÎ˚ñ @ˇÃ#ˆÏ‹øÓ˚ ò%ˆÏê˛y üy§–
ˆ¢yû˛yÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~•z âyê˛ê˛yˆÏï˛•z ܲ!òö xyˆÏà ܲÌyÎ˚ ܲÌyÎ˚ òy§òyˆÏܲ !çˆÏK˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°yüñ
xyçܲy° !ܲ xyˆÏàÓ˚ üï˛ö xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ°yܲçö ~áyˆÏö ÷ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§⁄
òy§òy ӈϰ!åÈ°ñ ~ܲ!òö öÛê˛yÈÙÈò¢ê˛yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˆòˆÏá !öÄÈÙÙÙÈ~áöÄ ˆ°yܲçö ÷ˆÏï˛
xyˆÏ§ñ àyòyày!ò !û˛í˛¸ñ !§Ö!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õy ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ö#ˆÏã˛ àDy flõ¢≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ öyÈÙÙÙÈï˛ˆÏÓ
ˆÜ˛í˛z•z xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ öÎ˚ñ §Ó•z !û˛öˆÏò!¢ñ üˆÏö •Î˚ !Ó•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ é˛yí˛¸áˆÏ[˛Ó˚
Óy xyÓ˚Ä ˆÜ˛yö ü%°%ˆÏܲÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛ çyˆÏö⁄ xy!ü Ó°°yüñ ˆ§ ˆï˛y xyˆÏàÄ !åÈ°ñ xhsˇï˛
!öüï˛°y âyê˛ ˛õÎ≈hsˇÈÙÙÙÈˆë˛°yÄÎ˚y°yñ !Ó˚ܲ¢yÄÎ˚y°yñ ˆ˛õyhflÏyÓ˚ Ü%˛!°– ï˛yÓ˚y•z •ˆÏÓ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y–
ˆ¢yû˛yÓyçyÓ˚Ä ˆï˛y ÓyçyÓ˚–
òy§òy Ó°ˆÏ°öÈÙÙÙȈàyê˛y ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y•z ˆï˛y ÓyçyÓ˚–
üyö%£Ï ˆÎüö Óò°yÎ˚ñ xy!ü ˆû˛ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏá!åÈÈÙÙÙÈÓƒ!_´ üyö%£Ïñ ˆày¤˛#Ók˛ üyö%£Ïñ àDyÓ˚ âyê˛Ä
ˆï˛ü!ö ÓòˆÏ° ÎyˆÏFåÈñ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xˆÏàyã˛ˆÏÓ–˚ xy!ü ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ Ó˚yˆÏeñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ xyd#ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
ˆåȈϰÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆöühsˇß¨ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ !ú˛Ó˚!åÈñ Óy!í˛¸ ˆì˛yܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏà û˛yÓ°yü ~ܲÓyÓ˚ àDyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ê˛y
â%ˆÏÓ˚ Îy•zÈÙÙÙÈ˛õˆÏܲˆÏê˛ ~ܲê˛y ˛õyö xyˆÏåÈñ §ˆÏD Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï !§àyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ê˛y ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆöÓ– á%Ó
àÓ˚ü ˆ§•z !òöê˛yñ §yÓ˚y!òö xyܲyˆÏ¢ ܲyˆÏ°y ˆ˛õyÎ˚y!ï˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y û˛yÓ˚# ˆüâñ
xÌã˛ Ó,!‹T •ˆÏFåÈ öy– ˆÓ˚°ˆÏàˆÏê˛Ó˚ §yüˆÏö•z é%Ñ˛é˛ˆÏܲy x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛ö ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏê˛ ˆüˆÏÎ˚üyö%£Ïñ
ˆòáˆÏ°•z ˆÓyé˛y ÎyÎ˚ñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛Õ‘yˆÏê˛Ó˚ öÎ˚– ĈÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD çöy!ï˛ˆÏöܲ ˛õ%Ó&˚ £Ïüyö%£ñÏ ~ܲçö
ˆÓˆÏ•í‰˛ üyï˛y°ñ ˆÓ˚°ˆÏàˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚!°ÇˆÏÎ˚ üyÌy öy!üˆÏÎ˚ñ ò%•yˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚!°Çê˛y xÑyܲˆÏí˛¸ ôˆÏÓ˚ñ
ˆÜ˛yöÄüˆÏï˛ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ §yü°yˆÏFåÈ– xyˆÏÓ˚ܲçö ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ xò,¢ƒ üƒyˆÏöçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ
x◊yÓƒ ày!° !òˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈû˛y£Ïy ˆò•y!ï˛ !•!®ñ ˆû˛yç˛õ%!Ó˚Ä •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xy!ü ˆÜ˛yöÄê˛y•z
304 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
çy!ö öyÈÙÙÙÈ÷ô% üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ Úüy!öçyÓ˚ ˆï˛ˆÏÓ˚....Û ‡ÇܲyˆÏÓ˚ xy!ü ~ܲ üƒyˆÏöçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ ܲ#ˆÏ§Ó˚
ï˛y çy!ö öyñ ܲÌy û˛yÓˆÏï˛ û˛yÓˆÏï˛ Óy!í˛¸ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~°yü– ˆÓ¢ áy!öܲê˛y ˛õÌ Ä•z ‡ÇܲyÓ˚ñ
xyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !á°!á° •y!§Ó˚ ¢∑ ܲyˆÏö xy§!åÈ°–
Ä•z Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛yÓ˚ ܲ!òö ˛õˆÏÓ˚ •ë˛yÍ Ó§yܲòyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆòáy •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°ÈÙÙÙÈÓ§yܲòy üyˆÏö
˛õyÌ%!Ó˚Î˚yâyê˛yÓ˚ !öï˛y•z Ó§yܲ–
Ó§yܲòyˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÓܲ Óy!í˛¸ÈÙÙÙÈçöy ˛õÑyˆÏã˛Ü˛ ¢!Ó˚ܲñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆåȈϰÈÙÈ˛õ%ˆÏ°ñ öy!ï˛ÈÙÈ˛õ%!ï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚
ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚¢ ˛õM˛Èy¢ÈÙÈ£Ïyê˛ çö– ÓåÈÓ˚ ò¢ÈÙÈ˛õˆÏöˆÏÓ˚y xyˆÏàÄ Ó§yܲòy ܲÌyÎ˚ ܲÌyÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ö ~•z
¢•Ó˚ê˛y xyí˛¸y•zˆÏ¢y ÓåÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàÄ ˆ¢ë˛ÈÙÈÓ§yܲˆÏòÓ˚•z !åÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Óy!ܲê˛y •z!ï˛•y§–
Ó§yܲˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÓܲ Óy!í˛¸ !Ó!e´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ– ê˛yܲy˛õÎ˚§y !öˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆåÈyê˛áyê˛
üyü°yÈÙȈüyܲjüy ã˛°ˆÏåÈñ !ܲv Óy!í˛¸ê˛y ~ܲ üyé˛y!Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏüyê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ §Ó
¢!Ó˚ܲ !üˆÏ°– ~áö ÄÎ˚yö ≤’y§ ˆú˛yˆÏÓ˚ñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲê˛y ˆúœ˛yÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓñ ï˛áö •Î˚ˆÏï˛y
Ó§yܲòyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏ¢yñ §yˆÏí˛¸ ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏ¢y ˆflÒyÎ˚yÓ˚ ú%˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ xyhflÏyöy •ï˛– !ܲv x!ö!ÿ˛ï˛ û˛!ӣσÍ
!öˆÏÎ˚ Ó§yܲòy xyÓ˚ ӈϧ ÌyˆÏܲö!öÈÙÙÙÈí˛z_Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò!«˛ˆÏî ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏåÈöñ ˆ§yöyÓ˚˛õ%Ó˚ ˆfiê˛¢ö
ˆÌˆÏܲ •Ñyê˛y˛õˆÏÌ !ü!öê˛ ˛õÑyˆÏã˛Ü˛ñ ˆòí˛¸ ܲyë˛y çyÎ˚ày !ܲˆÏöˆÏåÈö– ~ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ xyüyÓ˚ çyöy
!åÈ°–
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏöˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ•z Ó§yܲòyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y xy°yòy =Ó˚&c !åÈ°– ~ܲ ˆï˛y ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚
xy!ò ÓÇ¢ñ xyÓ˚ Ó§yܲòy !öˆÏç §yÓ˚yç#Óö ܲˆÏ˛õ≈yˆÏÓ˚¢ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó˚y!ö !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ öyà!Ó˚ܲ çöàîˆÏܲ ˆ§Óy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈö– ≤ÃyÎ˚•z Ó°ˆÏï˛öñ ˆÓÎ˚y!Õ‘¢ ÓåÈÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ˛õyˆÏÓ˚¢ˆÏöÓ˚ =ÈÙÈü%ï˛ ˆâшÏê˛!åÈ– xyë˛yˆÏÓ˚y ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ì%˛ˆÏܲ!åÈñ xyÓ˚ ~•z ˆï˛y ܲÛÓåÈÓ˚ •°
!Ó˚ê˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚°yü–
xy!ü ˆÓ˚°ˆÏàˆÏê˛Ó˚ à“ê˛y Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ xyüyÓ˚ flf#ˆÏÜ˛Ä Ó!°!ö– Ó°yÓ˚ x§%!ÓˆÏôÄ !åÈ°– ~ܲ
ˆï˛y ÓyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÌyÎ˚ ˛õD% í˛z!ö ˆöühsˇß¨ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– ÎyˆÏÓö ӈϰ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ä
•ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰöó !ܲv ò%˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ â^ˇê˛y ò%ˆÏÎ˚ܲ û˛yï˛â%ˆÏüÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ áyê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z öyüˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°ö öy–
Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y ˆÜ˛yöÄüˆÏï˛ ˆê˛ˆÏö!•Öã˛ˆÏí˛¸ öyüy°– ~áö ˆÓ˚°ˆÏàˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛FåÈyê˛y
÷öˆÏ°•z Ó°ˆÏï˛öñ !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛öÈÙÙÙÈÚxy!òˆÏáƒï˛y ˆ§yçy Óy!í˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§yñ ï˛y öÎ˚ àDyÓ˚
•yÄÎ˚y ˆáˆÏï˛ ã˛°ˆÏ°ö– Ó˚yï˛ Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˆáÎ˚y° xyˆÏåÈ⁄ §yˆÏí˛¸ ~àyˆÏÓ˚yê˛yÈÙÙÙÈöy!ܲ Ä•z
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåȈϰ=ˆÏ°y ˆòˆÏá !çû˛ °Ü˛°Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z벰⁄ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ û˛#üÓ˚!ï˛Ê
ú˛ˆÏ° Ó§yܲòyˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •°ñ Îyܲ ~ܲçöˆÏܲ xhsˇï˛ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ˆà°ÈÙÙÙÈÎyˆÏܲ
ˆÓ˚°ˆÏàˆÏê˛Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y Ó°y ÎyˆÏÓ– àDyÓ˚âyˆÏê˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ xyU˛yê˛y ӈϧñ ˆ§áyˆÏöÄ ˆÎ
Ó°y ˆÎï˛ öyñ ï˛y öÎ˚– !ܲv ~ܲê˛y áã˛áã˛ xfl∫!hflÏ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆÎï˛– ĈÏòÓ˚•z •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~ܲçö
ü%ã˛ˆÏܲ ˆ•ˆÏ§ ӈϰ í˛zë˛ï˛ñ ï˛y xï˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚°ˆÏàê˛ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ àDyÓ˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ Óy•z í˛z벰
ˆÜ˛ö⁄ û˛ƒy˛õ§y àÓ˚üñ àDyÓ˚ •yÄÎ˚yÈÙÙÙȈöühsˇß¨ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚# áyÓyÓ˚ •çüñ ~=ˆÏ°y ç%ï˛§•z
Î%!_´ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @ˇÃy•ƒ •ï˛ öy– ˛õyö%ÓyÓ% ˆï˛y Ó°ï˛•zñ xyçܲy° àDyÓ˚ âyˆÏê˛ ˆï˛y §ˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚
Ó§y•z ÎyÎ˚ öyÈÙÙÙȈåÈÑyí˛¸y å%ÈÑ!í˛¸ñ í»˛yàÈÙÙÙȈã˛y°y•z– xyÓ˚ ˆÎ§Ó ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåȈϰÓ˚y ÄáyˆÏö àçÕ‘y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆàÓ˚hflÏ öy •yú˛ˆÏàÓ˚hflÏÈÙÙÙÈöy ˆ§yöyày!åÈÓ˚ é˛í˛¸!ï˛ÈÙÈ˛õí˛¸!ï˛ üy° ˆÜ˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
§yï˛˛õÑyã˛ ˆû˛ˆÏÓ xy!ü xyÓ˚ àDyÓ˚ âyˆÏê˛ Ü˛Ìyê˛y ˛õy!í˛¸!ö–
!öï˛y•z Ó§yܲˆÏܲ öy ӈϰ ˛õyÓ˚°yü öyñ §yˆÏÓܲ üyö%£Ïñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ §ühflÏ öÎ˚yöç%!° ˆã˛ˆÏö
Ó§yܲòyÛˆÏܲ Ó°°yüñ xyÓ˚ ˆòáy•z •Î˚ öyñ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎ ò%ˆÏê˛y ܲÌy Ó°ÓÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲÈÙÈxyôê˛y
 ¢!•òˆÏÓ!ò † 305
˛õÓ˚yü¢≈ ˆöÓñ ï˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà•z •Î˚ öy– ˆú˛yö ö¡∫Ó˚ê˛y xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙȈú˛yˆÏö ܲ# ~ï˛ Ü˛Ìy
Ó°y ÎyÎ˚⁄
Ó§yܲòy !Óí˛ö !flT…ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ü%áê˛yˆÏï˛ ~ܲê˛y ã˛yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏö Ó§ˆÏ°öñ ~ܲê%˛ à!°Ó˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚
~ܲê˛y ˆåÈyê˛áyê˛ ˆÓ!M˛ÈÄ ˛õyï˛y xyˆÏåÈ– Úò%ˆÏê˛y ã˛yÛ xy!ü Ó°°yüñ Ó§yܲòyÛˆÏܲ !çˆÏK˛§
ܲÓ˚°yü ÚûÑ˛yˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y⁄Û Ó§yܲòy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚•z á%Ó ã˛y ˆáˆÏï˛öñ x!ú˛ˆÏ§ Óy Óy!í˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ ܲyˆÏ˛õÈÙÙÙÈÓy˚ hflyÏ Ó˚
ôyˆÏÓ˚ û˛ÑyˆÏí˛¸–
xy!ü Ó§yܲòyˆÏܲ ˆ¢yû˛yÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ˚°ˆÏàˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛FåÈyê˛y Ó°°yü–
Ó§yܲòy Ó°ˆÏ°ö Úüyà#=ˆÏ°yÄ ˆò•y!ï˛Û⁄
xy!ü Ó°°yüñ Ú!ë˛Ü˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó öyñ üˆÏö •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈÛ
Ó§yܲòy Ó°ˆÏ°öñ ÚüˆÏö •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ܲ# xyˆÏåÈñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ Óyäy!° ~áö üy•zö!Ó˚!ê˛–
xyÓ˚ ~ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÓ˚ ~ï˛ xÓyܲ •ÓyÓ˚•z Óy ܲ# xyˆÏåÈ– §yÓ˚y ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ñ üú˛§‰§ˆÏ°ñ @ˇÃyˆÏüàˆÏO
§Ó≈e ~•z Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y âê˛ˆÏåÈ– xyüyÓ˚ û˛yàˆÏöê˛y xyˆÏåÈ !òö•yê˛yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá•z ÷ö!åÈ°yüñ
öÌ≈ˆÏÓDˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛Ü˛# •y°ñ ˆ§áyˆÏö xyÓyÓ˚ ˆö˛õy°ñ !§!ܲüñ û)˛ê˛yö xyÓ˚ ÓyÇ°yˆÏò¢ ˆï˛y §Ó≈e•z
xyˆÏåÈñ !ò!Õ‘ñ ˆÓyˆÏ¡∫ ˆÎáyˆÏö Ó°ÈÙÙÙÈܲyàˆÏç üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ ˆò!᧠öy⁄
xy!ü ~ܲê%˛ x˜ÏôÎ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó°°yüñ !ܲv ˆÜ˛ö⁄ üye !Ó¢ÈÙÈ˛õÑ!ã˛¢ê˛y ÓåȈÏÓ˚ ˆàyê˛y !ã˛eê˛y•z
~û˛yˆÏÓ ÓòˆÏ° ˆà°⁄
Ó§yܲòy xyüyÓ˚ ܲyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y !§àyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ ôÓ˚yˆÏ°ö– Ó°ˆÏ°öñ ÚˆåȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈñ
ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆòáy •°ñ ~ï˛!òö ˛õˆÏÓ˚....Û ÓˆÏ° ~ܲü%á ˆôÑyÎ˚y åÈyí˛¸ˆÏ°ö– ~ܲê˛y ˆåÈyê˛
ܲy!¢ §yüˆÏ° Ó§yܲòy Ó°ˆÏ°öñ xyüyÓ˚ û˛yàˆÏöê˛yˆÏܲ ˆï˛y !ã˛!ö§⁄ Ä ~áö !Ó.!í˛.Ä–
ÓåÈÓ˚ !ï˛ˆÏöܲ xyˆÏà ˛õÓ˚#«˛yê˛y !åÈ°– û˛yˆÏ°y åÈye ï˛Ó% ~ܲê%˛ ˆê˛ö¢ˆÏö !åÈ°ñ ˆï˛y
•zöê˛yÓ˚!û˛í˛zˆÏï˛ Ä Îy ӈϰ!åÈ°ñ ˆï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ§ê˛y•z Ó°ÓÈÙÙÙÈï%˛•z ˆÓ˚°ˆÏàˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ü§ƒyÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ Îy!Ó–
xy!ü ~ܲê˛y !ܲå%È !çˆÏK˛§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Îy!FåÈ°yüñ Ó§yܲòy •yï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° Ìy!üˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏ°öñ
Ó°ˆÏ°öÈÙÙÙÈû˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢yöñ xyçܲy°Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆåȈ° Ï Ó˚y xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°öyÎ˚ Ü˛ï˛ •zöˆ‰ êÏ ˛!°ˆÏçrê˛ñ
Ü˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ˆã˛yáÈÙÈܲyö ˆáy°y– !§àyˆÏÓê˚ ˛ê˛y ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°ñ ê%˛§!ܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó§yܲòy ˆ˛õåȈöÏ Ó˚
öò≈üyÎ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yê˛y ˆú˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏ°ö– Ó°ˆÏ°öñ ĈÏܲ •zöê˛yÓ˚!û˛í˛zˆÏï˛ !çˆÏK˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°ñ öˆÏÌ≈
ˆï˛y ˆáy°y öò≈üyñ xyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛[˛ çOy° ~ê˛y ˆÜ˛ö⁄ xyüyÓ˚ û˛yàˆÏö ӈϰ!åÈ°ñ ˛õ˛õ%ˆÏ°¢ö–
Ú~ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ á%öáyÓ˚y!˛õÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~•z !§ˆÏürê˛ Óy!° ˆfiê˛yö!ã˛˛õ‰ˆÏ§Ó˚ !§!u˛ˆÏܲê˛ñ ˆÓ˚˛õÈÙÙÙÈ
xy˛õöyÓ˚ ܲ# üˆÏö •Î˚⁄Û
xy!ü xyÓyÓ˚ ܲ# ~ܲê˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆà°yüñ Ó§yܲòy •yï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° Ìy!üˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏ°öñ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ
xyüyÓ˚ û˛yàˆÏö ܲ# í˛z_Ó˚ !ò° çy!ö§ñ ˛õ˛õ%ˆÏ°¢ö xyÓ˚ !°ÓyÓ˚y•zˆÏç¢ö–
xy!ü xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚°ˆÏàˆÏê˛Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y û%˛°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!åÈ°yüñ û˛yàˆÏöÓ˚ ~•z§Ó í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
üˆÏôƒ xyüyÓ˚ çöƒ í˛z_Ó˚ê˛y ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄
Ó§yܲòy xyÓyÓ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ •z¢yÓ˚yÎ˚ Ìy!üˆÏÎ˚ !ò°ñ Ó°°ñ xyç Óí˛¸ ï˛yí˛¸y xyˆÏåÈñ ~!òˆÏܲ
~ˆÏ§!åÈ°yü ~ܲê˛y úœ˛ƒyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆáÑyˆÏçñ ˆ§yöyÓ˚˛õ%Ó˚ xyÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y °yàˆÏåÈ öy– §yÓ˚yç#Óö ˆï˛y
öˆÏÌ≈•z–
~ܲê˛y !¢Î˚y°òyÓ˚ Óy§ xy§ˆÏåÈ ˆòˆÏá Ó§yܲòy ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°öñ ~ܲê%˛ ˆãÑ˛!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ
ˆï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚°ˆÏàˆÏê˛Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚Ä !ܲv û˛yàˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ üˆÏôƒ xyˆÏåÈ– xy!ü ˛õyÓ˚ˆ° Ï ñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ§üÎ˚
Ó%!é˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÓ– ˛õ˛õ%ˆÏ°¢ö xyÓ˚ !°ÓyÓ˚y•zˆÏç¢öÈÙÙÙÈû˛yÓˆÏï˛ û˛yÓˆÏï˛ Óy!í˛¸ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~°yü–
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 20
306 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ܲ!òö ôˆÏÓ˚•z ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ê˛y û˛yˆÏ°y Îy!FåÈ° öyÈÙÙÙÈç%öÈÙÈç%°y•z xyüyÓ˚ á%Ó Ü˛ˆÏ‹TÓ˚ üy§– Ó‡ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏöy
•Ñy˛õy!ö xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆû˛çy Óyï˛y§ñ ÓyÎ˚ò% £) îÏ ÈÙÙÙÈáy!öܲê˛y !Ó£Ïyò !üˆÏ°!üˆÏ¢ ú%˛§ú%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚
Ÿªy§öy!°Ó˚ ~üö •y° ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ Ÿªy§ !öˆÏï˛ Ü˛‹T •Î˚– ܲy!¢Ó˚ òüˆÏܲ
Ó%ܲê˛y ~ï˛ o&ï˛ Äë˛yöyüy ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xy!ü ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ÿªy§ê˛yˆÏܲ •yï˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ Ìy!ܲ– àDyÓ˚
Óyï˛yˆÏ§•z ü%!_´ÈÙÙÙÈxy!ü ˆÓÓ˚ •°yü–
xyçˆÏܲ §ˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ü%áê˛yˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ àDyÓ˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ öy ˆû˛ˆÏÓ!åÈ°yü– üöê˛yÄ û˛yˆÏ°y !åÈ° öy–
àDyÓ˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãyîû˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ÿªy§ !öˆÏÎ˚ Ó%ܲê˛y ~ܲê%˛ •y°Ü˛y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ !ܲvñ xyôâ^ˇê˛yÎ˚ òy§òyñ
!Ó÷ ü!Õ‘Ü˛ñ §òyö®ñ ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ ˆ¢ë˛ÈÙÙÙÈxyüyˆÏòÓ˚•z ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# §Óñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyU˛y üyÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
!àˆÏÎ˚•z ˆüçyçê˛y ˆà° áyÓ˚y˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚– Ÿªy§ !öˆÏï˛ Ü˛‹T •!FåÈ°–
ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ ˆ¢ë˛ Ó°°ñ çyˆÏöy ˆï˛y ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y öy!ܲ °u˛ö •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ !ܲå%È!òˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z–
òy§òy Ó°°ñ ˆ•yܲ öyñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚•z Óy ܲ#ñ xyüyÓ˚•z Óy ܲ#ÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö Î!ò
•Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ü® ܲ#⁄ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y öy •Î˚ñ áy!öܲê˛y •ˆÏ°Ä ˆï˛y •ˆÏÓ–
§òyö®Ó˚ ˆåȈϰ °u˛ˆÏö ܲü!˛õí˛zê˛Ó˚ •z!O!öÎ˚yÓ˚– !öˆÏçÄ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ˆ§QˆÏÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y ã˛yܲ!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ §yÓ˚yç#ÓöÈÙÙÙÈ~áöÄ ã˛yÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚yñ ˛õÑyã˛ï˛yÓ˚yÎ˚ üyˆÏé˛üˆÏôƒ ÎyÎ˚ñ ܲö§y°ˆÏê˛!™ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
÷ô% ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ ê˛yˆÏöñ ˆåÈyê˛ˆÏÓ°yÓ˚ Ó¶%˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §%ÓyˆÏò ĈÏܲ üyˆÏé˛üyˆÏé˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z âyˆÏê˛
˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– §òyö® Ó°°ñ àï˛ !ï˛!Ó˚¢ ÓåȈÏÓ˚ xy!ü ˛õÑyã˛ÈÙȧyï˛ÓyÓ˚ °u˛ö ܲ!rê˛ˆÏörê˛ñ
ò%ÛÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲy â%ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§!åÈ– ~•z ˆï˛y ò%Ûüy§ xyˆÏà xyüyÓ˚ ˆåȈϰÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆòáy ܲˆÏÓ˚
~°yüÈÙÙÙÈxy!ü ˆï˛y ˆòá!åÈ °u˛ö•z xyˆÏhflÏ xyˆÏhflÏ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈ– !û˛í˛¸ Óyí˛¸ˆÏåÈñ
ˆÓܲyÓ˚ Óyí˛¸ˆÏåÈ– ò%!öÎ˚yˆÏçyí˛¸y ~•z ü®yÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏ°ï˛ xyÓ˚ ˆ§ !ÓˆÏ°ï˛ ˆö•z–
xyüyÓ˚ üyÌyÎ˚ ˆÎ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y §Ü˛y° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy܉˛ áyˆÏFåÈñ xy!ü xyÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛y ã˛y˛õy !òˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚°yü öy– á%ܲá%ܲ ܲy!¢ ~°ñ ˆÜ˛yöÄüˆÏï˛ §yüy° !òˆÏÎ˚ñ xy!ü Ó°°yüñ xyFåÈy §òyö®ñ
°u˛ˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ x!°à!°ˆÏï˛ ï%˛!ü ¢!•òˆÏÓ!ò ˆòˆÏáåÈ⁄ ï%˛!ü ˆï˛y xˆÏöܲÓyÓ˚ ˆàåÈ–
ˆàyê˛y xyU˛yê˛y•z ˆÜ˛üö ÌüˆÏܲ ˆà°– §òyö®•z à°y áÑyܲy!Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó°°ñ ¢!•òˆÏÓ!ò
üyˆÏö üö%ˆüÏ rê˛ñ flø,!ï˛hflΩÏ ˛ ú˛Ó˚‰ !ò üyê≈˛yÓ˚⁄ ÌyܲˆÏÓ öy ˆÜ˛ö⁄ ≤ÃÌü !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ñ !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ÈÙÙÙÈ
ê˛Δyú˛y°àyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Î%k˛ÈÙÙÙÈ
xy!ü Ó°°yüñ öy öy ˆ§Ó˚ܲü öÎ˚ñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ à!°Ó˚ ˆüyˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎüö ôÓ˚ñ xï˛#ö üyˆÏö
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛# xï˛#ö Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢!•òˆÏÓ!ò xyˆÏåÈñ ˆ§•zÓ˚ܲü– xy!ü ܲy!ï≈˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ !çˆÏK˛§ ܲÓ˚°yüñ xï˛#öˆÏܲ üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ öy⁄
ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ Ó°°ñ üˆÏö ÌyܲˆÏÓ öy⁄ ÄÓ˚ܲü ~ܲê˛y ˆåȈϰ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Üœ˛yˆÏ§ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ !åÈ°⁄
!Ó !°Î˚yrê˛ÈÙÙÙÈfl%҈ϰ ~àyˆÏÓ˚y Üœ˛y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyòÓ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ !ú˛!ç: ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆà°–
§òyö® Ó°°ñ §ƒy퉲ÈÙÙÙÈÄ•z öܲ¢y°ÈÙÈê˛Ü˛¢y° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°ñ ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ =!° ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓˆÏâyˆÏÓ˚
üÓ˚°ÈÙÙÙȘö•y!ê˛ öy çàjˆÏ°– öyñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ à!°Ó˚ ü%ˆÏáÈÙÙÙÈÄÓ˚ ˆÎ •zˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈñ ÄÓ˚ܲü
!ܲå%È xy!ü °u˛ˆÏö ˆòˆÏá!åÈ ÓˆÏ° ˆáÎ˚y° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ öy– ï˛ˆÏÓ á%Ó Î!ò çyöˆÏï˛ •zˆÏFåÈ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyç Ó˚yˆÏï˛ Úˆöê˛Û á%ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏá ˆöÓ–
ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ Ó°°ñ ÄÓ˚ ÓyÓy ˆï˛y ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zͲõyˆÏï˛ !í˛ˆÏ≤âˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚&!à •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– xy!ü•z
ò%ÈÙÈ!ï˛ö ÓyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈÈÙÙÙÈ¢ƒyüÓyçyÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛üyÌyÓ˚ ˆüyˆÏí˛¸ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !Óí˛¸ !Óí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ܲ# ˆÎö ÓˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏFåÈö– üy!§üyÄ ï˛áöÄ òyÓ˚&î x§%fli– xyÓ˚ xï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÓyöê˛yñ ˆ§ ˆï˛y
üy!öÜ˛ï˛°yÓ˚ àÎ˚°y˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ˆåȈϰÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚•z ˆà°– ˆÓyˆÏ¡∫ñ öy !ܲ⁄
 ¢!•òˆÏÓ!ò † 307
òy§òy Ó°°ñ xyüÓ˚yÄ çy!öñ ÓåÈÓ˚ !ÓˆÏ¢Ü˛ •°ñ ÄÓ˚y ~˛õyí˛¸y ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛í˛z
çyˆÏö öy ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ ˆÓшÏã˛ xyˆÏåÈ !ܲ öy ˆÜ˛ çyˆÏö⁄ xyÓ˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Óy ܲ# •ï˛⁄
xï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤çD í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛•z xyU˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ê˛y ˆÜ˛üö ˆÎö Ìü̈Ïü •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– ~ ˆÎö
xï˛#öˆÏܲ fløÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ!ï˛!Ó˚¢ ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ñ ~ܲ !ü!öˆÏê˛Ó˚ ö#Ó˚Óï˛y ˛õy°ö– ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ xyöüöy
àDyÓ˚ û˛yê˛yÓ˚ ê˛yˆÏöÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚•z°–
!Ó÷ ü!Õ‘Ü˛ ~ü!öˆÏï˛•z ܲÌy ӈϰ ܲü– °ï˛yÎ˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ ü!Õ‘Ü˛Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚˛õ%Ó&˚ £ÏÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆ¢yû˛yÓyçyÓ˚ñ ˆçyí˛¸yÓyàyö xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆÜ˛yö çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÓÓ˚y•öàÓ˚ Óy xy°üÓyçyÓ˚ ĈÏòÓ˚
¢!Ó˚!ܲ ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛ê˛y Óy!í˛¸ xyˆÏåÈ– û˛yí˛¸y ˆï˛y !ï˛!Ó˚¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ û˛yí˛¸y•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆàˆÏåÈñ üyü°yÈÙÈ
ˆüyܲjüy ã˛°ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈï˛Ó% üyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï !ܲå%È xyˆÏ§– !Ó÷ ü!Õ‘Ü˛•z ö#Ó˚Óï˛y û˛yä°ÈÙÙÙÈflˆ∫ àÏ yï˛!_´
üˆÏï˛y Ó°°ñ ˆ§ ~ܲê˛y §üÎ˚ !åÈ°ñ xyüyÓ˚ Ó˚yäy!˛õ!§Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ !åÈ°yüñ ÓÓ˚y•öàˆÏÓ˚–
•ë˛yÍ üyé˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ày!í˛¸ÈÙÙÙÈòÓ˚çyÎ˚ °y!Ìñ xyüyÓ˚ !˛õ§ï%˛ˆÏï˛y òyòy Ä•z òˆÏ° !û˛ˆÏí˛¸!åÈ°–
xyüyˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ°!åÈ°ñ ˆö•yï˛ ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xï%˛° §y•yÓ˚ ~ܲ
ܲyܲy !åÈ°ñ ˆ§•z §yüy° !ò°ñ Ó°°ñ ĈÏܲ !ã˛!öñ ÄÓ˚ ÓyÓyˆÏÜ˛Ä !ã˛!öñ ˆ¢yû˛yÓyçyˆÏÓ˚
âyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲê%˛ xyU˛yÓyçñ öÌ≈ ܲƒy°Ü˛yê˛yÓ˚ !ê˛!˛õܲƒy° ã˛yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏö xyU˛yÈÙÙÙÈ
ï˛y åÈyí˛¸y ÄÓ˚ ÓyÓyñ ~ܲ ܲyܲy ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏöy fl∫ˆÏò!¢– ÓˆÏö!ò Óy!í˛¸ÈÙÙÙÈöyñ öyñ öܲ¢y°ÈÙú˛Ü˛¢y°
öÎ˚– ÄÓ˚y •ˆÏFåÈ ÎyˆÏܲ ӈϰ §yˆÏÓܲ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ!§–
ˆ§ ~ܲ §üÎ˚ !åÈ°ñ ~ê˛y•z xfl≥%˛ˆÏê˛ Ü˛üˆÏÓ!¢ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰– xy!ü Ó°°yü §üÎ˚ê˛y
ˆï˛y ܲü öÎ˚ñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ!í˛ˆÏÜ˛í˛– ~Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆàyê˛y ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ Óò° âˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈxyüÓ˚yÄ
ÓòˆÏ° ˆà!åÈÈÙÙÙÈû˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ é˛y˛õ§yñ üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ xï˛#ï˛ •yï˛í˛¸yˆÏöyñ ~û˛yˆÏÓ Óy!ܲ ç#Óöê˛y
ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏ° ÓÑyã˛y ÎyÎ˚–
ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ Ó°°ñ öfiê˛y°!çÎ˚yÈÙÙÙÈxï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌyˆÏï˛•z xyüyÓ˚ ˜•üÓ˚ ܲÌy üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸°– ˜•üˆÏܲ
ˆï˛yüÓ˚y ܲüˆÏÓ!¢ §Óy•z ˆòˆÏáåÈ– xï˛#ö•z ~ܲ!òö ܲ!ú˛ •yí˛zˆÏ§ xy°y˛õ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
§òyö® Ó°°ñ xy!ü ˆ§!òö ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚!öñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ ˛õyí˛¸yˆÏï˛•z ~•z âyˆÏê˛ ~ܲ!òö §ˆÏ¶˛ˆÏÓ°y
ˆòˆÏá!åÈ ÓˆÏ° üˆÏö •ˆÏFåÈ– á%Ó ~ܲê˛y xyˆÏ°y ˆï˛y !åÈ° öyñ xï˛#öˆÏܲ !ã˛öˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°yüñ
!ܲv §ˆÏD ü!•°yÈÙÙÙÈ§Ω˛Óï˛ ˜•ü– xy!ü xyÓ˚ ~ˆÏày•z!ö–
xy!ü Ó°°yüñ Ä xyÓyÓ˚ ü!•°y •Î˚ ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ï˛áö §Ω˛Óï˛ ˆÓÌ%ö ܲˆÏ°ˆÏç Ìyí≈˛ •zÎ˚yÓ˚–
ˆ◊!î§Ç@ˇÃyü üyÌyÎ˚ ˆì˛yܲyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÓyÓyÓ˚ ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ ܲˆÏ°ˆÏç xy§ï˛ öy– ê˛ΔyˆÏüÈÙÈÓyˆÏ§....
ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ Ó°°ñ xï˛#öÄ ï˛áö !§àyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !Ó!í˛¸ ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ xÓ¢ƒ á%Ó ~ܲê˛y òy!ü
!§àyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ Ä ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛yˆÏ°•z ˆáï˛ öyñ xhsˇï˛ •zfl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ !ï˛öÈÙÈã˛yÓ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ ĈÏܲ
ˆòˆÏá!åÈñ ܲüòy!ü !§àyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ˆáï˛– !ܲv ‡ê˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!í˛¸⁄ xy!ü ~ܲ!òö !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚°yüñ
•ë˛yÍ !Ó!í˛¸ ˆÜ˛ö⁄
xï˛#ö Ó°°ñ ˆÎ ˆòˆÏ¢ xyˆÏk˛Ü˛ ˆ°yܲ ò%ÛˆÏÓ°y ˆ˛õê˛ û˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ öyñ üyö%£Ïçö
xöy•yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ x˛õ%!‹TˆÏï˛ üˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ ˆòˆÏ¢ !§àyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ áyÄÎ˚y !Ó°y!§ï˛y– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸yñ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚
ÓöçDˆÏ° ÎyÓñ ˆ§áyˆÏö !§àyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ˛õyÓ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ !Ó!í˛¸ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ–
ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ ~ܲê%˛ §y•§ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ӈϰ!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈ!Ó!í˛¸ê˛y !Ó°y!§ï˛y öÎ˚⁄ §y•§•z Ó°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ
çö◊&!ï˛ xï˛#ö ï˛áö•z ˆÓ¢ ܲê˛y xƒyܲ¢ˆÏö ˛õy!ê≈˛!§ˆÏ˛õê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ È– áï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ˆfl‘yàyö xÓ¢ƒ
ï˛áöÄ xï˛ê˛y ˆ§yFã˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛!ö–
§òyö® Ó°°ñ xyFåÈy ~ï˛ üí˛yö≈ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ öyü ˜•ü ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
308 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ Ó°°ñ ï%˛!üÄ ˆï˛y Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ˆÏê˛ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚åÈñ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ê˛yÄ ˆüyê˛yü%!ê˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáåÈñ
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ öyü §òyö® ˆÜ˛ö⁄
!Ó÷ ü!Õ‘Ü˛ Ó°°ñ ÓˆÏö!ò Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ä•zÓ˚ܲü•z öyü •ï˛– xyüyÓ˚ öyü ˆÎüö !ÓŸªöyÌñ
Óí˛¸û˛y•z •Ó˚öyÌñ ˆåÈyê˛ û˛y•z !¢ÓöyÌ xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y•z ˆÓyöÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚ öyü §%öÎ˚ö#– ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ
ܲÓ˚– ˜•ü üyˆÏö ˜•üÓï˛#ñ ÓˆÏö!ò Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈĈÏòÓ˚ !ï˛ö ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï Óƒy!Ó˚fiê˛yÓ˚–
xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ê˛y ˆÜ˛üö ˆÎö Ìü̈Ïü •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– ܲüˆÏÓ!¢ xyüÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y §Óy•z xï˛#ö
xyÓ˚ ˜•üÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆû˛ˆÏÓ ã˛ˆÏ°!åÈ– xï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ ¢!•òˆÏÓ!ò xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ à!°Ó˚ ü%ˆÏáñ ú%˛ê˛ !ï˛ˆÏöܲ
ˆÓ!òê˛y ~áö Ó˚Çã˛ê˛yñ •zê˛ áˆÏ§ ÎyˆÏFåÈñÈÙÙÙÈ•zˆÏê˛Ó˚ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ !§ˆÏürê˛ Óy!°ñ ˆö•z Ó°ˆÏ°•z
•Î˚– xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸°ñ ~•z ˆÓ!òê˛y !öˆÏÎ˚•z ܲÌy Ó°Ó §y¶˛ƒ xyU˛yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÓy!í˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ Îáö
ˆÓÓ˚ ••zñ ï˛áö !ë˛Ü˛ !åÈ°– ~ê˛y !ë˛Ü˛ñ ˆÓ!òÓ˚ !öˆÏã˛ xï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ !ã˛ï˛yû˛flø ˆö•zñ !ܲv ï˛Ó% Ä•z
~ܲܲû˛yˆÏÓ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛# Ó¶%˛ñ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ~ܲê˛y ˆÓшÏã˛ xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ!åÈ° ~ï˛!òöñ xyüyÓ˚ ˆï˛y
~•zÓ˚ܲü•z üˆÏö •Î˚–
•ë˛yÍ Ü˛y!ï≈˛Ü˛•z Ó°°ñ xyFåÈy xï˛#ö ˆï˛y ¢!•ò •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°ñ ˜•ü ˆà° ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄
§!ï˛ƒ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛#ñ xyüÓ˚y ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆ§û˛yˆÏÓ ˆáÑyç Ó˚y!á!ö– xï˛#ö !åÈ°ñ ï˛y•z ˜•ü !åÈ°–
1971ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ ¢#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ xï˛#ö ¢!•ò •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°ÈÙÙÙȘ•üÄ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛üˆÏÓ!¢
!ú˛ˆÏܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°–
xy!ü Ó°°yüñ û˛y§y û˛y§y xï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ ÎyòÓ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò%ÈÙÈ~ܲçö Ó¶%˛Ó˚ ü%ˆÏá ï˛áö ÷ˆÏö!åÈ°yüñ
˜•üÓ˚ ÓyÓy ï˛yˆÏܲ !ӈϰˆÏï˛ ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ !ӈϰˆÏï˛ ÄˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ ~ܲ xyd#Î˚ öy!ܲ
ò%Û˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ôˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ–
~ܲê˛y ò#â≈Ÿªy§ ˆú˛ˆÏ° !Ó÷ ü!Õ‘Ü˛ Ó°°ÈÙÙÙȘ•üÓï˛# !ӈϰˆÏï˛ñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y §yˆÏ•Ó !ÓˆÏÎ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈöyÄ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ӈϰˆÏï˛ !ܲ û˛yˆÏ°y Óyäy!° ˆåȈϰÓ˚ xû˛yÓ xyˆÏåÈ⁄ xyÓ˚
~!òˆÏܲ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆåȈϰ xï˛#ö Ó˚yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈxy!üÄ ˆï˛y ˆòˆÏá!åÈ ˆÓ!òê˛y–
xy!ü Ó°°yüñ xy!ü•z ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yüñ xï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ ܲÌyñ ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ ӈϰ!åÈ°yü–
ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ Ó°°ñ ˆï˛yüyˆÏòÓ˚ à!°ˆÏï˛ ì%˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° Äê˛y §ÓyÓ˚ öçˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚
˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ xyˆÏô≈ܲ ˆ°yܲ•z ˆï˛y öï%˛öñ ï˛yÓ˚y xï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ öyü•z ˆ¢yˆÏö!ö •Î˚ˆÏï˛y–
xy!ü Ó°°yüñ ≤ÃÌü !ï˛öÈÙÈã˛yÓ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ üy°yÈÙÈê˛y°y ˆòÄÎ˚y •ï˛– ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚•z ˆÜ˛yöÄ üyö%£Ï
flø,!ï˛ã˛yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ï˛ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ– ~ܲÈÙÈxyôê˛y àî§Çà#ï˛ •ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏhflÏ xyˆÏhflÏ §Ó ˆÜ˛üö
!ú˛ˆÏܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°ÈÙÙÙÈ!ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~üyˆÏç≈!™Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚–
ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ Ó°°ñ ˆüyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ í˛yö!òˆÏܲ ˛õã˛yòyÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏö ܲyàç ˛õí˛¸!åÈÈÙÙÙȈ§
xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆòá°yü ~ܲê˛y Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ñ ܲyˆÏ°yÈÙÙÙÈày û˛!ï≈˛ âyñ xï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ ¢!•òˆÏÓ!òˆÏï˛
˛õy ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆ˛õFåÈy˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ–
xy!ü Ó°°yüñ xy!ü ˆï˛y ~•z ˛õÓ˚÷Ä ˆòˆÏá!åÈñ üöê˛y á%Ó áyÓ˚y˛õ– ~ê˛y xÓ¢ƒ ~ܲê%˛
Óyòy!ü Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ñ áy!öܲê˛y §yòy– üyÌyê˛y ~ï˛ àÓ˚ü •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°ñ üyÓ˚Ó ÓˆÏ° Ó˚yhflÏy ˆÌˆÏܲ
~ܲyê˛ •zˆÏê˛Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ï%˛ˆÏ° !ö°yü– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ û˛yÓ°yüñ ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ !ܲå%È ˆ°yܲ ~ܲê%˛
•ï˛Óyܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ•z ˆòá!åÈ°– ܲ# •ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ°yñ xy!ü ܲy!ï≈˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚
Ó°°yüñ ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆö!í˛¸ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈÄ ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ çyˆÏö öyñ Äê˛y xï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ ¢!•òˆÏÓ!ò– •zöú‰ ˛ƒyܲê˛
¢!•ò §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛•z Ü%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy ˆö•z–
•zê˛ê˛yñ çyˆÏöy ˆï˛yñ ˆú˛ˆÏ° !ò°yü– xï˛#ö ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ ~•z ˆö!í˛¸Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓyô•Î˚
û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§ï˛ÈÙÙÙÈ˛õã˛yòyÓ˚ ˆòyܲyö ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ófl%Òê˛ !ܲˆÏö áyÄÎ˚yï˛–
 ¢!•òˆÏÓ!ò † 309
ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ Ó°°ñ ˆ§•z !Óáƒyï˛ ˛õã˛yòyÓ˚ ˆòyܲyöÈÙÙÙÈí˛Ó°‰ •yú˛ ã˛yñ !í˛üÈÙȈê˛yfiê˛ñ xy°%Ó˚òüñ
â%à!öÈÙÙÙÈܲˆÏÓ ˆÎ í˛zˆÏë˛ ˆà°–
xy!ü Ó°°yüñ xˆÏöܲ!òö xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyí˛¸yÎ˚ ÎyÄ!öÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§yñ ¢!•òˆÏÓ!òê˛yÄ ˛õyÓ˚ˆ° Ï
~ܲê%˛ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏáy–
ˆÓ¢ !ܲå%È!òö xyÓ˚ àDyÓ˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y •Î˚!ö– ~ܲ!òö •ë˛yÍ ò%ÈÙÈ˛õ¢°y Ó,!‹TˆÏï˛ !û˛ˆÏç çμÓ˚
ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆà°– í˛y_´yÓ˚ñ ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚•zñ Ó°°ÈÙÙÙÈû˛y•zÓ˚y§– !òö §yˆÏï˛Ü˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ çμÓ˚ Î!ò Óy åÈyí˛¸°ñ
ܲy!¢ xyÓ˚ åÈyˆÏí˛¸ öy– üyé˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ÷ܲˆÏöy ܲy!¢Ó˚ òüˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– !ÓåÈyöyÎ˚ ӈϧ
•Ñy˛õyˆÏï˛ ˆò!áÈÙÙÙÈâ!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ï˛áö •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Ó˚yï˛ ò%ˆÏê˛yÈÙÙÙÈxyí˛¸y•zˆÏê˛– !à!ߨ !ÓÓ˚_´ •öó ï˛yÓ˚Ä
â%ˆÏüÓ˚ òú˛yÓ˚ú˛y–
~:ˆÏÓ˚ •°ñ ú%˛§ú%˛ˆÏ§ •zï˛hflÏï˛ Ü˛yˆÏ°y ܲyˆÏ°y ˆåÈy˛õ– í˛y_´yÓ˚ Ó°°ÈÙÙÙÈ~ÓyÓ˚ !§àyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ê˛y
ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !òö– ~Ó˚ xyˆÏàÄ Ó‡ÓyÓ˚ ÷ˆÏö!åÈñ !öˆÏçÄ ≤Ã!ï˛K˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ˆòÓñ ܲ!òö
ˆÎˆÏï˛ öy ˆÎˆÏï˛•z xyÓyÓ˚ !òˆÏö ò¢ê˛yÈÙÈÓyˆÏÓ˚yê˛y– Ó˚ˆÏ_´ñ üIyÎ˚ áy•zÈÙÈáy•zÈÙÙÙÈ!öˆÏܲy!ê˛ö ã˛y•z–
xyüyÓ˚ §Ó•z xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙȈ̈ÏÜ˛Ä xˆÏöܲê˛y öy ÌyܲyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y– ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ˆÓyô•Î˚
§ühflÏ §¡õÜ≈˛•z ~ܲê%˛ åÈyí˛¸yåÈyí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲüye â!ö¤˛ï˛y Î!ò ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y Ä•z ˆö¢yÓ˚
Ó›Ó˚ §ˆÏDÈÙÙÙÈxyüyÓ˚ ˆÎüö !§àyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ñ ܲy!ï≈˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ =í˛¸yÜ%˛ xyÓyÓ˚ §òyö®Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏe ò% ˆ˛õà
Ó˚yü öy •ˆÏ° â%ü•z xy§ˆÏÓ öy– §Óy•z !öˆÏçÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y x§%á# Óy §%á#ñ ~ܲê˛y §¡õÜ≈˛•z
~áö á%Ó !ö!Óí˛¸ñ ˆ§ê˛y ˆö¢yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §¡õÜ≈˛–
~Ó˚•z üˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!òö Ó§yܲòyñ üyˆÏö !öï˛y•z Ó§yܲ ~ˆÏ°ö xyüyˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛– ~áö ˆÜ˛üö⁄
•zï˛ƒy!ò– âyˆÏê˛•z áÓÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ܲ!òö xyˆÏàÈÙÙÙÈ!ܲv ˆ§!òö xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö!ö–
Ó§yܲòy•z ˆ§!òö xyÓyÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ üyÌyÎ˚ ¢!•òˆÏÓ!òñ üyˆÏö ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆüyˆÏí˛¸ ¢!•òˆÏÓ!òê˛yÓ˚
ܲÌy ì%˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ö–
ܲ!òö xyˆÏàÓ˚ âyˆÏê˛Ó˚ xyU˛yÈÙÙÙÈàDyÎ˚ û˛yê˛y– §ˆÏ¶˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆöˆÏü xy§ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙȈçyÎ˚yÓ˚ xy§Ó
xy§Ó û˛yÓñ !ܲå%È üyö%£Ïçö ÎyÓ˚y û˛yê˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy í%˛!ÓˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲê%˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ôyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ
!àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÓ¢ o&ï˛ âyˆÏê˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛ˆÏ° xy§ˆÏåÈ–
Ó§yܲòy •ë˛yÍ à°y öy!üˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ xyüyˆÏܲ ò%ÈÙÈ!ï˛öÓyÓ˚ ܲö%•z !òˆÏÎ˚ =шÏï˛y !ò°ñ
!ú˛§!ú˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°°ñ ˆòá!åÈ–
xy!ü !ë˛Ü˛ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚°yü öyñ !ܲv Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y ˆÎ ˆÓ¢ ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏ°yñ ܲy!ï≈˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó°yÓ˚
ôÓ˚ˆÏö– xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •°– xy!üÄ !ú˛§!ú˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°°yü ܲ#⁄
ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ Ó°°ñ §yüˆÏö ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ òƒyá û˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲòü ûÑ˛y!ê˛Ó˚ ã˛Ó˚ê˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï çˆÏ°Ó˚
ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ܲçö •Ñyê%˛ xÓ!ô ˛õƒyrê˛ =!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§ˆÏåÈ öy⁄ ç° ˆÌˆÏܲñ ~•z âyˆÏê˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ•z
xy§ˆÏåÈ–
ï˛áöÄ ˛õÑyã˛ÈÙȧyï˛ çö ÎyÓ˚y §ˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ã˛yö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆöˆÏü!åÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚y í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈÓ§yܲòy
Ó°ˆÏ°öñ ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ !ë˛Ü˛ ܲyˆÏܲ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏåÈ xy!ü Ó%ˆÏé˛ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ°yü öy–
ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ ã˛y˛õy à°yÎ˚ Ó°°ñ û˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚È ˆòáñ xï˛#ö í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§ˆÏåÈñ ˆ§•z ˆ§ˆÏû˛ö!ê˛ñ
ˆ§ˆÏû˛ö!ê˛ ÄÎ˚yˆÏöÓ˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yñ ~ܲü%á ˆáÑyã˛y ˆáÑyã˛y òy!í˛¸ñ ˆã˛yˆÏá ã˛¢üyÈÙÙÙÈ
xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •°ñ ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ ú˛yç°y!ü ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– xy§ˆÏ° ܲ!òö xyˆÏà •y!ï˛ÓyàyˆÏöÓ˚ ˆüyˆÏí˛¸
xy!ü ĈÏܲ ӈϰ!åÈ°yüñ Ó˚yhflÏyˆÏï˛ ò%Û˛õyˆÏ¢ Ó‡ !ܲå%È û˛yäy ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈöˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ~!òܲê˛yˆÏï˛•z
öy!ܲ !ï˛öÈÙÈã˛yÓ˚ˆÏê˛ Ó%°ˆÏí˛yçyÓ˚ñ ò%ˆÏê˛y xyÌ≈ÈÙÈ!Ó˚ü%ƒû˛yÓ˚ !ú˛ê˛ ܲÓ˚y xyˆÏåÈ–
310 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ï%˛!ü ÷öˆÏ° xÓyܲ •ˆÏÓñ Ó§yܲòy xyüyˆÏܲ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ xyüyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ •yï˛
ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ ï˛_´yˆÏ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ !çˆÏK˛§ ܲÓ˚° ï˛y•ˆÏ° xï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ ¢!•òˆÏÓ!òê˛yÓ˚ ܲ#
•ˆÏÓ⁄ xy!ü û˛yÓ°yü •Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y ˆ§çöƒ•z Ä ˆ§!òö xyüyÓ˚ §ˆÏD àDyÓ˚ âyˆÏê˛ ü¢Ü˛Ó˚y ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ È–
!öï˛y•z Ó§yܲ xyüyÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ôÓ˚ˆÏ°öÈÙÙÙÈÓ°ˆÏ°öñ ˆçyÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˆàˆÏåÈñ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ Îy åÈyÎ˚y
åÈyÎ˚y °yà!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈ~áö xˆÏöܲê˛y ܲyˆÏåÈñ âyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ôy!˛õˆÏï˛ ˆçyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆì˛í˛z ôyE˛y üyÓ˚!åÈ°ñ
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ àyˆÏÎ˚ ë˛yu˛y çˆÏ°Ó˚ !åȈÏê˛ °yà!åÈ°ñ §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z í˛zë˛Ó í˛zë˛Ó ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ xy!ü í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚°yü öy– §ühflÏ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛üö ˆÎö xÓ¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏåÈ–
≤ÃyÎ˚ ܲyˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ü%á !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ Ó§yܲòy Ó°ˆÏ°öñ ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ !ë˛Ü˛•z ˆòˆÏá!åÈ°ñ çˆÏ° •Ñyê%˛
˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˆí˛yÓyñ ˆì˛í˛z xyåȈÏí˛¸ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ âyˆÏê˛ÈÙÙÙÈçˆÏ°Ó˚ é˛y˛õê˛y §ˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏ° ˆòá!åÈñ xï˛#öÈÙÙÙȕуy
xï˛#ö•z í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙȈ§•z ˆï˛yüyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD !ÓˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲñ §ˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ü%ˆÏá Ä ˆÎüö
xy§ï˛ñ ˆçyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §üÎ˚ áy!öܲê˛y o&ï˛ ˛õyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xy§ï˛ ˆï˛ü!öÈÙÙÙÈxy!ü ˆï˛y
xï˛#öˆÏܲ Ó‡!òö ˆòˆÏá!åÈ–
Ó§yܲòy ˆ§!òö â%ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xyüyÓ˚ üöê˛y á%Ó x!fliÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ– âˆÏÓ˚
≤ÃyÎ˚ ò% §Æy• Ó!® ˆÌˆÏܲ òü Ó¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏåÈ– çμÓ˚ ˆö•z ܲy!¢Ó˚ òüÜ˛Ä xˆÏöܲê˛y
ܲüÈÙÙÙÈí˛y_´yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y •zö‰ˆÏ•°yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ xyüyÓ˚ ~ܲ ¢ƒy°Ü˛ ~ܲ ˆÓyï˛° ã˛ƒÓö≤Ãy¢ !òˆÏÎ˚
ˆàˆÏåÈ–
ˆ§!òö §Ü˛y° ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xy!ü üˆÏö üˆÏö ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •!FåÈÈÙÙÙÈ!ÓˆÏܲˆÏ° àDyÓ˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ â%Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÎyÓñ
Ó¶%˛Óy¶˛ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏ° áy!öܲ«˛î xyU˛y ˆòÓ– ˆ§!òˆÏöÓ˚ àDyÓ˚ ˆçyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç°
ˆû˛ˆÏä •Ñyê%˛ xÓ!ô ˛õƒyrê˛ =!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ xï˛#öˆÏܲ âyˆÏê˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ñ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈ
!ܲ öyÈÙÙÙÈçyöyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ° •zFåÈy !åÈ°– xyÓ˚ xçflÀ áã˛áã˛y!öñ ≤ß¿ !åÈ° ¢!•òˆÏÓ!ò !öˆÏÎ˚–
§Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ˆà°yüñ ~áyˆÏö Ó˚yhflyÏ Ó˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚ ú%˛ê˛˛õyˆÏï˛•z ÓyçyÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈáy!§Ó˚ üyǧê˛y
˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öyñ Äê˛y ~ܲê%˛ ò)ˆÏÓ˚– Óy!ܲ §Óñ üyåÈñ §Ó!ç ˆÌˆÏܲ !ã˛ˆÏܲöÈÙÙÙȧӕz ˛õyÄÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– §Ü˛yˆÏ°•z ˆòá°yüñ àDyÓ˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ó%°ˆÏí˛yçyÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ~˛õyˆÏ¢ !Ó.ˆÜ˛
˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆüyí˛¸ê˛yˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚Ä áyöò%ˆÏÎ˚ܲ û˛yÓ˚# Îsf˛õy!ï˛Ä°y ày!í˛¸– ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛°ˆÏåÈ
xˆÏöܲ!òö•zñ ï˛Ó% ~áö ~ܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆçyÎ˚yÓ˚ xy§ˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ° xˆÏöˆÏܲ•z Ó°ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ
ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y Î!ò §!ï˛ƒ•z Óò°yÎ˚ñ ˆ§ Óò° ˆÜ˛üö xyüyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ ˆö•zÈÙÙÙÈxhsˇï˛ Ü%˛!í˛¸ ˛õÑ!ã˛¢
ÓåÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà §˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ò!«˛î û˛yÓ˚ï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yü ˆÓyô•Î˚ ÚÜ%˛[%˛ ê˛ΔyˆÏû˛°§ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD–
¢•Ó˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒyDyˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö ôˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xy!ü û˛yÓ°yüñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y
ˆï˛y öàÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏ¡∫ !ò!Õ‘ñ üyoyç ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÈÓƒyDyˆÏ°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ ï%˛°öy ܲÓ˚y !ë˛Ü˛
öy–
Úܲ°Ü˛yï˛y ~ܲ!òö ܲˆÏÕ‘y!°ö# !ï˛ˆÏ°y_üy •ˆÏÓÛÈÙÙÙÈܲyÓ˚ °y•zöñ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ñ xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸°
öy– !ï˛ˆÏ°y_üyê˛y ˆÜ˛⁄ ~ܲ§üÎ˚ çyöï˛yüñ ~áö üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ öy– !ï˛°ÈÙÈ!ï˛° ˆ§Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚
§üy•yÓ˚ !ï˛ˆÏ°y_üy– fl∫ˆÏà≈Ó˚ x∞Ó˚y⁄ x!û˛¢Æ ˆòÓ#⁄ ˆòÓï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy ü%!öÈÙÈ}!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ üö
ˆû˛y°yˆÏï˛ñ öyã˛ï˛ñ àyö ày•zï˛⁄ áyöòy!ö ˆÓ¢ƒyñ ܲ°ày°≈–
xï˛#ö ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ӈϰ!åÈ°ñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ó%!í˛¸ ˆÓ¢ƒyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y °yˆÏà öy⁄ é%˛ˆÏ°
ÎyÄÎ˚y ã˛yüí˛¸yñ ˆï˛yÓí˛¸yˆÏöy ày°⁄ ï˛yˆÏï˛ !°˛õ!fiê˛Ü˛ÈÙÙÙÈÓí˛¸!òˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õyÜ≈˛ !flT…ê˛– Ó˚&ç ˛õˆÏüê˛ü‰
!û˛ˆÏQy!Ó˚Î˚y ˆüˆÏüy!Ó˚Î˚y°ñ xyÓ˚ ò%ˆÏê˛y û˛yÓ˚# hflÏö üÎ˚òyöÈÙÙÙÈxyÓ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ àDyÈÙÙÙÈ•Ñy˛õyˆÏFåÈñ
ï˛yÄ òü !öˆÏFåÈ öï%˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ çöƒ xÑyÜ%˛˛õÑyÜ%˛– ~ÓyÓ˚ ï%˛•z xyöí˛yÓ˚ˆÏÓ!°ê˛y òƒyá‰ñ
xï˛#ö á%Ó í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ÈÙÙÙȈ§•z ÓÓ˚y•öàÓ˚ñ ˆÓ°â!Ó˚Î˚y xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z í˛z_Ó˚ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ à!°Ó˚
 ¢!•òˆÏÓ!ò † 311
à!° ï˛§ƒ à!°ñ ˆ§yöyày!åÈñ •yí˛¸Ü˛yê˛yÈÙÙÙÈ˛õyÜ≈˛§yÜ≈˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛ï%˛É§#üyÎ˚ Óô≈üyö Ó!hflÏ !á!òÓ˚˛õ%Ó˚ñ
ˆüˆÏê˛Ó%Ó˚&çñ xy!òàDyÓ˚ ˛õyí˛¸ÈÙÙÙÈܲ°Ü˛yï˛y ~ܲê˛y Ä”˛ñ •ƒyàyí≈˛ ≤Ã!fiê˛!ê˛í˛zê˛ñ ◊yhsˇ Üœ˛yhsˇ
ÓyÓ˚Ó!îï˛y–
xï˛#ö xüyÓ˚ ܲÓ!ç ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ôˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°ñ ӈϰ!åÈ°ñ §vÈÙÙÙÈ¢y°y ~•zçöƒ xyüÓ˚y ӈϰ!åÈñ @ˇÃyü
!òˆÏÎ˚ ¢•Ó˚ ˆâˆÏÓ˚yÈÙÙÙÈáï˛üñ áï˛üñ áï˛üÈÙÙÙÈܲ°Ü˛yï˛yˆÏܲ ô£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ÎyÓ˚y °y•zö !òˆÏÎ˚
òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üyˆÏÓ˚yñ öy ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° üˆÏÓ˚y–
xy!ü !ú˛§!ú˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°°yüñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y ~áöÄ !öÎ˚!üï˛
ô!£Ï≈ï˛y •ˆÏFåÈ– ˆÜ˛yöÄ !öÎ˚üܲyö%ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆï˛yÎ˚yE˛y öy ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îáö §yÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ üy!ê˛ Ó˚çÉfl∫°yñ
ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ üy!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛áö ~ !öhflÏyÓ˚ •zê˛ •zç !Ó•zÇ ˆÓ˚˛õ퉲ñ üˆÏ°ˆÏfiê˛í‰˛ xƒyu˛ ˆÓ˚˛õ퉲–
ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y !ܲv ~:ˆÏê˛ˆÏu˛í˛ @ˇÃyüñ !ÓöÎ˚ ˆây£Ï ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆò!á§ÈÙÙÙÈxï˛#ö ~ܲê˛y ÓyˆÏ§ áy!öܲê˛y
ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ °y!ú˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ ˛õí˛¸°–
•ë˛yÍ ôí˛¸üí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ ˛õí˛¸°yü– üyÌyê˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛üö ˆÎö ~ܲê˛y ã˛E˛Ó˚ !òˆÏFåÈ– ˛õ!ÿ˛ü!òˆÏܲÓ˚
çy°yöyê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛Ó˚ã˛y ˆÓ˚yj%Ó˚ ü%ˆáÏ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õí˛¸ˆåÏ È– ˆã˛yá ò%ˆêÏ ˛y çμy°y ܲÓ˚ˆåÏ È– ~•z xÓfliyˆÏï˛•z
xy!ü ÷öˆÏï˛ ˛õy!FåÈñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ~ܲçö Ó‡ò)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆãÑ˛ã˛yˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈ˛õy°yñ §v ˛õy°y– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
ã˛yÓ˚!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈñ =!° ã˛°ˆÏåÈ– ܲˆÏ°ç !flT…ˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏöÓ˚ éÑ˛y˛õ=ˆÏ°y
鲲õy鲲õ Ó¶˛ •ˆÏFåÈ–
xy!ü ˛õy°y°yüñ xï˛#öÄ !öÿ˛Î˚•z ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ Ä ˆï˛y ¢!•ò •° ï˛yÓ˚Ä ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ
üy§ ˛õˆÏÓ˚–
í˛y_´yÓ˚ ӈϰ!åÈ°ñ flT…Ç ˆí˛yˆÏçÓ˚ Ä£Ï%ôñ çμÓ˚ê˛yÓ˚ çöƒ– üyÌyê˛y §yüyöƒ ~ˆÏú˛Q ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
xy!ü ܲ# xï˛#öˆÏܲ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿ ˆòá!åÈ°yü⁄
xyçܲy° xyÓ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛í˛z §v ӈϰ í˛yˆÏܲ öy– xyüyÓ˚ öyü ˆï˛y §ˆÏhsˇy£Ï •y°òyÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
xy!ü•z û%˛°ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§!åÈ– Óy!°ˆÏ¢ üyÌy ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆã˛yá Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy!ü ¢!_´ ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
û˛yÓ°yü §•§y ~ܲòy ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÔÓˆÏö ò%ÈÙÈã˛yÓ˚ °y•zö ܲ!Óï˛y öy !°áˆÏ° ˆï˛y çyï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ öyÈÙÙÙÈÜ˛ï˛ üyö%£Ïçö !åÈ°ñ §Ó û˛y§y û˛y§yÈÙÙÙÈÎyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD !öÎ˚!üï˛ ˆòáy •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚yÄ
§v ӈϰ í˛yˆÏܲ öyñ xyüÓ˚ üy í˛yÜ˛ï˛– xï˛#ö í˛yÜ˛ï˛– ~ܲê˛y üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyˆÏÓ˚ܲê˛y
üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ò)Óc˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆåÏ È xˆÏöܲÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲê˛y àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyˆÏÓÜ˚ ˛ê˛y àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ò)Óc˚ Óyí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ ˆò!á!ö
xy!ü–
xˆÏöܲ!òö ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ âyˆÏê˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õy Óyí˛¸y°yü–
üye •Æy ò%•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ §Óê˛y•z ˆÜ˛üö ÓòˆÏ° ˆàˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ≤Ã̈Ïü•z xyüyÓ˚ öçÓ˚ ˆà°
¢!•òˆÏÓ!òÓ˚ !òˆÏܲÈÙÙÙÈöy ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ã˛•´ ˆö•z à!°Ó˚ ü%ˆÏá ˆÓ¢ áy!öܲê˛y ˛õyÌÓ˚Ü%˛!ã˛Ó˚ hfl)Ï˛õ
~ܲê˛yñ ¢!•òˆÏÓ!òê˛y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Äê˛yÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ ã˛y˛õy ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏåÈ–
§yüˆÏöÓ˚ ã˛Äí˛¸y Ó˚yhflÏyê˛yÎ˚ ˆáyÎ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈñ !Ó ˆÜ˛ ˛õy° ~!û˛!öí˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ ˆÎ
üyÌyê˛y !àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ˆ§áyˆÏö•z òÑyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚yˆÏöy ~ܲê˛y ˆÓ˚yí˛ ˆÓ˚y°yÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈܲ°Ü˛yï˛y Óò°yˆÏFåÈñ
öï%˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ç üyáˆÏåÈ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛y–
âyˆÏê˛Ó˚ xyU˛yÎ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá §Óy•z ••z••z ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z벰– !Ó÷ ü!Õ‘Ü˛ Ó°°ñ ï%˛!ü !ܲv
ˆÓ¢ ˆÓ˚yày •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàåÈ–
§òyö® Ó°°ñ ~ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ˆÓ˚yày •ÄÎ˚y û˛yˆÏ°y– xy!ü ˆòá öyñ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚Ä ˆÓ˚yày •ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚!åÈ öy–
312 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ Ó°°ñ ã˛y ӈϰ!åÈÈÙÙÙÈxyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÓܲ ˆòyܲyöê˛y ˆû˛ˆÏä !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈÎ!òÄ öyÓ˚yÎ˚îÈÙÙÙÈ
§ˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ !òܲê˛yÎ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá– ˆÜ˛ê‰˛!° xyÓ˚ ûÑ˛yí˛¸ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~áö•z •y!çÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
!Ó÷ ü!Õ‘Ü˛ Ó°°ñ öyÓ˚yÎ˚î ӈϰˆÏåÈñ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ ܲyç !üˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏ°•z Ä xyÓyÓ˚ ˆòyܲyö °yàyˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~áö ܲÛ!òö Ä ~ܲê˛y û˛ƒyö!Ó˚ܲ¢y !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏFåÈ– ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ òyòyÓ˚y
ӈϰˆÏåÈñ ܲÛ!òö ~ܲê%˛ x§%!ÓˆÏô •ˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
§òyö®•z Ó°°ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲ#⁄ ˆòyܲyö ˆòyܲyˆÏöÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚– x˛õyˆÏÓ˚¢ö Ú§yö§y•zöÛ
ˆòáˆÏ° öy⁄ ܲÛ!òö §!ï˛ƒ•z ú%˛ê˛˛õyˆÏï˛ §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛ÈÙȈ§•z–
à!í˛¸Î˚y•yˆÏê˛Ó˚ ú%˛ê˛˛õyï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ •Ñyê˛y ÎyÎ˚ öy– °u˛ˆÏöÄ xÓ¢ƒ ú%˛ê˛˛õyˆÏï˛ ˆòyܲyö xyˆÏåÈñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
ˆàyê˛y ¢•Ó˚ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ öÎ˚–
ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ Ó°°ñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢•Ó˚ê˛y ˆåÈyê˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ˛õ%ˆÏ°¢ö– ≤Ã!ï˛!òö xhsˇï˛ ˛õM˛Èy¢ £Ïyê˛ °yá
ˆ°yܲ ì%˛Ü˛ˆÏåÈñ Ó˚&!çÈÙȈÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôy®yÎ˚ñ •yàˆÏåÈñ ü%ï˛ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yï˛ •ˆÏ°•z ú%˛ê˛˛õyï˛
÷ö¢yö– !ܲå%È !ܲå%È ú%˛ê˛˛õyˆÏï˛ xÓ¢ƒ ˆ°yܲçö §Ç§yÓ˚ !Ó!åȈÏÎ˚ ӈϧ xyˆÏåÈñ ï˛yÓ˚y Ó˚yï˛
ܲyê˛yÎ˚– Ó˚yï˛ ò¢ê˛yÎ˚ x!ú˛§˛õyí˛¸y ˆòáñ ÓyˆÏÓ˚yê˛yÎ˚ ˆã˛ÔÓ˚!D ˆòá–
§òyö® Ó°°ñ ˜ôÎ≈ ôÓ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö •ˆÏÓ ˆï˛y §Óy•z Ó°ˆÏåÈ–
xy!ü xyüyÓ˚ à!°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°°yü– ˛õ!ï˛ï%˛[%˛ ˆ°ˆÏö öï%˛ö §y•zöˆÏÓyí≈˛ ˆ°ˆÏàˆÏåÈ
ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲüy§ñ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ˆáyÎ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈñ ˆÓ˚yí˛ ˆÓ˚y°yÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ ˆüyˆÏí˛¸–
!ܲv ˆÎê˛y á%Ó áyÓ˚y˛õ °yàˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ~ܲê%˛ òü !öˆÏÎ˚ Ó°°yüñ xï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ ¢!•òˆÏÓ!òê˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
!ã˛•´ ÌyܲˆÏÓ öy–
§òyö® ~ܲê%˛ !ÓÓ˚!_´ ˆò!áˆÏΕ˚ z Ó°°ñ !ܲå%È üˆÏö ˆÜ˛yˆÏÓy˚ öyñ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ à!°Ó˚ ü%ˆáÏ ¢!•òˆÏÓ!òñ
û˛yäyˆÏã˛yÓ˚y •zê˛ñ ˛õˆÏ°hflÏÓ˚y á§y ˆÓ!ò ܲ# ˆ¢yû˛y !ò!FåÈ°⁄
!Ó÷ ü!Õ‘Ü˛ Ó°°ñ ˆ§!òö xyüÓ˚y ˆòá°yü •Ñyê%˛ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˛õƒyrê˛ =!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ àDy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛
xy§ˆÏåÈ xï˛#ö– §!ï˛ƒ•z !ܲ xy§!åÈ°⁄
§òyö® Ó°°ñ xï˛#ö ~áö ¢!•ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãï˛ydyÈÙÙÙÈ•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ ê˛yö Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈñ
~•z âyˆÏê˛Ó˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ~§Ó !ܲå%È öyÄ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xï˛#ö ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆàˆÏåÈ–
Ó§yܲòy xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ xyU˛yÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ ˆòˆÏá û˛yˆÏ°y °yà!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ öy!í˛¸ö«˛e !öï˛y•z
Ó§yˆÏܲÓ˚ öáò˛õ≈ˆÏî–
xy!ü Ó°°yüñ Ó§yܲòyñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ܲï˛=ˆÏ°y ¢!•òˆÏÓ!ò xyˆÏåÈñ ˆï˛yüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ܲí≈˛
xyˆÏåÈ⁄
Ó§yܲòy Ó°ˆÏ°öñ ˆ•!Ó˚ˆêÏ ˛ç !Ó!”˛ÇˆÏÎÓ˚ •˚ z ˆÓ˚ܲí≈˛ ˆö•zñ xyÓ˚ ï%˛!ü ¢!•òˆÏÓ!òÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ܲí≈˛ á%ç
Ñ åÈÈÙÙÙÈ
öy ~§Ó ˆÓ˚ܲí≈˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xy•zö ܲÓ˚ˆÏ˛õyˆÏÓ˚¢ˆÏö ˆö•zñ ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y Ó˚yhflÏyñ ú%˛ê˛˛õyï˛ òá°
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!ò ˜ï˛!Ó˚ê˛y•z ˆï˛y ˆÓÈÙÈxy•z!ö–
ÈÙÙÙȈï˛yüÓ˚y ˆû˛ˆÏä òyÄöy ˆÜ˛ö⁄ §yÓ˚y ¢•Ó˚ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ú%˛ê˛˛õyˆÏï˛ !¢Óü!®Ó˚ñ ܲy!°ü!®Ó˚ñ
¢!öü!®Ó˚ñ ~§ÓÄ ˆï˛y ˆï˛yüÓ˚y û˛yä öy–
Ó§yܲòy Ó°°ñ ܲü‰ˆÏ≤’ö •ˆÏ° ÓƒÓfliy ˆöÄÎ˚y •Î˚ üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏ鲖
§òyö® xyÓyÓ˚ ~ܲê%˛ ˆÎö ˆáˆÏ˛õ•z ˆà°ÈÙÙÙÈÓ°°ñ ˛õy!ê≈˛ !öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ¢!•ò •Î˚ öy– xï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚
ˆ§•z öܲ¢y°Ä ˆö•zñ xï˛#öÄ ˆö•zÈÙÙÙÈÄÓ˚ ¢!•òˆÏÓ!ò ˆÜ˛yö Ó˚y•zˆêÏ ˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ⁄ xy!ü xï˛#öˆÏܲ
ˆåÈyê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!åÈ öyñ ï˛Ó%Ä ˆû˛ˆÏÓ ˆòá–
 ¢!•òˆÏÓ!ò † 313
ܲy!ï≈˛Ü˛ Ó°°ñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çöƒ ÎyÓ˚y ¢!•ò •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ xy°yòy– ôÓ˚ ܲy!à≈ˆÏ°Ó˚
Î%k˛ÈÙÙÙÈ
ĈÏܲ Ìy!üˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó÷ ü!Õ‘Ü˛ Ó°° fl∫yô#öï˛y §Ç@ˇÃyˆÏü ÎÑyÓ˚y ≤Ãyî !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
¢!•òˆÏÓ!ò ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏÓñ Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ §òyö® Ó°°ñ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ çöƒ ¢!•òˆÏܲ !ܲ ï%˛!ü ~ܲ•z
ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆú˛°ˆÏÓ⁄ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ÌyܲˆÏ° ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ¢!•ò ÌyܲˆÏÓñ ¢!•òˆÏÓ!òˆÏï˛ üy°y
˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ– öy •ˆÏ°ñ xï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÓ!òÓ˚ Îy •y° •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ Ü%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õFåÈyÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
àΩ˛#Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó§yܲòy Ó°ˆÏ°öñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z üy!Œê˛˛õy!ê≈˛ àîï˛ˆÏsf ˛õy!ê≈˛ !åÈ°ñ xyˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ
ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ≤ÃyK˛ñ òy¢≈!öˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y àΩ˛#Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ Ü˛ï˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ ˆà°ñ û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛Ä
ÎyˆÏÓ– ˛õy!ê≈˛ öy !ê˛Ü˛ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢!•òˆÏÓ!ò ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ê˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ–
Üœ˛yhsˇ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ Óy!í˛¸ !ú˛Ó˚!åÈ– üöê˛yÄ û˛yˆÏ°y ˆö•zÈÙÙÙÈàDyÓ˚ •yÄÎ˚yÄ ˆÎö ˆ§û˛yˆÏÓ ˛õyÄÎ˚y
ˆà° öyñ ~ï˛ =ˆÏüyê˛– xï˛#öˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyê˛yÄ ˆÜ˛ö ˆÎö ˆï˛ˆÏï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°–
~áyˆÏö ܲüˆÏÓ!¢ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ çöƒ•z ~ܲê˛y Óƒ!_´àï˛ xï˛#ö !åÈ°– é%Ñ˛!ܲ ÌyܲˆÏ°Äñ üà≈
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ÿ¬¢yöâyê˛ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ xyüÓ˚yñ ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲçö xï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ x!hsˇü ÎyeyÎ˚ §D#
•ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°yü– ¢!•òˆÏÓ!òê˛y ~ܲê˛y xˆÏû˛ƒ§ •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ° xyüyÓ˚ñ Äê˛y öy ÌyܲˆÏ°Ä xï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚
≤çD üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õí˛¸ï˛ñ ĈÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ xyüÓ˚y ܲÌy Ó°ï˛yü–
xÓ¢ƒ ã˛!Õ‘¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ ò#â≈§üÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÓ˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚ xyd#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ~ï˛ê˛y §üˆÏÎ˚ !ú˛ˆÏܲ •ˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ§ñ xyÓ˚ ~ ˆï˛y •zfl%҈ϰÓ˚ Ó¶%˛–
xyüyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ê˛y à!°Ó˚ ˆüyí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– !ܲv xy!ü ~ï˛ xӧߨñ üˆÏö •° ~•z
ò%ÈÙÈ!ü!öˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÄ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó öy– à!°ê˛y x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ñ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ çyöy°y !òˆÏÎ˚
ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ~ܲê%˛ xyˆÏ°y ~ˆÏ§ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ– xy!ü xï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ ¢!•òˆÏÓ!òÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ã˛y˛õy
ˆòÄÎ˚y ˛õyÌÓ˚Ü%˛!ã˛Ó˚ hfl)ÏˆÏ˛õ ô˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ ˛õí˛¸°yü– ÓÑy ˛õy ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛!ê˛ê˛y á%ˆÏ° ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ˆà°– ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ Ÿªy§ !öˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ñ ≤Ãã˛[˛ ~ܲê˛y ܲy!¢Ó˚ òüܲ ~ˆÏ§ ˆà°ÈÙÙÙÈü%ˆÏáÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ê˛y
ˆöyöï˛yó xy!ü áyüˆÏã˛ Ó%ܲê˛y ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ôÓ˚°yü– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ã˛y˛õã˛y˛õ âö x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚– ˆ§•z x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚
ï˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ÷ö°yüñ §v û˛Î˚ ˛õy§ öyÈÙÙÙÈxy!ü xy!åÈ– xyüyÓ˚ •yï˛ ôÓ˚–
~áö xy!ü ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ ~ܲê˛y ܲƒyö§yÓ˚ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°– Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ò%ɧ•
ÎsfîyÈÙÙÙÈ!mï˛#Î˚ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÎ˚y˛õ‰!§ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy Ó°ˆÏ°Äñ xy!ü Ó%!é˛ÈÙÙÙÈxyüyÓ˚
ܲƒyö§yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xö%û˛Ó ܲ!Ó˚ §yÓ˚y ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ o&ï˛ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈ Ü˛ƒyö§yÓ˚– á%Ó ÎsfîyÓ˚
§üÎ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ •zˆO Ï Ü˛¢ö ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚– xy!ü xyFåÈߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!í˛¸– àDyÓ˚ âyˆÏê˛ §¶˛ƒyÓ˚ é%Ñ˛é˛ˆÏܲy
x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆöˆÏü xyˆÏ§– xyÓ˚ ~•z§Ó ~ܲy x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ xy!ü ÷öˆÏï˛
˛õy•zñ xï˛#ö Ó°ˆÏåÈñ û˛Î˚ ˛õy§ öy §vñ xy!ü xy!åÈ– ï%˛•z !ܲv ÓU˛ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà!åȧ–
xy!ü Ó°°yüñ ï%˛•z !ܲv ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲü xy!åȧñ ˆ§•z ˆ¢£ÏÓyÓ˚ ˆÎüö ˆòˆÏá!åÈ°yü–
xï˛#ö xy°ˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ •yï˛ Ó%!°ˆÏÎ˚ !ò°ñ Ó°°ñ ¢!•òˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ÓyˆÏí˛¸ öy–
«%˛!òÓ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ⁄
xy!ü •y§°yüñ «%˛!òÓ˚yü xyÓ˚ ï%˛•z⁄ ~ܲ •°⁄
xï˛#ö Ó°°ñ ˆÜ˛ö xy!üÄ ˆï˛y üÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆçˆÏö•z !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yü–
xy!ü Ó°°yüñ ˆï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆö•zÈÙÙÙÈ˛õy!ê≈˛ !öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ¢!•ò •Î˚ öy–
xï˛#ö Ó°°ñ •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈüyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çöƒ üyö%£Ï ¢!•ò xyˆÏàÄ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛Ä •ˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈ~áö
â%ˆÏüy ˆï˛y–
ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚
......
ö!°ö# ˆÓÓ˚y
fl¨yöy•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z xyüyÓ˚ ¢yܲyߨ ˆû˛yçö •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ ï˛y•z üôƒy•´ ˆû˛yçˆÏö x!û˛Ó˚&!ã˛
!åÈ° öy– !ܲv ~ˆÏܲ Úü!•üyÓ˚OöÛ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÚòyòyÈÙÈÓí˛z!òÓ˚ ˆ•yˆÏê˛°ÛÈÙÙÙÈxàï˛ƒy ˆÎˆÏï˛•z
•°–
•!Ó˚myÓ˚ ºüîyÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá ~ï˛ ÷ˆÏö!åÈ ÚòyòyÈÙÈÓí˛z!òÓ˚ ˆ•yˆÏê˛°Û Úüy!§Ó˚ ˆ•yˆÏê˛°Û öy
Úüy!§ÈÙÈ!˛õ!§Ó˚ ˆ•yˆÏê˛°ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ öyü ˆÎñ ÚÓöƒy!ö ã˛ ï˛Ìyöƒy!ö fl∫y•yÓ˚y!îÛñ xy•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ xyÓ˚
öy•z ܲ!Ó˚ÈÙÙÙȈΈÏï˛•z •ˆÏFåÈ xyüyˆÏܲÊ
~åÈyí˛¸yÄ ˆï˛y xyˆÏåÈ ÚˆàÔÓ˚#¢B˛Ó˚ ˆ•yˆÏê˛°Ûñ Úˆ•yˆÏê˛° !¢Óy!°Ü˛Ûñ xyˆÏåÈ Úã˛!ê˛ÄÎ˚y°y ˆ•yˆÏê˛°Û
ˆ•yˆÏê˛° Úxy•yÓ˚Û– xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛ï˛ ˛õyOy!ÓÈÙÈã˛#öy ôy˛õyÈÙÈê˛y˛õyÊ
ˆòÓû)˛!ü •!Ó˚myˆÏÓ˚ !öÓ˚y!ü£Ï xy•yÓ˚ñ xy!ü£Ï Óç≈ö#Î˚– §Ó ˆ•yˆÏê˛ˆÏ°•z ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢yܲyˆÏߨÓ˚
xyˆÏÎ˚yçö– ï˛ˆÏÓ !âˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xy!ôܲƒñ Ó˚&!ê˛ÈÙÈã˛y˛õy!ê˛ÈÙÈ˛õˆÏÓ˚yê˛y xyÓ˚ ˆòÓ˚yò%ö Ó˚y•zˆÏ§Ó˚ Úû˛yï˛Û–
û˛yï˛ñ û˛yï˛–
û%˛Ó˚ û%˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈ §%à¶˛# ã˛yí˛zˆÏ°Ó˚ û˛yï˛ÈÙÈà¶˛– ˆòˆÏ¢ÈÙÈâˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏܲ ӈϰ Úü•Ü˛yˆÏFåÈÛ–
Óyäy!°ÈÙÈÄ!í˛¸Î˚yÈÙÈé˛yí˛¸á![˛ÈÙÈ!Ó•y!Ó˚ÈÙȈû˛yç˛õ%!Ó˚ ˆï˛y xyˆÏåÈö•zñ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎö ~ˆÏ§ ç%ˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈö
Ó˚yçfliy!öÈÙÈ˛õyOy!ÓÄ–
ÚÓyäy!°Î˚yöyÛÓ˚ ~üö ò,‹Tyhsˇ Ó%!é˛ ˆáyò ~˛õyÓ˚ÈÙÈIJõyÓ˚ ò%•z ÓyÇ°yˆÏï˛Ä ˆö•zÊ •!Ó˚myÓ˚ ˆÎüö
ÚˆòÓû)˛!üÛ ˆï˛ü!ö ~ܲ xˆÏÌ≈ ÚÓDû)˛!üÛÄ ÓˆÏê˛– ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏö xy•zöÈÙÈxyˆÏ®y°ö
ܲˆÏÓ˚Ä ˆòyܲyˆÏöÓ˚ öyü Ú•zÇÓ˚y!çÛ Ú!•!®ÛÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ÚÓyä°yÛÎ˚ ˆ°áyˆÏöy ÎyÎ˚ öyñ ˆ§áyˆÏö
•!Ó˚myÓ˚ !§!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ÷ô% ÚòyòyÈÙÈÓí˛z!òÛ Úüy!§ÈÙÈ!˛õ!§Û Úû˛y•zÈÙȈÓyöÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ•yˆÏê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ öyü•z öÎ˚ñ
Óyäy!° á!Ó˚jyÓ˚ ê˛yöÓyÓ˚ !ö!ü_ ÓƒyàÈÙÈ¢#ï˛ÓflfÈÙÈ¢y!í˛¸ÈÙÈçyüyÓ˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏöÓ˚ öyüÄ ˆÎ ÓyÇ°yÎ˚
ˆ°áyÊ
xy•y ˆÓ˚Ê ÚÚxy ü!Ó˚ Óyä°y û˛y£ÏyÈÙÙÙȈüyˆÏòÓ˚ àÓ˚Ó ˆüyˆÏòÓ˚ xy¢yÊÛÛ Ä•z ˆï˛y Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚
ÄôyˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÚ@ˇÃyˆÏüyˆÏòƒyà ܲ¡∫° û˛y[˛yÓ˚Û–– ˆ≤ÃyÉ ààö ï˛ˆÏ°yÎ˚yÓ˚–– deals in : Kashmiri
Shawls, Blankets, Bed Covers, Saree, Suit. Our specialist in : Pasmina
Shawls, Toosh, Kasmiri Lohi, Malida Chaders Etc.
ܲyö ˛õyï˛ˆÏ°•z ˆ¢yöy ÎyˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈxöà≈° ÓyÇ°y ܲÌyÊ ÚÚxy§%öÊ xy§%öÊ ˆòˆÏá ÎyöÊ !öˆÏÎ˚
ÎyöÊ §hflÏyÎ˚ ܲyŸ¬#!Ó˚ ¢y°ñ ܲ¡∫°ñ ï%˛ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ã˛yòÓ˚....–ÛÛ
ˆÜ˛ çyˆÏö ààö ï˛ˆÏ°yÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õy!ï˛Î˚y°y öy àyˆÏí˛¸yÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ°yÜ˛Ê üyï,˛û˛y£Ïy ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ÓƒÓ§yÓ˚
áy!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛üö xöà≈° ÓyÇ°y ӈϰ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈöÊÈÙÙÙÈÚÚxy§%ö !ò!òû˛y•zÊ xy§%ö òyòyû˛y•zÈÙÙÙÈÛÛ
˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ÚòyòyÈÙÈÓí˛z!òÛÓ˚ ò%ÈÙÈò%!ê˛ ˆ•yˆÏê˛°– ò%ˆÏê˛yˆÏï˛•z Ú•yí˛z§ú%˛°Ûñ ë˛y§yÈÙÈ!û˛í˛¸Ê •yï˛ÈÙÈü%á
ˆôyÎ˚yÓ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ í»˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xy!åÈ !ï˛ö Ó¶%˛ˆÏï˛– ÚÚ°y•zˆÏö•z xy!åÈ ÓyÓy–ÛÛ !ܲv
ˆÜ˛ çyˆÏö ܲáö xy§ˆÏÓ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy°yÊ
xyã˛üܲy ܲyˆÏö ~°ÈÙÙÙÈ
 ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ † 315
ÚÚ!ö°yü Óy°y åȃyÎ˚ xyöy
ˆ° °Ä ÓyÓ% åȃyÎ˚ xyöy
Îy !°ˆÏÓ ï˛y•z åȃyÎ˚ xyöy
ã%˛ˆÏöy ÓyˆÏåÈy åȃyÎ˚ xyöyÈÙÙÙÈÛÛ
≤Ã̈Ïü üˆÏö •°ÈÙÙÙÈܲˆÏ°Ó˚ àyö ÷ö!åÈ !Ü˛Ê ~!òܲÈÙÈÄ!òܲ í˛zÑ!ܲé%Ñ˛!ܲ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˆòá°yüÈÙÙÙÈöyñ
ç˜Ïöܲ •Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆû˛y°y!à!Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏí˛Ó˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ àyòy=ˆÏFåÈÓ˚ í˛zˆÏ°Ó˚ ê%˛!˛õñ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆüyçyñ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ òhflÏyöyñ xyÓ˚Ä öyöy!Óô ê%˛!ܲê˛y!ܲ !ç!ö§ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ˆ•ÑˆÏܲ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ–
ô%§‰Ê ÚÎy !°ˆÏÓ ï˛y•z åȃyÎ˚ xyöyÛÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÄ xyÓyÓ˚ •Î˚ öy!Ü˛Ê åÈÎ˚ xyöy ˛õÎ˚§yÄ xyçܲy°
xyÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ öy!ܲñ xy!öÈÙÈò%xy!öÊ
ï˛y öy•z Ìyܲ– !ܲv •!Ó˚myˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü%˛Ω˛ˆÏü°yÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ ú%˛ê˛˛õyˆÏÌÓ˚ •Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y
Ú!ö°yüÓy°y åÈ xyöyÛÓ˚ àyö ÷öÓÈÙÙÙÈ~ ˆÎ ܲ“öyÓ˚Ä xï˛#ï˛Ê
Úû˛yö% ˆ˛õ° °ê˛y!Ó˚Û öy Ú˛õ,!ÌÓ# xyüyˆÏÓ˚ ã˛yÎ˚ÛÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛ çyˆÏö ˆÜ˛yö åÈyÎ˚yåÈ!ÓÓ˚ àyöñ ~•z
ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ !ë˛Ü˛ üˆÏöÄ ˆï˛y ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ öyÊ
ˆ§ öy•z ˛õí˛Yܲñ Ó%鲰yü Ä•z ÓyÇ°y àyö ˆàˆÏÎ˚•z Óyäy!° Ü%˛Ω˛Îye#ˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!‹TÈÙÈxyܲ£Ï≈îñ
üˆÏöy•Ó˚î Ä Ó¢#ܲÓ˚î–
ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆÎö ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åÈ°yüÈÙÙÙÈÚé˛yÇ é˛yÇ é˛yÇ •Ñy •Ñy •Ñy ˆ•Ñ ˆ•Ñ ˆ•ÑÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ öyü xyܲ£Ï≈î üsf–
üö%£Ïƒñ ˆòÓï˛yñ Ϋ˛ñ öyàñ Ó˚y«˛§ ~ÓÇ fliyÓÓ˚ÈÙÈçDüÈÙÙÙÈ§Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ~•z üsf myÓ˚y xyܲ!£Ï≈ï˛
•Î˚– ˛õÑyã˛ ¢ï˛ ÓyÓ˚ ~•z üsf ç˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° öy!ܲ !§!k˛°yû˛ •Î˚–
¢yflfܲyÓ˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y çyˆÏöö öy öfiê˛ƒy°!çܲ Óyäy!°ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~Ó˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛Ä Óí˛¸ üsf •° Ä•z
àyöÈÙÙÙÈÚÚ!ö°yüÓy°y åÈÎ˚ xyöy Îy !°ˆÏÓ ï˛y•z åÈÎ˚ xyöy....–ÛÛ
xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ üsfü%?˛ Ä û)˛ï˛@ˇÃˆÏhflÏÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ¢B˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ =ö =ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚üˆÏôƒ•z
˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò%ܲ!° ày•zˆÏï˛ °yà°ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚˆ° °Ä ÓyÓ% åÈ xyöyÈÙÙÙÈ
~•z ˆï˛y xyˆÏåÈ Ó˚!äö !ú˛ˆÏï˛ ˆáÑy˛õyÓ˚ ÜÑ˛yê˛y ܲyˆÏöÓ˚ ò%°
!≤ÃÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ò%Éá ˆÜ˛ö Ó˚&«˛ ˆÜ˛ö üyÌyÓ˚ ã%˛°ÈÙÙÙÈÛÛ
ÎÑyˆÏòÓ˚ áyÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ •yï˛ÈÙÈü%á ô%ˆÏÎ˚ !üåÈ!Ó˚ÈÙȈüÔ!Ó˚ xyÓ˚ òÑyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲy!ë˛ !ö!FåȈϰöñ
ÚÚ!ö°yüÓy°y åȃyÎ˚ xyöyÛÛ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲî≈ܲ% •ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÓÏ ¢üye•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ˆòÔí˛Yˆ°
Ï öñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ˆüˆÏÎÓ˚ y˚ –
˜ã˛e ˆ§ˆÏ°Ó˚ e´Î˚ÈÙÈ!Óe´Î˚ÈÙÈÓyˆÏà!≈ öÇÈÙÈ˛õê˛#Î˚§# Óyäy!° öyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ åÈÎÈ˚ ÙÈxyöy òyˆÏüÓ˚ í˛zˆ°
Ï Ó˚
ê%˛!˛õñ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ òhflÏyöyñ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆüyçyÓ˚ üü≈ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ Ó%é˛ˆÏÓÊ
~•z §%ˆÏÎyˆÏà xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Ú°y•zöÛ xyÓ˚Ä !ܲå%Èê˛y ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°–
xyüÓ˚y Îáö ˆáˆÏï˛ Ó§°yü ï˛áöÄ Ú•yí˛z§ ú%˛°Ûñ ï˛áöÄ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ °¡∫y °y•zö– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
ò%ÈÙÈò%!ê˛ ˆ•yˆÏê˛° °yàyï˛yÓ˚ ç%!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ Úxy•yÓ˚Û–
ˆû˛y°y!à!Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏí˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ã˛°üyö Úû˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈Û Îï˛•z xyÄÎ˚yç ˆï˛yˆÏ° ÚÚçÎ˚ àDyüy•z !ܲ
çÎ˚ÛÛ ÚÚ•Ó˚ •Ó˚ àˆÏD üyï˛yÛÛ ÚÚ•Ó˚ •Ó˚ ü•yˆÏòÓÛÛ ÚÚöyˆÏã˛ˆÏD ˆû˛yˆÏ° öyˆÏã˛ˆÏD !e˛õ%Ó˚y!Ó˚ÛÛ
ï˛ï˛•z ÚòyòyÈÙÈÓí˛z!òÓ˚ ˆ•yˆÏê˛°ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ Ó%û%˛«%˛ Úû˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈Û Ü˛í˛¸yÈÙÈÓy°!ï˛ •yï˛yÈÙÈá%!hsˇÓ˚
ë%˛ÇÈÙÈë˛yÇ xyÄÎ˚yçÄ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ !m=îÈÙÈ!ï˛ö=îÈÙÈã˛ï%˛=≈îÊ ˆÓ°y ˆÎ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~°–
Ìy°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §y•zç ܲÓ˚y ÜÑ˛yã˛y ˛õˆÏpÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yñ çˆÏ° ˆôyÎ˚y– ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~•z ˛õí˛¸° ö%öÈÙÈ°B˛y–
ã˛y•z !ܲ ~ܲ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚y ˆ°Ó%– ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yç ˜öÓ ˜öÓ ã˛–
316 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
!˛õï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ é˛Ü˛é˛ˆÏܲ Óy°!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õp˛õyï˛yÎ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏã˛ ˛õí˛¸° ò%ÈÙÈ!ï˛ö •yï˛y û˛yï˛Ê !òöyç˛õ%ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚
Úï%˛°y•z˛õ!OÛ ã˛y° ˆï˛y öÎ˚ñ í˛z_Ó˚yáˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÚˆòÓ˚yò%ö Ó˚y•z§ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ û˛yï˛–
û˛yï˛ ˆï˛y öÎ˚ñ §òƒ ˆú˛yê˛y ˆŸªï˛ !¢í˛z!°Ê ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ é˛Ü˛é˛ˆÏܲ !fiê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ â!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ú˛õ°yÛÎ˚
û˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚îyü,ˆÏï˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y !åÈ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏFåÈ !â–
!âˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈû˛yˆÏï˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ# §%Óy§Ê ˛õ°yÎ˚ û˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ§ˆÏD !ï˛öÈÙÈã˛yÓ˚ Ú˛õyˆÏï˛Û !âÈÙÈ!åÈê˛y°ÈÙÙÙÈxy•yñ
ܲ# ï˛yÓ˚ xöÓòƒ û˛!DüyÊ
û˛yˆÏï˛ !â ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ öy ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛•z ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ áyÄÎ˚yñ ã˛ƒyäy!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ çƒyhsˇ
ˆ¢y°üyˆÏåÈÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y•z ≤ÃyÎ˚ °yú˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ Ìy°yÎ˚ Ì˛õ‰ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸° ~ˆÏܲܲê˛y •yˆÏï˛ÈÙÈàÓ˚ü
ã˛˛õñ xyÓ˚ öÎ˚ˆÏï˛y ˆÓ=!öÊ
xyüyÓ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ¢yܲyߨ ˆû˛yçö •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ï˛y•z ~áö û)˛!Ó˚ˆÏû˛yˆÏçÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆö•z–
ˆÜ˛Ó°üye Ó¶%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ#í˛¸y˛õ#!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÎyˆÏ•yܲ ï˛yˆÏ•yܲ ˆáˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§!åÈ– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚û˛yà §üÎ˚ê˛y•z
~!òܲÈÙÈÄ!òܲ âyí˛¸ â%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòá!åÈ ÚòyòyÈÙÈÓí˛z!òÓ˚ ˆ•yˆÏê˛°ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲü≈ܲy[˛–
ï˛ò%˛õ!Ó˚ ˆòá!åÈÈÙÙÙȈã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yüˆÏö xöhsˇ çö≤ÃÓy• üˆÏôƒ öy ¢#ï˛ÈÙÈöy Ó§hsˇÓyÎ˚% !Ó!«˛Æ
Ó#!ã˛üy°yÎ˚ xyˆÏ®y!°ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ ÓDÈÙÈ!Ó•yÓ˚ÈÙÈÄ!í˛¸¢yÈÙÈé˛yí˛¸á[˛ñ ü•yÓ˚y‹TÈ… ÙÈåÈ!_¢àí˛¸ÈÙÈ
ܲî≈yê˛Ü˛ÈÙÈ=çÓ˚yï˛ñ Ó˚yçfliyöÈÙÈ˛õyOyÓÈÙÈ•!Ó˚Î˚yöyÈÙÈ!•üyã˛°ñ x§üÈÙÈxÓ˚&îyã˛°ÈÙÈÓ˚yçfliyöÈÙÈ
í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏò¢ÈÙÈí˛z_Ó˚yá[˛ÈÙÙÙÈ
xyã˛üܲy !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ í˛z벰ÈÙÙÙÈÚÚö®#@ˇÃyüÊ ö®#@ˇÃyüÊ ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈÊ ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈÊÛÛ
ܲyˆÏö ˆÎö ÷ö!åÈÈÙÙÙÈÚÚˆÓ˚yò í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈÊ ˆÓ˚yò í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈÊ í˛yDyÊ í˛yDyÊ í˛yDyÊÛÛ
ÎÑyÓ˚y xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xy§yÓ˚ §yüyöƒ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ áyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ!M˛ÈˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§ˆÏåÈöñ ÎÑyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏï˛
Óí˛¸ˆÏçyÓ˚ ~•z ö%öÈÙÈ°B˛y xyÓ˚ ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yç ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y §§æˆÏü í˛zˆÏë˛ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏ°öÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚöyñ öyñ Úö®#@ˇÃyüÛ xyˆÏàÊ ú˛yfiê≈˛ ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!Ó˚!ê˛Ê xy§%ö Úö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ÛÊ xy§%öÊ xy§%öÊ
xy˛õöyÓ˚y•z xyˆÏà Ó§%öÊÛÛ
Ó›ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ xyüÓ˚y !ï˛ö Ó¶%˛ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã̈Ïü !Óü)ì˛¸ñ •ï˛ã˛!Ü˛ï˛– ˛õÓ˚«˛ˆÏî•z Ó%鲰yüÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲò°
Ü%˛Ω˛Îye# ö®#@ˇÃyü ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ!òö xyˆÏà•z ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈö– ˆ§•z òˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ~•z Úü!•°yÛÄ xyˆÏåÈö–
xyÓ˚ ÎÑyÓ˚y í˛zˆÏë˛ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏ°öñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y xyÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏöÓ˚•z ˆ°yܲ ˆ•yö xhsˇï˛ ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ
öö– ܲ!òö xyˆÏà ïÑ˛yÓ˚yÄ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈö •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y Óy ï˛yÓ˚ xy¢˛õy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ– ~•z
ˆ•yˆÏê˛ˆÏ°•z xÌÓy •Ó˚ÈÙÈ!ܲÈÙȈ˛õÔ!Ó˚Ó˚ âyˆÏê˛ ˆòáyÄ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ò%ÛòˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ÓyÓ˚ܲï˛Ü˛–
ˆÓ¢ ˆï˛y ã˛°!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈé˛yí˛¸á[˛ÈÙÈåÈ!_¢àí˛¸ÈÙÈxÓ˚&îyã˛°ÈÙÈ!•üyã˛°ÈÙÈí˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏò¢ÈÙÈí˛z_Ó˚yá[˛ÈÙÈxöhsˇ
çö≤ÃÓyˆÏ• ã˛°üyö Úû˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ÛÊ ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xyhflÏ ~ܲê˛y Ó˚yçƒ •ˆÏÎ˚•z ˆÎö ì%˛ˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸°
Úö®#@ˇÃyüÛ–
ö®#@ˇÃyüñ ö®#@ˇÃyü–
ÚˆÜ˛!üܲƒy° •yÓÛ !öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ç!üÈÙÈx!ô@ˇÃ•îˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ö®#@ˇÃyü ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚
!¢ˆÏÓ˚yöyüñ ˆ§yöyã)˛í˛¸yÈÙȧyí˛zôáy!°ÈÙÈç°˛õy•zÈÙȈï˛áy!°ÈÙÈx!ôܲyÓ˚#˛õyí˛¸yÈÙÈàyÇí˛¸yÈÙÈˆÜ˛¢Ó˛õ%Ó˚ÈÙÈ
Óyí˛¸ˆÏܲ¢Ó˛õ%Ó˚ @ˇÃyü !ê˛!û˛ÈÙȈÓ˚!í˛ÄÓ˚ ÚˆÓ !Ü˛Ç !öí˛zçÛñ §%!≤ÃÎ˚y çyöyÈÙÈÓy§hsˇ# ܲÓ˚ÈÙÈ
°-#Ó˚y!öÈÙÈ!üö!ï˛ÈÙÈüO%Ó˚yÈÙÈçyöܲ#ÈÙÈÓ˚yî%ÈÙȈÓ˚î%ܲyÓ˚y áÓÓ˚ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ÚåÈ!ÓÛñ !ã˛ï˛˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Îyey
çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#ÈÙÈü¢y•zÓ˚y ˛õy°y öy!üˆÏÎ˚ ˆòöñ Ú!§D%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓÓ˚ ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ܲˆÏöÛñ xyô%!öܲ
ܲ!ÓÓ˚y ܲ!Óï˛y ˆ°ˆÏáöÈÙÙÙÈ
 ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ † 317
ÚÚ§Óy•z ӈϰö ≠ ˆÓ˚yòçμ°y !òö
ï˛áö !ö÷ï˛ üôƒÓ˚yï˛
ˆã˛Ôj•z üyã≈˛ ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏü
¢ƒy°ÈÙÈ¢Ü%˛ˆÏöÓ˚ Óôƒ Ó˚yï˛–
§yüˆÏö °!Ó˚ üy•zܲˆÏã˛yäy
í˛z!ò≈ôyÓ˚# í˛zÕ‘yˆÏ§
!˛õåÈö !˛õåÈö ã˛Ø°ÈÙÈ˛õy
ã˛Ó˚ü á%°üá%Õ‘y ˆ§ÊÛÛ
ˆ§•z ö®#@ˇÃyüñ ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ ˆï˛y çyÎ˚ày ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏï˛•z •Î˚Ê xyüÓ˚yÄ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
áyÓyÓ˚ í˛z!FåÈ‹T öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° •Î˚ˆÏï˛y í˛zˆÏë˛ òÑyí˛¸yï˛yü–
Ü˛ï˛ xyÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ •ˆÏÓñ Óí˛¸ˆÏçyÓ˚ !ï˛!Ó˚¢ÈÙÈÓ!e¢Ê ˛õÓ˚ˆÏö ïÑ˛yï˛ñ üyÌyÓ˚ ã%˛°=!° !˛õåȈÏö ê˛yö
!òˆÏÎ˚ ÓÑyôyñ °y° !ú˛ï˛yÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFåÈ–
àyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ Úüyï˛!Dö# •yçÓ˚yÛ– ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ Ú!˛õåÈyˆÏÓy !öÛ– ˆ°yܲ=ˆÏ°yÓ˚
xö%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏô xˆÏöܲ«˛î ÚöyÛ ÚöyÛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ä xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏ°ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚y•z–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ӈϧ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°ö §ˆÏDÈÙÈxy§y üyö%£ÏçöÄ–
xy!ü âyí˛¸ â%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòá!åÈ xô%öy ˛õ)Ó≈ ˆü!òö#˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Úö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ÛˆÏܲ– Î!òÄ ˛õ!ÿ˛ü
ˆü!òö#˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy!ü– ï˛Ó% ˆï˛y ~ܲ§üÎ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ÈÙÈ˛õ!ÿ˛ü !åÈ° öy xyÓ˚ xyüÓ˚y xÓôy!Ó˚ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ•z
~ܲ Ä xá[˛ Úˆü!òö#˛õ%Ó˚ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚•z !åÈ°yü–
ÚòyòyÈÙÈÓí˛z!òÓ˚ ˆ•yˆÏê˛°ÛÈÙÈ~ ˆÓyôܲ!Ó˚ ò%ˆÏÎ˚ܲçö ˛õeܲyÓ˚Ä !åȈϰö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ˛õê˛y˛õê˛ åÈ!Ó
ï%˛°ˆÏåÈö– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ܲy° ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ ˆû˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyàç=ˆÏ°yÎ˚ ˆåÈˆÏ˛õ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
~• Óy•ƒñ xy!ü !ܲv ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ !˛õåÈö !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yܲy!FåÈ xyÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ x!ÓÓ˚yü
Ó˚Ó#wöyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆ§•z Ú!ö¢#ˆÏÌÛ àˆÏ“Ó˚ Ú•z!°í˛z¢ƒöÛ xyÓ˚ Ú!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!°!ê˛ÛÓ˚ ˆá°yÈÙÙÙÈ
ÈÙÙÙÈÚÚÄ ˆÜ˛ñ Ä ˆÜ˛ñ Ä ˆÜ˛ ˆàyÊ Ä ˆÜ˛ñ Ä ˆÜ˛ ˆàyÊÛÛ
˛õyˆÏ¢ Ó§y ¢B˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ xyüyÓ˚ àyˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛yö•yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲö%•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆáÑyã˛y ˆüˆÏÓ˚ Ó°°ñ ÚÚ•ˆÏFåÈê˛y
ܲ#Ê áyÄ öyÊ ÌyüˆÏ° ˆÜ˛öÊÛÛ
÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ° ê˛yê˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆüyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸ ܲyÓ˚áyöyÓ˚ çöƒ !§D%ˆÓÏ ˚ ã˛y!£ÏˆòÏ Ó˚ ˆòyÈÙÈú˛§!° !ï˛öÈÙÈú˛§!°
ç!ü x!ô@ˇÃ•îˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛y ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏü ÚˆÜ˛!üܲƒy° •yÓÛÈÈÙÙÙÈxyÓ˚ ~áö ˆï˛y
Ú!§D%Ó˚ÈÙÈö®#@ˇÃyü !û˛ˆÏÎ˚ï˛öyü !û˛ˆÏÎ˚ï˛öyüÊÛ
xô%öy •°!òÎ˚y ü•Ü%˛üyÓ˚ xhsˇà≈ï˛ ö®#@ˇÃyü Ìyöy– Î!òÄ ï˛yÓ˚ xô#ˆÏö !ï˛öÈÙÈ!ï˛ö!ê˛
ÓœÜ˛ÈÙÙÙÈö®#@ˇÃyüÈÙÈ1ñ ö®#@ˇÃyüÈÙÈ2 xyÓ˚ ö®#@ˇÃyüÈÙÈ3ÈÙÙÙÈï˛Ó% ˆ§áyˆÏö ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÓƒÓfliy
~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z xö%ߨï˛Ê
ÌyöyÓ˚ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ‡à°# öò# xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ !òˆÏܲ •°!ò– ˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏü û˛àÓyö˛õ%Ó˚ñ ò!«˛ˆÏî ˆáç%Ó˚#–
ï˛ò%˛õ!Ó˚ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ ï˛y°˛õy!ê˛ áy°ñ àí˛¸ã˛e´ˆÏÓ!í˛¸Î˚yÈÙȈê˛D%Î˚yÈÙÈüD°ã˛Ü˛ÈÙȈï˛áy!°Ó˚ áy°–
ˆÜ˛ˆÏ°ây•zÈÙÈÜÑ˛y§y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆàÓ˚&Î˚y çˆÏ° ˛õ%‹T •°‰!ò öò#–
•°‰!ò öò#ñ •°‰!ò öò#–
•°‰!ò öò#Ó˚ •°%ò ç°Ä üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ_´ °y° •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ~•z ˆ§!òöÊ ~ü!öˆÏï˛•z
ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ öÓƒ˛õ!° Óy ˛õ%Óy˚ ï˛ö ˛õ!°û)˛!üˆÏï˛ ã˛Ó˚ñ ã˛í˛¸y xyÓ˚ ç°˛õy•zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ åÈí˛¸yåÈ!í˛¸– •Ñy§ã˛í˛¸yñ
ˆ§yöyã)˛í˛¸y Sã˛í˛¸yVñ àyäí˛¸yã˛Ó˚ñ öyܲ!ã˛Ó˚y ã˛Ó˚ñ ˆÜÑ˛òƒyüy!Ó˚ çy°˛õy•zñ §yí˛zòáy!° çy°˛õy•zÈÙÙÙÈ
318 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
çy°˛õy•z ï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏö áÑy!í˛¸–
ã˛Ó˚ñ ã˛í˛¸y xyÓ˚ áÑy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆò¢ •ˆÏ°Ä ö®#@ˇÃyü Ó‡ ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛ö @ˇÃyü– ˆ°yã˛ö òyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ú˜ã˛ï˛öƒ
üD°ÛÈÙÈ~ ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏåÈ– ˛õ%Ó˚# ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ •°‰!ò öò# ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ü•y≤Ãû%˛ ◊#˜Ïã˛ï˛öƒ
öy!ܲ Ó˚y!eÓy§Ä ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ~•z @ˇÃyˆÏüÊ
~ܲê˛y à“ xyˆÏåÈ– •zÇÓ˚yç xyüˆÏ° ö®#@ˇÃyü ÌyöyÎ˚ Úˆày˛õy° û˛yê˛Û öyˆÏü ~ܲ ç%Î˚yˆÏã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
≤Ãyò%û≈˛yÓ âˆÏê˛!åÈ°– ˆ§ Úò%ˆÏöy ã˛¡õê˛Û öyˆÏü ~ܲ ˆá°y xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– ~•z ˆá°yÎ˚
§ÆyˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆàyí˛¸yÎ˚ ˆÎ Îï˛ ê˛yܲy à!FåÈï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏÓñ §Æy•yˆÏhsˇ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ !m=î ê˛yܲy ˆú˛Ó˚ï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ–
ˆá°y ˆÓ¢ çˆÏü í˛zˆÏë˛!åÈ°– ÌyöyÈÙÈü•Ü%˛üy åÈy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚Ä åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åÈ° Óy•zˆÏÓ˚– à!Ó˚Ó üyö%£Ï
â!ê˛ÈÙÈÓy!ê˛ñ àÎ˚öyÈÙÈàÑy!ê˛ !Ó!e´ Óy Ó¶˛Ü˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáÄ ê˛yܲy áyê˛y!FåÈ° û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏû˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
ˆày˛õy° û˛yê˛ ˆÎüö ú%˛ˆÏ° ˆúÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ í˛zë˛!åÈ°ñ ˆï˛ü!ö í˛z˛õ‰!Ó˚ÈÙȈÓ˚yçàyÓ˚Ä Ü˛ü •!FåÈ° öy
ÌyöyÓ˚ òyˆÏÓ˚yày Ó˚y•zˆÏüy•ö ˆâyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚–
!ܲv ~§Ó Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy •Î˚Ê Óá‰Ó˚y !öˆÏÎ˚ x!ã˛ˆÏÓ˚•z üï˛yhsˇÓ˚ âê˛° òyˆÏÓ˚yàyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆày˛õy°
û˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚– •z!ï˛üˆÏôƒ ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ öyüÄ •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° Úú˛!®@ˇÃyüÛ–
òyˆÏÓ˚yày xyüyöï˛Ü˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ áyï˛y˛õe xyê˛ˆÏܲ !òˆÏï˛•z çöàî !ӈϫ˛yˆÏû˛ ˆú˛ˆÏê˛ ˛õí˛¸°Ê xyÓ˚
çöˆÏÓ˚y£Ï òüö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õ%!°¢ Îy ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈï˛y•z ܲÓ˚°ñ ÷Ó˚& •° Ú°y!ë˛ ã˛yç≈Û =!°ày°yçÊ
üyÓ˚ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ !«˛Æ çöï˛y Úò%ˆÏöy ã˛¡õê˛Û x!ú˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ §yüˆÏö•z ~ܲ áˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ àyòyÎ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ˛õ%!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
üyÓ˚° òyˆÏÓ˚yày Ó˚y•zˆÏüy•ö ˆây£ÏˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛ ӈϰ Úú˛!®@ˇÃyüÛñ ö®#@ˇÃyü Úö®#@ˇÃyüÛÈÙÈ•zÊ
xyçÄ ~°yܲyÓ˚ ܲyàüyÓ˚yÓ˚yñ §y˛õôÓ˚yÈÙÈ¢ÓÓ˚Ó˚y ~•z âê˛öyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓÑyôy àyö
ˆàˆÏÎ˚ !û˛«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚܲ# ˆá°y ˆá!°!° ˆày˛õy° ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ê
ˆá°yÓ˚ òyˆÏ˛õ =üàí˛¸ ÜÑ˛yˆÏ˛õñ Ó˚y•züö ˆây£Ï ˛õ%ˆÏí˛¸ üˆÏÓ˚
ÈÙÙÙÈÜ%˛ê˛yàyòyÓ˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ˆá°yÓ˚ öyü ã˛¡õê˛ˆÏòyöy ÓÑyôy !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲy˛õí˛¸ÈÙÈà•öy
~ܲ=î !òˆÏ° !m=î ˆüˆÏ° ï˛y•z çüy !ò° âˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈâˆÏÓ˚––....ÛÛ
~§Ó âê˛öy xyÓ˚ àyˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌy ܲ# xyÓ˚ Úö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ÛÈÙÈˆÜ˛ ӈϰ!åÈÊ xy!üÄ
ˆü!òö#˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚•z !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚°yüÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚï˛üyˆÏö ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ܲy•zö% xy§ë˛⁄ÛÛ
ˆï˛yüÓ˚y ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏaˆÏܲ xy§åÈ⁄
~ܲày° ˆ•ˆÏ§ ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛•z Ó°°ñ ÚÚüˆÏö ˆ§yöyã)˛í˛¸yö% xy!§!벖ÛÛ
xyüÓ˚y ˆ§yöyã)˛í˛¸y ˆÌˆÏܲ xy§!åÈ–
üyˆÏé˛ ï˛y°˛õy!ê˛ áy°– áyˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ û˛yäyˆÏÓí˛¸y !Ó ç– !Ó ˆÏçÓ˚ í˛yö!òˆÏܲ ˆáç%!Ó˚ñ ÓÑy!òˆÏܲ
ˆ§yöyã)˛í˛¸y@ˇÃyü–
ˆ§yöyã)˛í˛¸yñ ˆ§yöyã)˛í˛¸y–
ˆáç%!Ó˚Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ û˛yäyˆÏÓí˛¸yÓ˚ !Ó ç ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ~ˆÏ§ xye´üîܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ~•z ˆ§yöyã)˛í˛¸y @ˇÃyˆÏü•z
≤Ã̈Ïü xyåȈÏí˛¸ ˛õí˛¸ï˛–
ܲˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yö û˛yê˛yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ˆ§yöyã)˛í˛¸yÓ˚ Óy!°ˆÏ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˆçˆÏà í˛zˆÏë˛!åÈ° ˆ§yöyÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yÊ ï˛y•z
öy!ܲ @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ öyü ˆ§yöyã)˛í˛¸yÊ
 ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ † 319 320 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

xyç ˆ§ ˆ§yöyÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸y ˆï˛y ò)Ó˚xhflωñ Óy!°ˆÏ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˆ§yöyÓ˚ ~ܲܲîy !ê˛Ü˛!°Ä ˆö•z– xyˆÏåÈ Ü˛ÌyÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈÚÚü%á !ü!‹T !û˛ï˛Ó˚ á•z°‰§yñ ò#â° ˆâyü‰ê˛y öyÓ˚#– ˛õyöyÈÙÈ˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ë˛yu˛y ç°
ˆÜ˛Ó° ï˛y°˛õy!ê˛Ó˚ Úˆç!°Ç •yüÛ ≤ÈÏçQñ ˆï˛°ˆÏç!ê˛ÈÙÙÙȈÎáyö ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óí˛¸ x!•ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚#––ÛÛ á•z°‰§yÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏö á° ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚–
ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛° ÎyÎ˚ •°!òÎ˚yÎ˚Ê Úö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Û ˆ§Ó˚ܲü ܲáöÄ öÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚ÈÙÈÓy!•Ó˚ ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲü– ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲüñ
~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲü– ü%ˆÏáÄ •y!§ ˆï˛yñ xhsˇˆÏÓ˚Ä •y!§– ò#â° ˆâyüê˛yÈÙȈê˛yüê˛yÓ˚ Óy°y•z ˆö•z–
2007ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 3 çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏü ÚˆÜ˛!üܲƒy° •yÓÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ çöƒ çy!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˆöy!ê˛¢– ˆÓyô ܲ!Ó˚ ~ï˛!òö xy◊Î˚ÈÙÈ!¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲˆÏâˆÏÎ˚ °˛õ‰!§ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ü%áê˛y !Ófl∫yò •ˆÏÎ˚
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z û)˛!üÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏö °y!ë˛ˆÏ§Ñyê˛y •yï˛yÈÙÈá%!hsˇ !öˆÏÎ˚ éÑ˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åȈϰö !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ ~ܲ •yï˛yÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ û˛yï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ö° ò%•yï˛y– ˛õyˆÏï˛ ~ܲê˛y ˆÓ=!öÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚
ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ öyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ïñ üyÎ˚ xyÓy°ÈÙÈÓ,k˛ÈÙÈÓ!öï˛yñ üyÈÙȈÓyˆÏöÓ˚yÄ– ˆÓ=!ö ˛õí˛¸° ò%ÈÙÈò%ˆÏê˛y– ú%˛°Ü˛!˛õÓ˚ â^ˇê˛Ä ˛õ!Ó˚üyˆÏî ~ܲê%˛ ˆÓ!¢•z ˛õí˛¸°–
ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆï˛y ~ܲê˛y•z òy!ÓÈÙÙÙÈÚÚÓ˚_´ ˆòÓñ ï˛Ó% ç!ü ˆòÓ öyÊÛÛ §!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ Ó˚_´ !òˆÏï˛ •° §D#§yÌ#Ó˚yÄ ã%˛˛õã˛y˛õ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ Îy!FåȈϰöñ ~ï˛«˛ˆÏî ç˜Ïöܲ û˛oˆÏ°yܲ ü%á ï%˛ˆÏ° Ó°ˆÏ°öñ
û˛Ó˚ï˛ÈÙÈ!ÓŸª!çÍÈÙȈ¢á ˆ§!°üˆÏܲ– Ä•z !òö•z =!°!Ók˛ •ˆÏ°ö xyÓ˚Ä ã˛yÓ˚– çy!•Ó˚ÈÙÈçy!ܲÓ˚ÈÙÈ ÚÚö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ~áöܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!åȈϰö öy⁄ÛÛ
§y_yÓ˚ÈÙÈö%Ó˚– âyí˛¸ ˆöˆÏí˛¸ Ó°°yüñ Úڕуyñ !ܲv xy˛õ!öÈÙÙÙÈ⁄ÛÛ
û˛Ó# ï˛Ó% û%˛°ÓyÓ˚ öÎ˚– 14 üyã≈˛ñ 2007 ¢y§Ü˛Ó,® ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚° ~ܲ û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚ ˛õ%!°!¢ ÚÚxy!üÄ ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ û˛yäyˆÏÓí˛¸yÓ˚ñ xy!üÄ ˆ§•z àî•ï˛ƒyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z âÓ˚åÈyí˛¸y– ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚
x!û˛Îyöñ ÎyÓ˚ öyü Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ §sfy§Ê ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ã˛Ø° ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ Ó®%ܲ •yˆÏï˛ !üˆÏ¢ Ìyܲ° âˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈí˛zë˛yˆÏöÈÙÈ˛õˆÏÌÈÙÈâyˆÏê˛ ~áöÄ ã˛y˛õ ã˛y˛õ Ó˚_´– Ó˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚ òyà ˆÜ˛ ô%ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ Ó°%öÊÛÛ
˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ܲƒyí˛yÓ˚Ó˚y– xyˆÏÓ˚ܲçö ӈϰ í˛zë˛ˆÏ°öñ ÚÚÓ˚yçyˆÏܲ Ó!° Ó˚yçyñ @ˇÃyüˆÏܲ Ó!° ü•yÓ˚yçy– ˆÜ˛ xyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚
ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ âˆÏê˛ ˆà° ~ܲ û˛Î˚yÓ• àî•ï˛ƒyÊ •°‰!ò öò#Ó˚ ç° Ó˚ˆÏ_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° òyà ü%ˆÏåÈ ˆòˆÏÓÊ ˆ§•z ӈϰ öyÈÙÙÙÈ@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ üyö%£Ï ˆçyê˛Ók˛ •ˆÏ° ü•yÓ˚yçyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛Ä ï˛yÓ˚
°y°Ê ÷ô% !ܲ àî•ï˛ƒyÊ Ü˛ï˛ ˆÎ Úö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Û •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ö ô!£Ï≈ï˛yÊ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ !Óe´ü ˆÓ!¢– Îy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyüÓ˚y @ˇÃyüÓy§#Ó˚y•z ܲÓ˚ÓÊ ~áöÄ ˆï˛y Ó˚yï˛ •ˆÏ°•z ÓÑy¢é˛yí˛¸
Ó˚yç˛õˆÏÌ !ü!åȈϰ áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyàˆÏç !ê˛!û˛Ó˚ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ xyÄÎ˚yç í˛z벰ÈÙÙÙÈÚÚˆï˛yüyÓ˚ öyü xyüyÓ˚ ˆÓ=öyé˛yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ xyí˛¸y° ˆÌˆÏܲ å%ȈÏê˛ xyˆÏ§ éÑ˛yˆÏܲ éÑ˛yˆÏܲ =!°ÈÙÙÙÈÛÛ
öyü ö®#@ˇÃyü ö®#@ˇÃyüÊÛÛ Ü˛ÌyÓ˚ üyé˛áyˆÏö•z ≤ÃÌüçö ӈϰ Ó§ˆÏ°öñ ÚÚòƒyáy öy é%˛üyñ ˆï˛yÓ˚ !˛õˆÏë˛ =!° üyÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆ§•z Úö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Û ~áö •!Ó˚myˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÚòyòyÈÙÈÓí˛z!òÓ˚ ˆ•yˆÏê˛°ÛÈÙÈ~Ê xyÄÎ˚yç ˆï˛y òyàê˛yÊÛÛ
í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ•zÈÙÙÙÈÚÚö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈÊ ö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈÊÛÛ Úö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Û ˆáˆÏï˛ ˆáˆÏï˛ ~ܲê˛yÄ Ü˛Ìy öy ӈϰ ÓÑy •yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ¢y!í˛¸ÈÙÈÓœyí˛zç
ÚÚ~á%ö ˆ§áyöܲyÓ˚ xÓfliy ~ܲê%˛ã˛yÓ˚ û˛y°y xyˆÏåÈ!ö⁄ÛÛ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zß√%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ò° ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õë˛Ê
ÚÚ•í˛zñ ܲ# ˆÎ ܲ•ë˛ xy«˛%Î˚y ܲÌyÊ âÓ˚ö% ˆÓÓ˚y•z!° ˆ˛õÓ˚yÎ˚ !ï˛ö Ófi§Ó˚Ê xy◊Î˚ !¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚ í˛yö•yˆÏï˛Ó˚ Äë˛yÈÙÈ˛õí˛¸y xyÓ˚ ˆö•zñ ˆÌˆÏü !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ •y˛õ%§ÈÙȇ˛õ%§Ä– ÚòyòyÈÙÓí˛z!òÓ˚ ˆ•yˆÏê˛°Û
°˛õ‰!§ áy•z ܲ!Ó˚ ܲy!ê˛ ˆà°y ˆòí˛¸ÈÙÈò% Ófi§Ó˚Ê ~á%ö ÓyàöyˆÏö ~ܲ Ó¶%˛Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸– üöï‰˛ ~áö ˆÎö ~ܲ !ü!öˆÏê˛Ó˚ ö#Ó˚Óï˛y ˛õy°ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ–
~ܲê%˛ã˛yÓ˚ §%á öy!•–ÛÛ
ÚÚï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ Ü%˛ˆÏΩ˛ ~ˆÏ°⁄ÛÛ
ÚÚöy•z xy!§ Ìy!ܲ ˛õyÓ˚!°!ö– ÓyˆÏÓ˚y Ófi§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÓ˛õyÓ˚ñ Ü˛ï˛ˆÏ°yܲ ÎyÎ˚ˆÏë˛ÈÙÙÙÈÎy•zñ Î!ò üöï‰˛
¢y!hsˇ xyˆÏ§Ê ˆ§yí˛z ӈϰ öyÈÙÙÙÈ!ï˛öܲy° Îy•z ܲ!Ó˚ ~ܲܲyˆÏ° ˆë˛!ܲˆÏåÈ– ~á%ö öy xy•zˆÏö
xyÓ˚ !ܲ xy!§ ˛õy!Ó˚!ü⁄ ÓyˆÏÓy˚ Ófi§Ó˚ ï˛ öyñ ~ܲÎ%àÊ ÓÑy!ã˛ Ìyܲü%ƒ öy ï˛yÓ˚ ü!Ó˚ Îyü%ƒÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚
öy•z !ë˛Ü˛ÊÛÛ
ˆ•y ˆ•y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ•ˆÏ§ í˛zë˛ˆÏ°ö §Óy•z– Ü˛ï˛ xyÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ÈÙÙÙÈï˛Ó% Ó%!í˛¸¸ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲÌyÊ
!çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚°yüñ Úܲ˛õy°Ü%˛[˛°yÛ í˛z˛õöƒy§ ˛õí˛¸y xyˆÏåÈ⁄ÛÛ
ÚÚöy à– ˆï˛ˆÏÓ !åȈÏöüyê˛y ˆòá‰!Ìö%– ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ ü!•£ÏyòˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆü°yÎ˚ ˆà!°– Ó˚Ì ˆò!á
üöܲyÓ˚ ܲ# xyö®Ê Ó˚Ì ˆòáy!Ó ˆ•°y ܲ°y ˆÓã˛y !Óñ Ì%!í˛¸ñ !åȈÏöüy ˆòáy !Ó ˆ•°y–ÛÛ
Ó°°yüñ ÚÚçyˆÏöy !ܲñ ï%˛!ü Îy Ó°ˆÏ° Úܲ˛õy°Ü%˛[˛°yÛ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ä ï˛y xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈÚÚ!ï˛ö ܲy°
!àˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲܲyˆÏ° ˆë˛ˆÏܲˆÏåÈ– ~áö ˛õÓ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲ¡ø ܲ!Ó˚Ó öy ï˛ Ü˛# ܲ!Ó˚Ó⁄ÛÛ
ÚÚܲy•zñ ü%•z ܲ# ܲ!Ó˚ çyöü%Ê ü%•z ï˛ xyÓ˚ Ó•zê˛y ˛õ!í˛¸!öÊÛÛ
~§üÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ ˆÎö ӈϰ í˛zë˛ˆÏ°öñ ÚÚÄˆÏ•Ê Úö®#@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎÛ˚ ÈÙÈˆÜ˛ xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆÓ=!ö òyÄÊÛÛ
§ˆÏD §ˆÏD xyˆÏÓ˚ܲçö Ó°ˆÏ°öñ ÚÚ÷ô% ˆÓ=!ö ˆÜ˛öñ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ •yï˛y û˛yï˛ñ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲê%˛
ú%˛°Ü˛!˛õÓ˚ â^ˇê˛ òyÄÊÛÛ

ÓyÓ°yàyåÈ !ܲv !öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛
......
ˆòÓy!¢§ ã˛e´Óï˛#≈
ü,ï˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y ܲÌy ÓˆÏ°Ê ï˛y xyÓyÓ˚ •Î˚ öy!ܲ⁄ Óy˛õö ï˛Ó% xÓyܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ é%˛°hsˇ ˆò•ê˛yÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚•z°– üˆÏö •ˆÏFåÈ Ü˛Ìy ܲ•zˆÏåÈ– !öÓ˚yÓÓ˚î öyÓ˚# ¢Ó˚#Ó˚– ÓyÓ°yàyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
é%˛°ˆÏåÈ– ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ öy– @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ ÓyÓ°yàyˆÏåÈ ˆÜ˛ Óy ܲyÓ˚y é%˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ ˆÏåÈ
ˆò•– §ˆÏÓüye «˛üï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z á%ö– @ˇÃyü ˛õM˛ÈyˆÏÎ˚ï˛ §%Ó°
!ü!flfˆÏܲ ˆí˛ˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~° ÓyÓ°y– §%Ó° ˆò• ˆòˆÏá Ó°° ~ ˆï˛y Ü%˛!öñ é˛yüöá%ˆÏí˛¸yÓ˚
!mï˛#Î˚˛õ«˛–
ĈÏܲ ~ ò¢y ܲÓ˚° ˆÜ˛ §%Ó°òy⁄ Óy˛õö !çˆÏK˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xy!ü ܲ# çy!ö⁄ xyüyÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆï˛y ï˛á‰ˆÏï˛ ˆö•z– ~•z ˆï˛y !öÓ≈yã˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ú˛° ˆÓÓ˚&°ñ ~ï˛!òö
ò#â≈§üÎ˚ ˆï˛yüÓ˚y•z !åȈϰ ˆày...
ˆÓ!¢ ú˛í˛¸ú˛í˛¸y§ öy Óy˛õöñ é˛yüöá%ˆÏí˛¸y ˆï˛yˆÏòÓ˚–
~áyˆÏö ~ê˛y !ö˛õyê˛ á%öñ xyüÓ˚yÈÙÈÄÓ˚y ܲ# §%Ó°òy
§%Ó° ˆÓ˚ˆÏà àÓ˚àÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •Ñyê˛y !ò°– ï˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Îï˛ !Ó˛õò– ˛õM˛ÈyˆÏÎ˚ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚–
!Óôyö§û˛yÎ˚ ~áö xöƒ ˛õy!ê≈˛ «˛üï˛yÎ˚– !ܲv òyÎ˚û˛yà ï˛yÓ˚ âyˆÏí˛¸ ã˛y˛õyˆÏöyÓ˚ §)- ã˛y°
•ˆÏFåÈ–
¢#î≈ܲyÎ˚ öò# á!í˛¸– á!í˛¸Ó˚ ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏöy ˆé˛y˛õ– Ü%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ àyåÈñ ˆ§yöyé%˛!Ó˚ àyåÈ– ܲï˛Ü˛ ¢ï˛Ü˛
•zí˛z!Üœ˛˛õê˛y¢– ÓyÓ°y– xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !Ó¢y° Ó˛õ% Óê˛àyåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˛õyÌÓ˚– !§Öò%Ó˚
üyáyˆÏöy– ˛õ%ˆÏçy •Î˚– çy@ˇÃï˛ öy!Ü˛Ê §%ӈϰÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ü)!ï≈˛˛õ%ˆÏçyÎ˚ !ÓŸªy§# öÎ˚– §%Ó° üˆÏö
üˆÏö ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ ˆòÓï˛y üyˆÏö– §%ӈϰÓ˚ Óí˛z ˆòÓ#Ó˚ û˛!_´ xyÓ˚Ä– §%Ó° Ü˛ï˛ ÓˆÏ° ħÓ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚y öy x§%!ÓˆÏô xyˆÏåÈ–
ˆòÓ# ˆã˛yá Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ é˛Ñyê˛y üy!Ó˚ ˆï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ü%ˆÏá–
•§‰ ܲ# §Ó Îyï˛y ӈϰy....÷öˆÏÓ ˆ°yˆÏܲ
÷ö%ܲ– ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆ˛õÑyˆÏò •yÄÎ˚y !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲ# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ •ƒy
ܲ# •Î˚!öÊ §%ӈϰÓ˚ ˛õy°ê˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y
ˆÜ˛ö ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆ§yü_ ˆåȈϰ í˛ƒyÇ í˛ƒyÇ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ xy!ü ܲ# ܲÓ˚ÓÊ
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y °Ü˛°!ܲˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈ
ï˛yÓ˚ xy!ü ܲ# ܲÓ˚ÓÊ
ï%˛!ü !àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !˛õ![˛ ã˛ê˛Ü˛yÄÈÙÙÙȈòÓ# ˆÓ˚ˆÏà !àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰ–
§%Ó° ã%˛˛õ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– üˆÏö üˆÏö ӈϰ üy!à !ú˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˆÎ ÓyˆÏ§ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ%Ó˚#ñ !òây ò° ˆÓшÏô
ˆåȈϰˆÏüˆÏÎ˚ §%k%˛ â%Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Îy§ñ ˆ§ê˛y ˆÜ˛ ˆòÎ˚⁄ ˆåȈϰÈÙȈüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ áÓ˚ã˛ ˆÜ˛ ˆòÎ˚⁄ !ú˛ ˆÓ˚yÓÓyÓ˚
üyǧñ ˆÓ˚yç üyåÈ ˆÜ˛ ˆòÎ˚⁄
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 21
322 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
í˛zˆÏë˛yˆÏö ï˛áö ܲÓ˚üã˛y àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ xyê˛ˆÏܲ Ìyܲy xyô áyü‰ˆÏã˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏò ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆüyÓ˚à â%ˆÏÓ˚
ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚– ~ܲê˛y åÈyà°ñ ˆ§ê˛y xyÓyÓ˚ áy!§– Óí˛¸ ˆåȈϰ öyrê%˛ ˛õ%ˆÏ£ÏˆÏåÈñ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚– û˛y!Ó˚
§áƒ– åÈyà°ê˛y ܲ!ã˛ ˛õyï˛y !ã˛ˆÏÓyÎ˚– xyÓ˚yü– §%Ó° §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚ ~•z xyÓ˚yüê˛y•z ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆ˛õ°
ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ §Ó û˛ˆÏflø !â ì˛y°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– üyö%£Ï ˆÎ ~ï˛ ˆáˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏåÈ ˆ§ ˆÓyˆÏé˛!ö–
ò%•z
Ü%˛!öÓ˚ ˆò• öyüyˆÏöy •°– àyˆÏÎ˚ xÑyã˛ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ òyà– ˛õ%!°¢ ~ˆÏ§ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆì˛ˆÏܲ !ò°– ü,ï˛ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚
!âˆÏÓ˚ çê˛°y– ÌyöyÓ˚ Óí˛¸ÓyÓ% ê%˛° ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§ xyˆÏåÈ– !˛õˆÏë˛ ˆÓ˚yò– ˆÜ˛ ˆÎö !û˛ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó°° ô£Ï≈î •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ òyˆÏÓ˚yàyÓyÓ%⁄
ˆÜ˛ Ó°ˆÏ° ܲÌyê˛y⁄ x!ú˛§yÓ˚ º* Ü%Ñ˛ã˛ˆÏܲ Ó°°– !û˛í˛¸ ã%˛˛õ– ~!òܲ ˆ§!òܲ áÓÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈ–
xy° ˆû˛ˆÏäñ ç!ü !í˛!äˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°yܲ çˆÏí˛¸y •ˆÏFåÈ !ÓhflÏÓ˚– ü,ò% í˛zˆÏ_çöyñ ö#Ó˚Ó !ú˛§ú˛y§–
ô£Ï≈î •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ òyˆÏÓ˚yàyÓyÓ%ÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛ ˆÎö !çˆÏK˛§ ܲÓ˚°–
ˆÜ˛ Ó°ˆÏ° ܲÌyê˛y⁄ òyˆÏÓ˚yày ê%˛° ˆåȈÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ ˛õí˛¸°–
xyˆÏK˛ xy!ü... §%Ó° Ó°°
xy˛õ!ö ˆÜ˛⁄ òyˆÏÓ˚yày ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z°–
˛õM˛ÈyˆÏÎ˚ï˛ ≤Ãôyö §%Ó° !üflf#ÈÙÙÙȧ%Ó° í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòÎ˚
‡ü‰...ˆ˛õyfiê˛üˆÏê≈˛ü Ó°ˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈòyˆÏÓ˚yày ӈϰ–
§%Ó° ˆòá° !û˛ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ xò)ˆÏÓ˚ é˛yüöá%ˆÏí˛¸y üyÌyÎ˚ •yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧ xyˆÏåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õˆÏë˛ í˛zˆÏë˛
à°yÎ˚ •yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ åÈê˛ú˛ê˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ~˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ò%ÛÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆåȈϰ– é˛yüˆÏöÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ Óí˛z °-#
§y˛õÓ˚ àÑyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !öï˛y•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ é˛yüö Ü%˛!öˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– é˛yüö Ä
Ü%˛!ö ˆÜ˛Äê˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y•z§!üˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ°ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ï˛– Ü%˛!ö ã˛ê˛Ü‰˛òyÓ˚ !åÈ°– Ó˚ÇÈÙÈì˛ˆÏä ˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏˆÏܲ
!ì˛ˆÏ° ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òï˛– é˛yüöˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ö !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲÓ˚° Ü%˛!öÈñ ~ ~ܲ ôÑyôy– §%Ó° !üflf# üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛
ˆÎï˛ §ÑyÄï˛y°ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyí˛¸yÎ˚– §ˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆüÔç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– §ˆÏD ò%Ûã˛yÓ˚çö ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆ°yܲ–
~ܲê˛y âÓ˚ !å°– ÄáyˆÏö ~ܲ!òö Ü%˛!öˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§!åÈ° Ó˚Ó–% üy° áyÄÎ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È– é˛yüöÄ
!åÈ°– ~ܲˆÏ¢y !òˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç §ü§ƒy •!FåÈ°– é˛yüˆÏöÓ˚ Ä Ü%˛!öÓ˚ öyü Óyò ˛õˆÏí˛¸– xöƒ öyü
ˆì˛yܲyˆÏöy •Î˚– ï˛áö ˆÌˆÏܲ é˛yüö Ä Ü%˛!ö !ÓˆÏoy•#–
ï%˛Ó˚y ˛õy!ê≈˛ ܲ!Ó˚§ öy!ܲ ˛õÎ˚§y °%!ê˛§
!ܲ Ó°!åȧ Ü%˛!öÈÙÙÙȧ%Ó° xyï≈˛öyò ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°
!ë˛Ü˛ Ó°!åÈñ ÷ö ˆï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ òˆÏ° öy•z– ï%˛•yÓ˚y ˆã˛yÓ˚–
§%Ó° hflÏ∏˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆö¢y ï˛áö üyÌyÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ flõ‹T üˆÏö xyˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÎ !°!fiê˛ !åÈ° ˆ§áyˆÏö Ü%˛!ö Ä é˛yüöá%ˆÏí˛¸yÓ˚ öyü !åÈ°– ï˛y•ˆÏ° Óyò !ò° ˆÜ˛⁄
!°fiê˛ ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hsˇ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ¢#ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ– ~•z ~ܲ åÈуyˆÏã˛yí˛¸– ê˛yܲy üyÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆàÑy§y•z– Ä•z
¢y°y•z öyˆÏê˛Ó˚ =Ó˚&– §%Ó° ~ܲ!òö @ˇÃyü§û˛yÎ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ôÓ˚°– ¢#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚yï˛– ¢#ï˛°ˆÏܲ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ
ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛•zñ ˆ§ ˆÓ˚ˆÏà ÜÑ˛y•z–
Ä§Ó Ü˛Ìy ˆÓy°ˆÏÓ öy §%Ó°òyñ ê˛yܲy öÎ˚åÈÎ˚ ˆï˛yüÓ˚y ܲÓ˚åÈ–
xyüÓ˚y⁄ §%ӈϰÓ˚ ܲZ˛fl∫ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎö xyï≈˛öyò
xy°Óyï˛ñ ÓåÈÓ˚ â%Ó˚ˆÏï˛ öy â%Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Óy!í˛¸ ˛õyܲy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏê˛ ày•z •°ñ ˛õ%Ü%˛Ó˚
!ܲöˆÏ°ñ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ÎyFåÈ....
 ÓyÓ°yàyåÈ !ܲv !öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ † 323
~ÓyÓ˚ !ü!ê˛ÇÈÙÈ~ ˆÎö ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÓyüy ú˛yê˛y°– ˛õM˛ÈyˆÏÎ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ܲå%È §û˛ƒ Ó°° ~§Ó ܲ# •ˆÏFåÈ
¢#ï˛°y....
Îy ӈϰ!åÈñ í˛z_Ó˚ !òܲ §%Ó°òyÈÙÙÙÈ¢#ï˛° !•§‰!•§ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï%˛•z !ö§‰!öñ ï%˛•z !ܲ §ÍÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓyFã˛yÈÙÙÙÈ
xy°Óï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚!åÈñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yüyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y Î%!ô!¤˛Ó˚ §yçˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲ!Ó˚!ö–
ï%˛•z ˆÜ˛ö é˛yüˆÏöÓ˚ xyÓ˚ Ü%˛!öÓ˚ öyü Óyò !ò!°⁄
ˆ§ê˛y xyüyÓ˚ Óƒ!_´àï˛ !•ˆÏ§ÓÊ
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ê˛yܲyñ ˛õM˛ÈyˆÏÎ˚ï˛ áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈñ xyüÓ˚y ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ܲü#≈ñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ Óƒ!_´àï˛
Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ ܲ#ˆÏÓ˚ ¢#ï˛°y
Ä§Ó !•ˆÏ§Ó !öˆÏ°ñ xöƒ !•ˆÏ§Ó xy§ˆÏÓ §%Ó°òy
Ó°‰ öyñ ܲ# Ó°!Ó
ã˛!Ó˚e ˆû˛ˆÏä ˆòÓ...¢#ï˛° xyÓ˚Ä í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛
ܲ# Ó°!Ó Ó°ÈÙÙÙÈ¢yhsˇ §%ӈϰÓ˚ ˆö¢y ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏåÈ
ï%˛!ü Ü%˛!öÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ÎyÄ öy⁄ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ӈϰ ¢#ï˛° ˆÌˆÏü ˆà°– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Ó°°ÈÙÙÙÈxyÓ˚ Ó°°yü
öy– ¢ï˛ •ˆÏ°Ä ï%˛!ü ≤Ãôyö– §%Ó° ~•z ܲÌy ÷ˆÏö !ü!ê˛Ç ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– ~áyö
ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ •Ñyê˛y˛õˆÏÌ !ü!öê˛ ˛õˆÏöˆÏÓ˚y– ˆüyÓ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyñ ˛õM˛ÈyˆÏÎ˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– xyˆÏà
@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ܲyòy çüï˛ ~ܲ •Ñyê%˛– ~áö ç°Ä çˆÏü öy– ~ܲˆÏ¢y !òˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyç ã˛°ˆÏåÈ
ã˛üÍܲyÓ˚– ÓƒyÇܲ xƒyܲyí˛zrê˛ ˆáy°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ê˛yܲy ÓÓ˚yj •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– §Ó•z ˆï˛y •ˆÏFåÈ– ¢#ï˛°
ˆÎö !Ó£ÏôÓ˚ §y˛õ– àyåÈ˛õy°yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆçyÍfl¨yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°y ò%Ó≈°– ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ê˛y §%ӈϰÓ˚
ê˛öê˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z벰 ˆòÓ#Ó˚ çöƒ– ˆòÓ#Ó˚ à°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Óí˛¸ üyǧ!˛õ[˛– û˛ˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆflÀú˛ û˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§
í˛y_´yÓ˚ü%ˆÏáy •ˆÏFåÈ öy– ˆÓ˚yç Ó˚yˆÏï˛ àƒyˆÏ§ Ó˚yߨy ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õåÈö ˆú˛Ó˚y ˆòÓ#Ó˚ üyǧ!˛õ[˛
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ xyàyü#!òö !ܲÇÓy ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚!òö «˛üï˛yÓ˚ üô% ˆï˛y xyÓ˚
ˆÓyô •Î˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ öy–
!ï˛ö
Ü%˛!öˆÏܲ ô£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ á%ö ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆ˛õyfiê˛üˆÏê≈˛ü !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ ï˛y•z Ó°ˆÏåÈ– é˛yüöá%ˆÏí˛¸y °¡∫y
~ܲê˛y ÓÑyˆÏ¢Ó˚ °y!ë˛ §ˆÏD §ÑyÄï˛y° ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ áyöòˆÏ¢Ü˛ ˆåȈϰ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˛õM˛ÈyˆÏÎ˚ï˛ x!ú˛ˆÏ§
~ˆÏ§ §%Ó°ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ ôÓ˚°– §%Ó° !üö!üö ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°° xy!ü ܲ# ܲÓ˚Ó⁄
é˛yüöá%ˆÏí˛¸y ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ Ó°° ï%˛Ó˚y ~ï˛!òö «˛üï˛yÎ˚ !åÈ!°ñ à!Ó˚Ó û˛y!äˆÏÎ˚ ˆá!°– xyÓyÓ˚
à!Ó˚ÓˆÏܲ•z üyÓ˚!°–
xy!ü ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ
ï%˛•yˆÏܲ ˛õM˛ÈyˆÏÎ˚ï˛ ≤Ãôyö ï%˛ xyüÓ˚y•z Óyöy•z!åÈ°yü–
ï%˛Ó˚y ˛õy!ê˛Ó˚ öyü ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÎ˚§y °%ˆÏê˛!åȧ‰–
xy!ü ܲ# ܲÓ˚Ó
ã%˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ §%Ó° ≤ÃôyöÊ xyç ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛Ó˚ x!ú˛ˆÏ§ xy§y Ó¶˛– ~•z ï˛y°y !ò°yü–
§!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ ˛õM˛ÈyˆÏÎ˚ï˛ x!ú˛ˆÏ§ ï˛y°y é%˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ !ò° ÄÓ˚y– §%Ó°ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ ˆÎö ôyE˛y !òˆÏÎ˚
Ó°°ÈÙÙÙÈï%˛Ó˚y xˆÏöܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȧ ~ï˛!òö xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒñ ~ÓyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ !àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧ Ìyܲ–
§%ӈϰÓ˚ §yüˆÏö !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°yܲ=ˆÏ°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ x◊yÓƒ !á!hflÏ !ò°– ~§Ó ܲÌyÓ˚ §ˆÏD
324 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆòÓ#Ó˚ ܲÌyÓ˚ !ü° á%шÏç ˛õyˆÏFåÈ §%Ó°– ˆòÓ#ˆÏܲ Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– •Ñyê%˛ ˆàˆÏí˛¸ ~•z
ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ˆàyÓ˚& ò%•zˆÏï˛ •Î˚– •Ñyê%˛ˆÏï˛ ~áö x§•ƒ ÓƒÌy– ˆåȈϰ ò%ˆÏê˛y °yˆÏÎ˚ܲ– ~ܲçˆÏöÓ˚ §yô%
§yô% ˆã˛•yÓ˚y– ~ܲçö !°Ü˛!°ˆÏܲ– ˆòÓ#Ó˚ Ó˚yߨy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ò%ÛˆÏÓ°y– ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛y §yçˆÏàyç
!öˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒhflÏ– ˆ§ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ú˛ƒy¢ö !¢ˆÏá !¢ˆÏá !öï˛ƒˆÏÓ˚yç ê˛yܲy ã˛yÎ˚– ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆ°yܲçˆÏöÓ˚
§Ü˛y° ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ !û˛í˛¸– ã˛yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ê˛!° ã˛y˛õyˆÏöy•z xyˆÏåÈ– ˆàyÓ˚&Ó˚ ò%ô §Ó ã˛yÈÙÈ~
ˆ¢£Ï– !öÓ≈yã˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÓ˚çyŒê˛ ˆÓÓ˚&ˆÏöyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !û˛í˛¸ •zòyö#Ç ˛õyï˛°y– ˆòÓ#Ó˚ ày!°ày°yˆÏçÓ˚
ˆï˛yí˛¸ ܲü– ˆ§ üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ ï˛yÓ˚ üyǧ!˛õˆÏ[˛ xöƒüöflÒ •ˆÏÎ˚ •yï˛ ˆÓy°yÎ˚– xyÓ˚ !Óí˛¸!Óí˛¸
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ xyüyˆÏܲ öyÄ û˛àüyö–
ã˛yÓ˚
òyˆÏÓ˚yàyÓyÓ%Ó˚ ã˛üܲyˆÏöy ˆòˆÏá §%Ó° xÓyܲ– ~•z ˆï˛y !ܲå%È!òö xyˆÏàÄ ÌyöyÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ§
ܲ# ~ܲê˛y Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ òyˆÏÓ˚yàyÓyÓ%ˆÏܲ Ü˛í˛¸ˆÏܲ ˆàˆÏåÈ– Ó˚yï˛yÓ˚y!ï˛ §Ó ÓòˆÏ° ˆà°⁄
Ü%˛!öˆÏܲ !ã˛öˆÏï˛ö⁄
!ã˛öï˛yü
ܲï˛ê˛y !ã˛öˆÏï˛ö
!ã˛öï˛yüÈÙÙÙÈÄ•z...
ï%˛ï˛ˆÏ° ï%˛ï˛ˆÏ° Ó°ˆÏÓ öyÈÙÙÙÈòyˆÏÓ˚yày ôüܲ üyÓ˚°
Ä•z ˆï˛y §ÑyÄï˛y° ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ é˛yüöá%ˆÏí˛¸yÓ˚ Óí˛z
ÄáyˆÏö ˆï˛y xy˛õ!ö ˆÎˆÏï˛ö...
~ÓyÓ˚ §%Ó° ã%˛˛õ– §%Ó° üyÌy ö#ã%˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyä%° !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ òyà ê˛yöˆÏåÈ–
ܲÌyÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !òö §%Ó°ÓyÓ%
ˆÎï˛yü...
ܲ# Ó˚ܲü ˆÎˆÏï˛ö
˛õy!ê≈˛ ܲü#≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ~°yܲyÓ˚ üyö%£Ï !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆáÑyç !öˆÏï˛ ˆÎï˛yü–
÷ô% Ü%˛!öÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ ˆÜ˛ö⁄
§ÓyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ ˆÎï˛yü
ˆã˛y˛õ‰ñ !üˆÏ̃ Ó°ˆÏåÈöñ xy˛õöyÓ˚y ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ܲ°B˛– öyü û˛y!äˆÏÎ˚ à!Ó˚ÓˆÏܲ ë˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ˛õy!ê≈˛
í%˛!ÓˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö–
!ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚&öñ ÄÓ˚ ~•z á%ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ˛õåȈÏö xy!ü !ܲå%È çy!ö öyÈÙÙÙȧ%Ó° ˆÎö ˆû˛ˆÏä ˛õí˛¸°–
òyˆÏÓ˚yày ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ xˆÏöܲ«˛î §%ӈϰÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ •Ñy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚•z°– ~•z ¢y°y
˛õM˛ÈyˆÏÎ˚ï˛ ≤Ãôyö ~•z x!ú˛ˆÏ§ ~ˆÏ§ñ ˛õy!ê≈˛ Îáö «˛üï˛yÎ˚ !åÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲ# ~ܲê˛y Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ÎyˆÏFåÈï˛y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ...–
˛õÑyã˛
˛õM˛ÈyˆÏÎ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyç xy˛õyï˛ï˛ Ó¶˛ñ x!í˛ê˛ •ˆÏFåÈ– ê˛yܲyÓ˚ àÓ˚!ü°– §%Ó° !åÈ˛õ ˆú˛ˆÏ°
ÚûÑ˛yòÓ˚˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Û ÓˆÏ§ !åÈ°– âyˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲyàç ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ â%ü
xy§ˆÏåÈ– ܲ# x˛õüyöñ ܲ# x˛õüyö– Ü%˛!öˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y °yàï˛– ò%Û!ï˛öÓyÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
á%ö ˆï˛y ˆ§ ܲˆÏÓ˚!ö– ˆ§ ÷ˆÏöˆÏåÈ ¢#ï˛°ˆÏܲ xƒyˆÏÓ˚fiê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– à!Ó˚Ó üyö%£Ï=ˆÏ°y ˆáˆÏ˛õ
 ÓyÓ°yàyåÈ !ܲv !öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ † 325
xyˆÏåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ¢yhsˇ– ˆ§ §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ •Î˚ öy– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ ܲüˆÏÓ˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
ÌyöyÓ˚ ~•z Ä!§ x˛õüyö§)ã˛Ü˛ ܲÌy ӈϰ!åÈ°– §%Ó°ˆÏܲ ӈϰ!åÈ° ˆ§•z ܲüˆÏÓ˚í˛– ܲü.
Óy§%– Óƒyê˛yˆÏFåȈϰÓ˚ ܲÌy ÷ˆÏö ˆ§ §ò°ÓˆÏ° ÌyöyÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ Ä!§ˆÏܲ ò%ã˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏåÈ–
ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y Ä!§ !öˆÏÎ˚ !ö°– üˆÏö ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈ– ú˛yï˛öy öˆÏí˛¸ í˛z벰– Óí˛¸ üyåÈ– üyåÈê˛y
ˆá°ˆÏåÈ– xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ §%Ó°– !åÈ˛õ !öˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲƒyÍòy!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ û˛yˆÏ°y °yˆÏà–
!ÓŸª§Ç§yÓ˚ ˆ§ û%˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚– §Ó §ü§ƒy xò,¢ƒ ï˛áö– üyˆÏåÈÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z !öÎ˚!üï˛
ˆá°y ˆÎö Ü%˛ö!ܲÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ã˛Ü˛ü!ܲ– xyÊ §%Ó° §%ˆáÏ ˆã˛yá ˆÓyˆÏç– ï˛áö ûÑ˛yòÓ˚˛õ%ܲ% ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆé˛y˛õé˛yí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ áê˛y¢ xy°ˆÏ§ ˆã˛yˆÏá ï˛yܲyÎ˚– ˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆåÈyê˛ àˆÏï≈˛
xyí˛¸ˆÏüyí˛¸y ˆû˛ˆÏä àí˛¸yÎ˚ á%ˆÏò ÜÑ˛yÜ˛í˛¸y...–
åÈÎ˚
§Ü˛y°ˆÏÓ°y ˆ§ ܲ# •y˛õ%§ ܲyߨy ˆòÓ#Ó˚– é%˛üy ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Óy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD– !ã˛!ë˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ
xyüÓ˚y !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲÓ˚!åÈ– ˆï˛yüÓ˚y ˆáÑyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ öy– ܲyÓ˚î xy!ü §yÓy!°Ü˛y–
§Ü˛y°ˆÏÓ°y í˛zˆÏë˛ í˛zˆÏë˛yˆÏö Óí˛¸áy!§ê˛yˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá §%ӈϰÓ˚ !˛õ![˛ ã˛ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆà°– Óƒyê˛y áyˆÏFåÈ
òyˆÏFåÈ ˆüyê˛y •ˆÏFåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ Óí˛¸ ˆåȈ°
Ï !ܲå%ȈïÏ ˛•z Äê˛yˆÏܲ !Ó!e´ ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ öy– ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§ !öÓ˚y!ü£Ïy¢#
~ÓÇ ˛õ÷ˆÏ≤Ãü#– é%˛üyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ Ó˚yàê˛y !àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ åÈyàˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– §%Ó° •hsˇòhsˇ •ˆÏÎ˚
Óy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ ˆà°– Óy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ ï˛y°y Ó¶˛– xˆÏöܲ!òö xyˆÏà•z ÓyÓy üy üyÓ˚y ˆà!åÈ°–
Óy˛õö ~ܲy•z ÌyÜ˛ï˛– ú˛y°ï%˛ ˆåȈϰ– ˆ§ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õy!ê≈˛•z !ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy– ˆÎáyˆÏö üô%
ˆ§áyˆÏö ˆ§– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ °y° ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆï˛y öÎ˚•z– ã˛ƒyê˛yÇ ã˛ƒyê˛yÇ Ü˛Ìy– ˛õM˛ÈyˆÏÎ˚ï˛ x!ú˛ˆÏ§ ˆÎ!òö
§%Ó° ˆ•öfliy •° ˆ§!òö Óy˛õö !åÈ°– Óƒyê˛y ê%˛ ¢∑!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!ö– òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ üçy
ˆòá!åÈ°– ~Ó˚ܲü ~ܲê˛y ˆåȈϰˆÏܲ é%˛üyÓ˚ ˛õåÈ® •° ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚Ê ã˛y°ã%˛ˆÏ°y ˆö•z– ç!ü xyˆÏåÈ
ã˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏâÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y– §yÓ˚y!òö ï˛y!í˛¸ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏåÈ– åȃy åȃy– §%ӈϰÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏö•z
!ôE˛yÓ˚ ~°– ~ê˛yˆÏܲ ܲ# Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲü≈ú˛°– ˆ§ ˆï˛y {ŸªÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§# öÎ˚–
§yï˛
ܲöܲˆÏö •yÄÎ˚y– ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎö §%ã˛ !ÓÑôˆÏåÈ– x!í˛ˆÏê˛ à[˛ˆÏày°– ü!•°y ˆÜ˛FåÈy– ~ܲˆÏ¢y
!òˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ã%˛!˛õ– ˛õy!ê≈˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆí˛ˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛y° ˆç°y x!ú˛ˆÏ§– ˆ§áyˆÏö !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§
ã˛Ó˚ü ˆçÓ˚ÓyÓ˚– ˛õy!ê≈˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ ú˛Ó˚üyö !òˆÏÎ˚ !ò° ˆòˆÏáy Óy˛õ% Îy Îy ò%ö#≈!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚åÈ ï˛yÓ˚ òyÎ˚
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚– ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~Ó˚ xÇ¢#òyÓ˚ öÎ˚–
~§Ó ˆÜ˛öñ xy!ü ˆï˛y §Ó ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ çöƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈñ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ú˛yˆÏu˛Ä ê˛yܲy !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ–
ï˛yˆÏï˛ Ü˛#ñ ˛õy!ê≈˛ !ܲ ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ⁄
~•z§Ó xy˛õöyÓ˚y ܲ# Ó°ˆÏåÈö
!ë˛Ü˛•z Ó°!åÈñ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛Ü˛¢ö ˆòˆÏÓ öyñ xyüÓ˚y «˛üï˛yÎ˚ ˆö•z– Îy ܲˆÏÓ˚åÈ
üyÓ˚yüy!Ó˚ñ á%öñ ˆï˛y°yÓy!çñ ã%˛!Ó˚ §Ó ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ òyÎ˚–
xy!ü !ܲ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !ü!ê˛Ç !ü!åȈ° Ï Îy•z!öñ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ çöƒ ï˛ƒyà fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ ö⁄ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚Ä
xyüyˆÏܲ xyç §•ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy–
Ä§Ó Ü˛Ìy Ìyܲ §%Ó°ÓyÓ%ñ §Íû˛yˆÏÓ ˛õy!ê≈˛ Î!ò ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚&ö– öy •ˆÏ° xöƒ !ã˛hsˇyñ
xöƒ Ó˚yhflÏy xyˆÏåÈ....
326 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
Óy!í˛¸ !ú˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ Óy§ ôÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !åÈ° §%Ó°– á%Ó ¢#ï˛– ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ xyÿ˛Î≈ ÜÖ˛y˛õ%!ö– ˆ§ ˆï˛y àï˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ ¢#ˆÏï˛ ~ï˛ ÜÑ˛yˆÏ˛õ!ö– ~ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ ¢#ï˛Ê
•ë˛yÍ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õí˛¸° Óy˛õö Ä é%˛üy !òâyàyü# ÓyˆÏ§ í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈ– Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ Óy§– ˛õÓ˚!òö
ˆû˛yÓ˚ˆÏÓ°y !òây ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈyˆÏÓ– Óy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ •yï˛ é%˛üy ôˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ¢_´ •yˆÏï˛– §%Ó° Ó˚yhflÏy
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöyÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z Óy§ê˛y ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !ܲå%Èê˛y ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°–
xyê˛
í˛y_´yÓ˚ ˆöˆÏí˛¸ˆÏã˛ˆÏí˛¸ Ó°°ÈÙÙÙÈÓ%é˛ˆÏ°ö §%Ó°ÓyÓ%ñ üyǧ!˛õ[˛ üƒy!°àöƒyrê˛–
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄
x˛õyˆÏÓ˚¢öñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÓ˚!í˛ˆÏÎ˚¢öñ öy •ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛ˆÏüyˆÏÌÓ˚y!˛õ
ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ Ä
ˆfiê˛ç ˆú˛yÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈxy¢y !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ öy ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛°ˆÏÓ
~ï˛ áÓ˚ã˛...
ܲƒy™yÓ˚ üyˆÏö•z áÓ˚ã˛yñ ÓyˆÏÎ˚y˛õ!§ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ û˛yˆÏ°y öÎ˚– ˆã˛¡∫yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛
•yˆÏï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ §%Ó° !ü!flf ~ܲܲy°#ö ˛õM˛ÈyˆÏÎ˚ï˛ ≤Ãôyöñ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˛õÌ ôÓ˚°– Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚•z
Óy ܲ# öy ˆàˆÏ°Ä Óy ܲ#Ê ò%ˆÏê˛y xܲü≈îƒ ˆåȈϰ Ä x§%fli Óí˛z– ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏöÓ˚ û%˛°ñ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ ˆÜ˛ö ˆÎö ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏö ˆê˛ˆÏö !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° Ü%˛!ö≈Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ– Ü%˛!ö≈Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚
!òˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ÓyÓ°yàyåÈ– ˆÎáyˆÏö é%˛ˆÏ° !åÈ° Ü%˛!ö≈Ó˚ !öÓ˚yÓÓ˚î
ˆò•– é%˛ˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚y û˛Ó˚hsˇ Ó%ܲ– Ä•z Ó%ˆÏܲ üyÌy ˆÓ˚ˆÏá §%Ó° ܲï˛ÓyÓ˚ ӈϰˆÏåÈ ˆï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyܲy
Óy!í˛¸ •ˆÏÓñ é%˛üöá%ˆÏí˛¸yˆÏܲ xy!ü xyÓ˚Ä ˛õÑyã˛!ÓˆÏâ ç!ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÓ– ˆï˛yÓ˚y Ü˛ï˛ ˛õÎ˚§y
ˆòá!Ó– ï˛áö Ü%˛!ö≈ ï˛yˆÏܲ xyˆÏ‹T˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ §%ӈϰÓ˚ ܲyˆÏöÓ˚ °!ï˛ Ü˛yüˆÏí˛¸ ӈϰˆÏåÈ ï%˛
á%Ó üÓ˚ò ÓˆÏê˛Ê
§ˆÏ¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ– ã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚ ÷ö¢yö– ÓyÓ°yàyˆÏåÈÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !ö!ö≈ˆÏüˆÏ£Ï ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚•z° §%Ó°–
üˆÏö üˆÏö !Óí˛¸!Óí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°°ÈÙÙÙÈÎyÓ˚ çöƒ ܲÓ˚°yü ã%˛!Ó˚ ˆ§ Ó°° ˆã˛yÓ˚Ê ~ܲê˛y !öhflÏ∏˛
àyì˛¸ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ e´ü¢ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ xy§ˆÏåÈ ≤ÃyhsˇˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲàyåÈy ò!í˛¸ öÎ˚ñ !öˆÏçÓ˚ °%!D §Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚
ûÑ˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓ˚Ä §Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ e´ü¢ §Ó˚& §Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÓyÓ°yàyˆÏåÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ñ à°yÎ˚
úÑ˛y§ !òˆÏÎ˚ xÑyˆÏê˛y§ÑyˆÏê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ §%Ó° !Óí˛¸!Óí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°° !öÜ%˛!ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚– xy!ü
ã˛°°yü....– ÓyÓ°yàyåÈ !ܲv !öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛–

üÓ˚#!ã˛Ü˛y
......
ˆòÓy!¢§ òy§
é˛yí˛Y •yˆÏï˛ ~ܲê˛y ÓyFã˛y xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°yÓ˚ ˆ˛õåȈÏö ˆ˛õåȈÏö ôyÄÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ üyÓ˚yÓ˚
í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ û˛yÓ˚# ˆí»˛!§Ç ˆê˛!Ó°ê˛y ˆòÄÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲå%Èê˛y ˆê˛ˆÏö ~ˆÏö ï˛yÓ˚ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ
ˆã˛yá Ó˚yáˆÏï˛•z ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ ò%ÛˆÏã˛yá åÈyöyÓí˛¸y– ˆòÄÎ˚y° ˆâÑˆÏ£Ï Äê˛y ܲ# ~üö ã˛Ü˛ã˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ
x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ⁄˚ üˆÏö •ˆÏFåÈñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆ§yöyÓ˚ àÎ˚öy– ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ Ó˚*˛õ%Ó˚ •y!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y ˆ§•z ~ܲ˛õy!ê˛
ò%°⁄ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÄ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xyí˛¸y•z Î%à ÓyˆÏò⁄ Î!ò §!ï˛ƒ ï˛y•z •Î˚ñ ï˛y •ˆÏ° ˆï˛y ˆÜ˛Õ‘yú˛ˆÏï˛–
ܲÌyÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈñ ˆáyòy §Ó ˆòï˛y •ƒyÎ˚Ê ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ ~«%˛!ö xhsˇï˛ !Ó¢ •yçyÓ˚ ê˛yܲy ã˛y•z
xˆÏú˛Ó˚ï˛ˆÏÎyàƒ– xyFåÈy âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ĈÏܲ ~áö °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öy ˆï˛y⁄ üˆÏö üˆÏö
û˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ•z !öˆÏç ӈϰ ˆ§ñ xyˆÏÓ˚ ô%§Ê ˆÜ˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏÓ⁄ ~•z
ˆ˛õÕ‘yÎ˚ §y•zç úœ˛ƒyê˛ê˛yÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ~áö ˆ§ ˆï˛y ~ܲ°y•z– xyÓ˚ ~ܲ°y ~ܲ°y•z ˆï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛
Ó˚!ÓÓyÓ˚ §Ü˛yˆÏ° â^ˇê˛y ò%•z ~áyˆÏö ܲyê˛yˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ– Ó˚*˛õ%Ó•˚ z !áòüòày!Ó˚ áyê˛ˆÏï˛– ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚
~«%˛!ö ܲü˛õˆÏ«˛ !Ó¢ •yçyÓ˚ ê˛yܲy ã˛y•z– ≤ÃyÎ˚ x¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈñ ÓÑy ˆã˛yˆÏáÄ üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛
xܲyÓ˚î ç° é˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~«%˛!ö öy ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆ° Ï !öâ≈yï˛ x¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ˆ§– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y ÓyçyˆÏÓÄ ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– xyÓyÓ˚Ä û˛yˆÏÓ úÑ˛yܲy ~•z úœ˛ƒyê˛Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆòáˆÏåÈ öy ˆï˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ⁄ ÓÑy ˛õyˆÏ¢
Ó¶%˛ÈÙÈÓy¶˛ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈñ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆòyܲyˆÏö !ܲå%È ôyÓ˚ ˆòöy •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ– ˆ§=!° ÷ôˆÏï˛ öy
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° °IyÎ˚ Ó¶%˛ÈÙÈÓy¶˛ÓˆÏòÓ˚ §yüˆÏöÄ ÎyÄÎ˚y ÎyˆÏFåÈ öy– òyòyñ !ò!òˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ xyÓ˚
ܲï˛ÓyÓ˚ •yï˛˛õyï˛y ÎyÎ˚Ê
í˛zˆÏ_çöyÎ˚ Óy܉˛¢!_´ Ó˚!•ï˛ ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚– ˆ• {ŸªÓ˚Ê ¢!_´ !òö xyüyˆÏܲ– ≤Ãܲy[˛ ˆí»˛!§Ç
ˆê˛!Ó°ê˛y x!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏ‹T xyÓ˚Ä !ܲå%Èê˛y §yüˆÏö ˆê˛ˆÏö ˆ˛õåȈÏö çyüyÓ˚ xy!hflÏö =!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ •yï˛
ˆì˛yܲyÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– xyˆÏÓ˚ •Ñƒyñ ~•z ˆ§ê˛ Ó˚*˛õ%Ó˚– ~ܲ˛õy!ê˛ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y ò%°– ô%ˆÏ°yñ Óy!°ñ
é%˛° ˛çˆÏüˆÏåÈ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚– xyöˆÏ®ñ öy!ܲ §•§y •ï˛ã˛!Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚•z §!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ à°yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
xyÄÎ˚yç ˆö•z ~áö ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚– •Ñƒyñ ~•z ˆ§•z Ó˚*˛õ%Ó˚ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y ˆ§yöyÓ˚ ò%°ñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
§ˆÏ®••z ˆö•z– ˆ§•z ÄÓ˚ ܲÌyüˆÏï˛y•z ò%Û!˛õ§ ÓÓ˚!ú˛ xyܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ í˛yÎ˚üu˛ Ó§yˆÏöy– Ó˚*˛õ% çyˆÏöÄ
öy ÄÓ˚ ˆ§•z •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y ò%°ê˛y ~áö ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ ü%ˆÏë˛yÎ˚– çyöˆÏÓ Ü˛# ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ Ó˚*˛õ% ˆï˛y
~áö !Ó§ˆÏÓ ˆÏö–
ˆ§!òˆÏöÓ˚ !ÓˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲÌy üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚– !òöê˛y !åÈ° ˆÓ˚yÓÓyÓ˚– !e¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y
•Î˚!öñ !ܲv ˛õÑ!ã˛¢ÈÙÈåÈy!Óù¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˆï˛y •ˆÏÓ•z– Óí˛¸üy!§Ó˚ ~•z ˆçyí˛¸y ˆòÄÎ˚y ˛õˆÏöˆÏÓ˚y ˆ¢y
ˆflÒyÎ˚yÓ˚ !ú˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆ˛õÕ‘y•z úœ˛ƒyê˛ê˛y ï˛áö çüçüyê˛– ܲy!í≈˛Î˚yܲ §yç≈ö Óí˛¸ˆÏüˆÏ§yÓ˚ ï˛áö
çüçüyê˛ ˛õ§yÓ˚– ~•z úœ˛ƒyê˛Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ö#ˆÏã˛•z ~ܲê˛y ühflÏ ¢˛õ‰ ܲüˆÏ≤’: !öˆÏÎ˚ Óí˛¸üy!§Ó˚
˛õyê≈˛öyÓ˚!¢ˆÏ˛õ Ó%!ê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ§ˆÏü!ê˛Ü‰˛§‰ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚üÓ˚üy ÓƒÓ§y– ~ܲüye ˆüˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚*˛õ% ï˛áö Üœ˛y§
ê%˛ˆÏΰ
˚ û‰˛ÈÙÈ~– ò°ˆÏÓˆÑ ôÏ ~ܲê˛y á%Ó !öÜ˛ê˛ xyd#ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ !ÓˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆöühsˇß¨ ˆáˆÏï˛ ÎyˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ° üyˆÏÎÓ˚ y˚
ÎyÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ åÈyöyˆÏ˛õyöy xyÓ˚ ܲï≈˛yˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~áyˆÏö ~ˆÏ§ çüyˆÏÎ˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– üy!§ÈÙȈüˆÏ§yÓ˚
328 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
~ܲ ˆçyí˛¸y ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ Ó§ˆÏÓ ï˛y•z !öˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏåÈ ç“öy ܲ“öy– ~üö §üÎ˚ !ã˛°
!ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ%Ó˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y í˛yÎ˚üu˛ ˆ§ê˛ ܲÓ˚y ܲyˆÏöÓ˚ ò%ˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ˛õy!ê˛ ˆ§ á%шÏç
˛õyˆÏFåÈ öy– ï˛yÓ˚ û˛#£Ïî ˛õåȈϮÓ˚ !åÈ° Ä•z ò%° ˆçyí˛¸y– xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ !òˆÏö Äê˛y ˛õÓ˚ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ°
Ó‡!òö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z üˆÏö üˆÏö !ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åÈ° ˆ§– §ˆÏD xy°üy!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
üƒy!ã˛Ç ܲÓ˚y ¢y!í˛¸Ä–
ÈÙÙÙÈxy!ü ~«%˛!ö ÌyöyÎ˚ ÎyÓ– ~ú˛.xy•z.xyÓ˚. ܲÓ˚Ó– xy!ü §Ü˛yˆÏ°Ä ˆòˆÏá!åÈ Äê˛yˆÏܲ–
xOö#Ó˚ üyÓ˚ ܲyç ~ê˛y– Ä åÈyí˛¸y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ°yܲ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ xyˆÏ§ ӈϰy ~ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛⁄
ÈÙÙÙÈã%˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚y Ó˚*˛õ%Ê Äû˛yˆÏÓ öy ˆçˆÏö öy ÷ˆÏö ܲyÓ˚Ä öyˆÏü ˆòy£Ï !òÄ öy– ~ܲ˛õy!ê˛ ò%°
ܲáöÄ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÓyܲyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y §Ó˚yÎ˚ öy!ܲ⁄ òƒyˆÏáyñ xy°üy!Ó˚ ê˛y°üy!Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ x§yÓôyˆÏö ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ
ì%˛ˆÏܲ xyˆÏåÈñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !öâ≈yï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ– xöƒ !ܲå%È ~ܲê˛y ˛õˆÏÓ˚y ï%˛!ü ~áö– •yˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ §üÎ˚
ˆö•z– xyÓ˚Ä ˆï˛y ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛y ˆ§ê˛ xyˆÏåÈ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚....!ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˆáÑyçy ÎyˆÏÓ–
Óí˛¸üy!§ ¢yhsˇ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ–
ÈÙÙÙÈï%˛!ü Ó°ˆÏ°•z •ˆÏÓÊ Ä•z ~ܲ˛õy!ê˛Ó˚•z òyü Ü˛ï˛ çyˆÏöy⁄ Óy˛õ# ˆÎ!òö xí≈˛yÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ñ xy!ü
§ˆÏD !åÈ°yü– !˛õ.!§.ã˛ˆÏw– åÈy!Óù¢ •yçyÓ˚ ê˛yܲy ~!fiê˛ˆÏüê˛ !Ó° •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˆ§ §üÎ˚– ˛õˆÏÓ˚
xyÓ˚Ä ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ....
åÈy!Óù¢ •yçyÓ˚ Î!ò ˆ§ê˛ê˛yÓ˚ òyü •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲ˛õy!ê˛Ó˚ òyü àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛ˆÏÓ˚y •yçyÓ˚– xyÓ˚
ˆ§§üÎ˚ ˆ§yöyÓ˚ òyü !åÈ° @ˇÃyü ≤Ã!ï˛ !ï˛öˆÏ¢y ˆÌˆÏܲ §yˆÏí˛¸ !ï˛öˆÏ¢y– xyÓ˚ ~áö ò%Û•yçyÓ˚
xyê˛ˆÏ¢y xy!¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛ö •yçyÓ˚– ü%ˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ¢_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ôˆÏÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚# ò%°ê˛yˆÏܲ
ühflÏ ˆ¢yˆÏܲ§ê˛yÓ˚ üyÌyÎ˚ Ó˚*˛õ%Ó˚ Ó%ܲ x!∑ ~ܲê˛y Ó˚!äö ú˛ˆÏê˛y@ˇÃyú˛– ÓÓ‰ ܲyê˛ úÑ˛y˛õyˆÏöy ã%˛°ñ
•y!§ •y!§ ü%á– ~ê˛y Ó˚*˛õ%Ó˚ !öçfl∫ âÓ˚ !åÈ°– ~ âÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ üyé˛áyˆÏöÓ˚ í»˛•zÇÓ˚&ˆÏüÓ˚
ˆ§yú˛yÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ô˛õy§‰ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– ü%ˆÏë˛yÎ˚ §òƒ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ ˆ§•z ~ܲ˛õy!ê˛ ò%°ñ
§yüˆÏöÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚yˆÏ° ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ üyÎ˚y ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚y üy!§ÈÙȈüˆÏ§yÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y åÈ!Ó–
à°yÎ˚ öܲ° ç%Ñ•z ú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆüyê˛y ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y üy°y– üy°y ò%ˆÏê˛y üy§ åȈÏÎ˚ܲ xyˆÏà ~ܲ!òö
≤Ãï˛#ܲ•z ~ˆÏö ú˛ˆÏê˛y ò%ˆÏê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– üy!§ÙȈüˆÏ§yÓ˚ ˛õM˛Èy¢ï˛ü !ÓÓy•ÈÙÈÓy!£Ï≈ܲ#
í˛z˛õ°ˆÏ«˛–
~•z ühflÏ úœ˛ƒyê˛ê˛yÎ˚ ~áö ˆÜ˛í˛z ÌyˆÏܲ öy– ˆüˆÏ§yü¢y•z üyÓ˚y ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ä ˛üy!§ !ܲå%È!òö
~ܲçö ˛õyê≈˛öyÓ˚ˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ•z§ˆÏD òy!ü ܲ§ˆÏü!ê˛Ü˛§ ˆÓ˚y°ˆÏày”˛ xyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
§yç§IyÓ˚ é%˛ê˛y x°ÇܲyÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ Ó%!ê˛Ü˛ê˛y ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆòyܲyöê˛y ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ §yˆÏçÓ˚
Óy•yÓ˚ §ˆÏüï˛ ˆÓˆÏã˛ ˆòÎ˚ Ä•z ˛õyê≈˛öyÓ˚ Óy§hsˇ# ü!Õ‘Ü˛ˆÏܲ– ˆ§•z ~áö Ä•z Ó%!ê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ ˛õ%!Ó˚
üy!°Ü˛– Ó˚*˛õ%ˆÜÏ ˛ ï˛ï˛!òö ÎyòÓ˛õ%ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ~ܲçö ú˛yfiê≈˛Üœ˛y§ ú˛yfiê≈˛ !Ó.ˆê˛Ü˛. ˆÜ˛!üܲƒy° •z!O!öÎ˚yÓ˚
êÑ˛ƒyˆÏܲ =шÏç !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ !Ó §ˆÏÓˆÏö– ˆÎ!òö Ó%!ê˛Ü˛ê˛y ˆÓˆÏã˛ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ê˛yܲyê˛y Ó˚*˛õ%Ó˚ §ˆÏD
çˆÏÎ˚rê˛ xƒyܲyí˛zˆÏrê˛ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ ˆ•ú˛yçˆÏï˛ çüy !òˆÏÎ˚ ~° Óí˛¸ üy!§ñ ˆ§!òö !mï˛#Î˚ ôyE˛yê˛y
ˆá° ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– ˆû˛ˆÏÓ!åÈ° !ܲå%È ê˛yܲy ˆ§áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÌyܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏÓ Óí˛¸üy!§ñ !öˆÏç
!öˆÏç !ܲå%È ~ܲê˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒñ ÓyÓ˚ ò%•z ï˛y ÓˆÏ°Ä !åÈ° ï˛yˆÏܲ Óí˛¸üy!§–
Î!òÄ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛Ä Óí˛¸ ôyE˛yê˛y ˆáˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ≤Ã̈Ïü í˛y_´yÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ§y üyÓ˚y ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚
!òö– xï˛Óí˛¸ ~ܲçö ܲy!í≈˛Î˚yܲ §yç≈ö ˆÎ ~û˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ ˆ§!Ó˚Ó yˆÏ°Ó˚ ôyE˛yÎ˚ ò%ü‰ ܲˆÏÓ˚ üˆÏÓ˚
ÎyˆÏÓ ~ û˛yÓöy ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ !åÈ° öy– ~ܲê˛y û˛yˆÏ°y Ó˚&!çÈÙȈÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôy®y •ë˛yÍ Ó¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
 üÓ˚#!ã˛Ü˛y † 329
ˆà° ï˛yÓ˚– xy§ˆÏ° ≤Ãï˛#ܲ ~ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !ܲå%È•z öy •ˆÏÎ˚ Äë˛y ã˛!Ó˚e–
≤Ãï˛#ܲÓ˚y !ï˛ö û˛y•zñ ~ܲ ˆÓyö– Óí˛¸òy ã˛yê˛yí≈˛ xƒyܲyí˛zrê˛ƒyrê˛– ühflÏ Óí˛¸ ~ܲ üyˆÏÜ≈˛rê˛y•z°
ú˛yˆÏü≈Ó˚ •ï≈˛y ܲï≈˛y– ˆåÈyê˛òy §ú‰˛ê˛ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ •z!O!öÎ˚yÓ˚– ~ܲüye !ò!ò ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ öyü#
fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˆ•í˛ !üˆÏflT…§– xy˛õyï˛ï˛ ˆÓ•y°yÎ˚ ~ܲçö ÓƒyÇܲ üƒyˆÏöçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !à!ߨ– ≤Ãï˛#ܲ
ˆÓüyöyö ~ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚– •yÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛y!Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ÎyòÓ˛õ%Ó˚ •y•zfl%Ò° ˆÌˆÏܲ– !ܲv xˆÏB˛Ó˚
•yí˛°ê˛y ê˛˛õܲyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ!˚ ö ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ò%ÛÓåȈÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˆã˛‹TyˆÏï˛Ä– ~áö ï˛yÓ˚ ç#Óö ܲyˆÏê˛ §Ç§yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
§ÓyÓ˚ ú˛y•zÈÙÈú˛Ó˚üy¢ ˆáˆÏê˛– ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z •yï˛áÓ˚ã˛y ˆçyˆÏê˛ ï˛yÓ˚– §Ç§yÓ˚Ä Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚!ö
ÎÌyÓ˚#!ï˛– í˛y_´yÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ§y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~ܲ!òö ˆÓã˛yÓ˚y ÓåÈÓ˚ !ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲˆÏܲ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– û˛#ï%˛ñ §Í ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyܲy ӈϮyÓhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö ï˛y•z–
ˆã˛ï˛öy xyÓ˚ Óy!°àO àyˆÏí≈˛™ ~ ò%çyÎ˚àyˆÏï˛•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛¡∫yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆê˛!Ó°
ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö ÄÓ˚ çöƒ– !Ó˚ˆÏ§˛õ¢!öfiê˛ Ü˛yü ܲ¡õyí˛zu˛yÓ˚– ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏòÓ˚ öyüÈÙÈôyü
ˆ°ˆÏáy ˆÓ˚!çfiê˛yˆÏÓ–˚ xƒy˛õˆÏÎr˚ ê˛ˆÏürê˛ òyÄ §üÎ˚ ˆüˆÏ˛õ– ˆ≤âyÓ˚ üy˛õˆÏï˛ ˆ¢áyˆÏöyñ •zˆO Ï Ü˛¢yö
ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ •yˆÏï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ !¢!áˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö üyö%£Ïê˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ– ~ܲê˛y ÓÑyôy ôÓ˚y ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ӈϮyÓhflÏ !åÈ° ˆüˆÏ§yÓ˚ xyüˆÏ°– ˆ§ üyö%£Ïê˛y ˆã˛yá Ó%çˆÏï˛•z §Ó ú˛E˛y–
ÈÙÙÙȈï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y ˆüyê˛yˆÏ§yê˛y °y¡õ§yü ê˛yܲy ˆòÓ xy!ü û˛yÓ!åÈ– ˆã˛ï˛°yÎ˚ ˆã˛¡∫yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢
Ä•z úÑ˛yܲy âÓ˚ê˛yÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ä£Ï%ˆÏôÓ˚ ˆòyܲyö á%ˆÏ° Ó§ ˆï˛y....
ˆüˆÏ§y ~ܲ!òö ӈϰ!åÈ°– í»˛yà °y•zˆÏ§™ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆï˛yí˛¸ˆÏçyí˛¸ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° ≤Ãï˛#ܲ–
ˆ§Ä ˆüˆÏ§yÓ˚ ï˛!mˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ú%˛§‰Ê
ˆ≤âyÓ˚ üy˛õˆÏï˛ çyˆÏöñ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ•˛õyçˆÏï˛ ˆüˆÏ§yÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y ~ܲê˛y ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏöy xyüˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ≤âyÓ˚
üy˛õyÓ˚ Îsf xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ~ áÓÓ˚ê˛y•z ~áö í˛z°ˆÏê˛ Ü˛y° •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚– x!ï˛ Ó,k˛ñ Ó,k˛ üyüyñ
üy!üñ ˆüˆÏ§yñ üy!§ñ ܲyܲyñ ܲy!ܲüyñ çƒyë˛yñ ˆç!ë˛üyÓ˚ xû˛yÓ ˆö•z ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚– ~áö ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚•z
˛õy°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!ö ˛õÎ˚§yÎ˚ ˆ≤âyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ˛õ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲˆÏܲ– ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ öyÈÙÈÄ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚
öyñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÎ˚§yÓ˚ ܲÌyÄ Ü˛yí˛zˆÏܲ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ öy– xyÓ˚ ÓyÓyÊ xhsˇï˛ Óy§û˛yí˛¸yê˛y ˆï˛y ˆòÊ
ã˛yÈÙÈ!Ófl%Òê˛ xÓ¢ƒ §Óy•z áyÄÎ˚yÎ˚– ܲáöÄ §áöÄ ~ܲ xyô !˛õ§ §ˆÏ®¢ Óy ˆÜ˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yÄ– §ÓyÓ˚•z á%Ó !≤ÃÎ˚ ˆ§– !ܲv ÷ô% û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÎ˚ ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ !ãÑ˛ˆÏí˛¸ ˆû˛ˆÏç öy Óy˛õ%Ê
~ê˛y ܲyˆÏܲ ˆÓyé˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ⁄
~•z ˆÎ ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲå%È ˆüyê˛y xˆÏB˛Ó˚ ê˛yܲy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ~á%!ö•z ~ áÓÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z Ó˚yˆÏá öy– xhsˇï˛
ˆã˛yˆÏjyÈÙÈ˛õˆÏöˆÏÓ˚y •yçyÓ˚ ê˛yܲy ~ܲ §yˆÏÌ– í˛yö ˆã˛yáê˛yÎ˚ ~áö xyÓ˚ !ܲå%È•z ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚
öy– ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ÓÎ˚§ •° ˆï˛ï˛y!Õ‘¢– Ó˚*˛õ% ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ üy§ ÓyˆÏò ÓyˆÏò üyˆÏ§yÎ˚yÓ˚y ˆàyˆÏåÈÓ˚
~ܲê˛y ê˛yܲyÓ˚ xB˛ ˛õyë˛yÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓƒyÇܲ xƒyܲyí˛zˆÏrê˛– üy!§ üˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ~áö Ó˚*˛õ%Ó˚
!áòüòày!Ó˚ áyê˛ˆÏï˛ ~ ühflÏ úœ˛ƒyê˛ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Î˚yÓ˚ˆÏê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆ§– §Ó§ˆÏüï˛ ˛õÑyã˛ê˛y Óí˛¸§í˛¸
úœ˛ƒyê˛ ˆàyê˛y Óy!í˛¸ê˛yÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆçyí˛¸y ˆòÄÎ˚y ˆòyï˛°yÓ˚ ~•z ˆ˛õÕ‘y•z úœ˛ƒyê˛ê˛y
ÓyˆÏò Óy!ܲ=!°ˆÏï˛ û˛yí˛¸y ÌyˆÏܲö !ï˛ö!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚Ä û˛yˆÏ°yü®ñ §%áÈÙȧ%!Óôy ˆòáˆÏï˛
•Î˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲˆÏܲ– ܲyÓ˚îñ üyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ã̈Ïü ˆüyê˛y xˆÏB˛Ó˚ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ ˆã˛Ü˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ ˆòÎ˚ Ó˚*˛õ%Ó˚
ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyÇܲ xƒyܲyí˛zˆÏrê˛– ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ xy˛õˆÏí˛!ê˛Ç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ§ §yü!@ˇÃܲ xB˛ê˛y
û˛yˆÏ°y•z çyöy xyˆÏåÈ ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚– ~•z ~ܲ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ò%° ï˛yÓ˚ ï%˛°öyÎ˚ !ܲå%È•z öy– x˛õÓ˚yôˆÏÓyô
ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !öˆÏçÓ˚ §yú˛y•z àyÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– Ó˚*˛õ%ˆÏܲ çyöyˆÏöyÓ˚ ܲ# xyˆÏåÈ⁄
ã%˛˛õã˛y˛õ ˆÓˆÏã˛ !òˆÏ°•z ˆï˛y •Î˚– {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚•z òyö ~ê˛y– ~ï˛!òˆÏö ü%á ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö !ï˛!ö–
330 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
!ܲv ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ çyöy ÎyÎ˚ ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ òyü ܲï˛⁄ í˛yÎ˚üu˛ öy °yàyˆÏöy ÌyܲˆÏ° !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛y
xˆÏöܲ §•ç •ï˛– ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆåÈyê˛áyê˛ ˆòyܲyˆÏö !àˆÏÎ˚ Äçöê˛y ˆòˆÏá ˆöÄÎ˚y ˆÎï˛–
!ܲv í˛yÎ˚üu˛ ˆï˛y !Ó˚ÈÙȈ§° xy•zˆÏê˛üñ ï˛yÓ˚ òyü ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ !ë˛Ü˛ •Î˚⁄ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆ§ û˛yˆÏÓñ
ô%Ó˚Ê Óyò òyÄ í˛yÎ˚üu˛– x!ï˛ˆÏ°yˆÏû˛ ïÑ˛yï˛# ö‹T– Ä ò%ˆÏê˛yˆÏܲ á%шÏê˛ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ÷ô% ò%°ê˛yˆÏܲ
!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°•z ˆï˛y •Î˚– Îy ˆ§yöy xyˆÏåÈñ ï˛yˆÏï˛•z í˛yö ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏܲyê˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
ï˛üy° xyÓ˚ xï˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆòöyê˛yÄ ˆ¢yô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ–
!ܲv ˆáÑyê˛yá%Ñ!ê˛ñ çÓÓ˚ò!hflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚Ä ˛õyÌÓ˚ ò%ˆÏê˛yˆÏܲ ˆáy°y ˆà° öy– üyé˛áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ
ˆ°y•yÓ˚ ê%˛•zçyÓ˚ê˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛y ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ°y ܲyˆÏ°y òyˆÏà û˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆà°
ò%°ê˛yÓ˚ ˆ§yöy!° ¢Ó˚#Ó˚– ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲy˛õí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ òyà=!° ü%åȈÏï˛ ü%åȈÏï˛ ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆåÈyê˛áyê˛
ˆòyܲyˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌy öy ˆû˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ò%ˆÏê˛y Óí˛¸ ç%ˆÏÎ˚°y!Ó˚ •yí˛zˆÏ§Ó˚ öyü üˆÏö üˆÏö
xyÄí˛¸yÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– ˆ§öˆÏܲy ç%ˆÏÎ˚y°y!Ó˚ñ ~ü.!˛õ.ç%ˆÏÎ˚°y!Ó˚ñ !˛õ.!§.ã˛w– •zˆÏÎ˚§‰Ê !˛õ.!§.ã˛w–
ĈÏòÓ˚ !ç!ö§ Îáöñ ï˛áö ĈÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ•z ≤Ã̈Ïü ÎyÄÎ˚y Îyܲ– !ܲv Î!ò çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ñ
~ܲ˛õy!ê˛ ò%°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ í˛yÎ˚üu˛ Ó§yˆÏöyñ ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏ°ö⁄ ˆã˛yÓ˚y•z üy° öÎ˚ˆÏï˛y⁄
ܲ# à“ Ó°ˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ⁄ ü,ï˛ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏöy Óy:ÈÙÈ˛õуyê˛Ó˚yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ˆàˆÏåÈ⁄ !ܲv
~ܲê˛y !ü̃y Ó°ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ Î!ò •yçyÓ˚ê˛y !ü̃y Ó°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚⁄ ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ Ä §!ï˛ƒ ܲÌyê˛y
Ó°ˆÏÓ⁄ ï˛áö Î!ò ˆòyܲyöòyÓ˚ ӈϰñ xy˛õöyÓ˚ ˆï˛y ï˛ˆÏÓ xy§° üy!°Ü˛ˆÏܲ•z xyˆÏà Ó°y
í˛z!ã˛ï˛– xöƒ ˛õy!ê˛ê˛y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y !ï˛!ö xyçÄ Îb ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ!òö
•Î˚ˆÏï˛y xöƒê˛y ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ~•z ˆû˛ˆÏÓ– öy ü¢y•zñ ~ §Ω˛Ó öÎ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚yñ xyüÓ˚y
!Üœ˛öܲyê˛ !ÓçˆÏö§ ܲ!Ó˚– ~ ˆï˛y ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆã˛yÓ˚y•z üy°– û%˛° ˛õyˆÏÓö öy– ÎyÓ˚ !ç!ö§
ï˛yˆÏܲ öy çy!öˆÏÎ˚ !ܲå%È !Ó!e´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ã%˛!Ó˚•z–
ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ Ó˚*˛õ%ˆÏܲ çyöyÓñ Îáö xyÓyÓ˚ Ä ˆú˛yö ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ üyÌy áyÓ˚y˛õ öy!Ü˛Ê ÄˆÏܲ !ã˛öˆÏï˛
Óy!ܲ ˆö•z– ê˛yܲyÓ˚ Ü%˛!üÓ˚ñ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ~ï˛Óí˛¸ ~ܲê˛y
§ü§ƒy §Óê˛y•z çyˆÏö Äñ !ܲv ò¢ ˛õÎ˚§yÄ á%Ñ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ á%Ñ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !•ˆÏ§Ó Ó˚yˆÏᖠܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚
ÓƒyÇܲ xƒyܲyí˛zrê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ °«˛ °«˛ ê˛yܲy ê˛Δy™ú˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ !ÓˆÏò!¢ xƒyܲyí˛zˆrÏ ê˛ ≤Ãï˛#ܲˆÏܲ
!òˆÏÎ˚•z– ÷ˆÏö•z •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Ó°ˆÏÓñ ÄüyÊ ï˛y•z öy!ܲ⁄ ܲ# xyö® °yàˆÏåÈñ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆò Îb ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyàyü# ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏçyÓ˚ §üÎ˚ Îáö ÎyÓ ~ܲ!òö ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yÓ–
xyÓ˚Ä !ܲå%È«˛î ã%˛˛õã˛y˛õ í»˛•zÇÓ˚&ˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ§yú˛yê˛yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ӈϧ ÌyˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– ü%ˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚
ò%°ê˛y– xöƒ ܲyÓ˚Ä §y•y΃ !öˆÏ° ˆÜ˛üö •Î˚⁄ xyFåÈy xï˛#¢ˆÏܲ §Ó á%ˆÏ° Ó°ˆÏ° •Î˚ öy–
Ä ˆï˛y á%Ó ã˛y°% ˆåȈϰ– xyÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ– Ä Î!ò û˛y!äˆÏÎ˚ xyöˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲÄñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z§yˆÏÌ ÄÓ˚ ê˛yܲyÄ ˆ¢yô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ–
§Ó ÷ˆÏö xï˛#¢ Ó°°ñ !ë˛Ü˛ xyˆÏåÈñ xyüyÓ˚ ê˛yܲyê˛y ˆ¢yô ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ öyñ ˆï˛yÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏܲyê˛y
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ~ê˛y•z ühflÏ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚– ˆòñ xyüyÓ˚ ~ܲ !öÜ˛ê˛ xyd#ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ§yöyÓ˚ ˆòyܲyö xyˆÏåÈ–
xy!ü û˛y!äˆÏÎ˚ xyö!åÈ– ï%˛•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •– ˆí˛yrê˛ ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚Ê
ÈÙÙÙÈxy!ü ÎyÓ §ˆÏD⁄
ÈÙÙÙÈöy– !ç!ö§ê˛y xyüyˆÏܲ ˆò– xy!ü ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ!òö x!ú˛§ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÓ §üÎ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z°ˆÏê˛y≤ÃyˆÏhsˇñ ê˛y°y !Ó ˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ....
 üÓ˚#!ã˛Ü˛y † 331
xyöˆÏ® •yí˛z•z í˛zí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ üyÌyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚–
Úˆí˛yrê˛ ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ÊÛ ÓˆÏ°!åÈ° !ܲv ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ §Æy• ò%ˆÏÎ˚ܲ xï˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õy_y ˆö•z–
~ܲ!òö üyåÈÓyçyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ ˆòˆÏá ˆüyê˛Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏܲ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ x!ï˛ o&ï˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyˆÏFåÈ xï˛#¢– ˆã˛yáyã%˛!á •ˆÏï˛•z !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– !Ó®%üye öy òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
üyÌyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ •yï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ÚÓy•zÛ ÚÓy•zÛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !û˛ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ˆ§–
~ܲ!òö ò%˛õ%Ó˚ §yˆÏí˛¸ ~àyˆÏÓ˚yê˛y öyàyò ˆüyÓy•zˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– Ä ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ó
ܲÌyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚•z ÷ô% Ú‡Ñ ‡ÑÛ Ú‡ÑÉÛ Ú‡Ñ ‡Ñ ‡ÑÉ ‡ÑÉÛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆà° xï˛#¢– ~ܲòü ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆåÈyR
!ï˛ö!ê˛ Ü˛Ìyñ §Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ~áö åÈyí˛¸– !ü!ê˛ÇÈÙÈ~ xy!åÈ– ÚÜ˛ê‰˛Û ¢ˆÏ∑ ˆú˛yö ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ !ò°
ˆ§–
ܲ# üï˛°Ó xï˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚⁄ !ç!ö§ê˛y •hflàÏ ï˛ •ˆÏï˛•z xyÓ˚ ˆÎö !ã˛öˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆåÏ È öy ˆ§ ≤Ãï˛#ܲˆÏܲ–
ˆÜ˛yöÄ §y«˛ƒ≤ÃüyîÄ ˆï˛y ˆö•z !ç!ö§ê˛y ˆ§ ĈÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ°– xyÓ˚Ä ò%Û§Æy• ÓyˆÏò
ˆ¢£Ï x!∑ ~ܲ!òö ˆû˛yÓ˚ ˆû˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ ~ˆÏ§ ܲ!°ÇˆÏÓ° !ê˛˛õ° Ó¶%˛Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛– ≤ÃyÎ˚ ò¢
ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓyˆÏò ˆ§ ~ ˛õyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ~°– ˆüyÓy•zˆ° Ï Ó˚ ˆòÔ°ˆÏï˛ ~áö ˆú˛yˆÏö ˆú˛yˆÏö•z ˆòáy§y«˛yÍÈÙÈ~Ó˚
!òö«˛î ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ §ÓyÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚– Óy!í˛¸ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •Î˚ öy ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ•z– xï˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ üy ï˛yˆÏܲ
ˆòˆÏá•z !ã˛öˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓñ˚ ~ˆÏ§y ≤Ãï˛#ܲ ÓyÓy ~ˆÏ§yñ á%Ó û˛yˆÏ°y •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ Èñ ï%˛!ü ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈyñ ˆåȈ°
Ï ê˛yÄ
âˆÏÓ˚ ˆö•zñ öyÓ˚ˆÏܲy° Ü%˛ˆÏê˛!åÈ Ü˛y°ñ öyí˛Y ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄ üy!§üyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛–
ÚüyÌyÎ˚ ÌyÜ%˛Ü˛ öyÓ˚ˆÏܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ öyí˛YÊÛÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲÌy ˆï˛y Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ öy Ó,k˛yˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•°# ≤Ãï˛#ܲ
çyöˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xï˛#¢ §ˆÏÓ Ü˛y° x!ú˛§ê%˛ƒˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒyDyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ xyê˛!òˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ–
ÈÙÙÙÈxyFåÈy üy!§üyñ Ä !ܲ !ܲå%È!òˆÏöÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ê˛y°y !Ó ˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ÄÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆüˆÏ§y ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚
Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°⁄
ÈÙÙÙȕуy– àï˛ ˛õÓ˚÷•z ÓÜ%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ÓÜ%˛° xyüyÓ˚ ˆ§ç ˆÓyö– xyÓ˚ ˆ§!òö•z
ˆï˛y âˆÏÓ˚ !ú˛Ó˚° ~ܲ ܲy[˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~°.!§.!í˛. öy !ܲ ӈϰ ~ܲê˛y ühflÏ !ê˛!û˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ •y!çÓ˚
¢ƒyüÓyçyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ– ÄÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆã˛öy ˆòyܲyö öy!ܲ xyˆÏåÈ ÄáyˆÏö– Ü%˛!í˛¸ê˛y •zöfiê˛°ˆÏüˆÏrê˛
ˆ¢yô ˆòˆÏÓ– ÄÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ òƒyˆÏáyñ ˆòÄÎ˚yˆÏ° °y!àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ....
~°.!§.!í˛. !ê˛!û˛Ê ˆ§ ˆï˛y xˆÏöܲ òyü– •zöfiê˛°ˆÏürê˛ öy ܲã%˛Ê ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ xï˛#¢ ë˛Ü˛y°
ĈÏܲ– ~ï˛ !òˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏöy Ó¶%˛– !ܲv ~áö !ܲå%È•z ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆö•z– ~áö §yï˛!òö ü%á Ó%ˆÏç
ӈϧ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏܲ– §yÓ˚y ü%ˆÏá !ï˛ˆÏï˛y ç° ~ˆÏ§ çüy ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚– Ü˛ï˛ fl∫≤¿ ˆ§
ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈÊ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ Ü%˛í˛Y° üyÓ˚° xï˛#¢Ê
xy§ˆÏ° xï˛#¢ ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§° ܲÌyê˛y Ó°ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z Ó¶%˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚
ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏFåÈ– ˆÓã˛yÓ˚y Ü˛ï˛ xy¢y !öˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧ xyˆÏåÈ– xyçܲy° í˛yö ˆã˛yˆÏá ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛•z ˛õyÎ˚
öy– ¢yê≈˛=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ó ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏåÈ– ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xˆÏÎyàƒ §yÜ%˛ˆÏ°ƒ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y ê˛Δyí˛zçyÓ˚–
xÌã˛ Ó¶%˛Óy¶˛ÓÓ˚y ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ° ÚܲÓ˚&îyÛ ÓˆÏ° üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§–
¢¡õy ç%ˆÏÎ˚°y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆåÈyê˛ üy!°Ü˛ xï˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ§y öyrê%˛ Ó!îܲ •ï˛û˛¡∫ •ˆÏÎ˚ xï˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ü%ˆÏáÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ !åÈ°–
ÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏ° ~ê˛y xï˛#¢⁄ ˆÎ à“ê˛y Ó°ˆÏ° ˆ§ê˛y•z ˆï˛y !ü̃y– ï%˛!ü !öâ≈yï˛
Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ~ê˛y ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ Ü%˛!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚åÈñ Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§!åȈϰ....
xï˛#¢ ï˛yÓ˚ öyrê%˛ ˆüˆÏ§yˆÏܲ ӈϰ!åÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ Ó¶%˛ ï˛yÓ˚ üyÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏöy Óy:˛õe âÑyê˛ˆÏï˛
âÑyê˛ˆÏï˛ ~ê˛y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xyÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸yñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ x¶˛ üy ï˛y •yˆÏï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏåÈñ ~ê˛y ˆ§yöyÓ˚–
332 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
~ê˛y ÷ô% ~ܲ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ê˛y– xöƒê˛y •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Ó‡ xyˆÏà•z– Ü˛ï˛ Äçö ~ê˛yÓ˚ ï˛y•z çyöˆÏï˛
ã˛yÎ˚ ˆ§– ~áö ˆüˆÏ§yÓ˚ ܲÌyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ •Ñy ü%á ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§–
ÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛ö⁄
ÈÙÙÙÈ~ê˛y •z!üˆÏê˛¢öñ é%˛ê˛y– ~=!° í˛yÎ˚üu˛ ˆÜ˛ Ó°°⁄ ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– xï˛#¢ ÓyÓyç#Óöñ
xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ öy ~ˆÏ§ à!í˛¸Î˚y•yˆÏê˛ñ ˆÓÔÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢ƒyüÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xˆÏã˛öy ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆòyܲyˆÏö
ˆàˆÏ° ܲ# •ï˛ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ çyˆÏö– ~ܲê˛y ˛õy!ê˛ •ˆÏ° ˆú˛ˆÏ° òyÄ ~ê˛y ˆí»˛ˆÏöÓ˚ çˆÏ°–
ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛yˆÏç•z °yàˆÏÓ öy ~ê˛y– ~•z òƒyˆÏáyñ ~ܲê˛y !ç!ö§ÈÙÙÙÈ
~ܲê˛y ˆã˛ÔˆÏܲy ܲyˆÏ°y ˛õyÌÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ Ä•z ò%°ê˛yˆÏܲ âˆÏ£Ï öyrê%˛ ˆüˆÏ§y– ˆÜ˛yöÄ
òyà ˛õˆÏí˛¸ öy ï˛yˆÏï˛ñ í˛z°ˆÏê˛ ˆ§yöy!° Ó˚Ç ã˛ˆÏê˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏ°y Ó˚Ç ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ§ ò%°ê˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚–
ÈÙÙÙÈ~ ܲ!‹T˛õyÌÓ˚ xï˛#¢– ~ê˛y•z ӈϰ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yöê˛y xy§°ñ ˆÜ˛yöê˛y öܲ°– ~Ó˚ òyü ~áö
˛õÑyã˛ ˛õÎ˚§yÄ öy–
!ܲvñ ܲÌyê˛y !ÓŸªy§ •Î˚ öy ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚– Ú~ •ˆÏï˛•z ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyÛ– ˆ§•z ï˛Ó˚&î ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ Óy!í˛¸
ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏ¶˛ê˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy xyÓyÓ˚Ä üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ï˛yÓ˚– §ˆÏ®• xyÓ˚Ä âö#û)˛ï˛ •Î˚ Îáöñ xï˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ ò%°ê˛y ˆú˛Ó˚ï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛Ó˚ï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ öy Ä–
ÈÙÙÙÈxyˆÏÓ˚ñ Äê˛y ˆÎ ˆ§!òö ˛õˆÏÜ˛ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åÈ üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ
öy– Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ !ü§‰ ܲ° !ò§ ˆï˛yñ í»˛Î˚yÓ˚=!° á%шÏç ˆòáÓ....!ï˛ö!òöñ !ï˛öÓyÓ˚ !ü§
ܲ° ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!òö ˆû˛yÓ˚ ˆû˛yÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚Ä ˆ§ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ ˆà° xï˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸– !ÓhflÏÓ˚
ܲÌy ܲyê˛yܲy!ê˛ •° ò%ÛÓ¶%˛ˆÏï˛– ç#ÓˆÏö ~•z ≤ÃÌü !ï˛!Ó˚¢ ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó¶%˛ˆÏܲ §ˆÏ®• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy
Ó°° ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£ÏˆÏü¢ Ä•z ~ܲ˛õy!ê˛ ò%° ˛õyÄÎ˚y ˆà° xï˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ öyrê%˛ ˆüˆÏ§yÓ˚
ˆòyܲyˆÏöÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z– Ó¶%˛ˆÏܲ ˆ§ ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚ñ xy§ˆÏ° •ˆÏï˛yòƒü •ˆÏÎ˚•z ÄáyˆÏö Äê˛y û%˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆú˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§!åÈ° ˆ§– !ܲv ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ Äê˛y ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ üˆÏö üˆÏö
ӈϰñ xy§ˆÏ° ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ!° ï%˛•z– ˆû˛ˆÏÓ!åÈ!° à“ê˛y Ó°ˆÏ° xy!ü ˆüˆÏö ˆöÓ–
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏhflÏ xyˆÏhflÏ û%˛ˆÏ°Ä ÎyÓ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï%˛•z xy§° ˆá°yê˛y ˆá°!Ó– xyˆÏÓ˚ñ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ
öy ÌyܲˆÏ° !ܲ xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆ§yöyÓ˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏöÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ §ÎˆÏb !ç!ö§ê˛y ˆï˛y°y ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ ~
Î%!_´ê˛y xï˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚Ä üˆÏö ôˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ ˆüˆÏ§y ˆÜ˛yöÄ ôy®yÎ˚ !åÈ°– ܲyÓ˚î ≤Ãï˛#ܲ ܲáöÄ
!ü̃y ӈϰ öy–
Úܲyí˛zˆÏܲ !ܲå%È Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ öy– xy!ü !öˆÏç•z ~ܲ!òö !˛õ.!§.ã˛ˆÏw ÎyÓ– §Ó §!ï˛ƒ Ó°Óñ
òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏ° Ó˚*˛õ%ˆÏÜ˛Ä çyöyÓ– Ó°Óñ ˆï˛yÓ˚ !ç!ö§ ˛ï%˛•z !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆö– xy!ü á%шÏç ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈñ
xyüyˆÏܲ ÷ô% !Ó¢ •yçyÓ˚ ê˛yܲy !ò§– í˛yö ˆã˛yáê˛y ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏܲy ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ– ܲ#ˆÏÓ˚
!ò!Ó öy⁄Û
üˆÏö üˆÏö ~§Ó û˛yˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ xy˛õöy ˆÌˆÏܲ•z =!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Ó˚*˛õ%ˆÏܲ ӈϰ ˆÜ˛yöÄ °yû˛
ˆö•z– Ä !ܲå%È ˆòˆÏÓ öy– ˆ§yöyÓ˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏö ~ܲ!òö ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !˛õ.!§.ã˛w– à!í˛¸Î˚y•yê˛–
!˛õ.!§. ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ܲyí˛zrê˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲçö û˛yÓ˚# ˆàÑyú˛ ˆ§°§‰üƒyˆÏöÓ˚ §yüˆÏö ˆàyÓ˚& ˆã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y
òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– xöƒyöƒ ˆe´ï˛yÓ˚y §Ó !û˛í˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !âˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈ ≤Ãï˛#ܲˆÏܲ–
ÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ Ü%˛!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ~ê˛y⁄ úœ˛ƒyˆÏê˛ñ xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°y á%ÑçˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚⁄ xyÓ˚ à“ ˆ˛õˆÏ°ö
 üÓ˚#!ã˛Ü˛y † 333 334 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

öy⁄ çyˆÏööñ ˆ§yöy ӈϰ é%˛ê˛y !ç!ö§ ã˛y°yˆÏöyÓ˚ ¢y!hflÏ Ü˛#⁄ ˆç°Ê ÓyÓ%°òy ܲ# üï˛°Ó Ó˚yï˛ ˆçˆÏà– ï˛áö•z !åÈê˛ˆÏܲ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Äê˛y ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏåÈ ˆí»˛!§Ç ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛– ï%˛•z !ܲ
Ó°%ö ˆï˛y ˆ°yܲê˛yÓ˚⁄ ˆû˛ˆÏÓ!åÈ!°ñ xyüyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ò%°ê˛y⁄
˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ§°§üƒyöˆÏܲ •z!Dï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚# ˆàÑyú˛– È ÙÙÙȕуy– ˆû˛ˆÏÓ!åÈ°yüñ ï%˛•z ~ˆÏ° ˆï˛yˆÏܲ ˆòÓñ ~ܲê˛y §yÓ˚≤Ãy•zç •ˆÏÓ–
ÈÙÙÙÈ!§!ܲí˛z!Ó˚!ê˛ òÓ˚çy Ó¶˛ ܲÓ˚&ö– xyÓ˚ ܲ# ܲ# üy° xyˆÏåÈ xy˛õöyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈñ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚&ö⁄ ÈÙÙÙÈá%Ó û˛yˆÏ°yñ á%Ó û˛yˆÏ°y– ˆú˛!°§ öyñ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !ò§ Äê˛y– ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆàˆÏ° ˆòáÓ....ÄÉÊ
~•z ~ï˛ Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸ í˛yÎ˚üu˛ °yàyˆÏöy ~•z ~ܲ˛õy!ê˛ ò%ˆÏ°Ó˚ òyü Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ çyˆÏöö⁄ ˆï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y•z •° öyñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏöy ày!í˛¸ê˛y ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ~ܲê˛y üy!§≈!í˛ç‰ !ܲö° Ó˚y‡°
ˆüyÓ˚ òƒyö ÄÎ˚yö °yáÊ xyÓ˚ í˛yÎ˚üu˛ ܲáöÄ xï˛ Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸ •Î˚ öy!ܲ– Ó˚y!ö !û˛ˆÏQy!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ °yfiê˛ ˛ú ˛y•zˆÏí˛– xyüyÓ˚ ˆåÈyê˛ °y° ày!í˛¸ê˛y ˆï˛y xyˆÏåÈ•z–
ܲyˆÏ°Ü˛¢yˆÏö ~ï˛Óí˛¸ í˛yÎ˚üu˛ ˆö•z– •y§yˆÏ°ö ü¢y•zÊ ~öyˆÏܲ ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° òyÄÊ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ û˛yˆÏÓñ ü%á ú%˛ˆÏê˛ ÓˆÏ° Ó˚*˛õ%ˆÏܲñ Ó˚*˛õ% xyüyˆÏܲ ï%˛•z ˛õˆÏöˆÏÓ˚yÈÙÈ!Ó¢ •yçyÓ˚
ôí˛¸üí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ â%ü ˆû˛ˆÏä ÎyÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚– üyé˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛– âyˆÏí˛¸ÈÙÈ!˛õˆÏë˛ âyü çˆÏü í˛zˆëÏ ˛ˆÏåÈ xyï˛ˆÏB˛– ê˛yܲy !ò!Óñ í˛yö ˆã˛yˆÏá Úˆú˛ˆÏܲyÛê˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ– xyÓ˚ ˆò!Ó˚ •ˆÏ° •Î˚ˆÏï˛y x¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ– !ܲv
ˆç° •yçï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ §ˆÏÓùyöy¢Ê !ܲv xyüyÓ˚ ˆï˛y ~áö ~ܲê˛y ˆüyê˛y ê˛yܲyÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– ~Ó˚ xyˆÏàÄ Ó‡!òö xyˆÏà ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛ •yçyÓ˚ ê˛yܲy ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° Ä
á%Ó òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ˆç° •ˆÏ° •ˆÏÓñ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ x¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÄ û˛yˆÏ°y– ~ܲê˛y !öˆÏçÓ˚ çöƒ ~ܲê˛y !ê˛!û˛ !ܲöˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ°– ܲÌy â%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° Ó˚*˛õ%– ~ÓyÓ˚Ä Î!ò öy ܲˆÏÓ˚
xyï˛B˛ñ §%á fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ ˆòyê˛yöyÎ˚ !ï˛ö !òö ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚– Ó˚&!ê˛öüy!ú˛Ü˛ üyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü Ó˚!ÓÓyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ñ ˆ•ˆÏ§ í˛z!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ñ ӈϰ òyòy Óí˛z!òˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛– ÷ô% ÷ô% ü%á áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ °yû˛
•ë˛yÍ é˛ö é˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏç ĈÏë˛ üy!§Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆê˛!°ˆÏú˛yö– !Ó° ˆ˛õˆÏürê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ˆö•z– ï˛yÓ˚ˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y üyö%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ x¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y û˛yˆÏ°y– ï˛Ó%ñ xyd§æü ˆï˛y
°ƒyu˛°y•zö ˆú˛yöê˛yˆÏܲ ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈ Ó˚*˛õ%– ï˛yˆÏï˛ §%!Óôy ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚•z– Îï˛ òÓ˚ܲy!Ó˚ üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ àí˛¸yà!í˛¸ ˆá° öy–
ˆú˛yö §Ó ç!üˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆ§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yÓÓyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yÓÓyÓ˚ ~áyˆÏö ~ˆÏ§–
Ó˚&!ê˛öüy!ú˛Ü˛ !ܲå%È Ü˛ÌyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ xy§° ܲÌyê˛y ˛õyˆÏí˛¸–
ÈÙÙÙÈçy!ö§ ˆï˛y ܲy°ˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y !§!Ó˚Î˚y° ˆòá!åÈ°yü !ê˛!û˛ˆÏï˛– ~ܲê˛y •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y •yÓ˚
!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆàyˆÏÎ˚®y à“– •ë˛yÍ üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸°ñ xˆÏöܲ !òö xyˆÏà ˆï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y í˛yÎ˚üu˛ ˆ§ê˛ ܲÓ˚y
ܲyˆÏöÓ˚ ò%° •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°....
ÈÙÙÙÈxyˆÏÓ˚ •ÑƒyÊ Äê˛y ˆï˛y Óy!í˛¸ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ§!òö•z ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yü– ~áöÄ xyˆÏåÈ
ˆ§•zê˛y xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ– xyüyÓ˚ •ê‰˛ ˆú˛Óy!Ó˚ê˛Ê
≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ ܲÌy !åÈ!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆöÎ˚ Ó˚*˛õ%– ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ§yú˛yê˛yÎ˚ ˆÌÓˆÏí˛¸ ӈϧ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ–
ÈÙÙÙÈxy§ˆÏ° ܲ# çy!ö§ ˆï˛yñ ˆ§ê˛ê˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD üƒy!ã˛Ç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ï˛yˆÏM˛Èy•z ¢y!í˛¸ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ
!ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°yü ˆ§!òö– ˆ§ê˛y ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï x!∑ ˛õÓ˚y •Î˚!ö ˆ§!òöñ ò%°ê˛y á%ÑçˆÏï˛
á%ÑçˆÏï˛ Äê˛yˆÏܲ xy°üy!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ öyüyˆÏï˛•z ÄÓ˚ ûÑ˛yç ˆÌˆÏܲ üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸° ò%°ê˛y– xy§ˆÏ°
ˆÜ˛üö üƒyã˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ï˛y ˆòá!åÈ°yü xy!ü §Ü˛yˆÏ° ¢y!í˛¸ê˛yÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ñ xÑyã˛ˆÏ° ˆú˛ˆÏ°– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚
üˆÏö •Î˚ üyü!î •ë˛yÍ í˛yܲˆÏï˛•z ã˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yü í»˛•zÇÓ˚&ˆÏüñ xyÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y •Î˚!ö– ò%°ê˛y
Ä•z ¢y!í˛¸Ó˚ ûÑ˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚•z !åÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ñ ܲ# ˆòáy° Ä•z !ê˛!û˛ !§!Ó˚Î˚y°ê˛yÎ˚....⁄
ÈÙÙÙÈÄ§Ó åÈyí˛¸–
§ê˛yö ÓyhflψÏÓ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– ˆü•ö!ï˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ¢,C° åÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ ܲ#•z Óy xyˆÏåÈ
•yÓ˚yÓyÓ˚– •ï˛y¢yÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚# û˛yÓ˚# §Ó ܲÌy üyÌyÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ÄÓ˚– Î!ò ï˛y•z •Î˚ñ ~ê˛y
ˆ§•z ò%° öÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ~ܲ˛õy!ê˛ ò%° ~°•z Óy ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆí»˛!§Ç ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛–
ˆÜ˛yöÄ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ xyÓ˚ ˆö•z– ˆåÈyê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ âê˛öyê˛y Ó˚*˛õ%ˆÏܲ ӈϰ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ–
ÈÙÙÙÈÄê˛y üyü!îÓ˚ ܲy[˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï%˛•z ˆï˛y ˛çy!ö§ñ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ üyü!î xyÓ˚ Ä•z ö#ˆÏã˛Ó˚
ˆòyܲyöê˛y ¢y!hsˇ üˆÏö ˛õyê≈˛öyÓ˚!¢ˆÏ˛õ ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ° öy– Óy§hsˇ# xy!rê˛Ó˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yñ xyüyÓ˚
ò%ÛÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !§!öÎ˚yÓ˚ñ üyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó%!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó§ï˛– ܲyÓ˚ã%˛!˛õ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏï˛•z üyü!î Îá!ö üyˆÏÜ≈˛ê˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ üy°˛õe xy§ï˛ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD•z ܲáöÄ í»˛•zÇÓ˚&ˆÏüñ ܲáöÄ xyüyÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ á%ˆÏ°ñ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
~ܲê˛y ~ܲê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~!rê˛Δ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáï˛– ~ܲê˛y í˛y•z!Ó˚ˆÏï˛– ˆÓ˚y°ˆÏàyˆÏu˛Ó˚ñ é%˛ê˛y ˆüˆÏê˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏ°Ó˚
§Ó àÎ˚öyñ ò%°ñ xyÇ!ê˛ñ ܲyö ˛õy¢yñ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ü°ÈÙÙÙÈá%ˆÏ° á%ˆÏ° §Ó=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ê˛ƒyà °yàyï˛

ü•yÓ#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yàÓ˚ °Aâö
......
≤ÃÓ#Ó˚ ˆ§ö
xy!ü ~•z §%!ÓhflÏ#î≈ ≤ÃyhsˇˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ ~ˆÏ§ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#ö §%!Ó¢y° Óê˛Ó,«˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛
ˆ˛õ°yü– ˆ§•z Ó,ˆ«Ï ˛Ó˚ âö åÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛çö üyö%£Ï §Ó%ç ò)Óy≈ òˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §üˆÏÓï˛û˛yˆÏÓ
ӈϧ xyˆÏåÈö– xy!ü ˆ§áyˆÏö ˆÎˆÏï˛•z ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲ Óƒ!_´ í˛zˆëÏ ˛ ~ˆÏ§ xyüyˆÏܲ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ
Úxy˛õ!ö !ܲ Úü•yÓ#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §yàÓ˚ °AâöÛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈö⁄ xyÓ˚ Î!ò ï˛y •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
§ˆÏD ~áyˆÏö Ó§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö– ˛õy°y ~áö•z ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÓ–Û
xy!ü ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ~ˆÏ§ Ó§°yü– xyüyÓ˚ §yüˆÏö•z ≤âhflÏ Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ Îyey˛õy°yÓ˚ xy§Ó˚–
~ܲ Óƒ!_´ ~ܲ!ê˛ °y° Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ ˛õƒyrê˛y°%ö ~ÓÇ §Ó%ç Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ ˆà!O ˛õˆÏÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈö–
ï˛yÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá •ö%üyˆÏöÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáy¢ ~ÓÇ ˆà!OÓ˚ !˛õåȈÏö §yòy Ó˚Ç !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ°ç xÑyܲyñ
ï˛yˆÏï˛ §•ˆÏç•z xö%üyö ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~•z Óƒ!_´ ü•yÓ#Ó˚ •ö%üyö– ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲå%Èê˛y ò)ˆÓÏ ˚ xy§ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
≤Ãyhsˇ§#üyÎ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçö Óyòܲ ˆì˛y°ñ ܲÓ˚ï˛y°ñ ü,òD •zï˛ƒy!ò !öˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧ xyˆÏåÈö– ~üö
§üÎ˚ ÓˆÏê˛Ó˚ é%˛!Ó˚Ó˚ xyí˛¸y° ˆÌˆÏܲ §)eôÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ Ú§üˆÏÓï˛ ò¢≈ܲü[˛°#
xy˛õöyÓ˚y ~áö•z ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓö ü•yÓ#Ó˚ •ö%üyö çyöܲ#Ó˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ ˆÓƒyü˛õˆÏÌ ÎyÓyÓ˚
§ühflÏ Ó,_yhsˇ– Ĉϕ ÓyòܲÓ,® ˆï˛yüÓ˚y Óyòƒ ÓyçyÄñ Ä•z ˆòˆÏáy ü•yÓ#Ó˚ Ü,˛ï˛yO!° •ˆÏÎ˚
§)Î≈ñ •zwñ û)˛ï˛àîˆÏܲ Ó®öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ~ÓÇ ˛õ)Ó≈y§ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ çß√òyï˛y fl∫Î˚Ω%˛ ˛õÓöˆÏòÓˆÏܲ xã≈˛öy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ fl≥˛#ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈö–ÛÛ
ˆòá°yü ˆ§•z ü•yÓ#Ó˚ •ö%üyö ï˛áö ˆì˛y°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏ° ò%ˆÏ° ò%ˆÏ° ~üö•z •yÓû˛yÓñ
û˛yÓû˛!Dñ xyܲyÓ˚ÈÙÈ•z!Dï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈö ˆÎ üˆÏö •ˆÏFåÈ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÎ˚ï˛ö !Ó¢y° xyܲyÓ˚
ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆ§•z xq$ï˛ û˛!DüyÎ˚ !ï˛!ö •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏåÈöñ Úxy!ü ˆ§•z ü•yÓ#Ó˚
•ö%üyö– Ó˚yˆÏüÓ˚ •hflÏ!ö!«˛Æ ¢ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ~áö•z °B˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔåÈÓ– Î!ò ˆ§áyˆÏö çöܲ
ö!®ö#ˆÏܲ xy!ü öy ˛õy•z ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛áö•z xy!ü §%Ó˚ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ ÎyÓ– xyÓ˚ Î!ò ˆ§áyˆÏöÄ
ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ öy ˛õy•z ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó˚yÓî §ˆÏüï˛ °B˛y˛õ%Ó˚# í˛zͲõyê˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ xy§Ó ~áyˆÏö–Û ~•z
ӈϰ !ï˛!ö °¡≥˛ ˆòÓyÓ˚ û˛!Düy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö– ˆì˛y°Ü˛ÈÙÈÓyòܲàî =Ó˚& =Ó˚& ¢ˆÏ∑ ˆì˛y°Ü˛
ÓyçyˆÏFåÈöñ ܲÓ˚ï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ é˛öyÍܲyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑ ˆòáy ˆà° àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛y° ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
ò!í˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ ÓÑyôy ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ˛õyê˛yï˛ö üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆöˆÏü ~°– ü•yÓ#Ó˚ ˆ§•z ˛õyê˛yï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏï˛•z
ˆ§!ê˛ e´ü¢ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ °yà°– ˆÓ¢ !ܲå%Èê˛y Äë˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ¢)ˆÏöƒ ~ܲfliyˆÏö !fliÓ˚
•°– ˆ§áyˆÏö ˆ§•z ˛õyê˛yï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ü•yÓ#Ó˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ •yï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ û˛!Düy ~üö
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ °yàˆÏ°ö ˆÎ üˆÏö •° !ï˛!ö ü•y¢)ˆÏöƒ ü•yˆÏÓˆÏà ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö– !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z
ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ Óê˛Ó,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ xöƒyöƒ ¢yáyÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆà° ü%ˆÏáy¢ ˛õÓ˚y ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçö ˆòÓï˛y Ä à¶˛Ó≈–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚y í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ü•yÓ#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ú%˛° åÈÑ%í˛¸ˆÏåÈö– §)eôÓ˚ˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆòáy ˆà°ñ !ï˛!ö
ò¢≈ܲˆÏòÓ˚ §yüˆÏö ~ˆÏ§ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ Úxy˛õöyÓ˚y °«˛ ܲÓ˚&öñ ˆòÓï˛y Ä à¶˛ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚y ü•yÓ#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
~•z xq$ï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈§yôˆÏö ≤ÃÓ,_ ˆòˆÏá ˛õ%‹õÓ,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– §)Î≈ˆÏòÓ í˛z_y˛õòyˆÏö !ÓÓ˚ï˛ xyˆÏåÈöñ
336 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
~üöܲ# ÓyÎ˚% ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !fl¨?˛ ˆflÀyˆÏï˛ Ó•zˆÏåÈ– Ä•z ˆòá%ö öyàñ Ϋ˛ Ä Ó˚y«˛§Ó˚y ü•yÓ#Ó˚ˆÏܲ
x˛õ!Ó˚◊yhsˇ ˆòˆÏá ›!ï˛Óyò xyÓ˚Ω˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– }!£Ïàî ܲ# û)˛Î˚§# ≤âǧy ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛y xy˛õöyÓ˚y
~ܲê%˛ xö%ôyÓö ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°•z ÷öˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓö– ˆ• §%ô#Ó,®ñ xy˛õöyÓ˚y §üˆÏÓï˛û˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲÓyÓ˚
ӈϰ í˛zë%˛öñ çÎ˚ ◊#Ó˚yüã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ çÎ˚– ˆ• Óyòܲàî ˆï˛yüÓ˚y xyÓ˚Ä ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ Óyòƒ ÓyçyÄñ
ü•yÓ#Ó˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö çöܲ ö!®ö#ˆÏܲ í˛zk˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–Û
ò¢≈ܲÓ,® §üfl∫ˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ í˛zë˛ˆÏ°öñ çÎ˚ Ó˚yüã˛w ܲ# çÎ˚Ê Óyòܲàî ÓyçyˆÏï˛ °yàˆÏ°ö xyÓ˚Ä
ˆçyˆÏÓ˚– ÷ô% ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçö ò¢≈ܲ !ܲå%È öy ӈϰ ã%˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ Ó˚•zˆÏ°ö– ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá xyüyÓ˚
üˆÏö •° ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆÎö ˆòˆÏá!åÈ ~шÏòÓ˚–
~ÓyÓ˚ ˆ§•z xy§ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ Óƒ!_´ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°öñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛!°Ó˚ xÑyã˛ˆÏí˛¸ §ü%ˆÏoÓ˚ ˆì˛í˛z
xÑyܲy– !ï˛!ö §ü%o ï˛Ó˚ˆÏDÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y•z ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ˆÏܲ ï˛Ó˚Dy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚!åȈϰö xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˆì˛í˛zÈÙÈ~Ó˚
ï˛yˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏ° ÓyòܲÓ˚y Óyçöy ÓyçyˆÏFåÈö– §)eôÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏ°öñÈÙÙÙÈÚ•z!ö •ˆÏ°ö
ü•y§ü%oÊ •z!ö xy˛õöyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲå%È Ü˛Ìy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛yö xy˛õöyÓ˚y ~ܲê%˛ üˆÏöyˆÏÎyà !òˆÏÎ˚ ÷ö%ö–Û
§ü%o ï˛áö ~ܲ•zû˛yˆÏÓ ˆì˛í˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ û˛!DüyÎ˚ öyã˛ˆÏï˛ öyã˛ˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ Ú÷ö%ö üˆÏ•yòÎ˚ñ
•z«˛¥ yÜ%˛Ü%˛°ï˛yï˛ §yàÓ˚˛õ%eàî xyüyˆÏܲ Ó!ô≈ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ!˚ åȈ°
Ï ö– ~•z ü•yÓ#Ó˚ •ö%üyö •z«˛¥ yÜ%˛ÓÇ¢#Î˚
Ó˚yˆÏüÓ˚ §!ã˛Ó– ~шÏܲ Î!ò §y•y΃ öy ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ xy!ü §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !ö®yû˛yçö •Ó–Û
~ÓyÓ˚ !ï˛!ö üy!ê˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎö ˛õyï˛yˆÏ° ܲyÓ˚Ä §ˆÏD ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏåÈöñ Úˆ• !à!Ó˚ÓÓ˚
˜üöyܲñ ï%˛!ü í˛z!aï˛ •Ä– û˛#üܲü≈y ü•yÓ#Ó˚ á%Ó ˛õ!Ó˚◊yhsˇ– ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ fl҈϶˛ !ï˛!ö ~ܲê%˛
!Ó◊yü ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö–Û
~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏê˛Ó˚ é%˛!Ó˚Ó˚ xyí˛¸y° ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ Óƒ!_´ •yüy=!í˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~üö û˛!DüyÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
~ˆÏ°ö ˆÎö í˛z!ö §ü%ˆÏoÓ˚ ï˛°ˆÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ°ö– ˆÎö !à!Ó˚ÓÓ˚ ˜üöyܲ áÓ˚ˆÏï˛ç
û˛yflÒÓ˚ ˆüˆÏâÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!òï˛ •ˆÏ°ö– ~•z ˛õÓ≈ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚!òܲ xÌ≈yÍ ï˛yÓ˚
¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ¢ƒyÄ°y ~ÓÇ °ï˛yÈÙÈ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ xyÓ,ï˛– §)eôÓ˚ ˆ§•z !òˆÏܲ xyä%° ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ
Ú~•z ˛õÓ≈ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚!òܲ §yàÓ˚çˆÏ° ˆÓ!‹Tï˛ñ !¢áÓ˚§Ü˛° fl∫î≈üÎ˚ñ ààöflõ¢#≈ Ä í˛zIμ°
~ÓÇ !ܲߨÓ˚ Ä §Ó˚#§,ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈–Û
˜üöyܲ ~ÓyÓ˚ é%˛°hsˇ ü•yÓ#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ Úˆ• ÓyöˆÏÓ˚y_ü ü•yÓ#Ó˚ñ ï%˛!ü
xˆÏöܲ ò%‹ÒÓ˚ ܲü≈ ܲÓ˚åÈ– ~áö xyüyÓ˚ fl҈϶˛ ӈϧ !ܲå%È«˛î !Ó◊yü ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ öy •Î˚
xyÓyÓ˚ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ àüö ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ܲyÓ˚î ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyüyÓ˚ !ܲå%È §¡∫¶˛ xyˆÏåÈ– ï%˛!ü
üyÓ˚&ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ%e– xy!ü ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆ§Óy ܲÓ˚ˆ° Ï üyÓ˚&ˆÏï˛Ó˚Ä ˆ§Óy •ˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ¢yˆÏöy ÓͧƒÈÙÙÙÈ–Û
ӈϰ •yï˛ò%ˆÏê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy!áÓ˚ í˛yöyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y öyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ öyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ xy§ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õy¢ ˆày° •ˆÏÎ˚
ö,ï˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ °yàˆÏ°ö– ˆ§•z §ˆÏD ˆì˛y°ñ ܲÓ˚ï˛y°ñ ü,òD ÓyçˆÏåÈ– ~ÓyÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ö,ï˛ƒ Ìy!üˆÏÎ˚
xyÓyÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆ° Ï ö–ÈÙÙÙÈÚˆ§ xˆÏöܲ xˆÏöܲ ܲy° xyˆÏàÓ˚ ܲÌy– §ï˛ƒÎ%ˆàÏ ˛õÓ≈ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚
˛õyáy !åÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚y xyܲyˆÏ¢ àÓ˚&í˛¸˛õ«˛#Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y í˛zí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛– ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆòÓï˛y }!£Ï Ä
≤Ãyî#àî §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ˛õÓ≈ï˛˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ û˛ˆÏÎ˚ á%Ó û˛#ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛öñ ˛õyˆÏåÈ ˛õÓ≈ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ âyˆÏí˛¸ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
~Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ° ˆòÓï˛yÓ˚y •zwˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õyáöy ˆåÈò ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ °yàˆÏ°ö– ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ
ˆåÈò ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •zw Îáö xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~ˆÏ°ö ï˛áö ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ !˛õï˛y ˛õÓöˆÏòÓ xyüyˆÏܲ
§ü%oçˆÏ° !öˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö– Ĉϕ Óͧƒ üyÓ˚&!ï˛ñ ï%˛!ü ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z xyüyÓ˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ xyòÓ˚î#Î˚– !˛õï,˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xy!üÄ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ üyöƒ– ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá xy!ü ≤Ã#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ–
ï%˛!ü ~áö xyüyÓ˚ ÜÑ˛yˆÏô ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ◊y!hsˇ ò)Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–Û
 ü•yÓ#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yàÓ˚ °Aâö † 337
ü•yÓ#Ó˚ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ í˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏD ÓÑyôy é%˛°hsˇ ˛õyê˛yï˛ˆÏö òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ °yàˆÏ°öñ ÚĈϕ ˜üöyܲ
˛õÓ≈ï˛ñ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ܲÌyˆÏï˛•z xy!ü xy!ï˛Ìƒ °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ– ܲyÎ≈ܲy° xyüyˆÏܲ ÓƒhflϧühflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– ~!òˆÏܲ !òö ≤ÃyÎ˚ xÓ§yö •ˆÏÎ˚ ~°– !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ xyüyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛K˛y ~•z ˆÎñ ¢ï˛ˆÏÎyçˆÏöÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ xy!ü ˆÜ˛yöÄ fliyˆÏö ܲáöÄ !Ó◊yü ܲÓ˚Ó öy– xï˛~Ó xy!ü ~áö ã˛°°yü–Û
~•z §Ç°y˛õ ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏï˛•z ˆ§•z ò!í˛¸ ÓÑyôy ˛õyê˛yï˛ö ö#ˆÏã˛ ˆöˆÏü ~°– ü•yÓ#Ó˚ ˆ§áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆöˆÏü ~ˆÏ§ xy§ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ ˚ ~ܲê˛y ÓˆÏê˛Ó˚ é%˛!Ó˚Ó˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ°ö– ~üö §üÎ˚ xy§ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
~ܲ ≤Ãyhsˇ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòÓï˛yñ à¶˛Ó≈ñ !§k˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲçö ü•!£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ˆà°–
§)eôÓ˚ xy§ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ˛õyˆÏ¢ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ ÚˆòÓï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜à!Ó˚ܲ Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáy¢ñ à¶˛Ó≈ˆÏòÓ˚
§Ó%ç Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáy¢ ~ÓÇ !§k˛ Ä ü•!£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚ §yòy ü%ˆÏáy¢– x˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !Î!ö ~áö•z ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö !ï˛!ö •ˆÏ°ö öyàüyï˛y §%Ó˚üy– •z!ö xy˛õöyˆÏòÓ˚ §%!ÓôyˆÏÌ≈ ö#° Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáy¢
˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~•z ӈϰ !ï˛!ö xy§ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏê˛Ó˚ é%˛!Ó˚Ó˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ°ö–
ˆòÓï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲçö ˆòÓï˛y §yüˆÏö ~ˆÏ§ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ Ú~•z ˛õÓöÜ%˛üyÓ˚ ◊#üyö •ö%üyö
§ü%o ˛õyÓ˚ •ÓyÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇy ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– §%Ó˚üy ï%˛!ü ~áö•z ˆâyÓ˚ Ó˚y«˛§#ü)!ï≈˛ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !˛õD°Ü˛
ã˛«%˛ Ä !ÓÜ˛ê˛ òhsˇ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ «˛îܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ çöƒ ÄÓ˚ àüö˛õˆÏÌ !Ó⯠xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚– xyüÓ˚y
Ä•z Ó#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó°Ó#Î≈ çyöˆÏï˛ ~ܲyhsˇ í˛zͧ%ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ– ˆòáˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z •z!ö ˆÜ˛yö ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°
ˆï˛yüyÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö öy!ܲ û˛ˆÏÎ˚ xӧߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ°yÎ˚ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–Û
~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ xy§ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üôƒû˛yˆÏà ÷ô% §%Ó˚üyˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– !ï˛!ö xyˆÏàÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáy¢ê˛y á%ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛
!Ó¢y° xyܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ü%ˆáÏ y¢ ˛õÓ˚ˆ° Ï ö– ~•z ü%ˆáÏ yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ü%áÓƒyòyö ~ÓÇ òhsˇ˛õy!ê˛
!Ó¢y°– !ï˛!ö ÓyçöyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏ° !Ó!û˛ß¨ û˛!DüyÎ˚ ö,ï˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈö xyÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏ鲕z ‡ÇܲyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ °¡≥˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈö– •ë˛yÍ ÓˆÏê˛Ó˚ é%˛!Ó˚Ó˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ü•yÓ#Ó˚ˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ
Úˆ• ÓyöÓ˚ˆÏ◊¤˛ ü•yÓ#Ó˚ ˆòÓï˛yÓ˚y ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ xyüyÓ˚ û˛«˛ƒÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ !öˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö xï˛~Ó
~áö•z ï%˛!ü xyüyÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚–Û ü•yÓ#Ó˚ xyí˛¸y° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ §%Ó˚üyˆÏܲ
Ó°ˆÏ°öñ Úû˛ˆÏoÊ ò¢Ó˚ˆÏÌÓ˚ ï˛öÎ˚ Ó˚yüñ ºyï˛y °-î Ä û˛yÎ≈y çyöܲ#Ó˚ §ˆÏD ò[˛Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏîƒ
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ˆ§áyˆÏö Ó˚y«˛§àˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏD ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâyÓ˚ï˛Ó˚ ¢e&ï˛y çß√yÎ˚– !ï˛!ö ~ܲ!òö
ܲyÎ≈yhsˇˆÏÓ˚ x!ï˛¢Î˚ xy§_´ !åȈϰöñ ~•z §üˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÓî Ó°˛õ)Ó≈ܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ û˛yÎ≈yˆÏܲ x˛õ•Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~áö xy!ü ˆ§•z Ó˚yüã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ xö%K˛ye´ˆÏü ΢!fl∫ö# çyöܲ#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ò)ï˛fl∫Ó*˚ ˛õ
Îy!FåÈ– Ĉϕ Ó˚y«%˛!§Ê ã˛Ó˚yã˛ˆÏÓ˚ §ühflÏ•z Ó˚yˆÏüÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚– ï%˛!ü ï˛ß√ˆÏôƒ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ñ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
~ §üˆÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ~ܲyhsˇ ܲï≈˛Óƒ– xy!ü §ï˛ƒ•z xD#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚!åÈ çyöܲ#ˆÏܲ
ò¢≈ö ~ÓÇ Ó˚yüˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó,_yhsˇ K˛y˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ !öÜ˛ê˛ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •Ó–Û ~•z
ӈϰ ˆ§ ≤ÃfliyˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z˛õe´ü ܲÓ˚°– §%Ó˚üy üyÌy ˆöˆÏí˛¸ Ó°°ñ Úöyó xyˆÏà xyüyÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá
~ˆÏ§y ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ xöƒe ˆÎˆÏÎ˚y–Û ü•yÓ#Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ Úï˛ˆÏÓ ï%˛!ü xyüyÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xö%Ó˚*˛õ ü%á!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚–Û ~•z ӈϰ !ï˛!ö ~ܲ xq$ï˛ û˛!DüyÎ˚ fiê˛ƒyã%˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y !fliÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚
òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°ö–
§)eôÓ˚ ò¢≈ܲˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°öñ Úü•yÓ#Ó˚ ò¢ ˆÎyçö ò#â≈ •ˆÏ°ö
§%Ó˚üy !Ó¢ ˆÎyçö ü%áÓƒyòyö ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö– ˆòá%ö xy˛õöyÓ˚y Ä•z ˆâyÓ˚ ü%á ˆüâyܲyÓ˚ öÓ˚ܲ§ò,¢
xyÓ˚ ˆòá%ö ܲ# û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚ Ó˚§öy ܲÓ˚y°– ~•z ˆòˆÏá ü•yÓ#Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏ£Ï fl≥˛#ï˛ •ˆÏ°ö !e¢ ˆÎyçö–
§%Ó˚üy ã˛!Õ‘¢ ˆÎyçö ü%á!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö– §%Ó˚üyÓ˚ ü%á £Ï¤˛ ˆÎyçö •°– ü•yÓ#Ó˚ §Æ!ï˛
ˆÎyçö Ó!ô≈ï˛ •ˆÏ°ö– §%Ó˚üyÓ˚ ü%á xy!¢ ˆÎyçö •°ñ ü•yÓ#Ó˚ öÓù•z ˆÎyçö ò#â≈ •ˆÏ°ö
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 22
338 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
§%Ó˚üyÓ˚ ü%á ¢ï˛ ˆÎyçö •°ñ ü•yÓ#Ó˚ ü%•)ï≈˛üˆÏôƒ xD%¤˛ ≤Ãüyî •ˆÏÎ˚ §%Ó˚üyÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚
xyÓyÓ˚ !ö‹;˛yhsˇ •ˆÏ°ö– ~•z ò,¢ƒ xy˛õöyÓ˚y üˆÏö üˆÏö û˛yÓÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚&ö– Ä•z ˆòá%ö
xhsˇ!Ó˚ˆÏ«˛ ü•yÓ#Ó˚ Ó°ˆÏåÈöñ Úòy«˛Î˚î# öüflÒyÓ˚ñ xy!ü ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åÈñ ~áö xy!ü
§#ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ Îy!FåÈ–Û §%Ó˚üy ˆ§•z û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáy¢ê˛y á%ˆÏ° xyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ§•z ö#° ü%ˆÏáy¢!ê˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
Ó°ˆÏ°öñ Úˆ§Ôüƒ ˆÎáyˆÏö •zˆÏFåÈ ÎyÄ Ó˚yü§#ï˛yÓ˚ !ü°ö âê˛yÄ–Û
ÓyòܲÓ˚y ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛y°ñ ܲÓ˚ï˛y°ñ ü,òD ÓyçyˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö– Óê˛àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨
¢yáy ˆÌˆÏܲ ü%ˆÏáy¢ ˛õÓ˚y ü•!£Ï≈ñ à¶˛Ó≈ñ öyà Ä Î«˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFåÈ ï˛yÓ˚y §üfl∫ˆÏÓ˚ àyö
ày•zˆÏåÈ– àyö ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ïÑ˛yÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ°ö– ~ÓyÓ˚ xy§ˆÏÓ˚ !§Ç!•Ü˛y
öyˆÏü ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yüÓ˚*!˛õî# Ó˚y«%˛!§ˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFåÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ü•yÓ#Ó˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö–
ü•yÓ#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò#â≈ åÈyÎ˚y üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ– !§Ç!•Ü˛y ˆ§•z åÈyÎ˚y ôˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏö ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈö–
ü•yÓ#Ó˚ Îï˛ ~ˆÏàyÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈö !ܲv !ܲå%ȈÏï˛•z !ï˛!ö ~ˆÏàyˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈö öy–
§)eôÓ˚ ~ÓyÓ˚ ÓˆÏê˛Ó˚ é%˛!Ó˚Ó˚ xyí˛¸y° ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ò¢≈ܲˆÏòÓ˚ §yüˆÏö ~ˆÏ§
!˛õåȈÏöÓ˚ ü•yÓ#Ó˚ Ä !§Ç!•Ü˛yˆÏܲ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ Úˆòá%ö ò¢≈ܲÓ,®Ê ܲ# xyÿ˛Î≈ âê˛öy–
ü•yÓ#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ åÈyÎ˚y ôˆÏÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛˛õÌ Ó˚&k˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ü•yÓ#Ó˚ !ܲå%ȈÏï˛•z Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈö
öyñ ˆÜ˛ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~üö xÓfliy •°– ÷ô% ü•yÓ#Ó˚ öÎ˚ xy˛õöyˆÏòÓ˚Ä åÈyÎ˚y ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆê˛ˆÏö ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈ
~•z ܲyüÓ˚*!˛õî# Ó˚y«%˛!§– ï˛y•z xy˛õöyÓ˚yÄ ˆÜ˛í˛z ~•z xy§Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓö öy–
Îï˛«˛î öy ü•yÓ#Ó˚ ~•z !§Ç!•Ü˛yˆÏܲ Óô öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–Û
~•zÓyÓ˚ ˆ§•z °y§ƒüÎ˚# ܲyüÓ˚*!˛õî# Ó˚y«˛§# !Ó!û˛ß¨ Ü%˛Í!§ï˛ xD û˛!DüyÎ˚ ö,ï˛ƒ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆ° Ï ö–
ü•yÓ#Ó˚ ò%Û•yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛yá ì˛yܲˆÏ°ö– ܲáöÄ Óy !öˆÏçˆÏܲ §ÇÎï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈö
öy– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ü˛yüy§_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆåÏ Èö– xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ü%•ˆ) ïÏ ˛≈ •z !öˆÏçˆÏܲ §ÇÎï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛°ˆÏåÈö–
Ó˚y«%˛!§ ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §yüˆÏö !Ó!û˛ß¨ ܲyü%ܲ û˛!DüyÎ˚ ö,ï˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
°yàˆÏ°ö– !ܲv ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hsˇ !§Ç!•Ü˛y ¢ï˛ ˆã˛‹TyˆÏï˛Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚ åÈyÎ˚yˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°ö
öy– !ö¢yã˛Ó˚# xӈϢˆÏ£Ï !åÈߨüü≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •ˆÏ°ö–
xyܲy¢ã˛yÓ˚# !§k˛ ~ÓÇ ã˛yÓ˚îàî ~ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲ Óê˛àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ í˛y° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆöˆÏü xy§ˆÏÓ˚ §üˆÏÓï˛
•ˆÏ°ö– Óyòܲàî ü•y §üyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ• Óyòƒ ÓyçyˆÏï˛ °yàˆÏ°ö– §)eôÓ˚ ò¢≈ܲˆÏòÓ˚ §¡ø%ˆÏá ~ˆÏ§
Ó°ˆÏ°öñ ÚĈϕ §%ô#Ó,®ñ xy˛õöyÓ˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛yá Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ üyö§ã˛ˆÏ«˛ ˆòáÓyÓ˚
ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚&öñ ~ܲê%˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆ°
Ï •z ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓö §yàÓ˚ °Aâö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ü•yÓ#Ó˚ §ü%o ˛õÓ˚˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ÓöÓ˚y!ç §ü!ß∫ï˛ m#˛õ ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÜ)˛°fli Ó,«˛ öò# í˛z˛õÓö ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó,«˛ˆÏ¢y!û˛ï˛
°¡∫ ˛õÓ≈ˆÏï˛ xÓï˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xüÓ˚yÓï˛#Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ü•y˛õ%Ó˚# °B˛y
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏFåÈö–Û
xy!üÄ ˆã˛yá Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ«˛î ÌyܲyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy!FåÈ ü•yÓ#Ó˚ fl∫!Óe´ˆÏü Ä•z
û%˛çD §ÇÜ%˛° ï˛Ó˚D˛õ)î≈ §ü%o ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ °¡∫ ˛õÓ≈ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •ˆÏ°ö– ˆ§áyöܲyÓ˚ ü,à˛õ«˛#àî
ã˛!Ü˛ï˛ Ä û˛#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰– ü•yÓ#Ó˚ •ö%üyö ˆ§áyˆÏö í˛z_#î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ xüÓ˚yÓï˛#Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y °B˛y˛õ%Ó#˚
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏFåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ!ܲv ˆã˛yá á%°ˆÏï˛•z ˆòá°yü xy!ü ~ܲy ˆ§•z çö•#ö ≤ÃyhsˇˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
Óê˛àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ ӈϧ xy!åÈ– xyüyÓ˚ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢ ò¢≈ܲÓ,®ñ öyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ öê˛ÈÙÈöê˛#ñ ܲ°yÜ%˛¢°#
ܲáö ˆÎ ÎyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏåÈö ï˛y xy!ü !ܲå%È•z ˆê˛Ó˚ ˛õy•z!ö– ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛yayÄ ˆö•z– ÷ô%
xy§ß¨ §¶˛ƒyÎ˚ ˛õy!áÓ˚y ˆ§•z Ó,«˛¢yáyÎ˚ ˆÎ ÎyÓ˚ Óy§yÎ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !Ó!û˛ß¨
§%ˆÏÓ˚ ܲ°ï˛yö ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ–

ˆöyöy ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •y!§
......
x!ö° ˆây£Ï
Ä á%í˛¸yñ öyÄ ˆï˛y ã˛°ˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ñ ÌyüÓy ܲˆÏö⁄
ӈϰ !Ó!ö– ӈϰ •yˆÏ° òÑyí˛¸yˆÏöy á%í˛¸y xÌ≈yÍ xyôÓ%ˆÏí˛¸y ‡•z •yçÓ˚y ü[˛°ˆÏܲ– ӈϰ ˆÜ˛ö⁄
~•z ÓyòyÓˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ öyÄ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ !ì˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚– ~!òˆÏܲ !òö ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈ °y!ú˛ˆÏÎ˚
°y!ú˛ˆÏÎ˚– ç°ÈÙÈçDˆÏ° xÑyôyÓ˚ ˆöˆÏü xy§ˆÏåÈ =!ê˛ =!ê˛ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚– ~•z ˆâyÓ˚ ç°ÈÙÈçDˆÏ°
xÑyôyÓ˚ Óí˛¸ ˆÓ˛õˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y– ÓyâÈÙÈ¢ƒy°ÈÙÈ!çöÈÙÈòyˆÏöyÈÙÙÙȈΠˆÎáyˆÏö xyˆÏåÈ §Óy•z ˆÎö ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ܲ§ˆÏD– âyˆÏí˛¸ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛ ˆöÎ˚ ˆÎö– xï˛~Ó Ìyüy çÓ˚&!Ó˚– ~ê˛y xhsˇï˛ ˆÓyé˛y
í˛z!ã˛ï˛ Ä•z ˆ°yܲê˛yÓ˚–
ˆ§ ˆ°yܲ Ó%é˛ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÊ ˆÎö ˆòˆÏáÄ ˆòáˆÏåÈ öyñ ÷ˆÏöÄ ÷öˆÏåÈ öy– ö•zˆÏ° !Ó!ö ˆÎ ܲÌy
Ó°°ñ ܲ•z ~ܲÓyÓ˚Ä ˆï˛y ˆã˛yá ˆú˛Ó˚y° öyÊ ‡•z òƒyˆÏáy ˆã˛yáò%ˆÏê˛y ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏö ˆüˆÏ°
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛üö í˛zòy§#ö •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ– !Ó!öÓ˚ ܲÌy ÄÓ˚ ܲyˆÏö ˆà° öy!ܲ Óyï˛yˆÏ§ ÓÑyܲ ˆáˆÏÎ˚
í˛zˆÏí˛¸ ˆà°ÈÙÙÙȈÓyé˛y ˆà° öy– !ܲv ~ܲê%˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ~°ñ ÌyüÓ ˆï˛yñ
!ܲvܲ çyày ܲˆÏö ˛õy•z Ó°!ò!ö⁄
çyàyÊ !Ó!ö ˆÓ˚ˆÏàˆÏüˆÏà !ܲå%È Ó°ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚Ä ˛õyÓ˚° öy– Ó%ˆÏí˛¸yÓ˚ ܲÌy ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ öÎ˚– ç°ÈÙÈçDˆÏ° çyày Ó°ˆÏ°•z ˆüˆÏ° öy– ~áö §yüˆÏöÈÙÈ!˛õåȈöÏ ˆÎ!òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyÄ
ç° ÷ô% ç°– ˆöyöy ç° ˆây°y ç°– í˛y•zˆÏöÈÙÈÓÑyˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ!òˆÏܲ ˆã˛yá ˆú˛ˆÏ°y ç° ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ü%á ï%˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏåÈ àû˛#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏ°y ÓyòyÓö– ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ܲ¢yí˛¸ çD°– §%Ñò%Ó˚#ñ àÓ˚yöñ ˆàÑÄñ
ô%Ñô%° àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ çí˛¸yü!í˛¸– ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ˆày°àyåÈ åÈyï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˛õyï˛y ˆüˆÏ° òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚– !òˆÏöÓ˚
xyˆÏ°y ˆ§áyˆÏö ï˛° ˛õyÎ˚ öy– ã˛y˛õ ã˛y˛õ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏà xyˆÏåÈ– ~§Ó çyày û˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚– û˛Î˚
§y˛õˆÏáyˆÏ˛õÓ˚– Óí˛¸ û˛Î˚ ÓyˆÏâÓ˚– ܲáö ˆÜ˛yö úÑ˛yܲ àˆÏ° âyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ éÑ˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓñ
ˆê˛Ó˚!ê˛Ä ˛õyˆÏÓ öy– ÓyòyÓö üyˆÏö ÓyˆÏâÓ˚ Ó˚yçc– !Ó!ö !˛õåÈö˛õyˆÏö ï˛yܲyÎ˚– ~áöÄ ˆã˛yˆÏá
˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ •yÈÙÈ•y ò!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ §Ó‰ˆÏç xyû˛y§– §!ï˛ƒ•z ˆï˛y ~•z ç°ÈÙÈçDˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚ üˆÏöÓ˚
üˆÏï˛y çyày ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚Ê
ܲÌyê˛y !Ó!ö ˆÓyˆÏé˛ öy ï˛y öÎ˚– ˆ§Ä ˆï˛y ç°ÈÙÈçDˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚– ÓyòyÈÙÈàyˆÏäÓ˚ !Ó˛õòÈÙÈxy˛õò
ÄÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ öï%˛ö !ܲå%È öÎ˚– ~áyˆÏö Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° !Ó˛õò !öˆÏÎ˚•z ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ÌyˆÏܲĖ
ï˛Ó%– Îï˛•z !Ó˛õò ˆã˛yá Ó˚yäyܲñ ï˛Ó% xöƒÓ˚ܲü û˛yÓˆÏï˛ Óy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– •Î˚•z– xyÓ˚ ~•z
ï˛Ó%ê˛y•z ˆÜ˛ö Ó%é˛ˆÏåÈ öy Ä•z ˆ°yܲê˛yÊ öy!ܲ ÄÓ˚ üˆÏö xöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ üï˛°Ó xyˆÏåÈÊ !Ó!öÓ˚
üˆÏö §ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó£ÏˆÏ˛õyܲy öˆÏí˛¸ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ñ ˛õyáy ˆüˆÏ° ú˛Ó˚ú˛Ó˚yÎ˚– •ˆÏÓ öy ˆÜ˛öÊ ˆ§•z ≤ÃÌü
ò%˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ öyÄ ò!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ àyˆÏä ì%˛ˆÏܲˆÏåÈ– xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˆÌˆÏܲ öy ˆÌˆÏü ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ ~ܲê˛yöy–
ò!Ó˚Îy˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ àyˆÏä Îáö ì%˛Ü˛°ñ ï˛áö öyÄ !åÈ° !ï˛öˆÏê˛– ˆ°yܲçöÄ !åÈ°– ˛õ%Ó&˚ £Ï ˆüˆÏÎü˚ yö%£Ï
!üˆÏ° ï˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚ çöy ˛õˆÏöˆÏÓ˚y– §Óy•z !ú˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈ ˆÎ ÎyÓ˚ àÑyˆÏÎ˚– ~ܲê˛y öyÄ §yô%˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyÑܲ
ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆà° üô%áy!°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ– xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y öyÄ ˆà° ü!îí˛yäyÓ˚ áyÑ!í˛¸ ˛õˆÏÌ–
340 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ĈÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD !Ó!öÓ˚Ä ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy !åÈ°– !ܲv Ä•z Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y ú˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ Ó§°ñ ã˛°ñ
ˆï˛yˆÏÓ˚ xy!ü ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ ò%ˆÏÓy– ӈϰ Óy!ܲˆÏòÓ˚ xöƒ öyĈÏÎ˚ ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏç•z í˛zˆÏë˛ ~°
öyĈÏÎ˚– •y° ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ•ˆÏ§ Ó°°ñ ï%˛•z Ó˚!§ˆÏܲÓ˚ Óí˛zñ ˆï˛yˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# xyö§yö ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛
!ò!ï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚Ê ˆï˛yˆÏÓ˚ xy!ü !öˆÏç Ó˚!§ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆò xy§Ó–
xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!öÓ˚ üˆÏö •ˆÏFåÈñ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸yÓ˚ û˛yÓ§yÓ §%!ÓˆÏôÓ˚ öÎ˚– xyí˛¸y•z üy§ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y
ˆòáˆÏåÈ ˆ°yܲê˛yˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ àû˛#Ó˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ üyåÈ– ~•z xyí˛¸y•z üy§ !åÈ° ò!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏö–
•y°ÈÙÈçy°ÈÙÈüyåÈÈÙÈöyÄÈÙÙÙÈ~§Ó !öˆÏÎ˚– ï˛áö ˆ°yܲçö !åÈ° ˛≤Ãã%˛Ó˚– ••z•Õ‘yÈÙÈ!ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ÈÙÈ
ˆãÑ˛ã˛yˆÏü!ã˛Ä !åÈ°– ˆÜ˛yöÄ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyˆÏöyÓ˚ ú%˛Ó˚§ï˛ !åÈ° öy– xyçñ xyí˛¸y•z üy§ ÓyˆÏò
ˆ§•z •yí˛¸û˛yäy ܲyç ˆÌˆÏܲ å%È!ê˛ !üˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ §ÓyÓ˚– !Ó!öÓ˚Ä– ò!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ç#Óö ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y•z
!ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈ üy!ê˛ÈÙÈüyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöñ ˆ§•z ï˛yç˛õ%Ó˚ àÑyˆÏÎ˚– ~áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ ~áöÄ ˆòí˛¸!òˆÏöÓ˚
˛õÌ–
Îï˛ §üÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈñ !Ó!ö Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆú˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÌê˛y ˆüyˆÏê˛•z ü§,î öÎ˚– ~ï˛!òö ˆ°yܲçö
!åÈ° ӈϰ ˆÓyˆÏé˛!ö– ~áö ~•z •y •y ç°ÈÙÈçDˆÏ°Ó˚ üyˆÏé˛ !Ó!ö ˆê˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏFåÈ ÄÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
=!ê˛ =!ê˛ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏåÈ ~ܲê˛y «%˛ôyï≈˛ Óyâ– xyÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛y Ä•z •yçÓ˚y Ó%ˆÏí˛¸yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ
ôˆÏÓ˚– ö•zˆÏ° §Óy•z ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ~ܲy !Ó!öˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÌ ˛õy!í˛¸ !òˆÏFåÈ ˆÜ˛ö⁄ •yçÓ˚y
üyåÈ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚#– ï˛ˆÏÓ ü•yçö öy– ˆ§ ˆüyí˛¸°– ü•yçˆÏöÓ˚ áy§ ˆ°yܲ– ü•yçö !Óܲy¢
§yô%áÑy– ˆ§ ˆ°yܲ ÌyˆÏܲ §yï˛ˆÏç!°Î˚yÎ˚– !Ó¢y° •Ñyܲí˛yܲ ï˛yÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ò!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ ˆ§•z
•Ñyܲí˛yܲ ˆòáyÎ˚ •yçÓ˚yñ ü•yçˆÏöÓ˚ Óܲ°ˆÏü– öy üyˆÏöyñ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸y– û˛yï˛ åÈí˛¸yˆÏ° ܲyˆÏܲÓ˚
xû˛yÓÊ
ܲyˆÏܲÓ˚ òˆÏ° !Ó!öÄ ˆï˛y ~ܲçö– ~ï˛!òö ï˛y•z !åÈ°– xyç •ë˛yÍ ˆÜ˛yö çyò%ˆÏï˛ !öÎ˚ü
ÓòˆÏ° ˆà°Ê ˆüyí˛¸° Îáöñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆï˛y öyÄ ã˛y°yˆÏöyÓ˚ ܲÌy öÎ˚Ê !ܲv ˆ§ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ •y°
ôˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ xyˆÏåÈ– ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ°yܲê˛y òyˆÏöyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y– •zÎ˚y °¡∫y– ܲyˆÏ°yÜ%˛ˆÏ°y ò¢y§•z ¢Ó˚#Ó˚–
Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸ ˆã˛yáò%ˆÏê˛y °y°– ûÑ˛yê˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y çμ°ˆÏåÈ ˆÎö– üyÌyÓ˚ ã%˛° ܲ°˛õ ܲÓ˚y– òÑyï˛=ˆÏ°y
ÓÑyôyˆÏöy– ôÓôˆÏÓ §yòy °%!D xyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆà!O ˛õÓ˚ˆÏö– §Ó§üÎ˚ !ú˛ê˛ú˛yê˛– ÓˆÏÎ˚§
°%ˆÏܲyˆÏöyÓ˚ ܲ# ü!Ó˚Î˚y ˆã˛‹TyÊ ˆÜ˛ö⁄ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï üyö%£Ï ÓˆÏÎ˚§ °%ˆÏܲyˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ܲáöÊ öyñ
ˆüˆÏÎ˚üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ Îáö Ó¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚–
Ä á%í˛¸yñ öyÄ !ܲ ã˛°ˆÏܲ•z ÎyˆÏÓÊ !Ó!ö öy ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ xyÓyÓ˚–
•yçÓ˚y ~ÓyÓ˚ ü%á ˆú˛Ó˚yÎ˚– ÓÑyôyˆÏöy òÑyˆÏï˛ !é˛!°Ü˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ӈϰñ ܲƒyˆÏö Ó˚ƒyñ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ÌyüyÓ˚
ܲÌy Ó!°§ ܲƒyˆÏöÊ ˆ¢£Ï ܲyˆÏ° !ܲ Óí˛¸ !˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ SÓyâV àû‰˛ˆÏû˛ Îy!Ó öy•zÊ
•Ñƒyñ Óí˛¸ !˛õÓ˚ ΃yˆÏöy §Ó çyàyÎ˚ Äï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ xyˆÏåÈÊ Ü˛# ˆÎ ӈϰy á%í˛¸yÊ
öyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÓyñ ܲ•ö ܲ# •Î˚ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚Ê û˛yˆÏ°yÎ˚ û˛yˆÏ°yÎ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yç˛õ%Ó˚ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ ˆò ï˛ˆÏÓ
ˆï˛y xyüyÓ˚ å%È!ê˛– ï˛y öyñ öyüyÓ˚ ˆöˆÏà ˆ•!òˆÏÎ˚ üÓ˚!ï˛!åȧÊ
öyüÓ Ó!°!öñ Ìyü!ï˛ Ó!°!åÈ–
ܲƒyˆÏö Ó˚ƒy⁄
ܲƒyˆÏö ˆÓyˆÏé˛y öyÊ Ó%•zˆÏé˛ Ó°!ï˛ •ˆÏÓÊ öy!ܲ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ §yüˆÏö•z ܲy˛õí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ°ƒ ç° åÈyí˛¸ÓÊ
•yçÓ˚y ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ çöƒ ÌüˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ §yòyˆÏê˛ òÑyˆÏï˛Ó˚ !é˛!°Ü˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆ•ˆÏ§ ӈϰñ
xy•yñ ï˛y xyˆÏà Ó°!ï˛ •Î˚Ê
!Ó!ö ˆòˆÏá Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y ܲÌyê˛y ӈϰ•z ò%ÈÙÈ•yˆÏï˛ •yˆÏ° ê˛yö !òˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– öyÄ ~áö ˛õyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚
 ˆöyöy ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •y!§ † 341
!òˆÏܲ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– à!ï˛ á%Ó Ü˛ü– !ì˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°y ÎyˆÏܲ ӈϰ– •yçÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛yá ÓˆÏöÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ– ˆÓyô•Î˚ Ó%ˆÏé˛ !öˆÏFåÈ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ !Ó˛õòñ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ §%!ÓˆÏô– !ú˛§!ú˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ ӈϰñ Ä
Óí˛zñ ï%˛•z öyü!ÓÊ
ܲÌyÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏö ˆ•ˆÏ§ ˆú˛ˆÏ° !Ó!ö– Ä !ܲ §!ï˛ƒ û˛Î˚ ˛õyˆÏFåÈñ öy!ܲ !Ó!öÓ˚ §ˆÏD •zÎ˚y!Ü≈˛
üyÓ˚ˆÏåÈÊ ÓöÈÙÈÓyòyÈÙÈò!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÎ ã˛ˆÏ£Ï ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚ñ ˆ§ ˛õyˆÏÓ û˛Î˚Ê !ÓŸªy§ •Î˚ öy– öy!ܲ !Ó!öÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ Ü%˛ÈÙÈöçÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈÊ ~•z û˛Ó˚y çˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ≤Ãyî# ˆö•z– •zˆÏFåÈ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°•z
üï˛°Ó •y!§° ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ !Ó!öÓ˚ Ó%ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ï˛°yê˛y !¢Ó˚!¢!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ĈÏ벖 û˛Ó˚y Ó%ܲò%ˆêÏ ˛y xܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ
¢_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ܲ# •ˆÏÓ ~§Ó ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎÊ˚ §yüyöƒ §üˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆï˛y Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ñ ĈÏï˛•z çàÍ §Ç§yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
§Ó!ܲå%È ÄˆÏ°yê˛˛õyˆÏ°yê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓÊ ï˛y•z •Î˚Ê üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#Óö ܲ# ~ï˛•z ë%˛öˆÏܲyÊ xyí˛¸y•z
üy§ xyˆÏà ˆ§ Îáö öyĈÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!åÈ°ñ ï˛áö•z ÷ˆÏö!åÈ° öyĈÏÎ˚ Äë˛y üyˆÏö ˆÓÓ%ˆÏ¢ƒ
áyï˛yÎ˚ öyü ˆ°áyˆÏöy– •y •y ò!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ˛õ÷Ó˚y !åÈÖˆÏí˛¸ áyÓyÓ˚ çöƒ ÌyÓy Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ӈϧ xyˆÏåÈ– !Ó!ö üˆÏö üˆÏö ≤Û!ï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ~шÏê˛y •Î˚ ˆ•yܲñ ï˛Ó% ç#Óö ÓÑyã˛yˆÏöy
~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛Ä çÓ˚&!Ó˚– âˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ öƒyòy ˆüˆÏÎ˚– ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õÑyˆÏã˛Ü˛ ÓÎ˚§– xyÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ Ó˚!§Ü˛–
ï˛yÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ í˛yö ˛õy ˆö•z– ~•z •yçÓ˚yÓ˚ öyĈÏÎ˚ üyåÈ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§•z ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆàyí˛¸y!°
ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ !öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ܲyüˆÏê˛ñ xyÓ˚ ç#Óö ÓÑyã˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ ï˛y!àˆÏò Ó!§Ó˚•yˆÏê˛Ó˚ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ° •Ñyê%˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ !ò°– ˆ§ ˆ°yܲ ~áö e´ƒyˆÏã˛ û˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°– ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãyî ˆÓшÏã˛ˆÏåÈñ
!ܲv §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •Ñy!í˛¸ ˆÎ ì˛öì˛ö– ~ܲˆÏÓ°yÄ ã˛ˆÏ° öy– ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲ xy•yÈÙÈí˛z‡ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
!ܲv ~ܲ Ìy°y û˛yï˛ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ӈϰ öyñ xyÎ˚ ˆï˛yÓ˚y áy!Ó xyÎ˚–
ï˛y•z !Ó!öÓ˚ xhsˇï˛ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ û˛Î˚ ˆö•z– xyí˛¸y•z üy§ xyˆÏà•z ~•z ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ö‹T •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy
!åÈ°– •Î˚!ö ˆÜ˛öñ ˆ§ê˛y•z xyÿ˛ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ò!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏö !Ó!ö ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈ ˆ§áyˆÏö
!öÎ˚üܲyö%ö á%Ó Ü˛í˛¸y– ò!Ó˚Î˚yÎ˚ !öÎ˚ü xyˆÏåÈ ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲyÓ˚Ä !òˆÏܲ Ü%˛ÈÙÈöçÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ öyñ üˆÏö
ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü%˛ÈÙÈüï˛°Ó ÌyܲˆÏÓ öy– ˆüˆÏÎü˚ yö%£Ï •ˆÏ°Ä öy– ò!Ó˚Îy˚ Î˚ Ü%˛ÈÙÈöçÓ˚ Ìyܲy üyˆÏö ò!Ó˚Îy˚ Ó˚
üyñ üyˆÏö çˆÏ°Ó˚ ¢§ƒ üyåÈ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ xy§ˆÏÓ öy– üyˆÏåÈÓ˚ çöƒ•z ˆï˛y ~áyˆÏö
xy§y– üyåÈ•z ˆï˛y §Ó– xyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y •° üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çyï˛– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ Ü%˛ÈÙÈöçÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y
xyÓ˚ üyˆÏܲ x˛õüyö ܲÓ˚y ~ܲ•z Óƒy˛õyÓ˚– ˆ§áyˆÏö ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ xy°yòy öyÄ– ï˛yÓ˚
òy!Î˚c fl∫Î˚Ç •yçÓ˚yÓ˚– xyí˛¸y•z üy§ •yí˛¸û˛yäy áyê%˛!öˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏåÈ– ܲ•z !ܲå%È•z ˆï˛y
âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá!ö– xÌã˛ Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛Ìy•z ˆï˛y ÷ˆÏöˆÏåÈ !Ó!ö– Ä•z ˆÎ •yçÓ˚yñ xyôÓ%ˆÏí˛¸y •ˆÏ° ܲ#ñ
Ó˚ˆ§Ï ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ê˛•zê˛¡∫Ó% –˚ ü%ˆáÏ Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xyܲì˛yܲ ˆï˛y ˆö•zÈÙÈ•zñ °yç°IyÓ˚Ä Óy°y•z ˆö•z–
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ §yüˆÏö í˛zˆÏòyü •ˆÏÎ˚ fl¨yö ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ë˛ƒyÇ úÑ˛yܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õFåÈy˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ä ÓyˆÏô öy–
ÓÑyôyˆÏöy òÑyï˛ !åÈÓ˚Ü%˛ˆÏê˛ ÓˆÏ°ñ xyäày SxyüyˆÏòÓ˚V ¢Ó˚#ˆÏ° ܲ# ܲ# xyˆÏåÈ ˆï˛yÓ˚y ΃yü%ö
çy!ö§ñ ˆï˛yày Sˆï˛yˆÏòÓ˚V ¢Ó˚#ˆÏ° ܲ# ܲ# xyˆÏåÈñ ܲ# ܲÓ˚!ï˛ •Î˚ xyäày çyö!ï˛ Óy!ܲ
ˆö•z– ~•z û˛Ó˚y ò!Ó˚Î˚yÎ˚ °yç°Iy ˆö ܲ# •ˆÏÓñ ô%!Î˚ ç° áy!ÓÊ
§!ï˛ƒñ •y •y ò!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ °yç°IyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ üyˆÏö •Î˚ öy– ~áyˆÏö ç#Óö üyˆÏö •yï˛
ã˛y°yÄñ ˛õy ã˛y°yÄ– ÷ô% àï˛Ó˚ û˛yäyÄ– üyåÈ ôÓ˚y ܲyç– ò!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ üyåÈ çyˆÏ° çí˛¸yÎ˚– ˆ§•z
üyåÈ ÓyåÈy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÄÓ˚y– üyˆÏö ˆüˆÏÎü˚ yö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ y˚ – •yçÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó¢y° öyÄ Ó•Ó˚– ˆåÈyê˛ÈÙÈÓí˛¸ !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚
§yï˛áyöy öyÄ– ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˆ°yܲçö– ˆüˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï !üˆÏ° Óy•z¢ çö– Ü˛ï˛ !ܲ!§ˆÏüÓ˚ ܲyçñ ܲï˛
öyü ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚– •y°òyÓ˚ñ Ó§ï˛òyÓ˚ñ çy°òyÓ˚– öyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÎüö Óy•yÓ˚ñ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚Ä– ˆ§•z ˆû˛yÓ˚
Ó˚yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ ܲyç– ã˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏöÓ˚ xyˆÏ°y Ìyܲy ˛õÎ≈hsˇ– ˆÜ˛yöÄ úÑ˛y!ܲç%!ܲÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚
342 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆö•z– úÑ˛y!ܲ !òˆÏ° ˛õÎ˚§y ˆö•z– •yçÓ˚y ˆåÈöy° ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ •ˆÏ° ܲ#ñ úÑ˛y!ܲç%!ܲÓ˚
Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ á%Ó Ü˛í˛¸y– ~ܲê%˛ ~!òܲ Ä!òܲ •ˆÏ°•z !áÖ!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓñ xуyñ üy•z §yü°y!Óñ öy
ܲyç ܲÓ˚!ÓÊ Ü˛yç Ó°ˆÏï˛ çy° ˛õyˆÏï˛yñ ê˛yˆÏöy– üyåÈ ôˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆ§=ˆÏ°y é˛yí˛¸y•zÈÙÈÓyåÈy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ öyĈÏÎ˚ û˛ˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄ àˆÏOñ öÎ˚ˆÏï˛y ï%˛ˆÏ° òyÄ ê˛Δ°yˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§ ê˛Δ°yÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyˆÏÓ
xyÓ˚Ä ò)Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ¢– ˆÓyô•Î˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xöƒ ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ– ~ ~ܲ ã˛e´– ç#Óöã˛e´– e´üyàï˛ â%Ó˚ˆÏåÈ–
â%ˆÏÓ˚•z ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ–
~•z ã˛ˆÏe´ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲÌy öÎ˚– üyˆÏö !åÈ° öy ~ï˛!òö– ï˛ˆÏÓ !òöÈÙÈò%!öÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ó!ܲå%È•z
ˆï˛y ˛õy°ˆÏê˛ ÎyˆÏFåÈ– Îy ˆö•zñ !åÈ° öy ܲáöÄÈÙÙÙȈ§ê˛y•z ˆÎö âˆÏê˛ ÎyˆÏFåÈ ~ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲ–
xï˛~Ó ˆüˆÏÎ˚üyö%£Ï öyĈÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ xyÿ˛ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ܲ#Ê ¢á ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y xyˆÏ§ öy–
ˆ˛õê˛•z •° ~Ó˚ ü)ˆÏ°– ˆ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ §Ó çy!Ó˚ç%!Ó˚ áï˛ü– ˆ˛õˆÏê˛ ê˛yö ôÓ˚ˆÏ° !ܲ •zIï˛
ô%ˆÏÎ˚ ç° áyˆÏÓÊ ï˛y•z ~áö òƒyˆÏáyñ àÑyÈÙÈâÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈÓí˛zÓ˚y !˛õ°!˛õ° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
xy§ˆÏåÈ– í˛zˆÏë˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ öyĈÏÎ˚– ò%ÈÙÈxyí˛¸y•z üy§ âÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆåȈϰÈÙȈüˆÏÎ˚È٧ǧyÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°
ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏFåÈ– ï˛yÄ ˛õˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y ˆö•z– ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç ÷ô% üyåÈ ôÓ˚yñ çy° ê˛yöy öÎ˚ñ
âÓ˚ÈÙȧǧyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyçÄ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§áyˆÏö– ~•z ˆÎüö Ó˚ÑyôyÈÙÈÓyí˛¸yñ áyÄÎ˚yÈÙÈòyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ï˛òyÓ˚ܲ
ܲÓ˚yñ üyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˆòáû˛y° ܲÓ˚yñ é˛yí˛¸y•zÈÙÈÓyåÈy•z ܲÓ˚yÈÙÙÙÈxyÓ˚Ä Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛#– ~áö ~ °y•zˆÏö §Óy•z
üyˆÏö ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç úÑ˛y!ܲ ܲüñ Îb ˆÓ!¢– xÓ¢ƒ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ xܲÌyÈÙÈÜ%˛Ü˛Ìy ܲü
Ó˚ˆÏê˛ öy àÑyÈÙÈâˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏï˛ §!ï˛ƒ xyˆÏåÈñ !üˆÏÌƒÄ xyˆÏåÈ– !ܲv öyĈÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏ° §Óy•z ˆÓÓ%ˆÏ¢ƒ
•Î˚ öyÈÙÙÙÈ~ ≤Ãüyî !Ó!ö !öˆÏç•z–
!Ó!öÓ˚ xÓ¢ƒ öyĈÏÎ˚ xy§yÓ˚ ܲÌy öÎ˚– Ó˚!§Ü˛ §%fli ÌyܲˆÏ° !ܲ xy§ï˛Ê öy– ï˛yç˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚
ӈϧ âÓ˚ˆÏòyÓ˚ñ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ §yü°yï˛ñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ ܲyçܲyü ܲÓ˚ï˛– Ó˚!§Ü˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y
!Ó˛õò •°– ~ܲy ˆüˆÏÎ˚üyö%£Ï xyÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ !òܲ §yü°yÎ˚Ê •yçÓ˚y xÓ¢ƒ Ó˚!§Ü˛ˆÏܲ çˆÏ°
ˆú˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚!ö– ÄÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ §Ó áÓ˚ã˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~üöܲ# ü•yçˆÏöÓ˚ ˆüˆÏåÈyˆÏâ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛
ܲyçܲyüÄ !òˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§ ˆâ!Ó˚ ~áyˆÏö öÎ˚ñ !¢Óï˛!°– !ï˛ö àÑy ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚– e´ƒyã˛
ÓàˆÏ° ˆÓ˚yç ˆ§áyˆÏö ÎyÄÎ˚y !ܲ §Ω˛ÓÊ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ ܲ# ܲÓ˚yñ •yï˛ ü%ˆÏë˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y ӈϧ
Ìyܲy ÎyÎ˚ öy– •zIˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy û˛yӈϰ ç#Óö ã˛ˆÏ° öy– !öˆÏçÓ˚y ÓÑyã˛ˆÏ° ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛y •zIï˛–
~§Ó ܲÌy xÓ¢ƒ •yçÓ˚y çyˆÏö öy– çyöˆÏ° Î!ò ĈÏܲ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ öy ˆòÎ˚Ê ˆ§ û˛ˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰ!ö
!Ó!ö– ~áö ˆú˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy û˛yÓˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!öÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ ÜÑ˛yê˛y áã˛áã˛yÎ˚– Ó˚!§Ü˛ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ ÄˆÏܲ
ˆöˆÏÓÊ xyˆÏòÔ ˆöˆÏÓ !Ü˛Ê ï˛yç˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xˆÏöܲ ܲÌy Ó˚ˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏåÈ– ˆ§§Ó û˛yˆÏ°y ܲÌy
ˆüyˆÏê˛•z öÎ˚– !Ó!ö çyˆÏö !ܲå%È öy ܲˆÏÓ˚Ä ˆÓÓ%ˆÏ¢ƒ Óòöyü !öˆÏÎ˚ !ú˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈ àÑyˆÏÎ˚–
öyĈÏÎ˚ ˆÎö ˆòy°y °yà°– åÈ•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ü%á Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!ö ÷ö° •yçÓ˚y !ú˛§!ú˛!§ˆÏÎ˚
Ó°ˆÏåÈñ ˆÓ!¢ ò)Ó˚ Îy!Ó ˆö ΃yˆÏöy–
!Ó!ö ˆòá° àyˆÏäÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y çyÎ˚ày– âö âyˆÏ§Ó˚ çD°– ~ܲ üyö%£Ï §üyö í˛zÑã%˛–
!Ó!ö !môyÈÙÈ!mÓ˚&!_´ öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§yçy °yú˛ ˆòÎ˚ ܲyòyÎ˚– öÓ˚ü ̰̈ϰ ܲyòy ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆçyÓ˚
ܲü– o&ï˛ âyˆÏ§Ó˚ çDˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ !Ó!ö– öyñ ~áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ •yçÓ˚y Ó%ˆÏí˛¸yˆÏܲ ˆòáy
ÎyˆÏFåÈ öy– ÓÑyˆÏã˛yÎ˚y–
•yçÓ˚y •y° ôˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ– ã˛y!Ó˚!òˆÏܲ §ï˛Ü≈˛ ò,!‹T ï˛yÓ˚– üyˆÏé˛üyˆÏ鲕z !ú˛§!ú˛!§ˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏåÈñ Ä
Óí˛z ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ܲÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ–
!Ó!ö e´ˆÏü ü%_´ñ !öû≈˛yÓ˚– ˆ§•z§ˆÏD üöê˛yÄ •y°Ü˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– •y°Ü˛y •ˆÏ° ܲ#ñ üˆÏö
 ˆöyöy ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •y!§ † 343
üyÌyÎ˚ !ú˛ã˛ˆÏ°!ü Ó%!k˛ xyˆÏ§– !Ó!ö ü%á Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰñ xyüyˆÏÓ˚ ˆö ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ xï˛ û˛yÓöy
ܲ#ˆÏ§Ó˚Ê xyüyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏâ !öܲñ §yˆÏ˛õ ܲyê%˛Ü˛ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ܲ#Ê
•yçÓ˚y §ˆÏD §ˆÏD ò%ÈÙÈ•yï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° !•§!•§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰñ ĈÏÓ˚ ã%˛ü üyÓ˚ ã%˛ü üyÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ– å%ȈÏê˛ ~ˆÏ§
ÄÓ˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆê˛ˆÏö ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆöÎ˚ öyĈÏÎ˚– ˛õyí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ áy!öܲò)Ó˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ôüˆÏܲÓ˚ §%ˆÏÓ˚
ӈϰñ ÓyòyÎ˚ ~ü%ö öFåÈyÓ˚ ܲï˛y Ó°!ï˛ xyˆÏåÈñ ï%˛•z ܲ# Ó˚ƒy Óí˛zÊ
!Ó!ö ˆ•ˆÏ§ ˆú˛ˆÏ°ñ ï˛y ܲ# Ó°ÓÊ xyüyˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ÓyâÈÙȧy˛õ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲñ ΈÏüÄ ˆöˆÏÓ öy–
öyˆÏÓ˚ Óí˛zñ ˆï˛yÓ˚ !ܲå%È •!° Ó˚!§Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# çÓyÓ ˆòyÓÊ ~ˆÏܲ ˆï˛y ÄÓ˚ ˛õy ˆàˆÏåÈ xyüyÓ˚
öyˆÏÎ˚ áyê˛!ï˛ ~ˆÏ§– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆï˛yÓ˚Ê öy Óí˛z ~ï˛ ˛õy˛õ xy!ü !ö!ï˛ ˛°yÓ˚Ó–
ӈϰ •y° ã˛y°yÎ˚ o&ï˛– ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛•z ˆåÈyR öyÄ ≤ÃyÎ˚ üyé˛àyˆÏä– xyܲyˆÏ¢ !Óç!ÓˆÏç xÑyôyÓ˚–
ê%˛˛õê˛y˛õ ú%˛ê˛ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚y– Ä•z ˆï˛y çDˆÏ°Ó˚ üyÌyÎ˚ xyô áyÄÎ˚y ãÑ˛yò ˆÎö ˆâyüê˛y á!§ˆÏÎ˚
í˛zÑ!ܲé%˛!ܲ üyÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– •y§ˆÏåÈ ˆÎö–
!Ó!ö •yï˛ÈÙÈ˛õy ô%ˆÏÎ˚ åÈ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ˆà°– §ˆÏ¶˛ •ÄÎ˚y üyˆÏö ~áö Ó˚ÑyôˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ˆçyàyí˛¸ §Ó•z xyˆÏåÈñ ÷ô% ˆú˛yê˛yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !ܲv öyÄ ˆÎÓ˚ܲü ò%°ˆÏåÈñ Óyï˛y§ ˆÎüö öyã˛ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙ
ÈÓ˚ÑyôyÓyí˛¸y §Ó üyÌyÎ˚ Äë˛yÓ˚ ˆçyàyí˛¸– ܲÌyê˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ Îy!FåÈ° !Ó!öñ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z •yçÓ˚y
Ó°°ñ Ä Óí˛z öyÄ ˆï˛y ~ÓyÓ˚ Ó˚yá!ï˛ •Î˚– xyï˛Ü˛yˆÏ° xyÓ˚ ã˛°!ï˛ °yÓ˚Ó–
Ó˚yï˛Ü˛yˆÏ° öyÄ ã˛y°yˆÏöyÓ˚ é%Ñ˛!ܲ xˆÏöܲ– !Ó˛õò ˆÎö ü%!áˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÓyâÈÙÈ¢ƒy°ÈÙÈ!çöÈÙÈòyˆÏöy
ˆï˛y xyˆÏåÈ•zñ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óí˛¸ û˛Î˚ ç°˛õ%!°¢ñ ç°í˛yܲyˆÏï˛Ó˚– ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆÎ §Ó ây˛õ!ê˛ ˆüˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÓyé˛y ü%¢!ܲ°– xÓ¢ƒ •yçÓ˚yÄ Ü˛ü !ç!ö§ öy– ~ï˛!òö ôˆÏÓ˚ ~•z °y•zˆÏö xyˆÏåÈñ
öyöyÓ˚ܲü ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏD áy!ï˛Ó˚ÈÙÈxy°y˛õ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ÷ô% ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ áy!ï˛Ó˚ öÎ˚ñ öàˆÏòÓ˚
áy!ï˛Ó˚•z xy§°– ï˛Ó% Ó˚yï˛Ü˛y°ñ §ˆÏD xyÓyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚üyö%£Ï– ܲyˆÏåÈ xyÓyÓ˚ ê˛yܲyܲ!í˛¸ xyˆÏåÈ–
åÈ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !ê˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ: Ó˚yáy– ï˛yÓ˚Ä ˆï˛y ~ܲê˛y !öÓ˚y˛õ_y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ~•z •y •y çˆÏ°Ó˚
§Ç§yˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•z Ä§Ó xy°y˛õÈÙÈáy!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yö ã%˛ˆÏ°yÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆö•z– •yçÓ˚y ˆï˛y çyÎ˚ày
á%Ñç!åÈ°– ï˛#«¯˛ ˆã˛yá ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åÈ° ˛õyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ–
!Ó!ö ˆê˛Ó˚ ˛õy!FåÈ° öyĈÏÎ˚Ó˚ à!ï˛ ~áö ܲˆÏüÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– ~ܲê%˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏü ˆà° ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚–
åÈ•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ü%á Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!ö ˆòá°ñ ü!îí˛yäy ã˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%ˆÏáñ ï˛yçáy!° áÑy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ °!à
˛õ%ˆÑ ïÏ ˛ˆÏåÈ •yçÓ˚y– ~áyˆÏö ç° Ü˛ü– ã˛yÓ˚!òˆÏܲ àyåÈ˛õy°y– xÑyôyˆÏÓ˚ åÈΰ
˚ y˛õ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ–˚ xÑyôyÓ˚
ӈϰ ã˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òܲê˛y §yòyˆÏê˛ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFåÈ– ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ܲå%È ~ˆÏ° ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ §•ˆÏç–
•yçyÓ˚# •y° ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ Ó§° ˛õyê˛yï˛ˆÏöñ ˆö Óí˛zñ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ˆ§ˆÏÓ˚ ˆö–
Ó°yÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z xÓ¢ƒ !Ó!ö à°%•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ü%ˆÏá ˛õyï˛y í˛zö%ˆÏö ܲyë˛ÈÙÈ˛õyï˛y°ï˛y çˆÏí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ã˛y°ÈÙÈí˛y° xyÓ˚ §yô%˛õ%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛öy •ÑyˆÏ§Ó˚ !í˛ü xyˆÏåÈ– !Ó!ö o&ï˛•yˆÏï˛ Ó˚yߨy ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚
!ò°– xû˛ƒhflÏ •yï˛ñ ˆÓ!¢ §üÎ˚ °yàyÓ˚ ܲÌy öÎ˚– !Ó!ö ï˛Ó% ÓyˆÏÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚•z ü%á ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏá
ˆöÎ˚ •yçÓ˚y ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y ~áö •y° ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ˛õyê˛yï˛ˆÏö ˆÜ˛üö ˆÓшÏܲã%˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ–
ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ !Ó!öÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– !Ó!öˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏåÈñ öy !Ó!öÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆòáˆÏåÈÊ ˆòá%ܲñ xy¢
!ü!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòá%ܲ– !Ó!ö !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ~ܲê%˛ !ì˛ˆÏ°ì˛y°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– !˛õˆÏë˛Ó˚ ܲy˛õí˛¸ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ •yÄÎ˚y
ˆáˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛yüˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó˛õIöܲ ûÑ˛yç=ˆÏ°y xy=ˆÏö 鲰ˆÏ§ ĈÏ벖
Ó˚yߨyÓyߨy §yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ §üÎ˚Ê xû˛ƒhflÏ •yˆÏï˛ §Ó•z •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° é˛ê˛˛õê˛– Ó%ˆÏí˛¸yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó°°ñ Ä á%ˆÏí˛¸y •yï˛ ˛õy ô%ˆÏÎ˚ öyÄñ û˛yï˛ áyÓy ˆï˛yÊ
•yçÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yöÄ í˛z_Ó˚ !ò° öy– !Ó!ö ˆòá°ñ ˛õyê˛yï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛üö ò •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏåÈ
344 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y– ò¢y§•z ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ê˛y ˆÜ˛üö áy!Ó áyˆÏFåÈ xyܲy¢˛õyˆÏö ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚–
!Ó!ö åÈ•z ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ •yçÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~ˆÏ§ !çˆÏK˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲ# •° Ä á%ˆÏí˛¸y⁄
•yçÓ˚y ܲˆÏ‹TÓ˚ Ÿªy§ ˆê˛ˆÏö Ó°°ñ •yï˛ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ !áÖã˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆà Ó˚ƒy Óí˛zñ Äú˛ öyí˛¸!ï˛ °yÓ˚!åÈ–
ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ƒ •°Ê
xˆÏöܲ!òö ÓyˆÏò öyÄ ã˛y°y°yü ˆï˛yñ ï˛y•zÈÙÙÙÈ–
ï%˛üyˆÏÓ˚ öyÄ ã˛y°y!ï˛ ˆÜ˛í˛y Ó!°!åÈ°ñ ܲ# ˆÎ ܲˆÏÓ˚y á%ˆÏí˛¸yÈÙÙÙÈ–
•ÑƒyˆÏÓ˚ Óí˛zñ öyÄ xy!ü !ö!ç•z ã˛y!°!åÈ–
ܲƒyˆÏöyÊ
öy!° ï%˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆö ÎyÓ Ü˛# ܲˆÏÓ˚ƒÊ xyäày ˆ°yܲçˆÏöÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y ˆï˛y çy!ö§ ˆöñ §Ó ~áö
~ܲÈÙÈ~ܲê˛y í˛zˆÏ˛õy!§ Óyâ– xy!ü öy Ìyܲ!° ï%˛ˆÏÓ˚ !åÈÖˆÏí˛¸ ˆá!Î˚ ˆú˛°ï˛–
!Ó!ö ü%á â%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ •yˆÏ§– Ä Ü˛ï˛ òÓ˚òÊ ü%ˆÏá Ó°°ñ ˆú˛°ï˛ ˆú˛°ï˛ xyüyˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛°ï˛ñ ï%˛üyÓ˚
ˆï˛y !ܲå%È öyÈÙÙÙÈ–
Ä Ü˛# ܲï˛y Óí˛zÊ ï%˛•z xyäày Ó˚!§ˆÏܲÓ˚ Óí˛zñ ˆ§Ä ˆï˛y ~•z òˆÏ°•z !åÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyÈÙÈáyö Î!ò
!ë˛Ü˛ Ìyܲï˛ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyüyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˆï˛y ˆüyí˛¸° •ï˛– ~á%ö ï˛yÓ˚ çyàyÎ˚ ï%˛•z– ˆï˛yˆÏÓ˚ ܲ#
xy!ü Ü%˛ˆÏöy ˆÓ˛õˆÏò ˆú˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚Ê ï˛y!° xyüyÓ˚ öyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óòöyü ••z ÎyˆÏÓ öyÊ Ü˛# Ó!°§
ï%˛•zÊ
Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ •yçÓ˚y– à°yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚ ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ §yüyöƒ– •yï˛ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ê˛yö
ôˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èñ öyí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆåÏ È öy !ë˛Ü˛üˆÏï˛y– ˆ§Ä ˆÎö !ܲå%È öy– öyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ Óòöyü ˆÎö ã˛!Ó˚e•öˆÏöÓ˚
üˆÏï˛y Óƒy˛õyÓ˚– ï˛y•z ˆÓyô•Î˚ ü%á !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !ö°– ˆÓyô•Î˚ !ÓÓ˚!_´ˆÏï˛–
!Ó!ö ü%á !ê˛ˆÏ˛õ •y§!åÈ°– xy•y Ó%ˆÏí˛¸yÓ˚ Ó˚yà òƒyˆÏáy öyÊ öyÄ ÎƒyˆÏöy ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ÌyˆÏöÓ˚
ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ñ ü!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆòÓï˛y– ~áƒyˆÏö ΃yˆÏöy xܲyüÈÙÈÜ%˛Ü˛yü ã˛ˆÏ° öyÊ ï%˛!ü Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y ~ü%ö û˛yÓ
ˆòáyFåÈ öyÄ ÎƒyˆÏöy ï%˛üyÓ˚ñ ü•yçö ΃yˆÏöy ï%˛!üÊ ò!Ó˚Î˚yÎ˚ ï%˛!üÄ Óy ܲü ܲ#ˆÏ§Ê öyĈÏÎ˚
Ìyܲ!ï˛ ï%˛!ü ˆüˆÏÎ˚=°yÓ˚ ˛õyå%ȈÏï˛ °yˆÏày öyÊ !òöÓ˚yï˛ ˛õyåÈyÈÙÈÓ%ܲ ˆö ܲÌyÓ˚ !ã˛˛õ!ê˛!ö üyˆÏÓ˚y
öyÊ Ä•z ˆÎ xy§° ü•yçöñ §yï˛ˆÏçˆÏ°Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ §yô%áÑyñ ˆ§ ˆ°yܲ ˆï˛y xyÓ˚Ä §ˆÏÓ˚§–
ÓˆÏí˛¸y °M˛È !öˆÏÎ˚ ò%ÈÙÈ!òˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ ~ˆÏ§!åÈ°– §ˆÏD •zÎ˚yÓ˚ÈÙȈÏòyhflÏ xyÓ˚ Ó˚Ç ã˛Ç üyáy ú˛§≈y ú˛§≈y
ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y– ò%ÈÙÈ!òö ôˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°° üòÈÙÈüyLjϧÓ˚ ˆüyFåÈÓ– Ä•z ˆüˆÏÎ˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !Ó!öÓ˚y ܲ#Ê
ú%˛ˆÏê˛y ܲ!í˛¸– ܲyˆÏ°yÜ%˛ˆÏ°y ¢_´ˆÏ˛õy_´ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ñ üyˆÏåÈÓ˚ xÑy¢ˆÏê˛ à¶˛ §yÓ˚y àyˆÏÎ˚– ÄÓ˚y !ܲ
ÄáyˆÏö ˛õy_y ˛õyÎ˚Ê ï˛Ó% ÄáyˆÏö ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ܲ# ˆåÈÑyܲˆÏåÈÑyܲ ĈÏòÓ˚– Ä•z ˆ°yܲ=ˆÏ°yñ
Ä•z ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !áòüï˛ áyê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÎö ç#Óö ÓˆÏï≈˛ ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛ö⁄ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏû˛Ê ò)Ó˚–
xy§ˆÏ° ü•yçöˆÏܲ ï%˛‹T Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ĈÏòÓ˚ ܲyçܲyü ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– öy ã˛y•zˆÏ°
•y ˆ˛õê˛ñ ¢)öƒ ˆ˛õê˛– !Ó!ö ˆòˆÏá!åÈ° ü•yçˆÏöÓ˚ òy˛õê˛– Ä•z ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §yüˆÏö •yçÓ˚y ˆÎö
~ܲê˛y =ÓˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õyܲy– ˆÜ˛üö ܲÌyÓ˚ ã˛y˛õˆÏí˛¸ ò)Ó˚åÈy•z ܲÓ˚!åÈ°ñ ï%˛!ü Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàåÈ •yçÓ˚yñ
ˆï˛yüyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏåÈ öy– Ó˚!§Ü˛ê˛y ÌyܲˆÏ°ÈÙÙÙÈ–
!Ó!ö åÈ•zˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚Ä !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚– ӈϰñ Ä á%ˆÏí˛¸y ܲ# ܲÓ˚ÓyÊ ˆá!ï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Óy⁄
•yçÓ˚y üyÌy öyí˛¸yÎ˚ñ öyˆÏÓ˚ Óí˛zñ ï%˛•z ˆá!Î˚ ˆöñ xy!ü ˛õˆÏÓ˚ áyÓáö–
ï˛y Ó°!° •Î˚Ê ï%˛!üÄ ˆï˛y áyÄ!öÈÙÙÙÈ– ӈϰ !Ó!ö xyÓ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ öy– o&ï˛ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ åÈ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
üˆÏôƒ– ܲ°y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ìy°yÎ˚ û˛yï˛ÈÙÈí˛y° xyÓ˚ !í˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ˆé˛y° !öˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ӈϰñ öyÄ á%ˆÏí˛¸y
í˛zˆÏë˛ ÓˆÏ§yñ xy!ü áy•zˆÏÎ˚ !ò–
 ˆöyöy ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •y!§ † 345
•yçÓ˚y xÓyܲ ˆã˛yˆÏá ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ !Ó!öÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– ˆàyê˛y Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y ÄÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚
üˆÏï˛y– ˆÎö !ÓŸªy§•z •ˆÏFåÈ öy– ÄÓ˚ ü%áê˛y !Ó£Ï] •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ò#â≈Ÿªy§ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ӈϰñ öyˆÏÓ˚
Óí˛zÈÙÙÙÈ–
!Ó!ö ӈϰñ ܲ# öyÊ
ˆï˛yÓ˚ Óòöyü •!Î˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
!Ó!ö ˆ•ˆÏ§ ˆú˛ˆÏ°ñ ܲ# ˆÎ ӈϰy á%ˆÏí˛¸yñ Óòöyü ˆï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚•z xyˆÏåÈñ ˆÎ!òö öyĈÏÎ˚ í˛z!ë˛!åÈñ
!§!òö•z xyüyÓ˚ Óòöyü ••z ˆà– öï%˛ö ܲï˛y ܲ# Ó°ˆÏï˛yˆÏåÈyÊ
öy Óí˛zñ ï˛Ó% xy!ü ˆï˛y çy!ö §!ï˛ƒê˛y ܲ#–
òƒyˆÏáy á%ˆÏí˛¸y Óòöyü •!° xyüyÓ˚ •ˆÏÓñ ï%˛üyÓ˚ ˆï˛y öy– ï%˛!ü ˆá!Î˚ öyÄ–
!Ó!ö •yï˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ •yçÓ˚yÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ– •yçÓ˚y ü%á ˆï˛yˆÏ° öy– !Ó!ö ӈϰñ ܲ# •°ñ
Ä á%ˆÏí˛¸yÈÙÙÙÈ–
•yçÓ˚y !ú˛§!ú˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰñ xyüyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°yû˛ ˆòáy§ ˆö Óí˛z– xy!ü ˛õy˛õ#ÈÙÈï˛y˛õ# üyö%£Ï– ~
ˆçÓˆÏö ܲü xܲyüÈÙÈÜ%˛Ü˛yü ܲ!Ó˚!öñ ï%˛•z xyÓ˚ öï%˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ƒ xyüyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°yû˛ ˆòáy§ ˆö–
Ä á%ˆÏí˛¸y ~§Ó ï%˛!ü ܲ# ӈϰyÊ üyö%£Ï üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆöˆÏà ܲˆÏÓ˚ öyÊ ï%˛!ü ˛õyÓ˚åÈ öy ï˛y•z xy!ü
ܲÓ˚!ï˛!åÈ– öƒyÄ xyÓ˚ Óyáyö ˆüˆÏÓ˚y öy !ò!ܲ!öñ •Ñy ܲˆÏÓ˚y xy!ü áy•zˆÏÎ˚ !òÈÙÙÙÈ–
ӈϰ ˆ§ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •yçÓ˚yÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ û˛yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ò°y ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ï˛áö•z xö%û˛Ó
ܲˆÏÓ˚ •yçÓ˚y ˆÎö fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ ˆö•z– üyˆÏé˛ üˆÏôƒ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈ ÄÓ˚ ò¢y§•z ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ê˛y– •yˆÏï˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆöyöy çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆúÑ˛yê˛y ˛õí˛¸°– ã˛üˆÏܲ í˛z벰 !Ó!öñ Ä Ü˛# á%ˆÏí˛¸yñ ï%˛!ü ܲyöˆÏï˛yˆÏåÈyÊ
•yçÓ˚y ӈϰñ öyˆÏÓ˚ Óí˛zñ xyüyÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y xyö® •ˆÏFåÈñ ~Ó˚ ˆöˆÏà ˆã˛yˆÏܲ ç° ~!§ ÎyˆÏFåÈ–
ï˛y•zÊ
•ÑyˆÏÓ˚ Óí˛z– ï%˛•z ˆï˛y çy!ö§ Óí˛zí˛y xyüyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ ˆåÈí˛¸ˆÏܲ ˆà– xyç ˆ§•z Óí˛zí˛yÓ˚ ܲï˛y
üˆÏö ܲ•zˆÏÓ˚ !ò!° ï%˛•z–
Ä üy ~ ܲ# ܲï˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛yˆÏåÈyÊ
•ÑyˆÏÓ˚– Óí˛zí˛y xyüyÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ~ü%ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ƒ û˛yï˛ ï%˛°ˆÏܲ áyÄÎ˚yï˛ xyüyˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛y ˆ§ àƒyˆÏ°y ܲƒyˆÏö⁄
ÎyˆÏÓ öyÊ xy!ü ˆ°yܲê˛y ܲ#Ê x!ï˛ ÓyˆÏç– ˆö¢y û˛yÇ Ü˛!Ó˚ñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆ˛õ!°
ˆû˛yà ܲ!Ó˚– ˆ§ üyˆÏöÊ ï˛y•z ˆ§ ã˛ˆÏ°ƒ àƒyˆÏ°y–
xü%ö ܲyü öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°•z ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
˛õy!Ó˚ öy ˆÎ– xy§ˆÏ° xyüyÓ˚ ü!ôƒ ¢Î˚ï˛yö xyˆÏåÈ– ˆ§•z ˆï˛y xyüyˆÏÓ˚ ΃yï˛ xܲyü Ü%˛Ü˛yü
ܲÓ˚yÎ˚–
~ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛öòyÓ˚y ܲï˛y á%ˆÏí˛¸yñ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛yˆÏåÈy ï%˛!ü xyÓ˚ ˆòy£Ï ˆòFåÈ xˆÏöƒÓ˚Ê
öyˆÏÓ˚ Óí˛zñ ˆòy£Ï xyüyÓ˚– ܲ# ܲÓ˚Ó Ó°ñ öyĈÏÎ˚ §Óùy•z û˛yˆÏÓ xy!ü ü•yçöñ òƒyÄï˛y–
xyüyÓ˚ üö Ó˚yܲ!ï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!° Äày SĈÏòÓ˚V ܲyçܲyü •ˆÏÓñ ê˛ƒyܲyܲ!í˛¸ !ë˛Ü˛ë˛yܲ ˛õyˆÏÓ– ~çöƒ
xyüyÓ˚ ày !ê˛ˆÏ˛õ ˆòˆÏFåÈñ ˛õy !ê˛ˆÏ˛õ ˆòˆÏFåÈñ ˆÜ˛í˛z xyÓyÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ˆÏåÈ–
ܲï˛áö üyÌyÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ÌyˆÏܲ Ó°Ê
•yçÓ˚yÓ˚ áyÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– !Ó!ö Ìy°y !öˆÏÎ˚ åÈ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– !öˆÏçÓ˚ û˛yï˛
ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆöÎ˚– üˆÏö üˆÏö û˛yˆÏÓñ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸yÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲ# û˛yÓ ~°Ê Ä ˆÎ ≤Ã›ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚•z xyˆÏåÈ–
û˛yÓˆÏåÈ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y ܲáö ÄÓ˚ àyˆÏÎ˚ •yï˛ ˆòˆÏÓñ ܲáö ĈÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ôyü§yˆÏÓÊ ˆ§•z ò%˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ Îáö
346 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ĈÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ öyÄ ˆåȈÏí˛¸!åÈ° ï˛áö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆ§ ≤Ã›ï˛– ~áö ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏòˆÏܲˆÏê˛ û˛y§yˆÏFåÈ üyˆÏö
û˛yÓ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ üˆÏö– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ĈÏܲ Î!ò xyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç öy ˆöÎ˚Ê Ó˚!§Ü˛ ˆï˛y ã˛yÎ˚!ö Ä öyĈÏÎ˚
í˛zë%˛Ü˛– ˆ§ ܲÌy Î!ò Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y çyöˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ê öyñ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸yˆÏܲ çyöˆÏï˛ !òˆÏ° ã˛°ˆÏÓ öy– ï˛yÓ˚
çöƒ Î!ò ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§Ä xyFåÈy–
Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y á%!¢ ÌyܲˆÏ° ܲyçܲyü ÓÑyôy– ãÑ˛y˛õyñ á%!¢ñ Ó˚y!ÓÓ˚y ˆï˛y ~•z ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ ܲyç
ç%!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏFåÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ÄÓ˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y •ë˛yÍ §ï˛# §yçˆÏåÈ ˆÜ˛öÊ
!Ó!ö ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õyê˛yï˛ˆÏö ӈϧ– ò%ˆÏê˛y !Ó!í˛¸ ÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y •yçÓ˚yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– •yçÓ˚y •ë˛yÍ !Ó!í˛¸ öy ôˆÏÓ˚ ÄÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ôˆÏÓ˚– §ˆÏD §ˆÏD !Ó!öÄ ì˛ˆÏ°
˛õˆÏí˛¸ •yçÓ˚yÓ˚ Ó%ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– üˆÏö üˆÏö ӈϰñ öyÄ á%ˆíÏ ˛¸yñ xyüyˆÏÓ˚ öyÄ– !ܲvܲ ܲyçܲyüê˛y
ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ !òÄ–
•yçÓ˚y xyÜ%˛° fl∫ˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰñ ï%˛•z xyç xyüyÓ˚ Óí˛zí˛yÓ˚ ܲï˛y üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ƒ !ò!°ˆÏÓ˚ Óí˛z– ÓˆÏí˛¸y
°-#ühsˇ Óí˛z !åÈ° xyüyÓ˚–
!Ó!ö !ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˛õyê˛yï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– üyÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ §yï˛ï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ é˛Ü˛ü!ܲ– •yÄÎ˚y
ˆòÎ˚ ~ܲ鲰ܲ– xy•‰ñ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆÎö ç%!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆà°– üˆÏö üˆÏö ӈϰ ã˛ˆÏ°ñ öyÄ á%ˆíÏ ˛¸yñ xyüyˆÏÓ˚
öyÄ–
•yçÓ˚y ӈϰ ã˛ˆÏ°ñ xy!ü ˆ°yܲí˛y û˛yˆÏ°y ˆüyˆÏê˛•z öyñ xˆÏöܲ ˆüˆÏÎ˚üyö%£Ï ˆû˛yà ܲ!Ó˚!åÈ–
ÄÓ˚y ¢Ó˚#° ˆòˆÏåÈ– ¢Ó˚#° ˆò ܲyç •y!§° ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ܲvܲ ܲyÓ˚Ä üö ˛õy•z!ö– ï%˛•z xyüyˆÏÓ˚
üö ˆò Óí˛z–
!Ó!ö ã˛üˆÏܲ ĈÏ벖 ~ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛öòyÓ˚y ܲÌyÊ ü%ˆÏá ӈϰñ üöí˛y ܲ# á%ˆÏí˛¸yÊ
üöí˛y üöñ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲ#Ê
Ä Ü˛ƒyü%ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ƒ !ò!ï˛ •Î˚Ê
~•z ˆÎ ü%!ܲ û˛yï˛ ï%˛°ˆÏܲ !ò!°ñ Îb ܲˆÏÓ˚ áyÄÎ˚y!°ñ ~•z ˆÎ !Ó!í˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆÏܲ !ò!°ÈÙÙÙÈ~ˆÏÓ˚•z
ˆï˛y ӈϰ üö ˆòÄÎ˚y– üö öy Ìyܲ!° ܲÓ˚!ï˛§Ê
çy!öˆÏö Óy˛õ% Ä§Ó Óyáyö– ï%˛!ü xyüyˆÏÓ˚ ã˛yÄ !ò!ï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ~•z ˆï˛y xy!ü ÷ˆÏÎ˚ xy!åÈ
ï%˛!ü ~ˆÏ§y– üöê˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲï˛y ӈϰy öyñ Ä§Ó xy!ü çy!öˆÏöñ Ó°!ï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó öy– ÷ô% çy!ö
xyüyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yç˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ !ú˛Ó˚!ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
Ó˚!§Ü˛ !ܲ ˆï˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆöˆÏÓÊ
çy!öˆÏö–
ï˛ˆÏÓ ï%˛•z Îy!Fåȧ ܲ#ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆöˆÏàÊ
ܲˆÏö ÎyÓÊ
ܲƒyˆÏöÈÙÙÙÈÓ°ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ܲÌy xyê˛ˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ •yçÓ˚yÓ˚–
ˆ•ˆÏ§ ĈÏë˛ !Ó!öñ ܲ# •°ñ ӈϰy ܲˆÏö ÎyÓÊ üyÓ˚&ܲ ôÓ˚&ܲ ÄáyˆÏö•z xyüyÓ˚ âÓ˚ñ xyüyÓ˚
§Ç§yÓ˚– ÄáyˆÏö ˆüˆÏÎ˚í˛y üyÈÙÈüy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ˆÏåÈ– ÄáyˆÏö•z xyüyÎ˚ !ú˛Ó˚!ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
§Ó ˆç!öÓ%!é˛ Îy!Ó Ä•yˆÏöÊ
•Ñƒy ÎyÓ– âÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚Ä ~ܲyÓ˚ öÎ˚– Äê˛y xyüyÓ˚Ä çyÎ˚ày– Ó°!°•z ˆï˛y åÈyí˛¸Ó öy– ï˛y•z
ï˛yç˛õ%Ó˚ åÈyí˛¸y xyüyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ Ü%˛ÌˆÏܲ ëÑ˛y•z ˆö•z– xyÓ˚ Îy•z ܲ!Ó˚ xy!ü ˆÓÓ%ˆÏ¢ƒ •!ï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó
öy– °y!Ì üyÓ˚&ܲñ éÑ˛yê˛y üyÓ˚&ܲñ âÓ˚ ˆåÈ!í˛¸ Ü%˛ÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ!ï˛Ä ˛õyÓ˚Ó öy– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ âÓ˚ ˆåÈí˛¸ˆÏܲ
ˆà!° ï˛yÓ˚ Ü%˛ˆÏöy •zIï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ öy ˆày á%í˛¸y–
 ˆöyöy ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •y!§ † 347
öyˆÏÓ˚ Óí˛z Ó˚!§Ü˛ˆÏܲ xy!ü Ó°Óñ ˆï˛yÓ˚ Óí˛z ö‹T öyñ Ä ö‹T •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ öy– ĈÏÓ˚ xy!ü
ã˛ˆÏáƒ ã˛ˆÏრˆö ~•z!åÈ–
Ä ˆÓyô•Î˚ üyöˆÏÓ öy– öyĈÏÎ˚ ˆÎ!òö í˛z!ë˛!åÈñ ˆ§!òö•z xyüyÓ˚ •zIï˛ ã˛°ˆÏܲ ˆà– ~áö
ï%˛!ü Î!ò xyüyÓ˚ ܲyçê˛ ˆÜ˛í˛¸ˆÏܲ öyÄ ï˛ˆÏÓ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆçÓö ã˛°ˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏÓ– áy!° ˆ˛õˆÏê˛
•zIï˛ ã˛ˆÏ° öy á%ˆÏí˛¸y–
Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ !Ó!ö •yçyÓ˚yˆÏܲ §y˛õˆÏê˛ ôˆÏÓ˚– ˆ°yü¢ Ó%ˆÏܲ ü%á â£ÏˆÏï˛ â£ÏˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°ñ xyüyÓ˚
ܲyçê˛ ï%˛!ü ˆÜ˛í˛¸ˆÏܲ !öÄ öy á%í˛¸yñ xy!ü üˆÏÓ˚ƒ ÎyÓñ xyüyÓ˚ §Ç§yÓ˚ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ƒ ÎyˆÏÓ–
•yçÓ˚y •Ñy§úÑ˛y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ú˛§!ú˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰñ ï%˛•z §ˆÏÓ˚ƒ Îy Óí˛zñ xy!ü ï%˛ˆÏÓ˚ ö‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ƒ
ˆú˛°Ó– §ˆÏÓ˚ Îy–
öy á%í˛¸y ï%˛!ü ܲï˛y òyÄ–
xyüyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyà° Ü˛!Ó˚§ ˆö Óí˛zñ §ˆÏÓ˚ Îy– •yçÓ˚y ~ܲÓ˚ܲü !åÈê˛ˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– °yú˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
ˆöˆÏü ˛õˆÏí˛¸ öyÄ ˆÌˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛yüÓ˚ ç° ˆë˛ˆÏ° ĈÏë˛ í˛yäyÎ˚–
!Ó!ö •ï˛y¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Îy ˆòÓyÓ˚ çöƒ üˆÏö üˆÏö ≤Û!ï˛ !åÈ°ñ ˆ§ê˛y•z Îáö @ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚° öy
ˆ°yܲê˛yñ ï˛áö •ï˛y¢y fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ– ~ ˆï˛y x˛õüyö– !Ó!öÓ˚ Ó˚yà •Î˚– !ܲv ü%ˆÏá ӈϰñ Ä
á%í˛¸y ˆ¢yˆÏöyÈÙÙÙÈ
•yçÓ˚y ï˛ï˛«˛ˆÏî ã˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆöˆÏü ˆàˆÏåÈ– §yòyˆÏê˛ ã˛Ó˚– ï˛yˆÏï˛ ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ !é˛Ü˛!üܲ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– •yçÓ˚y ӈϧ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Óy!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ü%ˆÏá ӈϰñ ܲyˆÏÓ˚ Ó!°§ ~§Ó ܲï˛yÊ xy!ü !ܲ
xyÓ˚ ˆüyí˛¸° xy!åÈÊ xyüyÓ˚•z xyÓ˚ ܲyçܲyü ˆö•z–
ܲ# ӈϰy ˆàyñ Ä á%í˛¸yÈÙÙÙÈÊ !ÓfløˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã˛yÓ%ܲ áyÄÎ˚y à°yÎ˚ ӈϰ ĈÏë˛ !Ó!ö–
•ÑyˆÏÓ˚ Óí˛zñ §!ï˛ƒ ܲï˛y– xy!ü xyÓ˚ öyĈÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆüyí˛¸° ö•z– ü•yçö xyüyÓ˚ ܲyçê˛ ˆÜ˛í˛¸ˆÏܲ
ˆöˆÏåÈ– ӈϰ •yí˛z •yí˛z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏò ĈÏë˛ •yçÓ˚y– xï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ò¢y§•z ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ê˛y ܲyߨyÓ˚ òüˆÏܲ
ˆÓшÏܲã%˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈ– ÜÑ˛yòˆÏï˛ ÜÑ˛yòˆÏï˛•z ӈϰñ Óí˛zñ ï%˛•z xyÓ˚ xy!§§ ˆö öyĈÏÎ˚– §yï˛ Ü%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆï˛yˆÏÓ˚ !åÈÖˆÏí˛¸ áyˆÏÓ– ï%˛•z ˛õyÓ˚!Ó ˆö ˆë˛Ü˛y!ï˛– xyÓ˚ ~Ä çy!ö Ó˚!§Ü˛ ˆï˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆöˆÏÓ öy–
ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛ƒyˆÏö ï%˛•z ÄáyˆÏö !ú˛Ó˚!ÓÊ Ü˛ƒyˆÏö °y!ÌéÑ˛yê˛y áy!ÓÊ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ ã˛°ñ ï%˛•z xyÓ˚ xy!ü âÓ˚
Ó§y•z– ˆ¢£Ï ÓˆÏÎ˚§ê˛y xyÓ˚ ˛õyà°y!ü ܲÓ˚!ï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏö– Ó° Óí˛zñ Îy!ÓÈÙÙÙÈ–
!Ó!ö •Ñy ˆã˛yˆÏá ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆëÑ˛yê˛ ò%ˆÏê˛y úÑ˛yܲ– ˆÜ˛yöÄ ‡ÑÈÙÈã%˛ ˆö•z– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ !öÓ≈yܲ–
hflÏ∏˛– •yçÓ˚y í˛zˆÏë˛ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚– Óy!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°ñ xy!ü ˆï˛yˆÏÓ˚ üö !ò!åÈ
Óí˛z– ˆï˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌ xyüyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ xyö§yö ܲyˆÏç üö ӈϧ öyñ ˆã˛yá ê˛yˆÏö öy– ï%˛•z
xyüyˆÏÓ˚ üö ˆò Óí˛zÈÙÙÙÈ– Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ •yçÓ˚y– xyÓ˚Ä xyÓ˚Ä ò)ˆÏÓ˚– Úüö
ˆòÛ Ü˛Ìyê˛y Óyï˛yˆÏ§ ÓÑyܲ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– !Ó!ö ˆã˛yá ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏá •yçÓ˚y ˛õyàˆÏ°Ó˚
üˆÏï˛y å%Èê˛ˆÏåÈ– ˆÎö ܲ#ˆÏ§ ï˛yí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ÄˆÏܲ–
ï˛áö•z §ã˛!Ü˛ï˛ •Î˚ !Ó!ö– Ä ¢yˆÏ°yñ ~•z üï˛°Ó ˆï˛yüyÓ˚Ê òÑyí˛¸yÄ üö ˆòÄÎ˚y!FåÈÊ !Ó!ö
≤Ãyî˛õî ¢!_´ˆÏï˛ öyĈÏÎÓ˚ ˚ °!à ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆú˛ˆÏ°– ü%•ˆ) ïÏ ˛≈ •z öyÄ ˆòy° ˆáˆÏÎ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ üyé˛àyˆÏäÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ– ˆöyöy ç° ây•z üyÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öyĈÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛°yÎ˚– ây•z üyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ üyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆë˛ˆÏ° !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈ
ò)ˆÏÓ˚ñ xˆÏöܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚– ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛•z çö•#ö çˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!ö ~ܲy– Óyï˛y§ ˆòÎ˚ ~ˆÏ°yˆÏüˆÏ°y–
ˆ§•z Óyï˛yˆÏ§ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ xyˆÏ§ ܲyÓ˚ «˛#î ܲZ˛fl∫Ó˚– xyÜ%˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ ˆÎö í˛yܲˆÏåÈ– •yçÓ˚y
öy!Ü˛Ê !Ó!ö ü%á ˆÓÑܲyÎ˚ñ üÓ˚&ܲ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸yñ ÓyˆÏâÈÙÈ¢ƒyˆÏ° áyܲÈÙÙÙÈ–
!Ó!ö §yüˆÏö ï˛yܲyÎ˚– ˆöyöy àyˆÏäÓ˚ çˆÏ° ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •y!§ ï˛áö àˆÏ° àˆÏ° ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ–
°áy•z
......
¢C!çÍ òy§
°áy•z ~áö ÚÓyÄ!òÎ˚yÛ– ÓyÄ!òÎ˚yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y•z ~áö ˆ§ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆüy£Ï ï˛yí˛¸yÎ˚–
ˆÜ˛í˛z òˆÏ° !öˆÏ° ï˛y§ÈÙÈê˛y§ ˆáˆÏ°ñ ˆú˛yܲˆÏê˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ° áyÎ˚ ~ܲê%˛ ÓyÇ°y üò Óy àÑyçy–
@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ï˛y•z °áy•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈÚàÑyçyÓ˚&Û– ~ܲ àÑyçyÓ˚& !ë˛Ü˛•z
á%шÏç ˆöÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ àÑyçyÓ˚&ˆÏܲ– ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆ§ ˆÓˆÏåÈ ˆöÎ˚ ħüyöˆÏܲ– ħüyö xÓ¢ƒ
°áy•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ÓyÄ!òÎ˚y öÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ܲyç ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙȈ§
˛õy•yÓ˚y ˆòÎ˚– ܲÓÓ˚áyöyÓ˚ ˛õy•yÓ˚yòyÓ˚– !Ó•yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§!åÈ° Ó‡ÓåÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà– §ˆÏD ~ˆÏ§!åÈ°
°áy•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚Ä– °áy•zÓ˚y ~áyˆÏö ~ˆÏ§ !û˛ˆÏê˛üy!ê˛ !ܲˆÏö ˆÜ˛yöÄ üˆÏï˛ üyÌy ˆàÑyçyÓ˚
ë˛Ñy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xyÓ˚ ħüyöñ ~ܲ ܲyç ˆåȈÏí˛¸ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ ܲyˆÏçó ܲyç åÈyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ åÈyí˛¸ˆÏï˛
~áö ˛õy•yÓ˚yòyÓ˚– ˆ°yˆÏܲ ӈϰÈÙÙÙÈÚöy•zÈÙÈܲyˆÏüÓ˚ ˛õy•yÓ˚yòyÓ˚Û– ܲyÓ˚î ~áyˆÏö ï˛yÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛yç ˆö•z– Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ˆÎ °y!ë˛ê˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏú˛Ó˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
ܲyˆÏç °yˆÏà öyñ Äê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ Ó•ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ üye–
˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöy ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ °áy•zÈÙ•z üyˆÏé˛ÈÙÈüˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ xyˆÏ§ñ §ï˛ƒÈÙÈ!ü̃y ˆü¢yˆÏöy
öyöyö à“=çÓ ˆ¢yˆÏöñ àÑyçy ˆê˛ˆÏö Óy!í˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– ˆ§ ˆ¢yˆÏö ˆÓ!¢ñ ӈϰ ܲü– ~üö !öÓ˚#•
˛õyà°yˆÏê˛ üyö%£Ïê˛yˆÏܲ ħüyˆÏöÓ˚ ü® °yˆÏà öy– ï˛ˆÏÓ §D#•#ö •ˆÏ°Ä ~áyˆÏö xy§yê˛y
°áy•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ á%Ó çÓ˚&!Ó˚ öÎ˚– xyÓ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒyÓ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îê˛y•z ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˆê˛ˆÏö xyˆÏö
~áyˆÏö–
ܲ# ~üö âˆÏê˛!åÈ° °áy•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏö⁄ÈÙÙÙÈ•Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆï˛üö !ܲå%È öÎ˚ñ x!ï˛ §yüyöƒ âê˛öy ≠
ÓyÇ°yˆÏò¢ §#üyˆÏhsˇÓ˚ ˆÎ @ˇÃyü!ê˛ˆÏï˛ °áy•zÓy˚ Óy§ ܲˆÏÓñ˚ Ó‡Î%à ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§áyˆÏö !•®%ÈÙÈü§% !°ˆÏüÓ˚
~ܲ§ˆÏD Ó§Óy§ñ ˆ°öˆÏòöñ Äë˛yÓ§y....– !ÓˆÏû˛ò ÷ô% ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ñ ç#ÓöÈÙÈÎy˛õˆÏö öÎ˚– ~üö•z
@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ Óy!§®y °áy•z xyÓ˚ §%Ó˚y•zÎ˚y– üyé˛áyˆÏö !Óây !ï˛ˆÏöܲ ç!üÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !ò!âñ
ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ܲå%Èê˛y ˆòy°yÈÙÈç!üö xyÓ˚ !ܲå%È ÓÑy¢ˆÏé˛y˛õñ xyüÈÙȧ%˛õy!Ó˚ Óyàyöñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚ §%Ó˚y•zÎ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸–
~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ û˛y•zÈÙȈÓyˆÏöÓ˚y ˆÎüö çyöˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyÈÙÙÙÈܲˆÏÓ Ü˛#û˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
§¡õÜ≈˛ àˆÏí˛¸ ĈÏë˛ñ ˆï˛ü!ö §%Ó˚y•zÎ˚y xyÓ˚ °áy•zÄ– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚yÄ !ë˛Ü˛
çyˆÏö öyÈÙÙÙÈܲˆÏÓ Ü˛#û˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xy!dܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ê˛y àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆëÏ ˛ˆÏåÈ– ˆÎö ò%ˆêÏ ˛y °ï˛yˆÏöy
àyåÈñ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ç!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ @ˇÃyü#î xyˆÏ°yÈÙÈÓyï˛yˆÏ§ Óí˛¸ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È– ˆàyÕ‘yå%Èê˛ Óy òy!í˛¸Îy˚ Óy®y
ˆá°yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ï%˛ˆÏáyí˛¸ xyöˆÏ®Ó˚ ˆá°yÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˆüˆÏï˛ í˛zë˛ï˛– ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚
ˆ≤Ãü ˆçˆÏà !åÈ° ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏö– ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z Ü˛ï˛ ˆã˛öyÈÙÈxˆÏã˛öy ˛õÌ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§
˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÓÎ˚ɧ!¶˛Ü˛yˆÏ°– ~áö ò)Ó˚c ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x§•ƒñ xyܲ£Ï≈î xyÓ˚Ä ï˛#Ó ï˛Ó˚– ˆÎÔÓˆÏö ~ˆÏ§
ˆ≤Ãü xyÓ˚Ä àyì˛¸ •Î˚– §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚ Ó˚yáì˛yܲ ÌyˆÏܲ öy– Ó˚yáyÄ ÎyÎ˚ öy– §¡õÜ≈˛ê˛y
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ñ xï˛~Ó ôÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛•z •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚Ä öy ܲyÓ˚Ä ˆã˛yˆÏá ~ÓÇ x°§
 °áy•z † 349
!öhflÏÓ˚D @ˇÃyü#î ç#ÓˆÏö ï˛y ˆì˛í˛zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ã˛yÓ˚!òˆÏܲ– xyÓ˚Ä =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
•°ÈÙÙÙȈΈϕï%˛ ò%çˆÏö ò%•z §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ñ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ê˛y !ӈϢ£Ïû˛yˆÏÓ üyÓ˚ydܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏ벖
§¡õÜ≈˛ê˛y ˆÎ!òö ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ°yÜ˛ã˛ˆÏ«˛ flõ‹Tï˛Ó˚ •°ñ ˆ§!òö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z í˛zû˛Î˚˛õˆÏ«˛ ã˛y˛õy í˛zˆ_ Ï çöyÓ˚
÷Ó˚&– ú˛°ï˛ ò% Óy!í˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ ~° ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y !ö!£Ïk˛ •°– ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆÎö
xyÓ˚Ä ˆÓ!¢ ü!Ó˚Î˚yñ xyÓ˚Ä ˆÓ!¢ x§•yÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚Ä x!fliÓ˚....–
xӈϢˆÏ£Ïñ ˆÓ˛õˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y §%Ó˚y•zÎ˚yˆÏܲ ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y •° üy!§Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸– ÄÓ˚ ÚˆÓÎ˚yò!˛õÛˆÏܲ
ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÓшÏô Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ò%ÈÙÈ~ܲçˆÏöÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá °áy•z ÷öˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈĈÏܲ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ
˛õyã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ÓyÓ˚ Î!ò ˆày˛õˆÏö ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z xy¢yÎ˚ ˆ§
öyˆÏåÈyí˛¸Óy®yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y §%Ó˚y•zÎ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏú˛Ó˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲê˛y Óöƒ˛õ÷Ó˚
ÓyFã˛yÈÙÙÙÈ!¢Ü˛y!Ó˚Ó˚ ÓÕ‘ˆÏü !Ók˛ •ˆÏ° üyÈÙÈ˛õ÷ ˆÎüö öyˆÏåÈyí˛¸Óy®yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ í˛zß√ˆÏ_Ó˚
üˆÏï˛y ˆåÈyê˛yå%È!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ xÌã˛ ÓÕ‘ˆÏüÓ˚ ây ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓÑyã˛ˆÏï˛ !ܲå%ȈÏï˛•z ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyñ °áy•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xÓfliyÄ xˆÏöܲê˛y ï˛y•z– ~û˛yˆÏÓ !ܲå%È!òö xyí˛¸yˆÏ°ÈÙÈxyÓí˛yˆÏ° °áy•z
§%Ó˚y•zÎ˚yÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏú˛Ó˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv §%Ó˚y•zÎ˚yˆÏܲ ˆ§ á%шÏç ˛õyÎ˚ öy– xÌã˛
ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛Ìy x§¡õ)î≈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈñ xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛Ìy Ó°y•z •Î˚!ö ï˛yˆÏܲ Óy!ܲ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ–
ÓåÈÓ˚ !ï˛ˆÏöܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ °áy•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲyˆÏö xyˆÏ§ÈÙÙÙȧ%Ó˚y•zÎ˚yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ üy!§Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸
ˆÌˆÏܲ– Úxy˛õò ˆàˆÏåÈÛ ÓˆÏ° ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z fl∫!hflÏ ˛õyÎ˚– §%Óy˚ •zÎy˚ Ä ~áö ÓyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ
ÎyÄÎ˚y xy§y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
°áy•z ˆï˛üö ˛õy_y ˆòÎ˚ öyñ ˆÎö ˆ§ !ÓŸªy§•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy– xÌÓy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Ä !ܲå%È ÎyÎ˚ xyˆÏ§
öy ï˛yÓ˚– xˆÏöܲê˛y ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛fli •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆ§ÈÙÙÙÈÓy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚yÄ ~ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§ !fliï˛ •Î˚– Óy!ܲê%˛Ü%˛
ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ˆàyÓ˚&ÈÙÈÓyå%ÈÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~áö ˆ§ üyˆÏë˛ ÎyÎ˚ñ ÓyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏD ã˛y£ÏÓyˆÏ§
•yï˛ °yàyÎ˚– xy˛õyï˛ ¢yhsˇ !öÓ˚#•– Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚yÄ ÄÓ˚ ˆáÎ˚y°á%!¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
Óyò §yˆÏô öy– ~ܲê˛y•z ÷ô% ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö °«˛î#Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈ•ë˛yÍ ˆÓ˚ˆÏà ˆàˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ üyÌyÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛
ÌyˆÏܲ öy– !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ §üÎ˚üˆÏï˛y àÑyçy ê˛yöˆÏï˛ öy ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°– xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ê˛yˆÏö•z •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆ§
ħüyˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ÎyÎ˚–
í˛zë˛yˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏî ~ܲê˛y åÈy˛õÓ˚y üï˛ö ~ܲã˛y°y âÓ˚– °áy•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲyhsˇ !öçfl∫ âÓ˚–
âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy§ÓyÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ~ܲê˛y ˆã˛Ô!ܲ xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y öí˛¸ÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆê˛!Ó°– ò!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆé˛y°yˆÏöy
~ܲê˛y °%!D xyÓ˚ ˆï˛°!ã˛ˆÏê˛ àyüåÈy– §Ñƒyï˛ˆÏ§ÑˆÏï˛ üy!ê˛Ó˚ ˆüˆÏé˛ Ó,!‹TÓ˚ çˆÏ° xyÓ˚Ä
§Ñƒyï˛ˆÏ§ˆÑ ïÏ ˛– ~§ˆÏÓÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z °áy•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚yï˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚ ˆö¢yÓ˚ ˆâyˆÏÓñ˚ Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yï˛ÈÙÙÙÈ
~ܲyÈÙÈ!öç≈ˆÏö–
~•zÓ˚ܲü âˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ Ó£Ï≈yÓ˚ !òˆÏöñ òüܲyÈÙÈ•yÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §¶˛ƒyÎ˚ñ Îáö ˆÜ˛í˛z Óy!í˛¸ !åÈ° öyñ
çyöy°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ Ó˚yáy ˆê˛!Ó°ê˛yÎ˚ Ó˚yáy Ü%˛!˛õê˛y çμy!°ˆÏÎ˚ °áy•z !Ó!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ àÑyçy û˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛
!ö!FåÈ°– !ë˛Ü˛ ï˛áö•z xyôˆÏÓyçy òÓ˚çyÎ˚ñ çÇÈÙÈôÓ˚y ܲÓçyÎ˚ ãÑ˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y §Ç!«˛Æ
xyÄÎ˚yç– °áy•z çyöy°yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ xyöüöy– ~ܲê%˛ ÓyˆÏòñ !mï˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚Ä
~ܲ•zû˛yˆÏÓ òÓ˚çyÎ˚ ãÑ˛ƒy ¢∑ÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÎö ò%Î˚yˆÏÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ!öÿ%˛˛õÊ ˆ§yçy òÑyí˛¸yˆÏöy
xÓfliyˆÏï˛•z ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆ§ üyÌyê˛y ˆâyÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆ˛õåȈÏö– Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ !é˛Ó˚!é˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!‹T ˛õí˛¸!åÈ°•z– ~ÓyÓ˚
ˆÎö °áy•zÈÙ~Ó˚ üˆÏö ÓL˛õyï˛ âê˛°ó û)˛ï˛ ˆòáyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y•z ܲyÓ˚ åÈyÎ˚y ˆÎö òÓ˚çyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈÊ
ÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛ ˆÓ˚⁄
350 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛yöÄ ≤Ãï%˛ƒ_Ó˚ ˆö•z– ò% xyä%ˆÏ° ˛õyܲyˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy !Ó!í˛¸ê˛y ÌüˆÏܲ ˆà°– ˆÎüö ~ܲê˛y
˛õyÌÓ˚ÈÙÈü)!ï≈˛Ó˚ åÈyÎ˚y òÓ˚çyÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚– °áy•z xyÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y üyÌy ˆ§yçy ܲˆÏÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü)!ï≈˛ê˛yÄ åÈyÎ˚y !öˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲÈÙÙÙÈܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ü%•)ï≈˛– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ åÈyÎ˚yü)!ï≈˛ê˛y
~ܲ°yˆÏú˛ éÑ˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ °áy•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ñ §Ó≈¢!_´ !òˆÏÎ˚ °áy•zˆÏܲ çy˛õˆÏê˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆã˛yˆÏá
ˆã˛yá ˆê˛ˆÏö ӈϰÈÙÙÙÈÚxy!üñ xy!ü ˆï˛yÓ˚ §%Ó˚y•zÎ˚yÊ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ñ ÷ô% ~ܲÓyÓ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y
ã%˛ü% áy–Û
ÈÙÙÙÈ~ ܲyÓ˚ •zIï˛Ê ò%çˆÏö•z ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ü%•)ï≈˛ !fliÓ˚ñ ˆÎö ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ Ó˚yáy xyˆÏ@¿Î˚!à!Ó˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚•z
•ë˛yÍ !ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚îÈÙÙÙÈÚÎyÉ ¢y°y üyà#ñ áyö!ܲÓ˚ ÓyFã˛yñ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÉ–ÛÈÙÙÙÈÓ°ˆÏï˛ öy Ó°ˆÏï˛•z
ôyü§y ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ï˛yàò ~üö•z ~ܲ é˛ê˛Ü˛y üyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ~ܲ é˛ê˛Ü˛yÎ˚ §%Ó˚y•zÎ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ§•z
òÓ˚çyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !åÈê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ÈÙÙÙÈ!ÓfløˆÏÎ˚ !Ó•¥° §%Ó˚y•zÎ˚y ˆÜ˛yöÄüˆÏï˛ üy!ê˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ñ ï˛áöÄ ï˛yÓ˚
ˆã˛yá !fliÓ˚ °áy•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !òˆÏܲÈÙÙÙȈÓyÓyÊ Ü%˛!˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ âyˆÏüÈÙȈû˛çy ã˛Ü˛ã˛ˆÏܲ àyˆÏ°
ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õÈÙȈÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ ĈÏ벖 ï˛yÓ˚ ò% ˆã˛yá ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ é˛Ó˚é˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ çüyˆÏöy ç° ÷ô% à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ ü%•)ï≈˛ÈÙÙÙȈÓyÓyÈÙÙÙȈã˛yˆÏá ˆã˛yá !fliÓ˚– ˛õÓ˚ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛•z ~ܲ é˛ê˛Ü˛yÎ˚ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚ §%Ó˚y•zÎ˚yÈÙÙÙÈ!é˛Ó˚!é˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!‹TÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ÈÙÙÙÈ!Óò%ƒÍ ã˛üܲyˆÏöy x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚....–
çÇÈÙÈôÓ˚y ܲÓçyÎ˚ ãÑ˛ƒy ¢ˆÏ∑ òÓ˚çyê˛y ÓyÓ˚ÈÙÈò%ˆÏÎ˚ܲ ò%ˆÏ° ò%ˆÏ° !fliÓ˚ •Î˚–
ˆ§ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ °áy•z xyÓ˚ â%ˆÏüyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ö– ÷ô% ˆ§ !òö•z öÎ˚ñ !òöÈÙÈ!ï˛ˆÏöܲ àÑyçyÓ˚ ê˛yöÄ
ï˛yˆÏܲ â%ü ˛õyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ!˚ ö– åÈy•zÈÙÈã˛y˛õy xy=öê˛y ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÎö xyÓyÓ˚ í˛z§ˆÏܲ !ò°ÈÙÙÙȈ°!°•yö
!¢áy x!fliÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰– xyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ§•z ÚÓyÄ!òÎ˚yÛ ~ÓyÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä ˆÓ!¢ ˆá˛õyˆÏê˛ÈÙÙÙÈ˛õyà°–
xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ§ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ Óy!í˛¸ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ħüyˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚– ħüyöÄ Ó‡!òö ˛õÓ˚
°áy•zˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ àˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆ◊yï˛yˆÏܲ á%шÏç ˛õyÎ˚– ö•zˆÏ° ˆ§ ~ܲy•z °y!ë˛ •yˆÏï˛ ˆâyˆÏÓ˚ñ
üyˆÏé˛ÈÙÈüˆÏôƒ ˆì˛Ü%˛Ó˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ò%ÈÙÈã˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Úˆ••zÎ˚y ˆ•yÉÛ ÓˆÏ° Óyï˛yˆÏ§ •Ñyܲ ˆåȈÏí˛¸
x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ¢)öƒï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ x!hflÏc çyöyö ˆòÎ˚– !çö Óy û)˛ï˛ÈÙȈ≤ÈÏï˛ ˆ§ á%Ó ~ܲê˛y û˛Î˚ ˛õyÎ˚
öy– û˛Î˚ ÷ô% ˆày቉áÓ˚ÈÙÈˆÜ˛í˛zˆÏê˛ xyÓ˚ òyí˛¸y•zˆÏ¢– ÄÓ˚y öy!ܲ Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àˆÏï≈˛•z ˆÓ!¢ ÌyˆÏܲ–
°áy•z Ú‡ÈÙȕуyÛ åÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛Ìy ӈϰ öy– ÄÓ˚ xyç üö û˛yˆÏ°y ˆö•zñ ÷ô% ˆ¢yöyÓ˚ û˛yö
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ħüyö Óyã˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y xöà≈° ӈϰ ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ܲÓÓ˚áyöyÓ˚ xï˛#ï˛ Ü˛Ìy–
üyˆÏé˛üˆÏôƒ•z üy!ê˛ á%шÏí˛¸ °y¢ àyˆÏÎ˚Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏöy °yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲB˛y° ã%˛!Ó˚
ÎyÎ˚ñ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢Ä ˛õyã˛yÓ˚ •Î˚ ħӖ xyÓ˚ ï˛y!sfˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚yÄ öy!ܲ Ä§Ó !òˆÏÎ˚ xydyˆÏܲ Ó¢ üyöyÎ˚–
ï˛ˆÏÓ Ä§üyˆÏöÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ÈÙÙÙÈï˛yˆÏï˛ ü,ï˛ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ xydy ¢y!hsˇ ˛õyÎ˚ öy ÓÓ˚Ç çy•yߨyˆÏü ÎyÎ˚–
ħüyö àÓ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä ÓˆÏ°ÈÙÙÙÈ~áyöܲyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ê˛y Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ °y¢ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛öyÈÙÙÙÈá%Ñ!ê˛öy!ê˛
öáò˛õ≈ˆÏî– ˆÜ˛yöê˛y ˆÜ˛yö •züyöòyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ ˆÜ˛yöê˛y ˆÓ•zIˆÏï˛Ó˚ñ ˆÜ˛yöê˛y Ü˛ï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏöyñ ˆÜ˛yöê˛y
ÜÑ˛yã˛yÈÙÙÙȧӕz ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çyöy– xyÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛y Ó%ˆÏ鲕z x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy ã˛ˆÏ°– ~üöܲ#
ˆ¢Î˚y°ÈÙÈÜ%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚ •ë˛yÍ ò%ÈÙÈ~ܲê˛y xyôyÈÙÈÜÑ˛yã˛y Ó!í˛ ˆê˛ˆÏö ï%˛°ˆÏ° Óyï˛yˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚ öyܲ ò)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!ë˛Ü˛•z ˆê˛Ó˚ ˛õyÎ˚–
!ܲv °áy•z xyç !öÿ%˛˛õ– ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ x!fliÓ˚ï˛yñ çμy°y˛õí˛¸yó •ë˛yÍ í˛zˆÏë˛ Óy!í˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚–
˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òöÄ °áy•z ~!òˆÏܲ xyˆÏ§ öy–
~üö•z ~ܲ!òö ~ܲ ˛õ¢°y Ó,!‹TÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xüyÓ§ƒyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ˆ¢£ÏÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ħüyö ã˛E˛Ó˚
 °áy•z † 351
!òˆÏï˛ ÎyˆÏÓñ ~üö §üÎ˚ ò)ˆÓÏ ˚ ~ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏî ˆòˆÏá üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y xÓÎ˚Óñ §yòyÈÙÈܲyˆÏ°y
!ܲå%È ~ܲê˛y öí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ÙÈã˛í˛¸ˆÏåÈÊ ~üöê˛y ˆ§ ~ ÎyÓÍ ˆòˆÏá!ö– ï˛y•z ≤Ã̈Ïü ~ܲê%˛ •Ü˛ã˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ °y!ë˛ÈÙÈ•yˆÏï˛ ‡ÇܲyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ o&ï˛ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˆåÈyˆÏê˛– ˆÓà!ï˛Ü˛û˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲê˛y ˛õy ÜÑ˛yã˛y
Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ öÓ˚ü üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ •ë˛yÍ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏôñ üˆÏö áê˛Ü˛y °yˆÏàÊ ~ÓyÓ˚
~ܲê%˛ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÎˆÏï˛•z xÓÎ˚Óê˛y ˆÎö í˛zÓ% •ˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ħüyö ÌüˆÏܲ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚–
û˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáÈÙÙÙÈöyÉ ~ÓyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ öí˛¸ˆÏåÈ öy ˆï˛yÊ ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ⁄ !Ó•y!Ó˚ÈÙÈ!•!®ˆÏï˛ ‡ÇܲyÓ˚
ˆòÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÚ•zôyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö •ƒyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ ¢y°y öy!ï˛Î˚y ܲy ˆÓê˛yÊ ˆã˛y!Ó˚ ܲy üï˛°Ó •ƒyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛Î˚yÊÛ
ˆÜ˛yöÄ §yí˛¸y ˆö•z– !öˆÏçÓ˚ ‡ÇܲyˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏç•z ˆÎö ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ ĈÏ벖
ò%ÈÙÈ˛õy !˛õ!åȈÎÏ ˚ ~ÓyÓ˚ xö%ˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏôÓ˚ §%ˆÓÏ ˚ û˛Î˚ ˆòáyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÚû˛yàˆÏ° ï%˛ •z•yˆÏ§ñ •z•y˛õÓ˚ •yí˛¸ÈÙÈ•y!U˛
öy !ü!°–Û xyÄÎ˚yçê˛y hflÏ∏˛ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Óyï˛yˆÏ§ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õÈÙȈÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– §ï˛Ü≈˛û˛yˆÏÓ
xyÓ˚Ä ò%ÈÙÈ˛õy ~ˆÏàyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈx¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲê˛y x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÜ%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ ˆ¢Î˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y•z
§yüˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õy !òˆÏÎ˚ o&ï˛ Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üy!ê˛ á%Ñí˛¸ˆÏåÈñ «%˛ôyˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y üy!ê˛ å%ÈÑí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ˆ˛õåȈÏö– àyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆÓ˚yü áyí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰 ï˛yÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈï˛Ó% ~ÈÙȈï˛y Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ÈÙȈ¢Î˚y° öÎ˚Ê çyhsˇÓ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
üˆÏï˛yñ ˆÎö x¢Ó˚#Ó˚# xydyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆá°y– !ÓfløˆÏÎ˚ hflÏ!Ω˛ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛y ~ÓyÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ÓÓ˚Ç ~ܲê˛y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰– ˛õy !ê˛ˆÏ˛õ !ê˛ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲê%˛ ~ˆÏàyˆÏï˛•z
çyhsˇÓ xÓÎ˚Óê˛y í˛zˆÏë˛ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ å%ȈÏê˛ ~° ï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– !ܲå%È Ó%ˆÏé˛ Äë˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ ~ˆÏ§
ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy çy˛õˆÏê˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆàyäyˆÏï˛ °yà° xÓÎ˚Óê˛y– ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ¢!_´ˆÏï˛ ˛õy åÈyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty
ܲÓ˚° ˆ§Ä– í˛zû˛ˆÏÎ˚•z öyˆÏåÈyí˛¸Óy®y–
~ÓyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ xflõ‹T öÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈá%Ó Ü˛yåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyé˛y ˆà° ü%áê˛y– ï˛yÓ˚ ò%•z ÜÑ˛yô ôˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛y
éÑ˛y!ܲ üyÓ˚° ħüyöñ éÑ˛y!ܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ü%á ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓñ˚ ü%ˆáÏ yü%!á ò%ÛçˆÏöÈÙÙÙÈxyˆÏÓñ˚ ~ÈÙȈï˛y °áy•zÊ
ÈÙÙÙÈÚܲ# ܲÓ˚!åȧ ~áyˆÏö⁄Û ï˛yIÓ !ܲ Óyï‰˛Ê
ÈÙÙÙÈüyú˛ ܲÓ˚ñ üyú˛ ܲÓ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ– xy!ü ÷ô% ~ܲÓyÓ˚ üy!ê˛ á%шÏí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ° ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ã%˛ü% áyÓ
ÄÓ˚ ˆëÑ˛yˆÏê˛–
ÈÙÙÙÈÚxyˆÏÓ˚ñ Äê˛y ˆï˛y §%Ó˚y•zÎ˚yÓ˚ °y¢ÈÙÙÙÈܲy° Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ˆàyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ–Û
ÈÙÙÙÈçy!ö çy!öñ ˆò•ê˛y üy!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD !üˆÏ¢ ÎyÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ ÷ô% ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ã%˛ü% ˆáˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚
•yˆÏï˛•z ˆàyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÓ ÄˆÏܲ–
ħüyö hflÏ!Ω˛ï˛ÈÙÙÙÈ•ï˛û˛¡∫Ê xÑyܲˆÏí˛¸ ôÓ˚y ÜÑ˛yôê˛y ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏï˛•z •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ °áy•z ˆÎö
áˆÏ§ ˛õí˛¸° üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ÈÙÙÙÈ!öÌÓ˚Ê !ÓfløˆÏÎ˚ !Ó•¥° ħüyˆÏöÓ˚ ü%á ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷ô% ~ܲê˛y ¢∑•z ˆÓÓ˚
•°ÈÙÙÙÈÚÎyÉ ¢y°yÊÊÛ
!Ó˚çyû≈˛í˛ ÓyÌ≈
......
!ö!á° ˆû˛Ô!üܲ
~ §Ó xˆÏöܲ !òö xyˆÏàÓ˚ ܲÌy– !ܲå%È !òö ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !ò!Õ‘ ÎyÓyÓ˚
Óy§öy ˆçˆÏà í˛zë˛ï˛– ~üö!ê˛ •ˆÏ° ¢!öÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyàç ˆòˆÏá •zí˛z!˛õ~§!§ÈÙÈÓ˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚Ó˚ çöƒ
xyˆÏÓòö ܲÓ˚ï˛yü– ˆÎyàƒ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏ° •zrê˛yÓ˚!û˛í˛zÈÙÈ~ ܲ° ˛õyÄÎ˚y ˆÎï˛– xyÓ˚ xy!ü ˆÎ
ˆÎyàƒ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •Ó ˆ§ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyüyÓ˚ !fliÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ !åÈ°– •zí˛z!˛õ~§!§ ï˛Ó˚ˆúÏ ˛ •zrê˛yÓ˚!û˛í˛zÈÙÈ~
xÇ¢@ˇÃ•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ ˆê˛ΔˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ Üœ˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ ò%Û!˛õˆÏë˛Ó˚ û˛yí˛¸y ˆòÄÎ˚y •ï˛– ˆÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛áö Ìyí≈˛
Üœ˛y§ ã˛y°% !åÈ°– Ìyí≈˛ Üœ˛yˆÏ§ ºüî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° xyÓ˚ §hflÏyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ Ìyܲy áyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° Ä•z ê˛yܲyˆÏï˛•z §ühflÏ áÓ˚ã˛ áÓ˚ã˛y §ÇÜ%˛°yö •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛– xy!ü ~•z §%ˆÏÎyà
!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲÓyÓ˚ !ò!Õ‘ ºüî ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ– ܲy°#Óy!í˛¸ !ò!Õ‘ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛y Óyäy!°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ üÓ˚*òƒyö
Ó°y ÎyÎ˚– •ë˛yÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ !ò!Õ‘ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° !Ó˚çyˆÏû≈˛¢ö ˛õyÄÎ˚y ˆÎï˛ öy §Ó
§üÎ˚– ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚Ä xy§ö §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚y ˆà° öy–
~ §Ó !ܲå%È çyöï˛ xyüyÓ˚ Óy¶˛Ó#– ˆ§ Ó°°ñ
ÈÙÙÙȈï˛y ܲ# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈÊ ï%˛!ü ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ Óy ú˛yfiê≈˛ Üœ˛yˆÏ§ ÎyÄ–
ÈÙÙÙÈÜ˛ï˛ Óyí˛¸!ï˛ û˛yí˛¸y çyö⁄
ÈÙÙÙȈï˛y⁄ xy!ü ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ ê˛yܲy ˆòÓ– ӈϰ à°y ˆÌˆÏܲ •yÓ˚ñ ˆ§yöyÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚# ˆã˛öê˛y á%ˆÏ°
xyüyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó°°ñ xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö •Î˚ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ܲyç ~ˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
ÈÙÙÙÈxy!ü ˆã˛öê˛y •yˆÏï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ê˛yÓ˚ Äçö xö%üyö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚°yüñ ˆã˛ö!ê˛ xyüyÓ˚
xö%üyˆÏö !Ó¢ @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ܲü ˆï˛y öÎ˚•z– ˆã˛öê˛y ÄÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó°°yüñ ~ê˛y Ó˚yáñ
ÓƒÓfliy ~ܲê˛y •ˆÏÓ•z–
ÈÙÙÙÈÓ˚yá öy ÓyÓùyÉñ xy!ü ˆï˛y !ò!FåÈ–
ˆ§ê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛!ü ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ üˆÏöÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚ï˛y xyüyˆÏܲ Ó%!é˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚åÈ !ë˛Ü˛•zñ xyÓ˚ ˆ°yû˛yï%˛Ó˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ê˛y @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy!ü !öˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆåÈyê˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛y ˛õyÓ˚Ó öy– üˆÏö üˆÏö ܲÌy=ˆÏ°y
ˆû˛ˆÏÓ ÄˆÏܲ Ó°°yüñ û˛yÓåÈ ˆÜ˛ö⁄ ˆòá öy ÓƒÓfliy ~ܲê˛y !ë˛Ü˛•z •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
ÎyÓyÓ˚ !òö Óy¶˛Ó# xy§yˆÏܲ !§ÈÙÈxú˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •yÄí˛¸y ˆfiê˛¢ˆÏö !àˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏE˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆê˛Δö ˛õÎ≈hsˇ
ˆà°– ≤’yê˛ú˛ˆÏü≈ ܲu˛yQÓ˚ àyˆÏí˛≈ Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆòáy ܲÓ˚°yü– Ó°°yüñ §ƒyÓ˚ !ò!Õ‘ ÎyÓñ !Ó˚çyˆÏû˛≈ ¢ö
ˆö•zñ !ܲå%È ~ܲê˛y ÓƒÓfliy !ܲ •ˆÏÓ– í˛zͧy•ÈÙÈ!öÓ˚&ͧy• !ܲå%È•z ˆòáyˆÏ°ö öy !ï˛!ö– Óy¶˛Ó#
xyüyÓ˚ çöƒ ~ܲê%˛ ï˛ò!ÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° û˛oˆÏ°yܲ í˛yö•yï˛ê˛y §yüyöƒ ï%˛ˆÏ° Ó%k˛ˆÏòˆÏÓÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y
ï˛Ìy›Ó˚ û˛!D ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö– ã˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛•z üˆÏö xy¢y çyà°– ˆê˛Δö åÈyí˛¸ÓyÓ˚ §üÎ˚ •ˆÏ°
Óy¶˛Ó# ˆöˆÏü ˆà°– ~ܲ ò° ˆ°yܲ ï˛áö •ˆÏߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆê˛ΔˆÏö ã˛y˛õ°– Ü%˛!°Ó˚ üyÌyÎ˚ üy°
xyˆÏÓ˚y•#Ó˚y Îï˛ê˛y §Ω˛Ó !öˆÏçÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ Ü%˛ˆÏ˛õ üy° öy!üˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ °yˆÏàç ˆã˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ü%˛!°Ó˚
û˛yí˛¸y !ü!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ÓƒhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸°– ~•z §üÎ˚ !û˛í˛¸ñ ˆë˛°yˆÏë˛!°ñ Ü%˛!°ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒhflÏï˛yñ
Îye#ˆÏòÓ˚ x!fliÓ˚ï˛y §Ó !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ ã˛Ó˚ü !Ó¢,C° xÓfliyÓ˚ §,!‹T •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xy!ü
~ܲê˛y áˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ Ü%˛!ê˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ~!òܲ xyÓyÓ˚ Ä!òˆÏܲ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ Îy!FåÈ°yü– ày!í˛¸
åÈyí˛¸ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !Ó¢,C°y ~ܲê%˛ ¢yhsˇ •ˆÏ°Ä Îye#ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ÓƒhflÏï˛y ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆà°– ˜Óô Îye#Ó˚y
 !Ó˚çyû≈˛í˛ ÓyÌ≈ † 353
ˆÎ ÎyÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ xy§ˆÏö !àˆÏÎ˚ Ó§ˆÏ°ö– °yˆÏàç §%!ÓôyüˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛yöê˛y !§ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ö#ˆÏã˛
ˆÜ˛yöê˛y ÓyˆÏB˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ö!ÿ˛ˆÏhsˇ xyÓ˚yü ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó§ˆÏ°ö– xy!üÄ ~ܲê˛y
!§ˆÏê˛ ÓˆÏ§ xy!åÈ !ë˛Ü˛•zñ !ܲv ˆ§ê˛y ˆÎ xyüyÓ˚ !öçfl∫ öÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ í˛zˆÏë˛
ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xy!ü ≤Ãã˛[˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛ö– ï˛y•z fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ öy–
ܲu˛yQÓ˚ÈÙÈàyí≈˛ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ~ôyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÄôyÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyˆÏFåÈö xyÓ˚ xy!ü §ã˛!Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛!åÈ–
ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲÓyÓ˚ ~ˆÏ°ö xyÓ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ö !ܲv xyüyÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Óyï≈˛y ˆö•z– xyüyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛
~ܲê˛y ˆåÈyR !Ü˛ê‰˛§ Óƒyà– ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛Ä ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ öy– ï˛y•z ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ Ó%ˆÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚
ӈϧ Ó˚•z°yü– ~ܲê%˛ Ó˚yï˛ àí˛¸yˆÏ° Ü%˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !û˛í˛¸ê˛y xˆÏöܲ ˛õyï˛°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°–
áyÄÎ˚yòyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §Ó ÓyˆÏB˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ ˆà°– ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ÓyˆÏB˛ ÓyFã˛y§• ò%çö ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xy!ü !§ˆÏê˛ ÓˆÏ§ xy!åÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ §yüˆÏöÓ˚ !ï˛ö!ê˛ ÓyB˛•z û˛!ï≈˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ– xyÓ˚ ~•z !òܲê˛yÎ˚
xy˛õyÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÌ≈ ~ܲçö ˆüyê˛yˆÏ§yê˛y û˛oˆÏ°yܲ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚#!ï˛üˆÏï˛y öyܲ í˛yܲˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ÷ô% !üí˛° xyÓ˚ ˆ°yÎ˚yÓ˚!ê˛ áy!°– ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆÓM˛È ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ~ܲ ˛õyOy!Ó ò¡õ!ï˛ xyÓ˚
xy!ü ~ ˛õy¢ê˛yÎ˚ =!ê˛§%!ê˛ ÓˆÏ§ xy!åÈ– xÌ≈yÍ ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy!ܲ ÓyÌ≈ ò%!ê˛ ˆï˛y ~ˆÏòÓ˚•zñ ~áö
öy •Î˚ àˆÏ“ ü¢=° •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ï˛ˆÏÓ á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏ° â^ˇê˛yáyˆÏöܲ ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛y ÷ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏÓö–
ï˛áö xyüyˆÏܲ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– í˛zˆÏë˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÎyÓ⁄ ~ܲ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá ~ˆÏ§!åÈ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ
ˆÜ˛yöÄ úÑ˛yܲy ˆö•z– Ä•z Ó˚ܲü•z !§ê˛ê˛y xÑyܲˆÏí˛¸ ôˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ Ó˚•z°yü– â%ü xyüyÓ˚ ˛õyÎ˚!öñ
ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ xyüyÓ˚ â%ü ˛õyÎ˚Ä öy– ï˛Ó% ~ê˛y !Ì ÈÙÈê˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ !Ó˚çyˆÏû≈˛¢ö ܲyüÓ˚y– ~áyˆÏö ӈϧ
ÎyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy í˛z˛õyÎ˚Ä ˆö•z– §Óy•z ˆÎ ÎyÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÌ≈ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° Ó§ÓyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y çyÎ˚àyÄ
ÌyˆÏܲ öy– á%Ó §Ω˛Ó ~•z§Ó ܲÌy•z û˛yÓ!åÈ°yü–
ÈÙÙÙÈû˛y•z§yÓñ xy˛õ ÜÑ˛y•y çyˆÏÎ˚ˆÏD⁄ §Ω˛Óï˛ Ü˛Ìyê˛y ò%ÓyÓ˚ ӈϰ ÌyܲˆÏÓö ˛õyOy!Ó û˛oˆÏ°yܲ–
~ï˛•z ò%û≈˛yÓöyÎ˚ !öü@¿ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yü ˆÎ ≤ÃÌüÓyÓ˚ ÷öˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z!ö–
ÈÙÙÙÈ!ò!Õ‘– xy!ü Ó°°yü–
ÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛y•z !ÓçˆÏö§ •ƒyÎ˚ñ ˆö•z ˆï˛y !flÀú‰˛ â%üöy !ú˛Ó˚öy....
ÈÙÙÙÈöy– •zí˛z!˛õ~§!§ÈÙÈÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ã˛yܲ!Ó˚Ó˚ •zrê˛yÓ˚!û˛í˛z xyˆÏåÈ– ç°!ò ˆ§ ˆÜÑ˛y•z !Ó˚çyˆÏû≈˛¢ö
ˆö!• !ü°y–
ÈÙÙÙÈ!ë˛Ü˛ •ƒyÎ˚ñ xy˛õ xyÓ˚yü !ܲ!çˆÏÎ˚ öy– xy˛õöyÓ˚ °yˆÏàçê˛y ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !òö öy–
§yüˆÏö ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆò!á üy°˛õˆÏe û˛!ï≈˛– ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ~ܲ !ã˛°ˆÏï˛ çyÎ˚ày ˆö•z ˆÎáyˆÏö Ó˚y!á–
û˛oˆÏ°yܲ xyüyÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ °yˆÏàçê˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ !üí˛° ÓyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ~ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏî ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !òˆÏ°ö–
xy!ü Ü,˛ï˛K˛ ˆÓyô ܲÓ˚°yü üˆÏö üˆÏöñ xÌã˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢ƒ !ܲå%È Ó°°yü öy– û˛oˆÏ°yܲ •y§ˆÏ°öñ
xy!üÄ •y§°yü–
û˛oü!•°y Ä•z !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏî çyö°yÓ˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyˆÏ¢ û˛oˆÏ°yܲ– ò%Ûçö ò%ÛçˆÏöÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ü%á
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ!åȈϰö– xyÓ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xöà≈° ܲÌy ӈϰ Îy!FåȈϰö– ~•zÓyÓ˚ û˛oˆÏ°yܲ
§yüˆÏöÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ü%á ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó§ˆÏ°ö– û˛oˆÏ°yܲ ˆÎüö !åȈ° Ï ö !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛ü!ö•z Ó˚•ˆz °
Ï ö– ˆÓyô•Î˚
~ܲ•zû˛yˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ§ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ û˛oü!•°yÓ˚ ˛õy ôˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ ï˛y•z ˛õy ò%!ê˛ §yüˆÏöÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏ°ö §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ û˛oˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚– û˛oˆÏ°yܲ Îb ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy
ò%!ê˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚•zˆÏ°ö– xy!ü ܲ# ܲ!Ó˚– ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛yá Ä•z!òˆÏܲ ã˛ˆÏ° Îy!FåÈ°– ܲ# §%®Ó˚ ú˛Ó˚§y
˛õy– ~ˆÏܲ•z !ܲ ӈϰ ˛õpܲ!°Ó˚ ˛õy– ˆã˛yá ò%!ê˛ ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !ö!FåÈñ ï˛Ó%Ä
ˆã˛yá ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyˆÏFåÈ ˆ§ !òˆÏܲ–
ÈÙÙÙÈû˛y•z§yÓñ xy˛õöyˆÏܲ ˆï˛y !ܲå%È ˆáˆÏï˛ ˆòá°yü öy– !ܲå%È Î!ò üˆÏö öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ˆï˛y
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD !ܲå%È @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ö xyüÓ˚y Ü,˛ï˛K˛ ÌyܲӖ á%Ó•z üyü%!° !ã˛ç–
xy!ü ˆï˛y Ì– !Ó÷k˛ ÓyÇ°y í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ~ܲçö ˛õyOy!Ó û˛oü!•°yÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá– ˆ§ ܲÌy Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 23
354 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z §Ω˛Óï˛ !ï˛!ö Ó°ˆÏ°öñ
ÈÙÙÙÈxy!ü ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚– çˆÏß√!åÈñ Óí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ û˛Óyö#˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚– ӈϰ ~ܲê˛y ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛
ò%ˆÏê˛y °yFã˛y ˛õˆÏÓ˚yê˛yñ §yüyöƒ û˛y!ç xyÓ˚ ÜÑ˛yã˛y°B˛yÓ˚ ã˛yê˛!ö xyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~ܲê˛y áÑy!ê˛ !âˆÏÎ˚
û˛yçy °yU%˛ xyüyÓ˚ §yüˆÏö ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚ˆÏ°ö–
xy!ü •yˆÏï˛ ˆ≤’ê˛ê˛y ï%˛ˆÏ° !ö°yü– °Iy ˆ˛õ°yü ~•z ˆû˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ÄÓ˚y xyüyˆÏܲ xˆÏöܲ«˛î
!öÉ¢ˆÏ∑ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy!FåȈϰö– ~ܲ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˛õˆÏÓ˚yê˛y ü%ˆÏá ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆê˛Ó˚ ˆ˛õ°yü ˆÎ
x§Ω˛Ó !áˆÏò ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
ÈÙÙÙÈ¢y!ò ܲˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈö⁄ û˛oü!•°y !ü!ê˛!ü!ê˛ •y§ˆÏåÈö–
xy!ü ã˛üˆÏܲ í˛z벰yü–
ÈÙÙÙÈ°Iy ˛õyˆÏFåÈö ˆÜ˛ö⁄ xyüÓ˚y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ày°≈ˆúÏ ˛  u˛ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá!åÈ– !§ •zç ~:Ü%˛!Î˚!çê˛ §%®Ó˚#–
ˆày xƒyˆÏ•í˛– û˛oˆÏ°yܲ ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö–
üˆÏö üˆÏö §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ ˆÓyô •°– !Óòƒy xyüyÓ˚ ày°≈ˆÏú ˛u˛ !ë˛Ü˛•z– !ܲv ò%ÛçˆÏöÓ˚ §yüy!çܲ
ÓƒÓôyö ~ï˛ê˛y•z ˆÎ Ó¶%˛c ˆÜ˛yöÄ !òö !ÓÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§ û˛Ó˚§y ˆï˛y
ˆò!á öy– ü%ˆÏá Ó!°ñ
ÈÙÙÙÈxyˆÏà ˆï˛y ~ܲê˛y ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆçyàyí˛¸ ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ öyÊ
ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ˆï˛yüyˆÏòÓ˚ Óyäy!°ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòy£Ï– ï˛ï˛!òˆÏöñ ˆòáˆÏÓ çyö°y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yüy™ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚
ˆàˆÏåÈ– ӈϰ•z û˛oˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ# xR•y!§– xyüÓ˚yÄ ˆ§•z •y!§ˆÏï˛ ˆÎyà !ò•z–
ÈÙÙÙÈxyüÓ˚y ܲáö !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°yü çyö⁄ ï˛áöÄ xy!ü xy•z~~§ ••z!öñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y
!òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ– ˆ˛õyfiê˛yˆÏ° ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛yü–
ÈÙÙÙÈüy•z àí˛– xy˛õ!ö xy•z~~§⁄ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~•z Ìyí≈˛ Üœ˛yˆÏ§ ˆÜ˛ö⁄
ÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛ö⁄ ܲyÓ˚î ê˛yܲyê˛y xyüyÓ˚ !öçfl∫ ˛õy§≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏFåÈñ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ú˛yu˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ öÎ˚– å%È!ê˛
!öˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚# ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yü– ΈϢÓ˚ á%Ó ¢á !åÈ°–
xy!ü û˛oü!•°yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲy°yü– ˆò!á í˛z!ö !ü!ê˛!ü!ê˛ •y§ˆÏåÈö– •y§ˆÏï˛ •y§ˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ
ÈÙÙÙÈ!ë˛Ü˛ ӈϰˆÏåÈ •Ó˚!ç®Ó˚– !òây ˆòˆÏá!åÈñ ¢B˛Ó˚˛õ%Ó˚ ˆòˆÏá!åÈ– ˛õ%Ó˚# ˆòáyÓ˚ á%Ó •zFåÈy !åÈ°–
xƒyˆÏü!çÇ– xy˛õ!ö ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈö⁄
ÈÙÙÙȕуyñ ˆòˆÏá!åÈ– ˛õ%Ó˚#•z xyüyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü §ü%o ˆòáy– ˛õ%Ó˚# xyüyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá í˛zIμ° •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ–
xy!ü xyüyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲÓ!ç í˛z°ˆÏê˛ ˆò!á Ó˚yï˛ ò¢ê˛y ˆÓˆÏç ˆàˆÏåÈ– ÚxyüÓ˚yÛ !ï˛öçö•z
÷ô% ˆçˆÏà xy!åÈ– xyüyÓ˚ â!í˛¸ ˆòáy ˆòˆÏá û˛oˆÏ°yÜ˛Ä ~ܲê%˛ §çyà •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏ°öñ
ÈÙÙÙÈ•ƒÑ y– xˆÏöܲ Ó˚yï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ– ~ÓyÓ˚ â%ˆüÏ yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆï˛y xyÓyÓ˚ ܲy° •zrê˛yÓ˚!û˛í˛z
xyˆÏåÈñ ï˛y•z öy⁄ ï%˛!ü ö#ˆÏã˛ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸–
xy!ü !ÓÓ ï˛ ˆÓyô ܲÓ˚°yü– xyüyˆÏܲ !ܲ í˛z!ö ˆüˆÏé˛ˆÏï˛ ÷ˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏåÈö– xˆÏöܲˆÏܲ ÄáyˆÏö
xy!ü ÷ˆÏï˛Ä ˆòˆÏá!åÈ– ~•z ܲyüÓ˚yˆÏï˛Ä xˆÏöˆÏܲ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈö– xy!ü ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆò!á §ühflÏ
çyÎ˚ày ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ç%ˆÏï˛y åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ– ÷ô% ï˛y•z öy áyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆë˛yäy •zï˛ƒy!ò öyöyöÓ˚ܲü
ˆöyÇÓ˚yÎ˚ û˛!ï≈˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ– ~áyˆÏö ˆ¢yÎ˚y xyüyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §Ω˛Ó öÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y
òÓ˚çyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy– ≤ÃhflÏyÓ!ê˛ û˛Î˚ÇܲÓ˚ x˛õüyöܲÓ˚ üˆÏö •!FåÈ° xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ–
û˛oˆÏ°yܲ •z!ï˛üˆÏôƒ !üí˛° ÓyÌ≈ê˛y !ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ =!åȈÏÎ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö– ã˛yòÓ˚ !Ó!åȈÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö–
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ xyüyˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ
ÈÙÙÙÈ!öö xy˛õ!ö ˆ°yÎ˚yÓ˚ ÓyÌ≈ê˛yÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛Yö–
xy!ü ˆï˛y Ì– xy˛õöyÓ˚y⁄
!üí˛° ÓyÌ≈ê˛y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ í˛z!ö Ó°ˆÏ°öñ xyüÓ˚y ~áyˆÏö ˆ°ˆÏê˛ ÎyÓ– û˛oü!•°yˆÏܲ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ ê%˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ Ó§ˆÏ°ö–

xyüyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z xyd#Î˚ öö
......
ö!üˆÏï˛¢ ˆây£Ï
•Ñyê%˛ ü%ˆÏí˛¸ xˆÏöܲê˛y ˜Ó£èÓ §ß¨ƒy§#Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏä ú˛ç°%°ˆÏܲ ˛õ%шÏï˛ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ....
•Ñƒy ˆÓ˚ ◊#˜Ïã˛ï˛öƒˆÏòÓ....
ü%á Ä ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˛õˆÏã˛ ò%à≈¶˛ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚....Óyï˛y§ ï˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈ Ó‡ò)Ó˚....xy!ü öyˆÏܲ •yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
§ˆÏÓ˚ ~°yü....ܲ# xq$ï˛ xy•zç%° •y§ˆÏåÈ....ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD xü,ï˛ !ÓüyöÓ˚yÄ •y§ˆÏåÈ....~Ó˚y•z
~•z !ï˛öçö•z ~ܲ Ó˚y!eˆÏÓ°y ú˛ç°%°ˆÏܲ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ÓÑy¢é˛yˆÏí˛¸ ˛õ%шÏï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ÎyÎ˚....
ú˛ç°%° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó¶%˛....~ܲ§ˆÏD í˛yܲy!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ....ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ú˛ç°%°ˆÏܲ á%ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ....
~ܲçöÄ ˆÜ˛í˛z ÜÑ˛yòˆÏåÈ öy....öyܲ ˆáy°y ˆÓ˚ˆÏá•z ~ܲçö ~ܲ üyï˛y° xˆÏöˆÏܲ•z ˆüÌÓ˚
ӈϰ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏö ï%˛°ˆÏåÈ °y¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ....
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ÓhflÏyÎ˚ û˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓшÏô ˆú˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ....
ò%çö ü!•°y ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%ܲ% Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ Ó!ü ܲÓ˚ˆåÏ È....~ï˛«˛ˆÏî ~ܲçö ÜÑ˛yòˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°....
~ܲ Î%Óܲ....~ï˛«˛ˆÏî öy!§Ó˚ çyöˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ....~ ï˛yÓ˚•z û˛y•z....
•yÎ˚Ê xyÕ‘y....
xy!ü ~ܲê˛y ܲyˆÏ°y x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy û˛yÓ°yü– xyFåÈy x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆï˛y ܲyˆÏ°y•z •Î˚....~§Ó
xyˆÏÓy°ÈÙÈï˛yˆÏÓy° !ã˛hsˇyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ üyˆÏö •Î˚....xy!ü ~ܲÓyÓ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ú˛ç°%ˆÏ°Ó˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚
û˛yÓ°yü....ˆÜ˛üö çy!ö ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛ ˆÓ˚yü !¢Ó˚!¢Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z벰....ˆÓ˚yüÜ)˛˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆúÑ˛yê˛y
ˆúÑ˛yê˛y ç° ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛ °yà°....üˆÏö •°....xyüyÓ˚Ä ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ê˛y ~Ó˚ܲü•z ÌyܲˆÏÓ
ˆÓyô •Î˚....ˆÜ˛í˛z •Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y ò%Û~ܲçö xyüyÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y xyd#Î˚....ï˛yÓ˚y ÜÑ˛yòˆÏÓ....ÜÑ˛yòˆÏÓ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ
xy!ü ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z....xyÓ˚ Óy!ܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛ö xy!ü üyÓ˚y ˆà°yü ï˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ....üö
û˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚Ä....öy §ÓyÓ˚ öÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚Ä Ü˛yÓ˚Ä....ÎyÓ˚y ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ܲÌy û˛yÓˆÏÓ–
xy!ü ~ܲÓyÓ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ Ä•z ˆü̈ÏÓ˚Ó˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ û˛yÓ°yü....ày !âö !âö ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z벰....xÌã˛
~•z ˆ°yܲê˛y•z....~•z ü,ï˛ˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲüye ܲyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ....xy!ü Ä•z ˆü̈ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyåÈyܲy!åÈ
ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚°yü....ܲ# ~ï˛ ¢!_´ ï˛yˆÏܲ û˛Î˚ xyÓ˚ â,îy ˆÌˆÏܲ ü%!_´ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ....xˆÏöˆÏܲ
Ó°° Ä üyï˛y° ~áö §Ó ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ....
xy!ü Óƒyà ˆÌˆÏܲ !ò!¢ üˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyï˛° ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ì˛Ü˛ì˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ à°yÎ˚ ì˛y°°yü....ˆö¢y
•°....¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ê˛y°üyê˛y° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°....§y•§ Óyí˛¸° xˆÏöܲê˛y....ü,ï˛ˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ
ˆà°yü !ܲv å%ÈшÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚°yü öy....
xyç xyÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y °yà!åÈ° öy....Óy!í˛¸ !ú˛Ó˚°yü....
xyÓyÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ....
xyüyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ §yüˆÏö ~ܲ!ê˛ Î%Óܲ üˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏåÈ....ày°ÈÙÈü%ˆÏá òy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ û˛Ó˚y....¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ó˚Ç Ü˛yˆÏ°yÈÙÈÜ%˛ã˛Ü%˛ˆÏã˛....ü%ˆÏá áyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z!FåÈ‹T ˆ°ˆÏà xyˆÏåÈ....•yˆÏï˛Ä....˛õÓ˚ˆÏö ÷ô% ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õƒyrê˛ ˆ§!ê˛Ä ܲyˆÏ°y Ó˚LjÏÎ˚Ó˚....˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ã˛!ê˛ ˆö•z....˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆàyí˛¸y!° ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%ÈÙÈ~ܲ
ˆúÑ˛yê˛y Ó˚_´ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ....ˆÜ˛í˛z ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆã˛ˆÏö öy....xhsˇï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ xyüÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y Ä•z ü,ï˛ˆÏò• !âˆÏÓ˚
òÑy!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ xy!åÈ....ˆÜ˛í˛z ï˛yˆÏܲ !ã˛!ö öy....öyˆÏü !ã˛!ö öy....ˆ§ xü%ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ ï˛y çy!ö öy....ï˛yˆÏܲ
!ܲv xyüÓ˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ˆòˆÏá!åÈ ~•z Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ Ó‡!òö â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏï˛....Ó‡ÓyÓ˚....üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z!FåÈ‹T
356 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆâшêÏ ˛ ˆáˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá!åÈ....xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ •y§ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá!åÈ....xÌã˛ xyüÓ˚y ˆÜ˛í˛z ï˛yˆÏܲ
!ã˛!ö öy....xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛‹T ˆö•z....ò%ÉáÄ ˆö•z....
÷ô% ~•z ü,ï˛ˆÏò•!ê˛ˆÏܲ §Ó˚yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ....Ó˚yhflÏy Ó¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ....!¢÷Ó˚y û˛Î˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈ....
˛õ%!°¢ ~° ü,ï˛ˆÏò•!ê˛ˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°....Ó°°....ˆÓÄÎ˚y!Ó˚¢ °y¢....
xy!ü !öˆÏçˆÏܲ ˆÓÄÎ˚y!Ó˚¢ Ä•z °y¢ û˛yÓ°yü....ܲ# xyÿ˛Î≈....˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛í˛z xyüyˆÏܲ
ˆã˛ˆÏö öy....ˆÜ˛yöÄ öyˆÏü....ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏÎ˚....xyüyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ܲyÓ˚Ä ˆÜ˛yöÄ §¡õÜ≈˛
ˆö•z....ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z xyüyÓ˚ çöƒ ÜÑ˛yòˆÏÓ öy....˛õyˆÏ¢ ~ˆÏ§ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏÓ öy....!¢÷Ó˚y û˛Î˚
˛õyˆÏÓ....ü!•°yÓ˚y öyˆÏܲ •yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ....
xy§ˆÏÓ ÷ô% ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ç˛õ....xyÓ˚ ~ܲçö ˆüÌÓ˚–
öö#ܲyÜ%˛Ó˚ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ܲÌy üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸°....– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ §ÓyÓ˚ ܲyÜ%˛....xÌã˛ @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ•z
Ó°ï˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ !ï˛öÜ%˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆö•z....~ܲ!òö !öˆÏçÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ üˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ìyܲ° ˆ§....§¶˛ƒyÎ˚
§ˆÏ®• •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ í˛zÑ!ܲ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ü,ï˛ˆÏò• ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õ°yü....áyÓ˚y˛õ °yà°....ܲyߨyÄ
ˆ˛õ°....§Óy•z å%ȈÏê˛ ~°....§ÓyÓ˚•z üö û˛yÓ˚....xyüÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏܲ Ÿ¬¢yˆÏö !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°yü....
§Óy•z ӈϰ ï˛yÓ˚ !ï˛öÜ%˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆö•z....
xyüÓ˚y ˆï˛y !åÈ°yü....
Ÿ¬¢yˆÏöÓ˚ ã%˛!Õ‘ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆôÑyÎ˚y Îáö xyܲyˆÏ¢ ĈÏí˛¸....xy!ü ~ܲê˛y àÑyçyÓ˚ ܲ°ˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ê˛yö
!ò•z....ˆ§ ˆôÑyÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !ò•z....ˆò!á ò%!ê˛ ˆôÑyÎ˚y ~ܲ§ˆÏD !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈ....
ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈ....
ˆÜ˛ö ÎyˆÏFåÈ....
xyüyÓ˚ •y!§ ˛õyÎ˚....
!öˆÏçˆÏܲ àyu%˛ üˆÏö •Î˚....
~áöÄ ï%˛•z ~ï˛ê˛y ˆÓyܲy....ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ üyö%£Ï ܲ# •Î˚ çy!ö§ öy....üyö áyÓ˚y˛õ •Î˚....
Ÿ¬¢yˆÏöÓ˚ §yô% xyüyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ӈϧ ˛õ%öç≈ˆÏß√Ó˚ ܲÌy ˆ¢yöyÎ˚....
xy!ü û˛y!Ó....xy!ü xyˆÏàÓ˚ çˆÏß√ ܲ# !åÈ°yü....
ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚....xyÓ˚ Ä•z àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˆàyí˛¸yÎ˚ ˆ˛õFåÈy˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚....
ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ xyÓ˚ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˆàyí˛¸yÎ˚ ˆ˛õFåÈy˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚....xy!ü ˆã˛yá Ó¶˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ....xyÓ˚ Ä•z ò,¢ƒ û˛yˆÏ°y °yàˆÏåÈ öy....Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏà ÜÑ˛y˛õˆÏï˛ ÜÑ˛y˛õˆÏï˛ xyüyÓ˚
ܲyˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~ˆÏ§ ӈϰ....xy!ü ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çˆÏß√ üyö%£Ï •ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z....
xy!ü û˛y!Ó xyüyÓ˚ ˆåÈyê˛ˆÏÓ°yÎ˚....§Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆåÈyê˛ˆÏÓ°yÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ Ü˛#⁄
~ܲ ¢#î≈ܲyÎ˚ «%˛ôyï≈˛ ü!•°yÓ˚ ܲÌy üˆÏö •Î˚....ÎyÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒˆÏï˛ xy!ü ÷ô% xÓyܲ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚
ˆòˆÏá!åÈ°yü ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫yü# ˆåȈϰˆÏüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyߨy....
xy!ü âˆÏÓ˚ !ú˛!Ó˚....çyöy°y ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆáy°y....Óyï˛y§ ì%˛Ü˛ˆÏåÈ âˆÏÓ˚....!¢Ó˚!¢ˆÏÓ˚ ë˛yu˛y Óyï˛y§....
ï˛yÄ x§•ƒ àÓ˚ü....ú˛ƒyöê˛y ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !ò•z....ˆò!á ã˛yü!ã˛ˆÏܲ üˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏåÈ....~ xyüyÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛....≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ xyüyÓ˚ §yüˆÏö !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏí˛¸ ˆÓí˛¸yï˛....
ܲï˛!òö xy!ü !çˆÏK˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ....xyüyˆÏܲ í˛zí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢áy!Ó....
ˆÜ˛yöÄ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòÎ˚!ö....
xyç ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ xyˆÏà xyüyÓ˚ áyï˛yÓ˚ §yòy ˛õ,¤˛yÎ˚ !°ˆÏá ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆàˆÏåÈ....
xy!ü í˛zí˛¸Ó....
~ܲ≤Ãyhsˇ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ
ˆï˛yˆÏܲ §ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚Ó xyüyÓ˚ !˛õˆÏë˛....
Ä xyüyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z öÎ˚....
xyüÓ˚y ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ !åÈ°yü....

!≤ÃÎ˚ ú˛ı
......
§%ï˛˛õy òy¢=Æ
xyç 2 ˜Ó¢yá†Ó˚y!e12ÈÙÈ8 !ü!öê˛
Ó˚!ÓÓyÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈöÓü#†◊yÓî ö«˛e
1419 §ö
15 ~!≤ðñ 2012
!≤ÃÎ˚ ú˛ıñ
ˆï˛yˆÏܲ !ã˛!ë˛ !°áÓ ÓˆÏ° ≤Û!ï˛ !ö!FåÈ°yü– Îáö ï˛áö ˆï˛yñ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
§üˆÏÎ˚ ~ !ã˛!ë˛ ˆ°áy ÎyÎ˚ öyÈÙÙÙȈÎüö ò%˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏÓ°y ~ܲÌy°y û˛yï˛ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ •y•z
ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ~ !ã˛!ë˛ ˆ°áy ÎyÎ˚ öyñ ú˛Ó˚üy!°!ê˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ò%ÈÙÈܲ°ˆÏüÓ˚ !ã˛!ë˛
Îáö ï˛áö •Î˚ñ !ܲv ~ !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛ñ ˆï˛y ˆ§ •ˆÏÓ öyñ ܲyÓ˚î ~ˆÏï˛ üö ã˛y•zñ
flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ê˛yöyˆÏ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ö ã˛y•zñ §Ó áÑ%ˆÏç áÑ%ˆÏç ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ã˛y•zñ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y ã˛y•zñ
üçy ã˛y•zñ üyöÈÙÈx!û˛üyˆÏöÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ã˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y•z fl∫FåȈϮ xyˆÏÓy°ÈÙÈ
ï˛yˆÏÓy° àí˛¸à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°áyÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ ܲ# ã˛y•z⁄ ã˛y•z àû˛#Ó˚ Ó˚yï˛ !öÌÓ˚
hflÏ∏˛ï˛y xydyÓ˚ §ˆÏD xydyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàÈÙÙÙÈï˛ˆÏÓ•z •ˆÏÓ ú˛àyÓ˚ ˛õåȈϮÓ˚ !ã˛!벖
~áö àû˛#Ó˚ Ó˚yï˛ó !ܲv Ü,˛£è˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ eˆÏÎ˚yò¢# ˆÎ ˆáÎ˚y°•z !åÈ° öyñ
çyöy°yê˛y á%°ˆÏï˛•z ˆã˛yáê˛y ôÑy!ôˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°ÈÙÙÙÈ Ü%˛ã˛Ü%˛ˆÏã˛ Ü˛yˆÏ°y xyܲyˆÏ¢ •yçyÓ˚
•yçyÓ˚ !é˛Ü˛!üˆÏܲ ö«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆü°yñ ö#ˆÏã˛ àyˆÏåÈ àyˆÏåÈ ¢ˆÏÎ˚ ¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˆçyöy!ܲÓ˚
é˛Ü˛üܲy!ö ˆ§ ~ܲ xq$ï˛ xܲ“ö#Î˚ ò,¢ƒÊ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲ°ü!ê˛ xò,¢ƒ ã˛y!•òyÎ˚
åÈê˛ú˛ê˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z벰ÈÙÙÙÈï˛y•z xyÓ˚ ܲ# ܲ!Ó˚ñ xàƒï˛y ˆ°áy ÷Ó˚&ÈÙÙÙÈ
˛õ)!î≈üyÓ˚ xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛ Ó˚y!e •*òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏö xyöˆÏ®Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yñ ˛õ%°!Ü˛ï˛ •Î˚
!ã˛_– ˆÎüö üy ò%à≈yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛ ˛õ)!î≈üyÓ˚ ˆçƒy!ï˛ü≈Î˚# Ó˚*˛õ
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚ xy§ö ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ˆÏåÈ– ï˛y•z ӈϰ Ü,˛£èÓî≈ xüyÓ§ƒyÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ
!ܲå%È Ü˛ü!ï˛ ÎyÎ˚ öy– x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚yFåÈߨ !ö¢#Ì Ó˚yï˛ñ Ó˚•§ƒüÎ˚ åÈüåȈÏü ò)Ó˚ÈÙÈ
!òàhsˇ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ xyܲy¢ñ ã˛y!Ó˚!òܲ !öhflÏ∏˛ñ ܲyÓ˚Ä xD%!°Ó˚ !öˆÏò≈ˆÏ¢
ôÓ˚î# !öÿ%˛˛õÈÙÙÙÈày åÈüåȈÏü– Ó‡ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãï˛˛õ%Ó˚#Ó˚ òÓ˚çy á%ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏåÈ å%ȈÏê˛
xy§ˆÏåÈ ˆÎy!àö#Ó˚y– §yòy ˆâyí˛¸y å%È!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ üyÌyÓ˚ í˛z£è#£Ï í˛z!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !öû˛#≈ܲ
Ó˚yçÜ%˛üyÓ˚ å%Èê˛ˆÏåÈ Ó˚yçÜ%˛üyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ í˛zk˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ°yÓ˚*!˛õî#
üy ܲy°# xüyÓ§ƒyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚yá!ã˛ï˛ ܲyˆÏ°y ˆÓöyÓ˚!§ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˆáy°y
ï˛Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ñ à°yÎ˚ ü%[˛üy°y fl∫yü#Ó˚ ӈϫ˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xû˛Î˚ ≤Ãòyö
ܲÓ˚ˆåÏ Èöñ ˆÎy!àö#Ó˚y Îï˛•z xüD° !öˆÏÎ˚ å%ȈêÏ ˛ xy§%ܲ ˆâyÓ˚ ï˛ü§y Ó˚y!eˆÏï˛–
•*òÎ˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˛õ%°!Ü˛ï˛ •Î˚ öyñ !ܲv x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Ó˚y!e •*òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏö ï˛˛õ§ƒyÓ˚
ˆã˛ï˛öyñ !Ó˛õˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏö Î%é˛ÓyÓ˚ ¢!_´– ˆû˛yÓ˚Óy˚ ˆÏï˛ éÑ˛y!é˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó,!‹T ~ˆÏ°yÈÙÙÙÈ
358 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
é˛üé˛ü çˆÏ°Ó˚ xyÄÎ˚yˆÏç â%ü ˆà° ˆû˛ˆÏäñ Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚ âö !¢•Ó˚ö çyˆÏà– ô#ˆÏÓ˚ñ
ô#ˆÏÓ˚ñ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ çyö°yê˛yÓ˚ §yüˆÏö xy!§ÈÙÙÙÈÓ,!‹TÓ˚ çˆÏ° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ ˆû˛çy âyˆÏ§ñ
àyåÈàyåÈy!°ˆÏï˛ ˆçÕ‘y ˆ°ˆÏàˆÏåÈ– üy!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§ˆÏåÈ ≤ÃÌü Ó£Ï≈yÓ˚ çˆÏ° òyÓ˚&î !ü!‹T
ˆ§ÑˆÏòy ˆ§ÑˆÏòy ˆã˛öy à¶˛– xyܲyˆÏ¢ §¶˛ƒy ˆöˆÏü xy§ˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê%˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ˆã˛öy xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ó˚*˛õ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z xöƒñ ˜à!Ó˚ܲ §ß¨ƒy§#ñ àû˛#Ó˚ ôƒyˆÏö ü@¿ •ˆÏÓö– ~ܲê%˛ ~ܲê%˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òàhsˇ
ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§ˆÏÓ Ü,˛£èÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ Ó˚y!eÓ˚ ï˛˛õ§ƒy– ˆ• §Ó≈ ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ ~ܲ ˆòÓï˛yÈÙÙÙÈÄ•z í˛zß√%_´
xyܲy¢ñ ÎyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ Ü˛y!Ó˚ܲ!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆá°yñ ˆÎ ˆá°y ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛ö •Î˚ öyÈÙÙÙÈÌyˆÏܲ öy
àï˛yö%à!ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Üœ˛y!hsˇÓ˚ åÈyÎ˚yñ ÎyÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛yöy ˆö•zñ xyˆÏåÈ ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ã˛üÜ˛Ê ˆï˛yüyÓ˚
ˆüâüy°yÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ˚ܲ Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ xyhflÏÓ˚î ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ ü•y¢)öƒï˛yÓ˚ •y•yܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ !öû≈˛#ܲ öˆÏû˛yü[˛° !ÓŸªÈÙÈÓ ·˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ àû˛#Ó˚ Ó˚•ˆÏ§ƒ xyÓ,ï˛– ˆ• §Ó≈ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ ~ܲˆÏòÓï˛y
ààöˆÏòÓñ ô!Ó˚e#Ó˚ !Ó¢y° üyöÓçy!ï˛ ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!öÎ˚ï˛ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãîyü çyöyÎ˚–
Ä•z ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çyà!ï˛Ü˛ ü•y!ÓfløÎ˚ xÜ,˛˛õî •ˆÏhflÏ §òy §Ó≈òy ô!Ó˚e# xyˆÏ°y ÓyÎ˚% ç° òyö
ܲˆÏÓ˚öÈÙÙÙÈï˛y•z ˆï˛y xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ,Ì¥# §%ç°yñ §%ú˛°yÎ˚ÙÙÙÈüy ܲü°yÊ
ú˛ày ˆÓ¢ !ܲå%È!òö ˆï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà !åÈ° öyÈÙÙÙÈ!ܲv xyç ܲ°üáyöy •yˆÏï˛ !öˆÏï˛•z
ö)ï˛ö í˛z˛õ°!∏˛Ó˚ í˛zˆßÏ √£Ïî •°ÈÙÙÙȧ¡õÜ≈˛ xyÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ ü,ï˛% ƒ ˆö•zÈÙÙÙȧyÓ˚y ç#Óö •*òˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
àû˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢Ü˛í˛¸ ˆàˆÏí˛¸ xÑyܲˆÏí˛¸ ÌyˆÏܲ–
◊yÓî üy§ÈÙÙÙÈxyüyÓ˚ çß√!òöñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛yÓ˚îÓ¢ï˛ ï%˛•z xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚§!ö– §¶˛ƒyÓ˚ ˆàê˛ÈÙÈ
ê%˛ÈÙȈàòyÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !öÓ˚Ì≈ܲ !åÈ°ñ xyüyÓ˚ ú˛ày•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xö%˛õ!fliˆÏï˛– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !òö Ó˚yˆÏï˛
!öüsfî ˆ§ˆÏÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢yÓyÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òÓ˚çyê˛y á%°ˆÏï˛•z !ü!‹T ô)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ àˆÏ¶˛ üöê˛y û˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆà°ñ ˆò!áñ ˆê˛!ӈϰñ Ó˚&ˆÏ˛õyÓ˚ Ìy°yÎ˚ ~ܲÓ˚y¢ çÑ%•z ú%˛°ÈÙÙÙÈ!ã˛Ó˚Ü)˛ˆÏê˛ ˆ°áy
ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ôö !ܲå%È•z ÎyˆÏÓ öy ˆú˛°y
ô%°yÎ˚ •í˛zܲ Îï˛•z xӈϕ°yÈÙÙÙÈ
˛õyˆÏ¢ Ó˚yáy ~ܲ!ê˛ §yòy ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛yçü•°Ê
xyüyÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ ˆï˛yÓ˚Ä !öÿ˛Î˚•z üˆÏö xyˆÏåÈ– ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓåÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ òyÓ˚&î
x!@¿ÓyˆÏî =Ó˚&ˆÏòˆÏÓÓ˚ çß√!òö ˛õÑ!ã˛ˆÏ¢ ˜Ó¢yá í˛z˛õ°ˆÏ«˛ xyüÓ˚y ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçö !üˆÏ° !ë˛Ü˛
ܲÓ˚°yü öyê˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚ÓÈÙÙÙÈöyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•z ܲ!ÓˆÏܲ ◊k˛y çyöyÓ– ˆï˛yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚
˛õí˛¸° öyê˛Ü˛ ˆ°áy– ≤ÃÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ òy!Î˚c ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°öyñ Ó˚yç#Ó ˆfiê˛çÈÙȈ§ê˛ñ xyüyÓ˚ òy!Î˚ˆcÏ ˆ˛õy¢yܲ
~ÓÇ ˆüܲÈÙÈxy˛õñ ÓƒÓfliy˛õöyÎ˚ §%ò#˛õ ~ÓÇ ï˛˛õï˛#– ˆ≤ë˛yà,• §IyÎ˚ñ üy°y– xÓ˚&î
Ó˚Ó#w§Çà#ˆÏï˛–
!òö !ï˛öñ ã˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛•z ~!°ñ ü•°y ܲˆÏ«˛– ܲyˆÏ°y ¢y!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ü˛˛õyˆÏ° Óí˛¸ ܲyˆÏ°y !ê˛˛õ
Ó%ˆÏܲ ÓÜ%˛° åÈí˛¸y •yÓ˚ ò%°ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙȈáÑy˛õyÎ˚ ú%˛ˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈ à¶˛Ó˚yç–
ÈÙÙÙÈ≤ÃÓy°ñ xyüyÓ˚ ˆ°áy ܲü!≤’ê˛– Óƒ§ ܲyàç˛õ_Ó˚ §Ó !öˆÏÎ˚ öyÄ–
≤ÃÓy° ܲ# !°á!°ñ ~ܲê%˛ Ó°ñ ÷!öÈÙÙÙÈxy•z!í˛Î˚y!ê˛ Ü˛#⁄
ÈÙÙÙÈÓ˚_´Ü˛Ó˚Ó# ~ÓÇ í˛yܲâÓ˚ §¡õ,ˆÏ_´ öyê˛Ü˛!ê˛ !°ˆÏá!åÈ– !¢÷ xü° ~ÓÇ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚# Ä
òy!Ω˛Ü˛ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ ¢)öƒ •*òÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚– öyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ öyü Ú=Ó˚&ˆÏòˆÏÓÓ˚ û˛yÓöyÎ˚ öyê˛Ü˛ÄÎ˚y°yˆÏòÓ˚
áƒy˛õy!üÛ–
≤ÃÓy°ñ àΩ˛#Ó˚ ü%ˆÏá öyê˛Ü˛áyöy !öˆÏüˆÏ£Ï ˛õˆÏí˛¸ !öˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏ° ÓyÉñ •y•zÜœ˛y§ñ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ öï%˛ö
ôyÓ˚yñ =Ó˚&ˆÏòÓ á%Ó á%!¢ •ˆÏÓö–
 !≤ÃÎ˚ ú˛ı † 359
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ü•í˛¸y ÷Ó˚& •°ñ ~ÓÇ !ö!ò≈‹T !òˆÏö ÎÌy§üˆÏÎ˚ §ü#Ó˚î §¶˛ƒyÎ˚ ˛õò≈yÄ í˛z벰–
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°Ü˛ ≤ÃÓy° Óy§% ˆçyí˛¸ •ˆÏhflÈÏ ÙÙÙÈöüflÒyÓ˚ñ §%fly∫ àï˛ü‰Ê =Ó˚&ˆÏòÓˆÏܲ fløÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚
öyê˛Ü˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚!åÈ öyê˛Ü˛ñ Ú=Ó˚&ˆÏòˆÏÓÓ˚ û˛yÓöyÎ˚ öyê˛Ü˛ÄÎ˚y°yˆÏòÓ˚ áƒy˛õy!üÛ– xyç ˛õÖ!ã˛ˆÏ¢
˜Ó¢yáñ !ÓŸªÜ˛!Ó Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ ë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çß√!òöÈÙÙÙÈܲ!ÓˆÏܲ §◊k˛ ≤Ãîyü çyöy•zÈÙÙÙȈ§•z §ˆÏD
xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲçö fløÓ˚ˆÏî xyˆÏ§öñ !ï˛!ö ܲ!ÓÓ˚ àû≈˛ôy!Ó˚î# çöö#ñÈÙÙÙȧyÓ˚òyˆÏòÓ#– •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
üyô%Ó˚#ˆÏï˛ !¢÷Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ Äë˛yÓ˚ ò#â≈ 10 üy§ 10 !òˆÏöÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ñ xyÜ%˛°ï˛yñ §Ç°y˛õñ !ã˛hsˇyÓ˚
ˆü° Ó¶˛ö •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xöƒyöƒ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ fl∫ï˛sf !åÈ°– ü,à ˆÎüö ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲyhsˇ
!öˆÏçÓ˚ ܲ›Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆ§ÔÓ˚ˆÏû˛ xyÜ%˛!°ï˛ !Óã˛!°ï˛ñ xyd•yÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ §yÓ˚òyˆÏòÓ#Ä àˆÏû≈˛
ܲ!ö¤˛ ˛õ%ˆÏeÓ˚ xyàüˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ§ÔÓ˚ˆÏû˛ ܲ›Ó˚# ü,ˆÏàÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲ# !Ó•¥°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åȈϰö⁄ ï˛yÓ˚
fl∫≤¿ñ !¢Ó˚yÈÙÈí˛z˛õ!¢Ó˚yÓ˚ !¢•Ó˚öñ xyÜ%˛°ï˛y ˆÜ˛üö !åÈ° xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ çyöy ˆö•zñ !ܲv !ï˛!ö
!ÓŸªçÎ˚# §y!•ï˛ƒ§¡Àyê˛ §hsˇyö ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– !ÓŸªÈÙÈ!Ó◊&ï˛ Ó˚bàû≈˛y ˆ§•z
çöö# §yÓ˚òyˆÏòÓ# Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §hsˇyö ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ Ó˚Ó#wöÿÏܲ ≤Ãîyü çyöy•z– ~áyˆÏö•z xyüyÓ˚
ܲÌy ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚!åÈ ï˛y öy •ˆÏ° §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xû˛yˆÏÓ xyüÓ˚y öyê˛Ü˛!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈û˛yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õˆÏû˛yà
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó öy– öüflÒyÓ˚–
ü° Óy!çˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÎyFåÈ ˆày⁄ ã˛ˆÏ°•z Óy ÎyFåÈ ˆÜ˛ö⁄ òÑyí˛¸yÄ öy ~ܲê%˛ñ à°yÎ˚ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚
üy°y •yˆÏï˛ ú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲB˛îñ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ xy°ï˛y xyüyÓ˚ !˛õ!§Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ü%á˛õy!ö ˆÜ˛yü°Ê
SˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ ô#Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ çyöy°yÓ˚ ܲyåÈ!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚V ï%˛!ü !ܲ xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ§•z üôƒÓ˚yˆÏï˛
ï˛yÓ˚yáy!öñ ˆÎ ˆÎ xyüyˆÏܲ ˆí˛ˆÏܲ ӈϰñ xy!ü ˆçˆÏà xy!åÈñ û˛Î˚ ˆö•z–
ö!®ö#ÈÙÙÙÈSàyö ày•zˆÏï˛ ày•zˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢V
û˛yˆÏ°yÓy!§ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy!§
~•z §%ˆÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ çˆÏ°ÈÙÈfliˆÏ° ÓyçyÎ˚ ÓÑy!¢–
xyܲyˆÏ¢ ܲyÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛
ÓƒÌy ÓyˆÏç
!òàˆÏhsˇ ܲyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ°y xÑy!á xÑy!áÓ˚ çˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ ˆày û˛y!§–
ö!®ö#ÈÙÙÙÈÓ˚yçyñ xy!ü ~ˆÏ§!åÈñ xy!ü ö!®ö#ñ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ §ò≈yÓ˚Ó˚y xyüyˆÏܲ áÓÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ܲ#
ã˛yÄ ï%˛!ü⁄ ˆÜ˛ö xyüyˆÏï˛ ˆí˛ˆÏܲåÈ⁄
Ó˚yçyÈÙÙÙÈxy!ü áÓÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ ï%˛!ü ≤Ãçy˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ~áyˆÏö ˆ§áyˆÏö í˛zˆíÏ ˛¸ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏFåÈ– ܲ#ˆÏ§Ó˚
ܲ#ˆÏ§Ó˚ §¶˛yˆÏö ~áyˆÏö ~ˆÏ§åÈ⁄
ö!®ö#ÈÙÙÙÈÓ˚yçyñ xq$ï˛ xú%˛Ó˚yö ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ¢!_´ñ Ó˚yçˆÏcÓ˚ñ §Ó áÓÓ˚ ï%˛!ü Ó˚yˆÏáy §yüyöƒ
ö!®ö#Ó˚ áÓÓ˚ ï%˛!ü çyö öyÊ ü•yÓ˚yç xyÿ˛Î≈ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ≤Ãû%˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ã˛üܲñ òΩ˛Ê
Ó˚yçyÈÙÙÙÈÌy܉˛ Ä§Ó Ü˛Ìyñ ö!®ö# ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ Ó˚_´Ü˛Ó˚Ó#Ó˚ §yç xyüyˆÏܲ xy!Ó‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyüyÓ˚
•yï˛áy!ö ~ܲê%˛ ôÓ˚ñ xyüyÓ˚ ¢)öƒ •*òÎ˚áy!ö úÑ˛yܲy ܲ°!§Ó˚ üˆÏï˛yñ §•flÀ ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ï,˛£èyï≈˛Ê
Sö!®ö# ò%Û•yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆã˛yá ì˛yˆÏܲV
Ó˚yçyÈÙÙÙÈÄ•z ò)Ó˚ ˛õy•yí˛¸ê˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y xy!ü Üœ˛yhsˇ Óƒ!Ìï˛ÈÙÙÙÈö®y
SÓ˚yçyÓ˚ òy!Ω˛Ü˛ ˆã˛yá ò%!ê˛ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ •ï˛y¢yñ ˆÓòöy!Óü)ì˛¸V
ö!®ö#ÈÙÙÙȈï˛yüyÓ˚ ~ §Ó ܲÌyÓ˚ üyˆÏö Ó%!é˛ ˆöñ xy!ü Îy•zÊ
Ó˚yçyÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲê%˛ òÑyí˛¸yÄ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ Ó˚_´Ü˛Ó˚Ó#Ó˚ ܲB˛îáy!ö xyüyˆÏܲ òyÄ–
ö!®ö#ÈÙÙÙÈöy Ó˚yçyñ ~ ~ܲ!òö ÷!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈ~Ó˚ üyˆÏö ï%˛!ü Ó%é˛ˆÏÓ öy üܲÓ˚Ó˚yç–
360 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
Ó˚yçyÈÙÙÙÈ§Ó !òˆÏÎ˚ Î!ò ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Îy•zÈÙÙÙÈ
ö!®ö#ÈÙÙÙÈÄ Ü˛Ìy ï%˛!ü ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ӈϰy öy Ó˚yçy xyüyÓ˚ û˛Î˚ •Î˚– Ó˚Oö åÈyí˛¸y xy!ü xyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ xyd!ÓŸªy§ ˛õy•z ˆö– Ä xyüyÓ˚ ü%!_´ÈÙÙÙÈxyüyÓ˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ å%È!ê˛Ó˚
˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ •yÄÎ˚yñ ˆ§ å%È!ê˛Ó˚ •yÄÎ˚yˆÏܲ xy!ü Ó˚_´Ü˛Ó˚Ó#Ó˚ üô% !òˆÏÎ˚ û˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z– Ó˚yçy
ï%˛!ü ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ°•z Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆ§ ˆÎ Óí˛¸ §%®Ó˚–
•ï˛y¢y@ˇÃhflÏñ ü!î•yÓ˚y ú˛!îÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y !Ó£Ï] Ó˚yçy !§Ç•y§ˆÏö ӈϧ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
Ó˚yçyÈÙÙÙȧ%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çÓyÓ §%®Ó˚•z ˛õyÎ˚– x§%®Ó˚ Îáö ï˛yˆÏܲ !åÈ!öˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– Ó#îyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
ÓyˆÏç öy– !åÈÖˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– !ܲv Ä•z ò)Ó˚ ˛õy•yí˛¸ê˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y =üˆÏÓ˚ =üˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛!åÈ– xyüyˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚
§!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òÄ öy ö®yÈÙÙÙÈ
ö!®ö#ÈÙÙÙÈSã˛M˛È° •ˆÏÎ˚V öy öyñ xy!ü Îy•z Ó˚yçy
ˆ§ xy§ˆÏÓ
Ó˚Oöñ Ó˚Oö ï%˛ÈÙÙÙÈ!üñ ˆÜ˛yÈÙÙÙÈÌyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
xyüyÓ˚ §Ü˛° Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚y
ˆï˛yüyˆÏï˛ xyç •í˛zܲ öy •yÓ˚y
ç#Óö ç%ˆÏí˛¸ °y=ܲ ˛õÓ˚¢
ö!®ö#ÈÙÙÙÈÓ˚Oö òÑyí˛¸yÄñ xy!ü çy!öñ xyç Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ãÑ˛yò í˛yܲˆÏåÈñ ӈϰˆÏåÈ Ó˚OˆÏöÓ˚
§ˆÏD xyüyÓ˚ ˆòáy •ˆÏÓ– ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyhsˇÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyhsˇˆÓÏ ˚ àyˆÏåÈñ àyˆÏåÈñ ¢yáyÎ˚ ¢yáyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yj%ˆÓÏ ˚
Ó%ܲû˛Ó˚y ˆçƒyÍfl¨yÎ˚ •z¢yÓ˚y ˆ°ˆÏàˆÏåÈ ˆày....xyüyÓ˚ Ó˚Oö xy§ˆÏåÈ–
Ó˚OöÈÙÙÙÈSˆ•ˆÏ§V ˆÓ¢ ˆï˛yñ ö®y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y °yàyê%˛Ü%˛ üô% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ܲyç°
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !ò°yü–
ö!®ö# ˛õyܲ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ â%Ó˚ˆÏï˛ â%Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •y§ˆÏï˛ •y§ˆÏï˛ ÌüˆÏܲ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ Ó˚Oö ˆï˛yüyÓ˚
÷ºÓ§ˆÏö Ä•z ˜à!Ó˚ܲ í˛z_Ó˚#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!öÎ˚ï˛ xyüyˆÏܲ •yï˛åÈy!ö !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛yˆÏܲÊÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆÜ˛ö⁄ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˜à!Ó˚ܲ í˛z_Ó˚#Î˚ !ܲ xyüyˆÏܲ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ Ó¶%˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚⁄
Ó˚OöÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ˜à!Ó˚ܲ Ó˚Ç û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ Ó˚ÇÈÙÙÙȈ≤ÈÏüÓ˚ Ó˚Ç–
~ Ó˚ˆÏä çyò% xyˆÏåÈñ ~ çyò% ≤Ã!ï˛!öÎ˚ï˛ Î«˛˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ ÷‹Ò •*òˆÏÎ˚ ˆá°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ܲv ~•z
!ÓÓ˚yê˛ !Óû˛#!£ÏܲyüÎ˚ ˜òï˛ƒ˛õ%Ó˚#ˆÏï˛ ï%˛!ü ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ö®yÈÙÙÙÈܲ# •z¢yÓ˚y xyˆÏåÈ
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ã˛üˆÏܲ⁄
ö®y ï˛yÓ˚ ÓÑy •yï˛áyöy Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– Ó˚Oö ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ ˆÓ•y°yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚&î
Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ü)åÈ≈öyÎ˚ xyFåÈߨ •*òÎ˚ñ ö®yÓ˚ •yï˛áy!ö ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Oö– ö®y ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ ĈÏë˛ÈÙÙÙÈô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚
ˆ§ í˛zˆÏë˛ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚–
Ó˚OöÈÙÙÙÈö!®ö# ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ~ܲ ì˛y° Ü%˛!M˛Èï˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏ¢ öyü •yÓ˚y ˆ§ÔÓ˚!û˛ï˛ ú%˛° xyüyˆÏܲ xy!Ó‹T
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ä•z Ó˚_´Ü˛Ó˚Ó#Ó˚ ܲB˛î xyüyÓ˚ Ó¶˛öÊ •Ç§ @ˇÃ#ÓyÎ˚ Ó˚_´Ü˛Ó˚Ó#Ó˚ üy°yáy!ö ˆòyˆÏ° ˆ§
ˆÎ xyüyÓ˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~ Ó˚yäyˆÏöy– Sö®yÓ˚ ˆëÑ˛yê˛ ÜÑ˛y˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲV û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏà
ï˛yÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ öÎ˚ö åÈ°åÈ° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ĈÏ벖 ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ xy!ü •yÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z öy ö®y– ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚
Ó˚_´xyû˛yÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ã˛üܲ xyˆÏåÈ– ò#â≈ àû˛#Ó˚ ã˛M˛È° Ä•z ò%áy!ö xÑy!áˆÏï˛
í%˛Ó !òˆÏï˛ •zˆÏFåÈ •Î˚ ö®y– Sö!®ö#Ó˚ xy!áÖÓ˚ ˛õÕ‘Ó çˆÏ° !û˛ˆÏç ĈÏë˛ñ üˆÏM˛ÈÓ˚ §¡ø%á ˛õyˆÏö
òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚V
ö®yÈÙÙÙÈÓ˚ÈÙÈOö xyüyÓ˚ °y° ú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚yçyÈÙÙÙÈ
 !≤ÃÎ˚ ú˛ı † 361
Ó˚Oö ˆëÑ˛yˆÏê˛ xyä%° !òˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈã%˛˛õñ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ ≤ÕÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õòôù!ö ˆ¢yöy ÎyˆÏFåÈñ xy!ü Îy!FåÈ
ö®yÈÙÙÙÈxyÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ˆö•z–
S~ܲ ˛õy ò%Û˛õy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ !˛õ!åȈÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲV
ö®yÈÙÙÙÈSxyï≈˛öyò ܲˆÏÓ˚ ĈÏë˛V Ó˚OÈÙÈö ˆÎˆÏÎ˚y öy !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§yñ ï%˛ÈÙÙÙÈ!ü !ú˛ÈÙȈÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§y....
˛õò≈yÈÙÙÙÈ
xü°ÈÙÙÙÈSx!û˛Óyòö ܲˆÏÓ˚V •Ñƒy ü•yÓ˚yçñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò%Éá# ˜¢¢Ó §yÓ˚y!òö çyöy°yÓ˚ àyÓ˚ˆÏò
üyÌy ë%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ë%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏò üÓ˚ï˛ñ ˆ§ xyç Ó¶%˛ §%ôyñ ü!Õ‘Ü˛y ܲòüú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ü%!_´Ó˚
fl∫yò ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ô!Ó˚e#Ó˚ ü%_´ üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ çß√û)˛!ü!ê˛ Ü˛ï˛ Óí˛¸ xyöˆÏ®Ó˚ ï˛y•z
ˆï˛y xy!ü öy!Óܲ xü°–
Sx!û˛Óyòö ܲˆÏÓ˚V xü°ÈÙÙÙÈü•yÓ˚yç xy!ü ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ ˛õÌ ˆòáyÓñ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ àyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ çy°
!åÈߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ó˚yçyÈÙÙÙÈï%˛!ü ˆö•yï˛ Óy°Ü˛ üye ï%˛!ü xyüyˆÏܲ ˛õÌ ˆòáyˆÏÓ⁄ •yÈÙÈ•yÈÙÈ•y Sx‹T•y!§V
ö!®ö#ÈÙÙÙÈï%˛!ü ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§y Ó˚yçyñ ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ üyˆÏë˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ Îy•z– üyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ÓÑy!¢ ÷ˆÏöñ ÷ˆÏö
xyܲy¢ á%!¢ •° âˆÏÓ˚ xyç ˆÜ˛ Ó˚ˆÏÓ ˆày– ˆáyˆÏ°y ò%Î˚yÓ˚ ˆáyˆÏ°y–
Ó˚yçyÈÙÙÙÈxy!ü üyˆÏë˛ ÎyÓ⁄ ˆÜ˛yö ܲyˆÏç °yàÓ–
xü°ÈÙÙÙÈÓ˚yçy ˆ§yöyÓ˚ ˛õy•yí˛¸ñ fl∫î≈ à!Ó˚üy ˆï˛yüyˆÏܲ ò%Éá# ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ •ï˛y¢y@ˇÃhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ˆòá ˛õ,!ÌÓ# Ü˛ï˛ §%®Ó˚–
Ó˚yçyÈÙÙÙÈxü°ñ Ó˚yç˙ŸªÎ≈ !ܲ xyüyˆÏܲ í˛z˛õÓy§# ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ⁄
xü°ÈÙÙÙȕуy üܲÓ˚Ó˚yçñ ôùçy !åÈߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öü≈° ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ üyÌy Ó˚yá%ö– Sò%Û•yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
§%ôyñ ܲòüú%˛°ñ ü!Õ‘Ü˛y ö!®ö#ˆÏܲ í˛yˆÏܲñ Ä•z ˆòá%ö Ó˚yçyñ §Óy•z ~ˆÏ§y xyüÓ˚y xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
ü•yÓ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !öü≈° üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲ!Ó˚– ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yçy
üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy Ó˚yˆÏáö ~ÓÇ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§öV
Ó˚yçyÈÙÙÙÈxyÉ Ü˛# §%®Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yÈÙÈ•yÄÎ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ñ xyÉ Ó%ܲ û˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ÿªy§ÈÙÙÙÈí˛zÉ Ü˛# xyÓ˚yüÊ
§Óy•z ӈϰÈÙÙÙȈòˆÏáy Ó˚yçy ö#° xyܲyˆÏ¢ §yòy ˆüˆÏâÓ˚ ˆá°yñ ¢Ó˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyܲy¢ÈÙÈÓyï˛y§
˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈– Ó˚yçyñ ï%˛!ü ˛õyï˛y°˛õ%Ó˚#Ó˚ fl∫î≈ û˛y[˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ fl∫î≈ܲü° !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÓ#ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚yôöy
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˜Ü˛°y§ ˆÌˆÏܲ üy xy§ˆÏåÈöñ xyç í˛z£ÏyÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ñ ˜Ü˛°y§Ó˚yç ¢B˛Ó˚ ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö
ö#° ܲZ˛ ˛õy!áÓ˚ ˛õy°Ü˛–
˛õò≈yÈÙÙÙÈ
öyê˛Ü˛ ˆ¢£Ï •°ñ ܲÓ˚ï˛yˆÏ° ˆ≤ë˛yà,• ü%á!Ó˚ï˛ •°– xyüÓ˚y §Óy•z á%Ó á%!¢– áyÄÎ˚yÈÙÈòyÄÎ˚y
ú˛yê˛yú˛y!ê˛ÈÙÙÙÈxyöˆÏ®Ó˚ ˆçyÎ˚yÓ˚–
ˆ¢£Ï •° ˛õÑ!ã˛ˆÏ¢ ˜Ó¢yá–
ú˛ày•zñ ï%˛•z üˆÏö !öÿ˛Î˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åȧ ˆ§•z !ã˛!ë˛ê˛yÊ ï˛áö xy!åȧ ܲy!¢≈Î˚yÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏÓ˚fiê˛
ÓyÇ°yˆÏï˛– Ó˚!äö áyˆÏü •y°Ü˛y ö#° ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ !ã˛!ë˛ ~°ñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ xyô%!öܲ ö)ï˛ö ܲ!ÓÓ˚
~ܲ°y•zöÈÙÙÙÈ
ÈÙÙÙÈö!®ö‰ÈÙÙÙÈ
Úˆï˛yüyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ •ë˛yÍ ˆåÈÑyÎ˚yê˛yˆÏܲ•z ˛õÑ!ã˛ˆÏ¢ ˜Ó¢yá ӈϰ í˛yܲ!åÈ–Û
Ó˚Oö S≤ÃÓy°V
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ ˆáy°y !åÈ° !ã˛!ë˛áyöy– Ü%˛Î˚y¢yFåÈߨ ˛õy•zˆöÏ Ó˚ çDˆÏ° ú˛ˆÏÓfi˚ ê˛ ÓyLjϰyÓ˚ ¢y!¢≈Ó˚
362 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
çyö°yÎ˚ ӈϧ Ìyܲy ú˛ày !ܲ û˛yÓˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ÚˆÜ˛ö ˆ≤Ãü xy˛õöyˆÏÓ˚ öy!• ˛õyÎ˚ ˛õÌÛ....
ï˛áöÄ §)Î≈ ĈÏë˛ öy !ܲv ≤Ãû˛yˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y ˆú˛yˆÏê˛ñ !ë˛Ü˛ ~•z §!¶˛«˛ˆÏî ˆÓ˚y•ö ˆàyfl∫yü#
ˆÓ˚yç•z ÓyLjϰyÓ˚ °ˆÏö âyˆÏ§ áy!° ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ •yˆÏê˛ÈÙÙÙÈöÓ˚ü §Ó%ç åÈÑyê˛y ây§ñ ˛õyÈÙÈê˛yÎ˚ á%Ó xyÓ˚yü
•Î˚– ã˛y!Ó˚!òˆÏܲ ú%˛°ÈÙÈú˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ àyåÈñ ˆ§=!° ≤ÃyÎ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚y üy§•z ú%˛ˆÏ°ñ ú˛ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ ï˛y•z ˆÎ
ÎyÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ¢yû˛yÎ˚ ˆ¢y!û˛ï˛ÈÙÙÙȈÓ˚yç•z ˆÓ˚y•ö ˆòˆÏá xyÓ˚ üˆÏö üˆÏö Ó§%ôyˆÏܲ ï˛y!Ó˚ú˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ ÓyàyˆÏö Ó§%ôyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î≈yÓ˚ §%®Ó˚ï˛y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ò!«˛î !òܲê˛yÎ˚ ˆåÈyR ~ܲê˛y ˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
üˆÏï˛y ܲÓ˚yñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õp˛õyï˛y û˛yˆÏ§ xyÓ˚ ö#°ñ °y° üyˆÏåÈÓ˚y ˆá°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ Îï˛
˛õy!á xyˆÏ§ ç° ˆáˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ öy•zˆÏï˛– ˆÓ˚y•ö ˆÓ˚yç•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆáˆÏï˛ ˆòÎ˚ñ Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛ï˛ çyöyñ
öyü öy çyöy ˛õy!á !û˛í˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲ!ã˛Ó˚!ü!ã˛ˆÏÓ˚ §Ü˛y°ˆÏÓ°yê˛y ü%áÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– °¡∫y
ˆ°çÄÎ˚y°y ò%ôÓ˚yç ˛õy!á ò%ˆÏê˛y ô˛õy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Å£Ï!ô àyåÈê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆöˆÏü xyˆÏ§ ÄÓ˚y xyÓ˚
ܲÓ%ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y ˆÓ˚y•ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚– •ë˛yÍ ˆÓ˚y•ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆáÎ˚y° ˛õí˛¸° ò)Ó˚ §ü%ˆÏo
éÑ˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ Ó,!‹T ˆöˆÏüˆÏåÈñ ~ܲ ˛õ¢°y Ó,!‹TÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyܲy¢ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆüâ•#ö ö#°yû˛ñ xyÓyÓ˚
í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏ¢ ˆÓ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ Ó,!‹T •ˆÏFåÈ– üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆåȈϰˆÏÓ°yÎ˚ ˆÓyöˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°
!öˆÏÎ˚ üy Ó°ï˛ñ Ä•z òƒyá !¢Óë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ •ˆÏFåÈ– Ó˚yhflÏy !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆ°yܲ •ö•!öˆÏÎ˚
§y•zˆÏܲ° ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÜÑ˛yˆÏô ò%ˆÏê˛y ˛õy!áñ •ë˛yÍ §y•zˆÏܲ°ê˛y ˆàˆÏê˛Ó˚ ü%ˆÏá òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈñ öüflÒyÓ˚ §ƒyÓ˚– ≤ÃÌüê˛yÎ˚ ˆÓ˚y•ö !ã˛öˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ö– fl%҈ϰÓ˚ òyˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚yö ˛õyÓ≈ï˛#ã˛Ó˚î–
~ï˛ §Ü˛yˆÏ° ˛õy!á !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÎyFåÈ⁄ ˛õyÓ≈ï˛#ÈÙÙÙÈçyüy•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ Ó‡!í˛¸ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ê˛yˆÏܲ
ˆòáˆÏï˛–
ÓyFã˛y ˆüˆÏÎ˚ 12†13 ÓåÈÓ˚ ˆüyˆÏê˛– Óí˛¸ ܲ‹T •Î˚–
ˆÓ˚y•öÈÙÙÙÈ~ ˛õy!á ÄÓ˚ çöƒ⁄
˛õyÓ≈ï˛#ÈÙÙÙÈöyñ öy §ƒyÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏày xyˆÏåÈ °y°ˆÏüy•ö ò%áyöy !í˛ü !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– SüyÌ% ã%˛°ˆÏܲV
§ƒyÓ˚ Î!ò üˆÏö !ܲå%È öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ~ê˛y xy˛õöyÓ˚ çˆÏöƒÊ
ˆ•í˛ §ƒyÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈöy öyñ ï˛y •Î˚ öyÈÙÙÙÈxyüyÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆö•z–
˛õyÓ≈ï˛#ÈÙÙÙȧƒyÓ˚ñ xy˛õ!ö ˆüyˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ !ܲ òƒyˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈã˛yܲ!Ó˚Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏürê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈöñ ˆÓï˛ˆÏöÓ˚
ê˛yܲy Óyí˛¸y•zÎ˚y !òˆÏåÈö xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛ï˛ !òˆÏåÈöñ ~ ò%Ûê˛yˆÏܲ xy˛õöyÓ˚ !°ˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ–
ˆ•üyDòy òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈÓyÉ–
˛õyÓ≈ï˛#ÈÙÙÙÈ~Ó˚y ÓyFã˛y ••zˆÏ° ܲ# ••zÓñ ü%ˆÏá ˆÓy° ~ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ üÎ˚öy ˆï˛yÈÙÙÙÈ ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y í˛zã˛y üyˆÏöÓ˚
çyï˛–
•zÎ˚yÓ˚ öyü Ó˚yüÈÙȧ#ï˛y– Ó˚yüÈÙȧ#ï˛y– ˛õyÓ≈ï˛# ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy!á ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆÓ˚y•ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ
Ó˚yˆÏáñ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ Ó°° Ó˚yü §#ï˛y ˛õy!á ò%ˆÏê˛y ï˛á!ö Ó°°ÈÙÙÙÈ•ö%üyö xy!üÊ
ˆÓ˚y•ö ˆ•yÈÙȈ•yÈÙȈ•y ܲˆÏÓ˚ •y§ˆÏï˛ °yà°–
ˆ•üyDòy á%Ó ÓƒhflñÏ Ó˚&ˆÏ˛õyÓ˚ !é˛ö%ܲÈÙÈÓy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yˆÏ°y ày•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ò%ô •yˆÏï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲü%á •y!§ˆÏï˛
í˛yܲ !ò°ÈÙÙÙÈ!ò!òü!î ì%˛Ü˛Ó⁄ âˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢÷ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá ӈϰ í˛z벰ÈÙÙÙÈÓyÉ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆÜ˛y°áyöy ç%ˆíÏ ˛¸ ãÑ˛yò ú%˛ˆÏê˛ xyˆÏåÈñ öyÈÙÈöy ò%!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ¢ üy!öˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È⁄ ÓyÓyü¢y•z ˆÓшãÏ ˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°ñ
ܲ# á%!¢ öy •ˆÏï˛ö–
Ó§%ôyÓ˚ ü%ááyöy ܲyˆÏ°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°ñ ˆ§ çyˆÏöñ ÓyÓy á%!¢ •ˆÏï˛ö öyñ ܲyÓ˚î ˆÓ˚y•ˆÏöÓ˚
!˛õï,˛c !má![˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ~ê˛y ÓyÓy ܲáöÄ•z ã˛yö!ö– öÎ˚öy ÓƒhflÏñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆá°yÓ˚ ö)ï˛ö §D#
~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈñ ˆåÈyR ~ܲê%˛Ü%˛ û˛y•z– ÄÓ˚ •°%ò Ó˚äy ˆåÈyR •Ñy§ê˛yÄ á%!¢ñ Ó%ܲ ú%˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆí˛ˆÏܲ
 !≤ÃÎ˚ ú˛ı † 363
ˆí˛ˆÏܲ öÎ˚öyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏFåÈ– Ó§%ôyÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà !ë˛Ü˛ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛•z
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öy ˆÓ˚y•ö •y§ˆÏÓ !ܲ öy– öÎ˚öyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° !öˆÏÎ˚ í˛yܲ !ò°ÈÙÙÙÈxy§Ó⁄
°!Iï˛y ö#Ó˚y üyÌy !öã%˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z í˛yܲ°ÈÙÙÙÈÚ~ˆÏ§y öyñ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ö⁄Û
Ó§%ôyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° öÓyàï˛ §hsˇyöˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá ˆ§ xÓyܲÈÙÙÙȧyÓ˚y !˛õë˛ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ã%˛° •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚
ˆá°ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ•yˆÏï˛ !é˛ö%ܲ Óy!ê˛ñ xy°ˆÏàyˆÏåÈ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õy!ê˛•#ö ¢y!í˛¸– ~áö xöƒ Ó§%ôy–
~Ó˚ xyˆÏà ~ï˛ Ü˛!ã˛ ÓyFã˛y ˆ§ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !òöÄ ˆòˆÏá!ö–
ÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏ° öyÄ öy⁄
ÈÙÙÙÈöy öyñ ¢_´ xyˆÏåÈñ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°•z !ë˛Ü˛ xyˆÏåÈ–
ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚y®yÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ Ÿ¬◊&ˆÏï˛ •yï˛ ˆÓy°yˆÏï˛ ˆÓy°yˆÏï˛ ò)Ó˚ xyܲy¢˛õyˆÏö ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚
û˛yÓˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ xyüyÓ˚•z ÅÓ˚§çyï˛⁄ ~•z ö)ï˛ö x!ï˛!Ì ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ !ܲ !˛õï,˛ˆÏòˆÏÓÓ˚ !öÉfl∫
ç#ÓöˆÏܲ û˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛Ê öy öy !åÈÉ !åÈÉ ~ xy!ü ܲ# û˛yÓ!åÈñ xyüyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌüyÊ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ §ühflÏ
!¢÷cñ ˆÜ˛yü°ï˛yÎ˚ Óy˛õ%!çÓ˚ ç#Óö û˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆ§áyˆÏö ˆï˛y ˆÜ˛yöÄ xB˛ ܲ£Ïyܲ!£Ï
ˆö•zñ û˛yàƒ•#öy öÎ˚öy ï˛yÓ˚ §yÓ˚y •*òÎ˚ í˛zçyí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲöƒyÓ˚ §%á §Ó˚°ï˛y §Ó•z ˆì˛ˆÏ°
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Óy˛õ%!çÓ˚ Óƒ!Ìï˛ •*òˆÏÎ˚Ê ~üö §üÎ˚ !˛õåÈö ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy˛õ%!çÊ ã˛üˆÏܲ ĈÏë˛ !˛õï˛yñ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆöÎ˚ xyò!Ó˚î# ܲöƒyˆÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ñ !¢÷Ó˚ à[˛ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ï˛yÓ˚ ü%á ⧈Ïï˛
ÌyˆÏܲñ àû˛#Ó˚ !öÉŸªyˆÏ§ ˆú˛ˆÏ° xy§y ~ܲ ˆã˛öy à¶˛ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆã˛öy !ã˛Ü˛ö
ˆÜ˛yü°⁄ à¶˛ áÑ%çˆÏï˛ñ áÑ%çˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°ÈÙÙÙÈxyüyÓ˚ öÎ˚öy xyüyÓ˚ ~ܲüyeÊ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ âÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
öï%˛ö xyàvˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyߨy ˆû˛ˆÏ§ xyˆÏ§– x≤Ã›ï˛ !˛õï˛y û˛yˆÏÓ ~ ܲ# ö)ï˛ö Ó#îyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÓÑyôy
!òàˆÏhsˇÓ˚ ܲˆÏÕ‘y°⁄ ~ ܲ# xyÓyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ÓÑyܲ– ã˛°yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§y ê˛yöy ˆ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ö–
ˆ• •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ öyÌ xy!ü ˆï˛y ˆÜ˛yöÄ !•ˆÏ§Ó =!ö öy ≤Ãû%˛– ~•z xK˛ÈÙÙÙÈxö!û˛K˛ ò#öˆÏܲ
«˛üy ܲÓ˚ñ ˛õÓ˚«˛ˆÏî•z ö)ï˛ö ˆã˛ï˛öy ï˛yˆÏܲ ôyE˛y ˆòÎ˚ñ !åÈ !åÈñ ~ ܲ# û˛yÓ!åÈ xy!üÈÙÙÙȈΠˆ≤Ãü
ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆçyåÈöy !òˆÏÎ˚ û˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åÈ •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ü!îˆÏܲyë˛yÎ˚ñ ˆ§áyˆÏö !ܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓÓ˚
xB˛ ܲ£ÏˆÏï˛ xyˆÏåÈ⁄
~•zû˛yˆÏÓ üy§áyˆÏöܲ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆà°ñ xyç ˆ§yüÓyÓ˚ ˆ§•z Ó˚yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢÷ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏò•z ã˛°ˆÏåÈñ
ö#Ó˚y !ܲå%ȈÏï˛•z ï˛yˆÏܲ ¢yhsˇ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öy– ˛õ%eˆÏܲ Ó%ˆÏܲ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ âÓ˚üÎ˚ ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛•z ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈñ
Ó˚yï˛ê˛y ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆà° ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ– ≤Ãû˛yˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y ú%˛ê˛ˆÏï˛•z ˆÓ˚y•ö àyˆÏÎ˚ ¢yê≈˛ ã˛!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ §y•zˆÜÏ ˛°
!öˆÏÎ˚ í˛y_´yÓ˚ xyöˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸°– §yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ë˛yu˛y •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆ§ ≤Ãyî áÑ%ˆÏç ˆ˛õ°ñ
xhsˇÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~° àû˛#Ó˚ ò#â≈Ÿªy§– °Óîy_´ |!ü≈° ç°Ó˚y!¢ •yï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆí˛ˆÏܲ
Ó°ˆÏåÈñ •z!O!öÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚y•ö ã˛°üyö ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ÓÑyܲ xçyöy ~•z ˆï˛y §Ç§yÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ
§Ç¢Î˚ ˆÜ˛öÊ §Ó ÓÑyˆÏܲ•z ˆï˛y öï%˛ö ˆá°yñ xyÓ˚Ä öï%˛ö x!û˛K˛ï˛yñ ï˛y•z ˆï˛y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#
Ó˚•§ƒyÓ,ï˛Ê ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ à!ï˛üÎ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §Ü˛° ˛õ)çy !öˆÏÓòö ܲÓ˚ ~•z ü•yçyà!ï˛Ü˛ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ~•z !Ó˛õ%° ç°Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ– ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛° ~•z ç°Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ !Ó˛õ%° ï˛Ó˚ˆÏDÓ˚ üˆÏï˛yÊ
çy!àÎ˚y í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ ≤Ãyî
ĈÏÓ˚ í˛zÌ!° í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ Óy!Ó˚
ĈÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó§öy ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏÓà
Ó˚&!ô Ó˚y!áˆÏï˛ öy!Ó˚–
Ó§%ôy ˆåȈϰ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° !öˆÏÎ˚ çyöy°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚– !˛õåÈö ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ•üyDòyÈÙÙÙÈ!ò!ò òyÄ öy
ˆáyܲyˆÏܲ xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈñ ï%˛!ü ~ܲê%˛ ê˛yö •ˆÏÎ˚ öyÄñ §yÓ˚yê˛y Ó˚y!_Ó˚ ˆï˛y ~ܲ•zû˛yˆÏÓ ˆà°–
364 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
!¢÷ ܲ!ã˛ ˛õy ò%ˆÏê˛y ï˛áöÄ å%Èí˛¸ˆÏåÈ–
ÈÙÙÙÈöy Ìyܲñ ˆ•üyDòy ï%˛!ü ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ öy–
ï˛yÓ˚ ÷ô% üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ~ܲçˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌy– Ó%ܲ û˛yÓ˚ñ §Óê˛y ò%Éáñ ܲyߨy •ˆÏÎ˚ ò°y ˛õy!ܲˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏåÈ Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏôƒáy!ö– ï˛ˆÏÓ ï%˛!ü ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ°Ê ˆÜ˛ö ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ°ñ xyüyˆÏܲ
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ܲöƒyˆÏܲ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ !ܲå%È•z ˆï˛y Ó°!ö– ï˛ˆÏÓ xyç ~•z Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛ö ï%˛!ü
~ˆÏ°ÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛ö xy!ü ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ flõ¢≈ ˆ˛õ°yü–
ÈÙÙÙÈxy!ü ã˛y•z öyñ ã˛y•z öyÊ ï˛yÓ˚ ò%ˆÏã˛yá çˆÏ° û˛ˆÏÓ˚ ĈÏ벖 í˛y_´yÓ˚ÓyÓ% ì%˛Ü˛ˆÏ°öñ ˆÓ˚y•ö ï˛yÓ˚
!˛õåȈÏöñ í˛y_´yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒyàáyöy •yˆÏï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚– ˆ•üyDòy ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !ò°–
í˛y_´yÓ˚ÈÙÙÙȈò!á üyñ áyˆÏê˛ Ó§–
ˆfiê˛ˆÏÌy !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛y_´yÓ˚ !¢÷Ó˚ ˆ˛õê˛ Ó%ܲ ˆòˆÏá öy!í˛¸ !ê˛ˆÏ˛õñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õê˛ñ à°y §Ó ˛õÓ˚#«˛y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö àû˛#Ó˚û˛yˆÏÓ– ö#Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ç° ˆòˆÏá !ï˛!ö ˆ•ˆÏ§ Ó°ˆÏ°öÈÙÙÙȈã˛yˆÏá ç° ˆÜ˛ö
üy⁄ û˛Î˚ ˆö•z !ܲå%Èñ Ä û˛yˆÏ°y•z xyˆÏåÈñ Ä•z ˆ˛õˆÏê˛ ÓƒÌy ~ܲê%˛ ï˛y•z– Ó%é˛ˆÏ°ö Óí˛¸ üyfiê˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ%
Ä•z •zöÈÙÈí˛y•zˆÏç¢ö §yüyöƒ– ç° ~ܲê%˛ ˆÓ!¢ áyÄÎ˚yˆÏÓñ ú%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚– xyüyÓ˚ x!û˛K˛ï˛y xyˆÏåÈ
ˆï˛yñ ï˛y•z Ä£Ï%ô §ˆÏD•z ~ˆÏö!åÈ–
᧠᧠ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyàˆÏç !°ˆÏá §•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤ç!e´˛õ¢öê˛y ˆÓ˚y•ˆÏöÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óƒyà ˆÌˆÏܲ
Ä£Ï%ô ÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°öÈÙÙÙÈ~•z Ä£Ï%ôê˛y ~áö xˆÏô≈ܲ ã˛yüã˛ áy•zˆÏÎ˚ òyÄñ Ä â%!üˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓñ
ï%˛!üÄ !Ó◊yü ˛õyˆÏÓ– üy •ÄÎ˚y !ܲ §•ç ܲÌy üyÈÙÙÙÈï˛y•z ˆï˛y üy •ˆÏFåÈö §Ó ˆòÓï˛yÓ˚ Óí˛¸
ˆòÓï˛yÊ
í˛y_´yÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ö •y§ˆÏï˛ •y§ˆÏï˛– !¢÷ˆÏܲ x§%ô áy•zˆÏÎ˚ñ çyüyÈÙÈܲy˛õí˛¸ åÈy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
!òˆÏï˛ !òˆÏï˛ ˆö!ï˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ â%ˆÏüÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢– ö#Ó˚y ~ܲ @’y§ ç° ì˛Ü˛ÈÙÈì˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚
§hsˇyöˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !öˆÏÎ˚ â%!üˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸°ÈÙÙÙÈàû˛#ˆÏÓ˚– û˛yÓ˚# !öÉŸªy§ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓòöy!Óô%Ó˚
Ó%ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏåÈ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§ ~áö fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ !§Ö!í˛¸ ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲyˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚⁄
!ܲv ~ ܲZ˛fl∫Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ !òˆÏöÓ˚ ˆã˛öy ܲZ˛fl∫Ó˚ñ ö#Ó˚y å%ȈÏê˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z°ñ ˆ§ !ܲå%ȈÏï˛•z
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öyñ ú%˛°àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ÜÑ˛yê˛yÎ˚ xÑyã˛ˆÏ° ê˛yö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ– ö#Ó˚y !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛yܲˆÏï˛
ã˛y•z°ÈÙÙÙÈ˛õ,ÈÙÈÌ¥#ÈÙÈ¢....•° öy– ˛õyÓ˚° öyñ ˆ˛õÑÔå%È° öyñ ÓƒÌ≈ Óyï˛y§ â%ˆÏÓ˚ñ â%ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ ÎyÎ˚
ˆ≤Ãï˛˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ê
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ !Ó˛õ%° ≤Ãyî !Ó!ã˛e §%ˆÏáÓ˚
í˛zͧ í˛z!ë˛ˆÏï˛ˆÏåÈ ˆÎÌy ˆ§ ˆày˛õö ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚
xyüyˆÏÓ˚ °•zÎ˚y ÎyÄÈÙÙÙÈÓ˚y!áˆÏÎ˚y öy ò)ˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÓ˚y•ö ˆàyfl∫yü# §yï˛ §Ü˛yˆÏ° ˆåȈϰÓ˚ Ä£Ï%ô xyöˆÏï˛ §y•zˆÏܲ° !öˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÓ˚ •ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z
ˆ•üyDòy í˛yܲ !ò° çyüy•zÓyÓ%–
xˆÏöܲ!òö ˛õÓ˚ çyüy•zÓyÓ% í˛yܲ ÷ˆÏö !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòá°– ˆ•üyDòy ¢Ó˚Óï˛ê˛y ì%˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆáˆÏÎ˚
öyÄ !ú˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §%!΃ üyÌyÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ–
ˆÓ˚y•ö •yï˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ òyÄ– ˆÜ˛yöÄüˆÏï˛ ì˛Ü˛ ì˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏ° §y•zˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚
˛õƒyˆÏí˛ˆÏ° ˛õy !ò°– §y•zˆÏܲ° Óy!°Ó˚ Ó˚yhflÏy ôˆÏÓ˚ §yàÓ˚ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚FåÈߨ
í˛z£ÏyÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yñ á%Ó û˛yˆÏ°y °yàˆÏåÈ– ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §Ó%ç xÓ˚Ï◊!î ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛yˆÏܲ xyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚y•öñ xyÎ˚
xyüyÓ˚ §Ó%ç çˆÏ° ˆï˛yÓ˚ @’y!ö ô%ˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ Îy– â%Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õÌáy!ö ôˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ üˆÏöÓ˚
xyöˆÏ® ˆÎˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ xyç ï˛yˆÏܲ fl∫yô#öï˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙȈö•z ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲy!ܲcÈÙÙÙÈ xy!ü
 !≤ÃÎ˚ ú˛ı † 365
ˆÎö ˆò¢ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÄÎ˚y ˆüâñ ã˛M˛È° ü%áÓ˚ öò#ñ xy!ü xyüyˆÏï˛ ˆö•z– xy!ü ˆ§•z
ˆåÈyR ˛õy!á myÓ˚ á%ˆÏ° ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§!åÈ ü%_´ xyܲyˆÏ¢–
üöˆÏÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ã˛° àû˛#Ó˚ xÓ˚ˆÏîƒ §Ó%ˆÏçÓ˚ í˛yˆÏܲ– àyåÈ=!° ~ܲˆÏe çy˛õê˛yçy˛õ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈñ Óöû)˛!üˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yáyÎ˚ ¢yáyÎ˚ •ˆÏÓ˚ܲ Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ ú%˛° •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆòy° áyˆÏFåÈñ
ˆÓ˚y•ö ã˛yÎ˚ñ àyˆÏåȈÏòÓ˚ üyÌyÎ˚ ˆÎ xyܲy¢ê%˛Ü%˛ xyˆÏåÈ ˆ§áyˆÏö í˛zˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚üyöˆÏ®–
xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyˆÏï˛•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˆåȈ° Ï Ó˚ x§%ˆáÏ Ó˚ ܲÌy üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– ˆÓ˚Ôoï˛Æ Óy°%ܲyÓ˚y!¢
ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛y° !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z_Æñ §ü%o û˛Î˚y° ü)!ï≈˛ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ ≤Ãã˛[˛ ˆe´yˆÏô xyåȈÏí˛¸
˛õí˛¸ˆåÏ È– §ÑyˆÏܲyê˛y ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛•z ܲƒyܲê˛y§ê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÎÏ !˚ åÈ°ñ ˆ§•z !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyˆÏï˛•z
àyåÈê˛yˆÏܲ ܲ#Ó˚ܲü !öÉfl∫ñ ò%Éá# °yàˆÏåÈ– ú%˛°ê˛y ˆàˆÏåÈ é˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ºüÓ˚y ˆàˆÏåÈ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚Ê §!ï˛ƒ•z
ˆï˛y ˆ§ û%˛ˆÏ°•z ˆàˆÏåÈ xˆÏöܲñ xˆÏöܲò)ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲçö ö#Ó˚Ó ≤Ãï˛#«˛yÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ– •Ñƒy
ï˛yÓ˚Ä ˆï˛y !ܲå%È ≤Ãy˛õƒ xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈxy!ü ˆï˛y ˆú˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öyñ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢)öƒ •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yüˆÏö
≤Ãò#˛õ ˆï˛y ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ~ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛y ˆÜ˛yöÄ xöƒyÎ˚ ˆö•zñ ˆö•z ܲyÓ˚Ä ˆÜ˛yöÄ «˛!ï˛– !ܲv
ˆÓ˚y•ö !ܲ û%˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏåÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ •*òÎ˚ ¢ï˛ û˛yˆÏà û˛yà •Î˚ !ܲ⁄ ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyܲyA«˛yÓ˚ ¢ï˛
!¢áy !ã˛Ó˚ܲy° !ôܲ !ôܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– §ÑyˆÏܲy ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ç!üòyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ê˛yÓ˚ !öܲˆÏê˛
xy§ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛yá ˛õí˛¸° í˛zÑã%˛ !ì˛!˛õê˛yÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ç°yê˛yÓ˚ ê˛°ê˛ˆÏ° çˆÏ° ò%!ê˛ Ü˛ü° ú%˛ˆÏê˛ xyˆÏåÈ–
ˆ§•z !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyˆÏï˛ ôܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ĈÏë˛ Ó%ܲê˛yñ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ĈÏë˛ ~ܲçˆÏöÓ˚ §%ˆíÏ ˛Ô° ü%áñ ˆÎ çyöy°yÓ˚
¢)öƒ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏåÈ ≤Ãã˛[˛ é˛í˛¸ñ ˆÓ˚y•ö ˆ§ê˛y ˆÓyˆÏé˛ñ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚
IJõyÓ˚ ~˛õyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄê˛y•z !üˆÏ̃ öÎ˚ xÌã˛ §%ˆáÏ Ó˚Ä öÎ˚– !åÈÉ !åÈÉ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ï˛ Ó,•Í xydï˛ƒyˆÏà
xy!ü xyÓ˚ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ü)°ƒ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ– Ó§%ôy ï˛yÓ˚ ˆày˛õö •*òˆÏÎ˚ xyçÄ ü!Õ‘Ü˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ú%˛ˆÏê˛
xyˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ ÌyܲˆÏÓÄ– ü!Õ‘Ü˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ˆ≤Ãüñ xy!ü ˆÎ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ~ܲˆÏܲyˆÏî §yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ü%ˆÏáyü%!á Óy§y ˆÓшÏô!åÈ ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆï˛y ˆÜ˛yöÄ !üˆÏ̃ ˆö•zñ åÈ°öy ˆö•zÈÙÙÙÈÄ xyüyÓ˚
ã˛°yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ•Ó˚ ö)ï˛ö ≤Ãû˛yï˛ñ ü!Õ‘Ü˛y xyüyÓ˚ ú%˛ê˛hsˇ ü!Õ‘Ü˛yÈÙÙÙÈ!ã˛Ó˚ Ó§hsˇÊ
!ܲv •ë˛yÍ ˛õÌã˛°y Ÿ’Ì •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏü ÎyÎ˚– ˆ§yöy!° Óy°%üÎ˚ ˛õÌáy!ö •y•yܲyÓ˚ •yÄÎ˚yÓ˚
§ˆÏD é%˛ˆÏÓ˚y Óy!°Ó˚ é˛ˆÏí˛¸ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ û˛yˆÏÓñ ~ê˛yÄ ˆï˛y xyüyÓ˚ !üˆÏ̃ öÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈò)ˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚Ä ö#Ó˚Ó
≤Ãï˛#«˛y⁄
~áö Ó˚yï˛ ˆçˆÏ° Ó!hflψÏï˛– ò!«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲ˛õyê˛ ˆáy°yñ §yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zß√_ •yÄÎ˚y ˆë˛ˆÏ° âˆÏÓ˚
ì%˛Ü˛ˆÏåÈ– !ü¢öy!Ó˚ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ç%!öÎ˚Ó˚ !ê˛ã˛yÓ˚ xü,ï˛y !í˛§%çy fl∫“ xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆåÈyê˛ çyüyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
ê%˛!˛õˆÏï˛ Ó˚!äö §%ˆÏï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ öܲ¢y ï%˛°ˆÏåÈ– •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ å%ÈÑã˛ÈÙȧ%ˆÏï˛y ˆåÈyR ˆí»˛§!ê˛ˆÏܲ üˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ =ö =ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ àyö ôˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyä%°=ˆÏ°y o&ï˛ ã˛°ˆÏåÈ– ˛õyà°
•yÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏí˛¸ §%ˆÏï˛y ܲyàç •zï˛ƒy!ò í˛zˆÏí˛¸ê%˛ˆÏí˛¸ °[˛û˛[˛ñ !ܲå%ȈÏï˛•z §yü°yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öy–
ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï !ÓÓ˚_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆãÑ˛!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ÈÙÙÙÈ
~•z •ƒy!° ܲ# ܲÓ˚!åȧñ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Fåȧ öy §Ó í˛zˆÏí˛¸ ÎyˆÏFåÈ– ï˛í˛¸yܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ °y!ú˛ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ñ
ây é˛yí˛¸y !òˆÏÎ˚ ~!òܲ Ä!òܲ ˆòˆÏá !öˆÏÎ˚ §yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ü%á ܲˆÏÓ˚ ò%ÓyÓ˚ ˆâí˛z ˆâí˛z ܲˆÏÓ˚
xyÓyÓ˚ xü,ï˛yÓ˚ xÑyã˛ˆÏ° üyÌyáyöy ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ ò%Ûáyöy ˛õy !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚ü !ö!ÿ˛ˆÏhsˇ
ˆã˛yá ˆÓyˆÏ鲖 xü,ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§°y•z ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ã˛°ˆÏåÈñ ~=ˆÏ°y !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ˆ•í˛ §ƒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸
ÎyˆÏÓñ ~áö §ƒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ å%È!ê˛ xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲüy§ÈÙÙÙÈܲï˛!òö ˆòáy •Î˚ öy– Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ §ƒyÓ˚ !öÿ˛Î˚
ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏÓöñ ܲÌy öyÈÙÈÄ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚öñ ܲ# xyˆÏåÈ ï˛yˆÏï˛ó á%Ó Ü˛yåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ
˛õyÓñ ~ê˛y•z Óy ܲü ܲ#ˆÏ§Ó˚Ê •ë˛yÍ ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö ˆüˆÏâÓ˚ åÈyÎ˚y ˛õí˛¸°ñ ÷ˆÏöˆÏåÈñ §ƒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !üˆÏ§§
366 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
öy!ܲ û˛yÓ˚# §%®Ó˚#– ˆüˆÏÎÓ˚ y˚ xöƒ §%®Ó˚# öyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ ˛õåÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy– í˛z˛õÓ˚v ܲ# Ó˚ܲü xyí˛¸‹Tï˛y
ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ˛õyˆÏ° !ã˛hsˇyÓ˚ ûÑ˛yç ˛õí˛¸°– ï˛yÓ˚ §ühflÏ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xˆÏD ܲyöyÎ˚
ܲyöyÎ˚ ˆÎÔÓˆÏöÓ˚ í˛yܲ ˆ§ê˛y xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öyñ ï˛Ó%Ä !öˆÏç ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ°y •yï˛ê˛yÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ü!öê˛ ò%•z ˆã˛yá Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ àyˆÏöÓ˚ ò%Û°y•zö ûÑ˛yçˆÏï˛
ûÑ˛yçˆÏï˛ üöˆÏܲ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !ò° ˆ˛õáˆÏüÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y–
ˆçˆÏ° Ó!hflψÏï˛ §Ü˛y° •°ñ xü,ï˛y òÑyˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó y¢áyöy !öˆÏÎ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛yˆÏö ~ˆÏ§ òÑyí˛¸y°ñ
§yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆû˛çy Óyï˛yˆÏ§ ÷Ñê˛!ܲ üyˆÏåÈÓ˚ xÑy¢ˆÏê˛ à¶˛ ˆçˆÏ°˛õyí˛¸yÎ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyܲ áyˆÏFåÈ–
ˆ§•z ˜¢¢Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ àˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚– §yï˛ §Ü˛yˆÏ° fl¨yö ˆ§ˆÏÓ˚ •yí˛z§ˆÏܲyˆÏê˛Ó˚
!˛õåȈÏö °¡∫y fl∫“ ˆû˛çy ã%˛° åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ §y!ç §yòy ú%˛° !öˆÏÎ˚ û˛àÓyö !Î÷Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ ~ܲôyˆÏÓ˚ ô)˛õÈÙÈò#˛õ çμy!°ˆÏÎñ˚ ˆçyÓ˚•ˆÏhflÏ òÎ˚yüÎ˚ çàÍ!˛õï˛yÓ˚ í˛zòû‰ ˛y!§ï˛ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ ˆã˛yá ˆÓ˚ˆÏá í˛z˛õy§öyÎ˚ §üy!ôfli •°– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ ˛õyÈÙÈò%Û˛õy ~!àˆÏÎ˚ñ !˛õÎ˚yˆÏöyÓ˚
ì˛yܲyê˛y á%ˆÏ° §%Ó˚ ôÓ˚°ÈÙÙÙÈ
xyüyÓ˚ §Ü˛° ò%ɈÏáÓ˚ ≤Ãò#˛õ ˆçμˆÏ° !òÓ§
•ë˛yÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z §%Ó˚ Ó‡ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚ ôyE˛y °yˆÏàñ §%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •zwçy° ˆçˆÏ° Ó!hflÏ åÈy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
§ü%ˆÏoÓ˚ !Ó˛õ%° ç°Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ ˆflÀyˆÏï˛ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆày˛õö •*òˆÏÎ˚ çyÎ˚ày ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆöÎ˚– •ë˛yÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó#îyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏÓ˚ ü,ò% é˛ÇܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyâyï˛ •yˆÏöÈÙÙÙÈÓ%ܲê˛yÓ˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚
ܲ#Ó˚ܲü ˆôÑyÎ˚yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲ‹T ˛õ%í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏÜ˛Ê §hsˇyöˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§ ˆÎö !ã˛öˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öyÈÙÙÙÈܲ#
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ~ˆÏòÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~ ç#ÓˆÏö⁄
öyÈÙÈöyÈÙÙÙÈx§Ω˛ÓÊ
ˆÓ˚yçܲyÓ˚üˆÏï˛y xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ !ÓˆÏܲ°!ê˛Ä xyê˛ˆÏ˛õÔˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚yç#Ó åÈyˆÏï˛ üyò%ˆÏÓ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ xyܲy¢
ˆòáˆÏåÈ Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ˆáy°y Ó•zñ §ˆÏ¶˛ â!öˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛•z ò%!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ú%˛ê˛ˆÏåÈ– xy!ü
•Ñyê˛!åÈ xyç ˆÓ¢ àÓ˚üñ üyˆÏé˛üˆÏôƒ ú%˛Ó˚ú%˛ˆÏÓ˚ •yÄÎ˚y– ˆÜ˛ö çy!ö öy üöê˛y í˛zã˛yê˛ö ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛y§ˆÏܲ üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ Ü˛# çy!ö Ä ˆÜ˛üö xyˆÏåÈñ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ– ĈÏܲ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆï˛yÓ˚y
û%˛ˆÏ° ˆà!åȧ ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓåÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ âê˛öy ˆï˛yñ !ܲv xy!ü ˆï˛y !ܲå%ȈÏï˛•z û%˛°ˆÏï˛
˛õy!Ó˚!öñ xyçÄ xy!ü ĈÏܲ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zñ Ó˚çö#à¶˛yÓ˚ ÓyàyˆÏö Ä xyˆÏ§ xy!ü !ܲå%ȈÏï˛•z
ÄÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öyñ åÈÑ%ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲ!Ó˚ñ •Î˚ öy– fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ xÓˆÏã˛ï˛ö üˆÏö Ó!° öy
ˆÎÄ öyñ ˆÎÄ öy ≤Ãû%˛ ï%˛!ü !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§yÈÙÙÙ!ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§y xyÓyÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ •yï˛áy!ö ôÓ˚ñ •Î˚
öyÈÙÙÙÈ•ˆÏÓÄ öyÊ ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏö ≤Ãû˛y§ üyˆÏö ≤Ãû%˛ˆÏܲ !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ !Óöy !môyÎ˚ Ó,k˛
üyö%£Ï!ê˛Ó˚ xö%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôñ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚!öÈÙÙÙȈ§!òö ˆ§•z xD#ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyÎ˚Ók˛ï˛yˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆòˆÏá!åÈñ !öò≈Î˚ xö%ˆÓÏ y˚ ôê%˛Ü%˛ ÓyhflÓÏ ç#ÓˆÏö Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛!ë˛ö •*òÎ˚!ÓòyÓ˚ܲ !•üy°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ üˆÏï˛y xê˛°ÈÙÙÙÈ
¢#ï˛°ñ ë˛yu˛y §yôƒ ˆö•z °Aâö ܲÓ˚y– üyÌy öï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÓyé˛y ÜÑ˛yˆÏô ï%˛ˆÏ° fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚
˛õˆÏÌ ~áö !ò¢y•yÓ˚y– ~ ˆï˛y Ó˚çö#à¶˛yÓ˚ ÓyàyˆÏö ˛õÓ˚¢˛õyÌÓ˚ ˆáÑyçyÈÙÙÙÈï˛y•z öy⁄
Îyܲ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ܲÌy •z!öˆÏÎ˚!Ó!öˆÏÎ˚ !°ˆÏá ˆï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚Ó öy– ï%˛•z ˆï˛y Ó°!Ó ï˛˛õyñ
ˆï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ä•z ~ܲˆÏâˆÏÎ˚!ü ≤ÃîÎ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ܲ#Ó˚ܲü ˛õƒyöˆÏ˛õˆÏö °yˆÏàÈÙÙÙȧǧyÓ˚ öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°•z
§Ó ˆ¢£Ï⁄ ܲ# ˛õy§ ˆï˛yÓ˚y ˆá°yâˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓÓ˚Ç !ÓˆÏFåȈÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ öy ˛õyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ•Ó˚ öy ˆòáyÓ˚ ˆã˛yá Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲyÓ˚ xö%û)˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õƒy¢ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÎ xy=ö ˆ§
ˆÎ xˆÏöܲ Óí˛¸ ˛õyÄÎ˚y– üyˆÏâÓ˚ ܲöܲˆÏö ë˛yu˛yÎ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çyöy°yÎ˚ •y°Ü˛y ܲyŸ¬#!Ó˚ ¢y°
àyˆÏÎ˚ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆöÄÎ˚yÓ˚ fl∫yòê˛y•z xöƒÓ˚ܲü–
 !≤ÃÎ˚ ú˛ı † 367 368 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

àû˛#Ó˚ Ó˚y!eÓ˚ üyòܲï˛y xyüyˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈú˛ày•z ˆï˛yˆÏܲ !ã˛!ë˛ !°á!åÈñ ˆï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ Ä•z ü§%ü# üö ÷ô% Ó˚Ç Óò°yÎ˚
!ã˛!ë˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ §%á xyˆÏåÈ– àï˛yö%à!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ öy– ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ xyöˆÏ® ˆ°á xyÓ˚ ~•z ˆüÔüy!åÈ üö ÷ô% üˆÏÓ˚ !˛õÎ˚y§yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆ°á xyüyÓ˚ üÎ˚)Ó˚ܲZ˛# ܲ°ü ã˛°ˆÏåÈ ˆï˛y ã˛°ˆÏåÈ•z– Ó˚yï˛ àû˛#Ó˚ñ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ Ü%˛OÓyÓ%Ó˚ òyˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚yö ú˛àyÈÙÙÙÈÓ˚yç#ÓòyÈÙÙÙÈ
ÓÑy!¢ ÓyçyˆÏFåÈñ ˆ§•z ÓÑy!¢Ó˚ §%Ó˚ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ §Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆÓòöyÓ˚ ö#° ~•z ܲÌy!ê˛ üˆÏö ˆÓ˚ˆÏáyÈÙÙÙÈ
Ó˚Ç ˆÜ˛ö åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !ò° xyüyÓ˚ üˆÏö⁄ ˆï˛yüyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z •y!§ ˆá°yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆú˛ˆÏ° xy§y ˆ§•z ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yï˛!ê˛ !åÈ° ã˛ï%˛ò≈¢#Ó˚ §ˆÏ¶˛– ˜Ó¢yá üy§ÈÙÙÙÈ ˜Ó¢yá# ã˛ï%˛ò≈¢# xy!ü ˆÎ àyö ˆàˆÏÎ˚ !åÈ°yü
˜Óë˛!ܲñ üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ó¶%˛Ê xˆÏöˆÏܲ !üˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°yü xyöˆÏ®Ó˚ ÓyLjϰy Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛– û˛yÓ˚# üˆÏö ˆÓ˚ˆÏáy
ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ˆàˆÏê˛Ó˚ òÓ˚çy ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÓÏ ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛•z §Óy•z hfl!Ï Ω˛ï˛ñ ~ ܲ#⁄ ~ ˆÎ !ã˛e !ã˛eܲˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~ܲ °y•zö ÷!öˆÏÎ˚ òyÄ Óy ~ê˛yÄ ˆ¢yöyˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚
•yˆÏï˛ xÑyܲy åÈ!ÓÊ ˆ¢Ô!áöï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õy!ê˛ ÓyLjϰy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ xöƒüyey ~ˆÏöˆÏåÈ– ˆì˛í˛z ˆá°yˆÏöy §%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏ¢ ï%˛!ü ˆÎ ˆày ÷ܲï˛yÓ˚y....
°öñ âö §Ó%ç °ö!ê˛ ày°ˆÏã˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛yñ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ çyöyÈÙÈöy çyöy ˆò!¢ÈÙÈ !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ü˛ï˛ Ó˚yç#ÓÈÙÙÙÈ¢ƒy!°Ü˛y ~ê˛y ÷ô% ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ ˆï˛y°y Ìyܲ–
Ó˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ ú%˛° ˆ§ÔÓ˚ˆÏû˛ xyˆÏüy!òï˛– •ˆÏÓ˚ܲ Ó˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ ˛õyï˛y Óy•yÓ˚ñ §Ó%ç àyåÈ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ÈÙÈ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ú˛àyÈÙÙÙÈS~ܲ !é˛!°Ü˛ ˆ•ˆÏ§V ˆÓ¢ ï˛y•z–
!•ˆÏÕ‘y!°ï˛ ¢yáy öÎ˚ö û˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏåÈ– §yòy ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤âhflÏ !§Ö!í˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ ˆàˆÏåÈñ §¡ø%ˆÏá ≤ÃÓy°ÈÙÙÙÈÓyÉ Ó˚yç#Óñ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ à°yê˛y ˆï˛y ú˛y•zö–
ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏë˛Ó˚ é˛Ü˛üˆÏܲ !§˛õy•z •yˆÏï˛ •zÎ˚y Óí˛¸ ï˛ˆÏ°yÎ˚yÓ˚– !§Ö!í˛¸Ó˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ ühflÏ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày° Ó˚yç#ÓÈÙÙÙÈ˛õy!Ó ˛õy!Óñ xˆÏöܲ !ܲå%È ˛õy!Ó–
ˆü•!à!ö ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ˆüüÓy!°Ü˛yÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ Óy!ï˛òyö– ï˛˛õï˛#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏ°y ܲê˛!ܲ xÑyã˛° •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛zí˛¸ˆÏåÈñ ◊#ܲyhsˇ xy§ˆÏåÈñ •yˆÏï˛ Ü˛yˆÏ°y Óy!ö≈§
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆòÄÎ˚yˆÏ° ≤Ãáƒyï˛ !ã˛e!¢“#Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ xÑyܲy x§yôyÓ˚îñ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ Ó°Ó ú˛ƒyöê˛y!fiê˛Ü˛ ˆê˛ΔˆÏï˛ Ó˚&ˆÏ˛õyÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚y !é˛ö%ˆÏܲÓ˚ Óy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Ó˚Oyüñ ï˛˛õï˛#Ó˚ xÑyã˛ˆÏ° Óyôy ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛•z
§Ó ĈÏÎ˚° ˆ˛õ•zö!ê˛Ç– ã˛ï%˛ò≈¢# Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚•§ƒyÓ,ï˛ xyܲyˆÏ¢ ˆüˆÏâÓ˚ Äí˛¸öyÎ˚ ãÑ˛yò ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ˆï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆã˛yá ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ ÄÓ˚ñ ~üö ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ !ò!òü!îˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá !ÓfløˆÏÎ˚ !Ó•¥°
ˆû˛ˆÏ§ !á° !ᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ •y§ˆÏåÈ xyÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏåÈ xyüyÎ˚ ï%˛!ü åÈÑ%ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ öy– ò#!˛õܲyçˆÏ° •ˆÏÎ˚ •Ü˛ã˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ û%˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏåÈ ˆÎñ Ä ~ Óy!í˛¸ ~ÓÇ !ò!òü!îÓ˚ ã˛yܲÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ~ï˛!òˆÏöÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ
§Óy•z fl¨yï˛ó §Óy•z á%Ó á%!¢– Ìyܲy ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ïc ˆçˆÏà ĈÏ벖 •*òÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yüy!M˛Èï˛ Ü˛˛õyˆÏ° !Ó®% !Ó®% âyüñ ÜÑ˛y˛õy •yï˛ ò%!ê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
üç!°ˆÏ¢ §Óy•z á%Ó ü%ˆÏí˛ÈÙÙÙÈ≤Ãã˛[˛ ˆ§ˆÏç=ˆÏç ~ˆÏ§!åÈñ ˆåȈϰˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ Ó˚yç#Ó Ä ≤ÃÓy°– x!ï˛ §yÓôyˆÏö âyˆÏ§Ó˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚ ˆê˛Δ áyöy ˆÓ˚ˆÏá û˛#Ó˚& û˛#Ó˚& ˆã˛yˆÏá !ò!òü!îˆÏܲ xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲÓyÓ˚
Ó˚yç#Ó §Ó%ç ô%!ï˛ ~ÓÇ àyì˛¸ ö#° ˛õyOy!Ó ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ §yòy ã˛Ø°– ≤ÃÓy° ܲyˆÏ°y ã˛y˛õܲyöñ ˆòˆÏá !öˆÏÎ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yߨyâˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚–
˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˆàyˆÏ”˛ö öyàÓ˚y•z– ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ Óƒ!ï˛e´ü# xyüyÓ˚ ú˛ày– §Ó‰ˆÏç ì˛yܲy•z ¢y!í˛¸ñ ˆï˛yˆÏܲ àyˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ §Óy•z ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z !Óöy §ÇˆÏܲyˆÏã˛ àyö ôÓ˚!°ñ àyö ày•z!åÈ ÓˆÏê˛ñ ܲÌy
ï˛yˆÏï˛ Ü˛yˆÏ°y ç!Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ öܲ¢yܲyê˛y ˆ°yÈÙÈܲyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏ°y !fl‘û˛ˆÏ°§ Óœyí˛zçó xyû˛Ó˚î ~ܲê%˛ û%˛° û˛y° •ˆÏÓ !ܲv
˜Óò%Î≈ü!îÓ˚ x°ÇܲyÓ˚ ˆ§yöy!° ˆöˆÏê˛Ó˚ ç%ˆÏï˛yÓ˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ °y° ˆày°y˛õ ú%˛ˆÏê˛ xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ ÄˆÏày §%®Ó˚ñ ï%˛!ü ˆÜ˛ xyüyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚⁄
ú˛àyñ àû˛#Ó˚ !ò!âÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛yá ò%Ûáy!ö hfl∏Ï ˛ í˛zòy§#ö– í˛zI° μ cˆÏܲ §%ˆíÏ ˛Ô° ü%ááy!öˆÏï˛ Ó%é˛ öy!ܲñ ï%˛!ü ˆÜ˛ xy!ü ܲyÓ˚ §%®Ó˚
ã˛ï%˛ò≈¢#Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ x˛õÓ˚*˛õy ˆ§Ô®ˆÏÎ≈ ï%˛•z ˆÎö ˆö•zñ xˆÏöܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÜ˛í˛zÊ ÄˆÏày !≤ÃÎ˚ï˛ü Ó%é˛ öy!ܲ ï%˛!ü ˆÜ˛ xy!ü ܲyÓ˚
üyˆÏë˛Ó˚ xyU˛y çüˆÏï˛•z ≤ÃÓy°ÈÙÙÙÈÚˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆ§•z Î%Óܲó x!ö®ƒ ˆ§ö⁄Û
xyö®ÈÙÙÙÈSˆ•ˆÏ§VÈÙÙÙÈxy§ˆÏÓñ xy§ˆÏÓ– §Ó !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ˆòÓ öy ˆày x•ÇܲyÓ˚
˛õÓ˚üyÈÙÙÙÈÄ Îï˛«˛î öy xyˆÏ§ çˆÏüÄ öy– ï%˛!ü åÈyí˛¸y §%®Ó˚ ܲ# xyˆÏåÈ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˆòÓyÓ˚....
~üö §üÎ˚ ˆö˛õy!° òyˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚yö •yˆÏï˛ °y° ê%˛Ü˛ê%˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏã˛Ó˚ ܲ°!§ ~ˆÏö •yˆÏï˛ !ò°– àyö ˆ¢£Ï •ÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ x!ö®ƒ ˆ§ö Óyï˛yˆÏ§ •°%ò Ó˚äy ˆàÑòyú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §%à!¶˛ xy!ÓÓ˚ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
xyö® ˆ§áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ xyï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó,!‹T é˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó°° ~ Îy!üö# ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆö¢yÎ˚ û˛Ó˚y Ìyܲ– !òˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ ~ܲ=FåÈ Ó˚çö#à¶˛y ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó°°ÈÙÙÙÈĈÏày ï˛y˛õ§# xy!ü
Ó˚y!ôܲyÈÙÙÙÈ~ê˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓñ ÄÓ˚ !ܲv xöƒÓ˚ܲü üyey xyˆÏåÈñ •yˆÏï˛ §Ó§üÎ˚•z ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ï˛y˛õ§Ê ï%˛•z ˆ•ˆÏ§ Ó°!°ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ 鲰üˆÏ° §¶˛ƒyÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏ¢ í˛zˆÏí˛¸ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y
Ó˚çö#à¶˛y xyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏܲˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆàÑòyú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ •°%ò §%à!¶˛ xy!ÓÓ˚Ê xy!ü ˆúœ˛!üLjÏày ˛õy!áÈÙÙÙÈxy!ü Óy§y ÓÑyôˆÏï˛ çy!ö ˆöÈÙÙÙÈm#˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ m#˛õyhsˇˆÏÓ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚
≤ðÎ˚ÈÙÙÙȕуy !ë˛Ü˛ ӈϰ!åȧñ ˆÓ¢ °yˆÏà– ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚y•z xyüyÓ˚ ˆö¢y– Ó˚çö#à¶˛yÓ˚ =FåÈáy!ö Óy!ü≈§ ˆê˛ΔˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá Ó°!° ÓÜ%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
xÓ˚&îÈÙÙÙÈÓ˚y!ôܲyñ ˆï˛yÓ˚ ú˛yà û˛yˆÏ°y °yˆÏà ˆï˛y xyüyˆÏܲ Ó°– §%Óy§•z xyüyˆÏܲ ˆö¢y ôÓ˚yÎ˚– xyüyÓ˚ ò% í˛yöyÎ˚ û˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yï˛§ü%o ˆï˛ˆÏÓ˚y öò# â%ˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚y!ôÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛ö ˆï˛yÓ˚ !•ÇˆÏ§ •ˆÏFåÈ⁄ ˆÓí˛¸y•zñ áÑ%ˆÏç áÑ%ˆÏç ˆÓí˛¸y•z ÓÜ%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §%Óy§– ˆúœ˛!üLjÏày ˛õy!áÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ àØ ÷öˆÏï˛
xÓ˚&ÈÙÙÙÈxy°Óyï˛ñ •ˆÏFåÈ•z ˆï˛yñ xy!ü ã˛y•z öy xyüyÓ˚ Ó˚yôyÓ˚y!ö xöƒ ܲyÓ˚Ä Ó˚çö#à¶˛y ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚y öyñ ÓÓ˚Ç ~ܲ!ê˛ àyö ˆ¢yöyÄÈÙÙÙÈ
ܲyüöy ܲˆÏÓ˚– Sӈϰ ˆ•yÈÙȈ•yÈÙȈ•y ܲˆÏÓ˚ •y§ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ó˚yç#Ó !§àyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ñ ~ܲ ü%á ˆÓ¢ ˆ¢yöy!FåÈñ !ܲv ú˛àyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y xyüyÓ˚Ä ~ܲê%˛ ~!òܲÈÙÈÄ!òܲ •ˆÏÓñ «˛üyˆÏâߨy ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆôÑyÎ˚y ˆåȈÏí˛¸ àyö ôˆÏÓ˚ !öÄ–
 !≤ÃÎ˚ ú˛ı † 369
òÓ˚yç à°yÎ˚ àyö ôÓ˚ˆÏ°ÈÙÙÙÈ
öƒyÎ˚ xöƒyÎ˚ çy!ö ˆöñ çy!ö ˆö
÷ô% ˆï˛yüyˆÏÓ˚ çy!öñ ĈÏày §%®Ó˚#
ã˛yÄ !ܲ xy!ç ã˛Ó˚ü ü)°ƒ
ˆòÓ xy!öñ ˆòÓ xy!ö....
ã˛ï%˛ò≈¢# Ó˚&ˆÏ˛õyÓ˚ ãÑ˛yò!ê˛ xyܲy¢ åÈÑ%ˆÏÎ˚ åÈÑ%ˆÏÎ˚ ˆáˆÏ° ˆáˆÏ° ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ÎyÎ˚ Ä•z ò)ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yï˛
ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏ¢ÈÙÙÙÈ•y§ö%•yöyÓ˚ àˆÏ¶˛ Ó˚yï˛ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ üç!°!¢ xyÓ˚Ä çˆÏü í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ–
üy°ï˛#°ï˛yÓ˚ §Ó‰ˆÏç í˛yˆÏ° öyü öy çyöy â%ü û˛yäy ~ܲ ˆçyí˛¸y ˛õy!á !¢§ !òˆÏÎ˚ âö
˛õyï˛yÓ˚ xÈyÓyÓ˚ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– •!Ó˚òy!§ ◊#ܲyhsˇˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~°–
•!Ó˚òy§#ÈÙÙÙÈÓ!° Ä Ü˛yhsˇñ •z!òˆÏܲ xyÎ˚ñ öIyÓ˚
ܲ# xyˆÏåÈñ ˆáyܲyÓyÓ%Ó˚y §Óy•z û˛yˆÏ°yñ
öIy ˆö•zñ xyÎ˚ñ xyÎ˚Ê ˆöñ ˆö ˆê˛ÈÙȈÏÓ˚ áyöy
âyˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛zÓ‰ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yá– ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ ÜÑ˛yê˛y ã˛yÓ˚ ã˛yüã˛ñ ã˛yüã˛ñ ˆ≤’ê˛ñ @’y§ •zï˛ƒy!ò §%®Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
=!åȈÏÎ˚ ã˛üÍܲyÓ˚û˛yˆÏÓ §y!çˆÏÎ˚ âyˆÏ§Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– òÑyí˛¸yÓyÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ˆ§ xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲÓyÓ˚
ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆáÑyˆÏç ܲ!¡õï˛ ˆã˛yá •yï˛ ï˛áö Ä ˆâˆÏü ˆâˆÏü ç° ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ
ÈÙÙÙÈ~ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ «˛üy•#ö xöƒyÎ˚ !ò!òü!îˆÏܲ ܲyüöyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆòáyÈÙÙÙÈ!ç•¥y ÷!ܲˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ
üyÌy â%Ó˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈï˛y° Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ÜÑ˛y˛õˆÏåÈ ÌÓ˚ ÌÓ˚ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆ§ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°
ܲÓ˚Ó# àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ í˛y°áy!ö–
xyÿ˛Î≈ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §,!‹TÓ˚ Ó˚•§ƒñ Ó˚•ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ çy° Ü˛ï˛•z öy ç!ê˛°– ◊#ܲyhsˇ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ =ˆÏüyê˛
ˆ§ÑˆÏܲy àˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚ çÓ%ÌÓ% •ˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧ xyˆÏåÈ ~ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏîÈÙÙÙÈ~áöÄ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ û˛Î˚
ܲyˆÏê˛!ö– •°%ò ãÑ˛yò xyܲy¢ ˆåÈшÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈñ !ò!òü!î ˆÎ xüÓ˚yÓï˛#ñ xyܲyˆÏ¢ Óyï˛yˆÏ§
!òàˆÏhsˇ xöhsˇ û˛yˆÏ°y °yàyñ ܲyüöyÓ˚ í˛z£è •zˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲê%˛ flõ¢≈Ê ~ܲê%˛ à¶˛Ê xÌã˛ ~ˆÏï˛
ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ û˛yà ˆö•zñ ï˛Ó%Ä ˆ§ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ïñ !¢Ó˚y í˛z˛õ!¢Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆÎÔÓˆÏöÓ˚ Óyî ˆí˛ˆÏܲˆÏåÈ–
•!Ó˚òy§#ÈÙÙÙÈÓ!° Ä !åÈ!Ó˚ñ ï%˛•z ˆÜ˛üöñ ˆÜ˛üö ܲÓ˚!åȧ ˆï˛yˆÏܲ !ܲ û)˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õ°ÈÙÙÙÈܲÌy Ó°Ê
xyÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆöñ ÓÎ˚§ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öy!ܲ– Îy•z Óy˛õ% !öˆÏç ˆò xy!§–
ÓyÓ%!ã≈˛ ~ˆÏ§ ö#° ˛õyÓ˚§ƒˆÏò¢#Î˚ §yˆÏÓ!ܲ ày°ˆÏã˛ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ !òˆÏÎñ˚ •!Ó˚òy§#Ó˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§yöyÓ˚
Ó˚ˆÏä ˆÓyˆÏ° ü%§°üy!ö áy§y á%¢Ó% !â çÓçˆÏÓ çyú˛Ó˚y!ö Óyò¢y!• ˆàyhflÏ !Ó!Ó˚Î˚y!ö xyÓ˚
ú˛yê˛yˆÏöy !ò°á%¢ ܲ£Ïy üyǧñ ë˛yu˛y ˆ˛õhflÏy =°y!Ó ¢Ó˚Óï˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyˆÏ˛õ°ñ
ܲyç%Óyê˛y ò•zÈÙÈ~ ˆû˛çyˆÏöy !ã˛Ç!í˛¸Ó˚ ü%ã˛ü%ˆÏã˛ ˛õˆÏܲÔí˛¸y– ÷ܲˆÏöy ú˛° öyöyö ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ !üë˛y•z
Ä !ú˛Ó˚!ö– öyöyö Ó ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ !§àyÓ˚ °y•zê˛yÓ˚– ‡•z!flÒÈÙÈÓ y!u˛ñ flÒã‰˛ñ ܲyˆÏ°y xyä%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÄÎ˚y•zö
~ÓÇ àÑyçyñ áy§ ˆÓöyÓ˚!§ ˛õyö ~ÓÇ çò≈y §Ó ày!°ã˛yÓ˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆ§°yü ë%˛ˆÏܲ ˆ§
ã˛ˆÏ° ˆà°– ˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏü ãÑ˛yò ˆ•ˆÏ° ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !§_´ í˛zÌ°y •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ú˛ày àyˆÏåÈ ˆ•°yö
!òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!äö üö !öˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛°% ì%˛°% •ˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧ xyˆÏåÈ •yˆÏï˛ àÑyçy çë˛ˆÏÓ˚ ü!òÓ˚yó Ó˚y!eÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï
!öˆÏÓòöñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ï%˛!ü ˆçˆÏà Äë˛ñ åÈyÎ˚y ˆâÓ˚y ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚•§ƒüÎ˚ üyÎ˚yÓ˚ •yï˛åÈy!ö ˆÌˆÏܲ–
ãÑ˛yò !ÓòyÎ˚ ˆöˆÏÓöÈÙÙÙȧ)Î≈ ˛õyˆÏê˛ Ó§ˆÏÓö ◊#ܲyˆÏhsˇÓ˚ !òÓƒ ã˛«%˛ á%ˆÏ° ÎyˆÏÓ– ã˛°üyö !òö
ÓƒhflÏ •ˆÏÓ å%Èê˛ˆÏÓ ◊#ܲyhsˇÓ˚yÈÙÙÙÈò)ˆÏÓ˚ â!öˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏåÈ xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚y!eÓ˚ ï˛˛õ§ƒy ã˛°ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈã˛°ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ
ã˛°ˆÏåÈ–
xyö®ñ ú˛ày•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ •yï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ôˆÏÓ˚ àÑyçy ˆÜ˛ˆÏí˛¸ !öˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– Ó˚yôyÓ˚y!ö ã%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 24
370 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ÜÑ˛yê˛y ú%˛° ÓˆÏö •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– ܲyˆÏ°y ܲê˛!ܲÓ˚ xÑyã˛° xyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚Ä ˛õÌ xyê˛Ü˛yÎ˚!öñ
xÓ˚&î Óy•Óy !òˆÏï˛ !òˆÏï˛ ≤çߨ !ã˛ˆÏ_ ˆàyhflÏ !Ó!Ó˚Î˚y!ö áyˆÏFåÈ–
x!ö®ƒ ˆ§ˆÏöÓ˚ üö ܲyˆÏ°y xyä%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏ§ ˆã˛yÓyˆÏöyñ öyÓ˚!à!§ ˆÜ˛yÆy ˆáˆÏÎ˚•z ˆãÑ˛!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚
í˛z벰ÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛Î˚yÓï‰˛ ~áyöy •ƒyÎ˚ Ó‡ï˛ xyFåÈy–
≤ÃÓy°ÈÙÙÙÈܲ#ˆÏÓ˚ §%ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛£Ï% ï˛˛õyñ ˆï˛yˆÏܲ öyöyö öyˆÏü í˛yܲˆÏï˛ •zˆÏFåÈ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ Î!ò Ó!°§ ˆÜ˛öó
ˆÜ˛ö çy!ö§ ˆï˛yÓ˚ Ä•z !öÓ˚•ÇܲyÓ˚ §Ó˚° ˆáy°y §Ó%ç üöê˛yÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ–
ï˛˛õyÈÙÙÙÈüyé˛ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ï%˛•z !ܲ ˛õyà° ˆ•y!°⁄ S•y§ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛˛õyV
≤ÃÓy°ÈÙÙÙÈöyñ xyç ˆÎö ˆï˛yˆÏܲ !ܲ Ó˚ܲü ~ܲy ~ܲy °yàˆÏåÈñ xhsˇˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xhsˇfliˆÏ° !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ•Ó˚
í˛zçyö⁄ ~•z ˆÎ ˆï˛yÓ˚ ¢y!í˛¸ Ó˚Çñ ˜ÓÓ˚yˆÏàƒÓ˚ Ó˚Ç ~ ˆÎ í˛zòy§# •yÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌñ ˛õˆÏÌ ÓÜ%˛°
=!° é˛Ó˚yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
Ó˚yç#ÓÈÙÙÙȈ•yÈÙȈ•y •y§ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ≤ÃÓy°ñ ÓÜ%˛° ú˛àyÓ˚ ú%˛°ñ ~ ú%˛° !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛!Ó˚ÄÎ˚y°y
ˆ•y§ öyÊ
≤ÃÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ôyE˛y ü%ˆÏá ܲyˆÏ°y åÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈϰˆÏ˛õ ˆì˛ˆÏܲ ˆà°– ˆ§ê˛y ì˛yܲÓyÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ
•y§ˆÏï˛ •y§ˆÏï˛ ‡•z!flÒ @’yˆÏ§ ‡•z!flÒ ì˛y°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ì˛Ü˛ì˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚Ê û˛yÓˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ xyüyÓ˚ ú˛ày
Ó˚çö#à¶˛y öÎ˚ñ •y§ö%ˆÏ•öyÄ öÎ˚ñ ÓÜ%˛°Ä öyñ Ä ú%˛ˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆày°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
Ó˚y!ö •ˆÏÎ˚ ~•z üyÎ˚y û˛Ó˚y Ó˚yˆÏï˛ Ä Îï˛•z ˆ§y•y!à •í˛zܲñ Îï˛•z ÄÓ˚ ˆòyò%°ƒüyö ˆò•áy!öˆÏï˛
ܲyüöyÓ˚ •yï˛åÈy!ö ÌyÜ%˛Ü˛ñ xy!ü !ܲå%ȈÏï˛•z ÄÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !ö°≈ˆÏIÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲyäy°˛õöy ܲÓ˚Ó
öy– ˆ§!òö ˛õÖ!ã˛ˆÏ¢ ˜Ó¢yá Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ö!®ö# Ó˚OöˆÏܲ ˆ≤ÈüÏ Ó˚ ü%ܲ% ê˛áy!ö !öˆÏç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ !òˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°ñ
xy!ü ˆï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ xÓüyööy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öy– ≤ÃÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !é˛ö%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˆáy°yÎ˚ Ä
~ܲ !Ó®% ˆüy!ï˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲÈÙÙÙȈ§ê˛y•z §!ï˛ƒ xyÓ˚ §Ó !üˆÏ̃ÈÙÙÙÈç#ÓˆÏö ~ê˛y•z !ܲ
!ÓÓ˚ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õƒy¢ö⁄
ú˛àyñ ~§Ó !ܲå%È•z Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öy ˆã˛yá ò%!ê˛ Ó˚_´Óî≈ñ Óyï˛yˆÏ§ í˛zí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ˆáy°y ã%˛°ÈÙÙÙÈáˆÏ§
˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ !é˛ö%ˆÏܲ üy°yáy!ö âyˆÏ§ §Ó%ç ì˛yܲy•z xy°%Ìy°%ñ í˛zí˛¸ˆÏåÈ xÑyã˛°ÈÙÙÙÈÓ˚!äö ˆëÑ˛yˆÏê˛
!§àyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ çμ°ˆÏåÈñ ü!®Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆò•áy!ö ò%°ˆÏåÈñ !ü!ë˛ !ü!ë˛ •y!§ˆÏï˛ Ä ˆÎö xˆÏöܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ö#° ˛õÓ≈ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ã%˛ˆÏí˛¸yÎ˚ ˆçˆÏà Ìyܲy ï˛yÓ˚yÊ !ü!‹T !ü!‹T •y!§ˆÏï˛ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
ãÑ˛yòˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá ˆú˛ˆÏ° àyö ôˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
öy öyñ xyüyˆÏÓ˚ ¢¢# ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚y öyñ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚y öy
ã˛y!•ˆÏ°Ä ˛õyˆÏÓ öyñ
ˆÜ˛ö ï˛Ó üyÎ˚y çyˆÏ° ÓÑy!ôˆÏï˛ ã˛y• ˆüyˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
xy!ü §yí˛¸y ˆòÓ öyñ ˆòÓ öy–
xy!ü ˆåÈÑyÎ˚y ˆòÓ öyñ ˆòÓ öy
çyò% û˛Ó˚y !ö¢#ˆÏÌ
§yüˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛ áyÓyÓ˚ ë˛yu˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ xˆÏöܲ xyˆÏàñ àÑyçy ˆáˆÏÎ˚ Ü%˛¢° ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ
í˛z˛õ%í˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ §Ó%ç °ˆÏö ï˛yÓ˚ à°yÎ˚ §%Ó˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ
ˆòy•y•z ˆï˛yüyÎ˚
xy!ü ˆÎ ˆï˛yüyÎ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y ˆÓˆÏ§!åÈ
xï˛° §yàÓ˚ üö ˆÎ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ñ üÎ˚)Ó˚˛õ!C û˛y!§ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ
 !≤ÃÎ˚ ú˛ı † 371
fl∫≤¿ ï%˛!üñ §!ï˛ƒ xy!ü ~ܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ
ò%Éá xyüyÓ˚ñ ˆï˛yüyÎ˚ ˆÎ xy!ü û˛yˆÏ°y ˆÓˆÏ§!åÈ–
!˛õï˛y àï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xÜ,˛ï˛òyÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ ~•z ÓyÓ˚•z ≤ÃÌüñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ xy§y üyé˛áyˆÏö
xˆÏöܲê˛y §üÎ˚ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛– ày!í˛¸ òüòü ~Î˚yÓ˚ˆÏ˛õyˆÏê≈˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ñ ày!í˛¸ê˛y ˆòáy
üye ÄÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚ê˛y åÈуyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ í˛z벰ñ í»˛y•zû˛yÓ˚ ˆüy•ö !§Ç òÓ˚çyê˛y á%ˆÏ° ˆ§°yü
ë%˛ˆÏܲ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚– ày!í˛¸ x!û˛ü%ˆÏá ã˛°ˆÏåÈñ ˆã˛öy ¢•Ó˚ê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ xyç ü,ï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛°Ó˚Ó•z
ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏö ˆ˛õÑÔå%ȈÏFåÈ öy– xyç xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z•z ï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏöƒ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ÓyÓ˚y®yÎ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆö•zÈÙÙÙÈ!Ó¢y° ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ xyç ˆ§ ~ܲyñ §!ï˛ƒ ~ܲy xÌã˛ ~ܲ§üÎ˚ ~•z ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚
!≤ÃÎ˚çöˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ü˛ï˛ xyöˆÏ® !òö ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~•z ˆ§•z ˆã˛öy Ó˚yhflÏyñ ˆ°ˆÏܲÓ˚ üyˆÏë˛
Ó¶%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ú%˛ê˛Ó° üƒyã˛ ˆáˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– üƒyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏܲÓ˚ çˆÏ° fl¨yö ܲÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ §Óy•z
!üˆÏ° ú%˛ã˛Ü˛yñ ˆû˛°˛õ%Ó˚#ñ xy°%ܲyÓ!° áyÄÎ˚yñ å%È!ê˛Ó˚ !òˆÏö ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ÎyÄÎ˚y ••z••z ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
üçy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ê˛ΔyˆÏüÓ˚ !ê˛!Ü˛ê˛ úÖ˛y!ܲ ˆòÄÎ˚y– üƒy!ê˛!ö ˆ¢yˆÏï˛ !§ˆÏöüy ˆòáyñ §¶˛ƒyÓ˚ xyˆÏà û˛ˆÏÎ˚
û˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆì˛yܲy– ܲˆÏ°ˆÏçÓ˚ à![˛ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ •zí˛z!öû˛y!§≈!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ xy§yÈÙÙÙȈ≤ÈÏü
˛õí˛¸yñ ܲ!ú˛•yí˛zˆÏ§ Ó¶%˛Ó˚y !üˆÏ° xyU˛y üyÓ˚yÈÙÙÙÈï˛˛õyˆÏòÓ˚ û˛Î˚ ˆòáyˆÏöy ï˛y•z !öˆÏÎ˚ üyö
x!û˛üyˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õy°yñ «˛üy ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ û˛yÓ Ü˛Ó˚y xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ܲyê˛ˆÏ°ê˛ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ •yˆÏï˛ Ó˚çö#à¶˛y !öˆÏÎ˚
Óy!í˛¸ ˆú˛Ó˚y üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ IJõˆÏí˛¸ ô˛õy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚çö#à¶˛yÓ˚ Óy!u˛° ˆú˛°yñ üyˆÏܲ ã˛üˆÏܲ
ˆòÄÎ˚y– Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ§ˆÏD !í˛öyÓ˚ñ í˛zÉ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ Ó˚yߨy ܲ# ã˛üÍܲyÓ˚ fl∫yò ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ
ˆÓ˚ˆÏhflÏyÓÑ̊yÎ˚ ˛õy•z!ö– ~•z ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ §Óy•z !üˆÏ° ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD Ÿªy§ ≤ߪy§ ˆöÄÎ˚y û˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y
üüï˛yÎ˚ üyáyüy!áñ xy•yÉ ≤Ãyîê˛y û˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎï˛– ÓyÓyñ üy ày!í˛¸ ˆ˛õÑÔå%ÈÓyÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
Ìyܲï˛ñ ày!í˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ öyüˆÏï˛ öyüˆÏï˛ üy Ó°ï˛ ˆáyܲy å%ȈÏê˛ Ä˛õˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° xyÎ˚ñ ÓyÓy Ó°ï˛
üy°˛õ_Ó˚ §Ó !ë˛Ü˛ë˛yܲ ~ˆÏöåÈ ˆï˛y Óy˛õ%ö– IJõˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy åÈÑ%ˆÏï˛•z üy ӈϰ í˛zë˛ï˛ñ
•z§‰ áy§!ö !ë˛Ü˛üˆÏï˛yñ ܲ# ˆÓ˚yày ܲyˆÏ°y •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ§Ê ÓyÓy Ó°ï˛ öyñ öy !ë˛Ü˛•z xyˆÏåÈñ
ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ܲ# ˆòáÈÙÙÙÈã˛¢üy öyÄÊ áyÓyÓ˚ ˆê˛!ӈϰ òyÓ˚&î òyÓ˚&î ˆÓ˚!§!˛õÓ˚ àˆÏ¶˛ ü ü ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ–
üy!§ñ !˛õ!§ û˛y•zñ ˆÓyˆÏö Óy!í˛¸ÈÙÈâÓ˚ û˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎï˛– áyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ üyò%Ó˚ !Ó!åȈÏÎ˚ ç!üˆÏÎ˚
xyU˛y Ó§ï˛– !˛õ!§ñ üy!§ñ üy!üÓ˚y ˛õyö !ã˛ˆÏÓyˆÏï˛ !ã˛ˆÏÓyˆÏï˛ Ó°ï˛ ≤Ãû%˛ ~•z ˆÓ°y !ÓˆÏÎ˚ê˛y
ܲÓ˚ñ üyÈÙÈÓyÓy Óí˛z !öˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲê%˛ §Ç§yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚&ܲñ üy Ó°ï˛ Ó° öy ˆåÈyí˛¸!ò– û˛y•zˆÏÓyˆÏöÓ˚y
ˆãÑ˛ã˛yˆÏü!ã˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òï˛ñ ~•z ≤Ãû%˛ñ ~•z ≤Ãû%˛òy !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ !≤’çÈÙÙÙÈÓ˚yäy!òÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛ ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆåȈϰ ò#˛õ% ӈϰ ĈÏë˛ÈÙÙÙȕуy xy!ü !öï%˛ ÓÓ˚ ÌÓñ üy ӈϰˆÏê˛Ê !ܲv ~áö §Óy•z çyˆÏö ≤Ãû%˛
˛õyÓ˚üyˆÏörê˛ ÓƒyˆÏã˛°yÓ˚ñ {ŸªÓ˚ ≤Ãû%˛Ó˚ çˆÏöƒ ˆÜ˛yöÄ öyÓ˚# §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– ~áö ÷ô% !öüsfî
Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÎyÄÎ˚y xyÓ˚ ˛õуyܲ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ Óy!í˛¸ ˆú˛Ó˚y– ày!í˛¸Ó˚ §yüˆÏö !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ °¡∫y
!Óö%!öÄÎ˚y°y Ó˚yhflÏy ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏFåÈ ˆòˆÏá ã˛üˆÏܲ ĈÏë˛ ˆÜ˛⁄ öyÈÙÈöy û%˛°ñ üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ
•zí˛z!öû˛y!§≈!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏê˛ ˆì˛yܲyÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá §yüˆÏö ï˛˛õyÓ˚ ˆüyê˛y °¡∫y !Óö%!ö ÎyˆÏܲ xyòÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
öyü ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ܲy°öy!àö#– ˆê˛ˆÏö ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛üˆÏܲ ĈÏë˛ ï˛˛õyñ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá ÄÊ ≤Ãã˛[˛
ˆÓ˚ˆÏà !àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰ ˛õ%!°¢ í˛yܲÓ⁄ ≤Ãû˛y§ ˆ•ˆÏ§ !çÓ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ÈÙÙÙȈ§•z Ó˚yà
û˛yäˆÏï˛ xˆÏöܲ ˛õ!Ó˚◊ü ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– •ë˛yÍ ~ܲ!òö x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆöˆÏü ~° ï˛˛õy ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚
•y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ÓyÓyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà¢ÎƒyÎ˚ §Ó ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ö ï˛˛õy •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°
≤Ãû˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ ç#Óö ˆÌˆÏܲ– ï˛˛õy •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°–
ܲáö ˆ§ §yòyö≈ ~!û˛!öí˛z ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ ˆàˆÏåÈÊ ≤Ãû˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ •*òÎ˚ ˆã˛yá üö §Ó öfiê˛y°!çÎ˚yÎ˚
372 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
xyFåÈß–¨ ˆüy•!§ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ í˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ôƒyö û˛yˆÏä– ày!í˛¸ê˛y ˆàˆÏê˛Ó˚ ü%ˆáÏ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏï˛•z ã˛yܲÓ˚ÓyܲˆÏÓÓ˚ y˚
å%ȈÏê˛ ~°– ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ày!í˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ú%˛ê˛˛õyˆÏï˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Óy!í˛¸ê˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyˆÏï˛•z
ÓyÓyÓ˚ ܲÌy üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸°– ü,ï%˛ƒ¢ÎƒyÎ˚ ≤Ãû˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ •yï˛áyöy ôˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãû%˛ Óy˛õ%ö xyüyÓ˚ ~ ˛õyˆÏ˛õÓ˚
¢y!hflÏ xyüyˆÏܲ•z ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÓyÓyÊ
≤Ãû%˛ÈÙÙÙÈ!åÈÉ ÓyÓy ~ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆö•z– ï%˛!ü ç#ÓˆÏö ˆÜ˛yöÄ !òö xöƒyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚!öñ ˛õyˆÏ˛õÓ˚
ܲyç ܲÓ˚!öñ xy!ü !ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ öyñ !ü!åÈ !ü!åÈ ï%˛!ü xyˆÏÓy°ÈÙÈï˛yˆÏÓy° ˆû˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛‹T ˛õyFåÈ–
!˛õï˛yÈÙÙÙÈò%Ó˚hsˇ û˛yˆÏÓ üyÌy éÑ˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ öy öyñ xyüyˆÏܲ ï%˛•z ˆû˛y°yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!Ó öy– •yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
≤Ãû%˛ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛yˆÏåÈ ˆí˛ˆÏܲ ˆåȈϰÓ˚ ò%•yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰöñ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ í˛yܲ öy ˆ§•z x!û˛üyö#ˆÏܲ
ˆï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ •yï˛ !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚ !ò– í˛yܲ öy ÓyÓy xyüyÓ˚ xö%ˆÏÓ˚yôñ í˛yܲ öy ~ܲÓyÓ˚ xhsˇï˛
ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ «˛üy !û˛ˆÏ«˛ ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛y öy •ˆÏ° xy!ü üˆÏÓ˚Ä ¢y!hsˇ ˛õyÓ öy–
≤Ãû%˛ÈÙÙÙÈxy!ü çy!ö öy ï˛yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛yöyñ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆ§ xyˆÏåÈ xy!ü çy!ö öy ÓyÓyñ ÓyÓy !≤’ç
ï%˛!ü û%˛ˆÏ° ÎyÄ ~§Óñ §Ó ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ üˆÏöÓ˚ û%˛° ôyÓ˚îy–
Ó,k˛ •yˆÏ§ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ò% ˆã˛yá !òˆÏÎ˚ ç° ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈñ xyüyˆÏܲ «˛üy ܲ!Ó˚§ öy ˆï˛yÓ˚yÈÙÙÙÈxy!ü ˛õy˛õ#Ê
Ó,ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈñ ≤Ãû%˛ ÓyÈÙÈ˛õ%ö Ä•z òƒyá ˆÜ˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈö üyÈÙÈÓyÓy xy§ˆÏåÈöñ xyÉ
û˛yÓ˚# ˛õò≈y §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòñ âˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåöÈ öy ~ ܲ#⁄ ü,îy° ï%˛ÈÙÙÙÈ!üñ ï%˛!ü ~ˆÏ§åÈñ
ï%˛!üÄ xyÈÙÈüyÈÙȈÏܲ «˛üy ܲˆÏÓ˚y!ö....– Óy˛õ%ö üyˆÏܲ ≤Ãîyü ܲÓ˚ñ ü,ÈÙÈîyÈÙÈ° ï%˛ÈÙÈ!ü⁄ xyÓ˚ ܲÌy
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°ö öy....ˆëÑ˛yê˛ xyÓ˚ öí˛¸ˆÏåÈ öy– !§_´ •*òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%e !˛õï˛yÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá àDy ç°
ˆì˛ˆÏ° !ò°– ˆ§•zê%˛Ü%˛ ç° ˆì˛yܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏ°ñ }î §Ó ˆ¢yô ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó,k˛ ü,îyˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏD
ã˛°ˆÏ°ö– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•üˆÏö xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ÓƒÌy ˆö•zÈÙÙÙÈܲ‹T ˆö•zñ ö#° ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚
xˆÏöܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zIμ° xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !Ó°#ö •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°öÈÙÙÙÈ≤Ãû˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆã˛yá çˆÏ° û˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ
§yü°yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öy– •Ñy ܲˆÏÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ– !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ˜òˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y Óy!í˛¸ê˛y x˛õÓ˚yô#Ó˚
üˆÏï˛y òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ~ܲ°yÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲ°y– ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ü˛«˛ Ü˛ï˛ flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÓòöy•ï˛– •yˆÏï˛
xyç !ܲå%È•z ˆö•z Îy ˆòˆÏÓ ≤Ãû%˛ˆÏܲ– û,˛ï˛ƒ Ó˚yáy°ã˛Ó˚î í˛yˆÏܲ òyòyÓyÓ%Ê ã˛ˆÏ°y !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy•zÈÙÙÙÈ
!Ó◊yü ˆöˆÏÓ ã˛ˆÏ°y–
≤Ãû%˛ÈÙÙÙÈÄÊ •Ñƒy ã˛ˆÏ°y !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°y–
!òö !ï˛öÈÙÈã˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏê˛y@ˇÃyú˛yÓ˚ ~°– ≤Ãû˛y§ üy!öÓƒyà ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆåÈyê˛ ~ܲê˛y åÈ!Ó ÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆòáy°– ~ܲ!ê˛ §%◊# x“ÓÎ˚!§ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yüˆÏö °¡∫y ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óö%!öñ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
•y§ˆÏåÈ–
≤Ãû%˛ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ˆÎ Ó%é˛ˆÏ°ö åÈ!Ó!ê˛ ~ܲ üyö%£Ï í˛zFã˛ï˛y §üyö ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ Óœƒyܲ xƒyu˛ ˆ•yÎ˚y•zê˛
~ö°yç≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ åÈ!Ó!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆú ˛ü ÌyܲˆÏÓ öy– ≤Ãï˛ƒ• ≤Ãû˛yˆÏï˛ ≤Ãyï˛ÉºüˆÏîÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ fl¨yö ˆ§ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyê˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ˛õyçyüyÈÙÈ˛õyOy!Ó ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚y®yÎ˚ •z!çÈÙȈã˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ àÓ˚üܲyˆÏ°
ë˛yu˛y ܲyà!çˆÏ°Ó%Ó˚ ¢Ó˚Óï˛ xyÓ˚ ë˛yu˛yܲyˆÏ° àÓ˚ü ܲ!ú˛Ó˚ !°Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ã%˛ü%ܲ !òï˛– xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z
ú˛ˆÏê˛y@ˇÃyú˛ ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ Ó˚yáy Ó˚çö#à¶˛yÓ˚y ≤Ãû˛yˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!û˛ö®ö çyöyï˛– ˆ§!òö å%È!ê˛Ó˚
!òö !åÈ°ñ ê˛yê˛Ü˛y ú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓòˆÏ° ˆÓòöy•ï˛ Ó˚çö#à¶˛yÓ˚y åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈñ ï˛y•z í˛yܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ
Ó˚yáy°òyÓ˚–
Ó˚yáy°ÈÙÙÙÈòyòyÓyÓ%ñ í˛yܲ!åȈϰ⁄
≤Ãû%˛ÈÙÙÙÈÓyçyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ú%˛° xyöy •Î˚!ö–
Ó˚yáy°ÈÙÙÙȈ§ •ˆÏÓ öyˆÏܲy òyòyÓyÓ%ñ ú%˛° ˆï˛y ~ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏã˛–
 !≤ÃÎ˚ ú˛ı † 373 374 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419

≤Ãû%˛ÈÙÙÙÈSܲ!ë˛ö à°yÎ˚V ï˛ˆÏÓ ö)ï˛ö ú%˛° Ó˚yˆÏáy!ö ˆÜ˛ö⁄ ˛õˆÏÌ–

Ó˚yáy° ö#ˆÏã˛ å%ȈÏê˛ ˆà°ñ òyòyÓyÓ% ˆÜ˛üö!ê˛ Ó˚y¢û˛yÓ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈñ ܲ_yÓyÓ%Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y §yüˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ%eñ !˛õï˛yÓ˚ !öhflÏ∏˛ ˛õy ò%áy!ö ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ àû˛#Ó˚ ◊k˛yÎ˚ x◊& çˆÏ° ˆ¢£Ï ≤ÃîyˆÏü üyÌy
!òˆÏܲ ã%˛ˆÏ° ˛õyܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– !Ó°y•zï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏöܲ ˛õí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö !ܲv ܲ# •°⁄ öï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ í˛yܲ° ÓyÈÙÙÙÈÓyÊ
!§®%ˆÜÏ ˛ ˛õã˛ˆÏåÈ !•ˆÏÓ˚ ç•Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ àÎ˚öyñ xy°üy!Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ °y° ê%˛Ü˛ê%˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓöyÓ˚!§ ¢y!í˛¸ñ ˆÓöyÓ˚ˆ§Ï Ó˚ í˛y_´yÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏeÓ˚ !˛õˆÏë˛ •yï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá í˛yܲˆÏ°öÈÙÙÙÈ≤Ãû%˛ Äë˛ñ ˆ¢£ÏÎyeyÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎÈÙÙÙÈ–
ü!®ˆÏÓ˚ ë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ xy¢#Ó≈yò ˆöÄÎ˚y !§Öò%Ó˚ÈÙÙÙȧӕz ˆï˛y !üˆÏ̃ñ ˆÜ˛í˛zÈÙÈ•z ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° öy §Ó û˛yÓöyÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ó˚yáy°òy ~ܲ Óy!u˛° Ó˚çö#à¶˛y ú%˛°ñ ú%˛°òy!öˆÏï˛ §yçyˆÏï˛ §yçyˆÏï˛
!ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !˛õÖ!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ó§yˆÏï˛ñ §Ç§yÓ˚ê˛y ï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆû˛ˆÏä ˛õí˛¸°ñ üy ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏò ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏò û˛yÓˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ï˛ Ó˚ܲü öyöyö çyˆÏï˛Ó˚ öyöyö Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ ú%˛° ÌyܲˆÏï˛ñ òyòyÓyÓ% ˆÓ˚yç•z
ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ°ö ܲ_yÓyÓ%ˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá– !ÓåÈyöyÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ òyòyÓyÓ%Ó˚ ˛õåÈ® ܲÓ˚y ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ çöƒ Ü˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛ö !ö!¢à¶˛y•z §yçyÎ˚⁄
xy˛õˆÏ¢y§ñ «˛üy !û˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ çˆÏöƒ ܲï˛ÓyÓ˚ ܲyÜ%˛!ï˛ñ ~ܲÓyÓ˚!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ xy§ÓyÓ˚ çˆÏöƒÈÙÙÙÈ!ܲv {ŸªÓ˚É §Ó≈û)˛ï˛yöyÇ •*ˆÏjˆÏ¢ iç≈%ö !ï˛¤˛!ï˛–
ܲ•z⁄ ~ܲê%˛ xyÄÎ˚yç •ˆÏ°•z Ó˚yáy° òƒyá üy xyÓyÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ˆàê˛ ˆáy°ñ !öˆÏÎ˚ ºyüÎ˚ö‰ §Ó≈û)˛ï˛y!ö ÎsfyÓ˚*ì˛¸y!ö üyÎ˚Î˚y–
xyÎ˚ ~áyˆÏö– ܲ_yÓyÓ%ˆÜÏ ˛ !ܲå%ȈïÏ ˛•z ˆÓyé˛yˆÏöy ˆÎï˛ öyñ ~ ˆÎ Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ é˛y˛õê˛y!ö– òyòyÓyÓ% çöÉ §Ç§yÓ˚ ò%ÉáyˆÏï≈˛yà#ï˛yK˛yöÇ §üy°ˆÏû˛Í–
!ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ xyÓyÓ˚ !Ó°y•zˆÏï˛– xyÎ˚yÈÙÈöy§≈ñ üy!§ÈÙÈ!˛õ!§ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ܲå%ÈÓ˚ xû˛yÓ ˆö•zñ xy≤Ãyî ˛õ#cy à#ï˛yü,ï˛Ç ˆ°yˆÏܲ°E˛yû˛!_´ §%á# û˛ˆÏÓÍ––
ˆòáû˛y° ã˛°ˆÏåÈñ !ܲv ˛õyÕ‘y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yàê˛y ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ã˛°°ñ x§•ƒ ÎsfîyÎ˚ Ó,k˛ ÷ô% !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚
ú˛àyñ ˆï˛yˆÏܲ ÓÜ%˛° §%Óy!§ï˛ û˛y°Óy§y ˛õyë˛y°yü–
ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛yܲï˛ñ ü,îy° xyÓ˚Ä ≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛_⁄ !ï˛ö !òö ôˆÏÓ˚ ü%á !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏܲ ã˛°ˆÏܲ Ó˚_´ xy§ˆÏåÈ–
•z!ï˛ñ
í˛y_´yÓ˚ ˆåȈϰˆÏܲ áÓÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyöy°– òyòyÓyÓ% ày!í˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆöˆÏü å%ȈÏê˛ Ü˛_yÓyÓ%Ó˚ ܲyˆÏöÓ˚
ˆï˛yÓ˚ ï˛˛õy
ܲyˆÏåÈ ü%á ˆÓ˚ˆÏá í˛yܲ° ÓyÓy ÓyÓyñ xy!ü ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ≤Ãû%˛ñ Ó,ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ò,!‹T ˆây°yñ üyÌy éÑ˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚
Ó°ˆÏ°ö ˆáyܲyÊ •yï˛ê˛y ÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆáyܲyÓ˚ flõ¢≈ !öˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏ°öñ ˆáyܲy !˛õï˛yÓ˚ •yï˛áyöy
ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôÓ˚°ñ Ó,k˛ xöƒ •yï˛áyöy Óyí˛¸yˆÏ°öñ ˆáyܲyÄ xyˆÏ§!ö⁄ ˛õ%e !˛õï˛yÓ˚ ò%áyöy •yï˛
ç!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ Ó%ˆÜÏ ˛ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ôÓ˚°ñ !˛õï˛y üyÌy öyí˛¸yˆÏ°öñ ò%ˆãÏ ˛yá !òˆÏÎ˚ ç° à!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ Óy!°ˆÏ¢ ÷!ܲˆÏÎ˚
ÎyˆÏFåÈñ ç#ÓˆÏö ~ï˛Óí˛¸ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ¢yô⁄ •Ñy {ŸªÓ˚Ê Ó˚yáy° òyòyÓyÓ%Ó˚ ܲyˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ü%á !öˆÏÎ˚
Ó°°ÈÙÙÙÈòyòyÓyÓ% ˆåÈyê˛ ü%ˆÏá Óí˛¸ ܲÌy ܲ•z!ã˛ñ xyÓ˚ §•zˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ öyñ !ë˛Ü˛yöyê˛y òyÄñ xy!ü
ï˛yˆÏܲ áÑ%ˆÏç ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ xy§Ó–
òyòyÓyÓ%ÈÙÙÙÈ!ë˛Ü˛yöy •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈñ û%˛ˆÏ° ˆà!åÈ– Ó˚ˆÏ_´ òyòyÓyÓ%Ó˚ ˆ˛õöê%˛°ñ Óy!°¢ñ ã˛yòÓ˚
!û˛ˆÏç çÓÈÙÈçÓ– í˛yÉ ôÓ˚ ~ˆÏ°öñ í˛y_´y!Ó˚ Óy:ñ ˆfiê˛ˆÏÌy §Ó ö#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈö–
Ó,k˛ ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá xy˛õˆÏ¢y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°°ñ ˛õyÓ˚°yü öyñ ~ܲê%˛ ¢y!hsˇ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚°yü öy–
ܲ_yÓyÓ%Ó˚ K˛yö ˆö•zñ ˆây°y ˆây°y ˆã˛yˆÏá ܲyˆÏܲ ˆÎö ˆòáˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ≤Ãû%˛ÈÙÙÙÈÓyÓy ÓyÓyñ
~•z xy!üñ ~•z ˆÎ ˆáyܲyñ à°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ Ó˚_´ÈÙÈܲú˛ !üˆÏ° !üˆÏ¢ ~ܲ !Ó!ã˛e xyÄÎ˚yç
xy§ˆÏåÈ– í˛y_´yÓ˚ ö#ã˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ •zˆÏOܲ¢ö Ó,ˆÏk˛Ó˚ Óy‡ˆÏï˛ ú%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏ°ö– à°yÓ˚ âí˛¸âí˛¸y!ö
ܲˆÏü xy§ˆÏï˛ à°yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚ !ܲå%Èê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ •°– ܲ_yÓyÓ% Ó°ˆÏ°öñ xyˆÏÓ˚ òƒyá òƒyá Ó˚yáy°ñ
ÓyÓy üy ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙȈã˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆòñ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆò– xyˆÏÓ˚ ü,îy° ï%˛!ü ~ˆÏ§åÈñ ˆâyüê˛y ˆï˛y° ü%á
ˆï˛y° !ܲå%È ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ öy– ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ§•z x!fliÓ˚ï˛y– Ó˚yáy° ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy!ê˛ˆÏï˛
àDy ç° ôÓ˚°ÈÙÙÙÈ˛õ%e !˛õï˛yÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá áy!öܲ ç° ˆì˛ˆÏ° !ò°– !˛õï˛y ì˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y !àˆÏ°
!öˆÏ°öñ Óy!ܲ ç° à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸°– !˛õï˛yÓ˚ ~ï˛!òˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zIμ° ˆã˛yá ò%!ê˛ !ã˛Ó˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ üï˛ö
Ó%ˆÏç ˆà°– í˛y_´yÓ˚ ܲï˛Ü˛=!° §yòy ú%˛° ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá Ó°ˆÏ°ö ~ܲçö §ï˛ƒÓyö
ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ°ö–
~ ˆÎö Ó˚yçyñ ˛õ%e ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ !§ˆÏÕÒÓ˚ ˛õyOy!Ó ô%!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ü%ááyöy ˛õÓ˚üΈÏb ü%ˆåÏ È ˆŸªï˛ã˛®ˆÏöÓ˚
ˆú˛yê˛yÓ˚ ê˛yö ܲ˛õyˆÏ° !öˆÏç •yˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚y°– àû˛#Ó˚ ôƒyˆÏö !˛õï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ÓˆÏ§ à#ï˛yÓ˚ ˆŸ’yܲ
˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ °yà°ñ ˆŸ’yˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ%îƒ ˆflÀyˆÏï˛Ó˚ §%ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏeÓ˚ ◊k˛yÎ˚ §%Ó˚!û˛ï˛ ô)˛õ ú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ àˆÏ¶˛ñ
!˛õï˛y ÓyhflÏÓ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ü,îyˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏD ã˛°ˆÏ°öÈÙÙÙÈü•yçyà!ï˛Ü˛ !öɧ#ü xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚

˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y
......
!•Ó˚^ˇÈ¬Î˚ àˆÏDy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
23 ˆüñ 2012 ܲ!ë˛ö àÓ˚ˆÏüÓ˚ üˆÏôƒñ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ~áöÄ !fliÓ˚ !ܲv å%ȈÏê˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛yÄÎ˚y
°!Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yÓ˚ áy!° ܲÓ˚y áyê˛ÈÙÈ!ÓåÈyöyÈÙȈ¢y ˆÜ˛§ÈÙÈˆí»˛!§Ç ˆê˛Ó° Ìy°yÓy§öÈÙÈ ˆê˛Δí˛ˆÏöü
ü%ˆÏåÈ ÎyÄÎ˚y §y•zˆÏܲ°ÈÙÈ!ú ˛çÈÙÈ!ê˛!û˛ÈÙÈ!í˛!û˛!í˛ÈÙÈú˛ƒyöÈÙÈxˆÏܲˆÏçy Ü%˛°yÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ §ˆÏD
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓhflÏy ˆ˛õyí˛¸y Ä öyÈÙȈ˛õyí˛¸y ܲÎ˚°y ˆ°yí˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ¢)öƒ Ä •yÈÙÈ•y ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ú˛ƒyö•#ö Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ˆÜ˛öy !ܲv ~áöÄ x«˛ï˛ ö#°Ü˛ü° ú˛y•zÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚
ӈϧ °-#ÓyÓ% âyü!åȈϰö– Ä•z áy!öܲÈÙÈÓ§yÎ˚ §yÓ˚y ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã̈Ïü !Ó®%ÈÙÈ!Ó®% ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ e´ˆÏü
âyˆÏüÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yˆÏflÀyˆÏï˛ Óà° ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !˛õˆÏë˛Ó˚ ò%ÈÙÈ!òܲ !û˛!çˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö é˛y˛õ§y •ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy ã˛¢üyÓ˚
ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ Ó!® ò%ÈÙȈã˛yá !òˆÏÎ˚ §òƒ ˆáy°y ú˛ƒyö•#ö ‡Ü˛ê˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– ò#â≈
34 ÓåÈÓ˚ Ä•z ‡Ü˛ê˛yÎ˚ é%˛ˆÏ° ˆÌˆÏܲ °ê˛˛õê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •yÄÎ˚y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ ˆÎ ú˛ƒyö ï˛y
~áö í˛yöyåÈÑyê˛y üÓ˚y ˛õy!áÓ˚ ôˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y °!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yö °ê˛Ó•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ ü%á Ì%ÓˆÏí˛¸ ˛õˆÏí˛¸
ˆÜ˛ çyˆÏöÊ §yÓ˚y âÓ˚ê˛yÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ° ¢)öƒï˛yˆÏܲ ˆë˛ˆÏ°ë%˛ˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ˆÎÔÓöÈÙÈê%˛ÈÙÈ
ˆ≤ÃÔì˛¸ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §Ñƒyï˛§ÑƒyˆÏï˛ åÈ!ÓÓ˚ !í˛§ˆÏ≤’ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ âyüÈÙÈ°ê˛˛õê˛ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ üˆÏöÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yö ܲyòyÎ˚ !fl‘˛õ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈñ !òˆÏ¢•yÓ˚y °-#ÓyÓ% ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° xyöy üyåÈ
xyÓyÓ˚ çˆÏ°•z •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ !Ó•¥°ï˛yÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ Ä•z xfl∫FåÈï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ•z •ï˛y¢ ò¢≈ܲñ !ë˛Ü˛
ï˛áö•zñ ï˛áö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ flf# !¢áyÓ˚y!ö ò%ˆÏê˛y ò%ÈÙÈ•yˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ «˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y ü%ˆÏí˛¸y éÑ˛yê˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛Ü˛ˆÏ°
°-#ÓyÓ% ò%É!áï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° !ÓÓ˚_´ •ö ≠ ÚÄ=ˆÏ°yÄ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ÎyˆÏÓ öy⁄Û
ÈÙÙÙÈÚÄáyˆÏö éÑ˛yê˛y °yˆÏà öy Ó%!é˛⁄Û
ï˛y §!ï˛ƒ– éÑ˛yê˛y °yˆÏà– !öˆÏÎ˚ öyÄ ï˛ˆÏÓ– x“fl∫“ ˆåÈÑí˛¸y ã˛!ê˛ç%ˆÏï˛y=ˆÏ°yÄ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ÎyˆÏÓ
ˆÜ˛ö⁄ ˆåÈÑí˛¸y üyò%Ó˚ê˛yÄ !öˆÏÎ˚ öyÄ– Ó§ˆÏï˛ Ü%˛ˆÏ°yˆÏÓ–
ӈϰö!ö °-#ÓyÓ%ñ ~§Ó– öy Ó°yÓ˚•z ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ~áöñ ~ˆÏ§ ˆì˛yˆÏܲ ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåȈϰñ ÓyFã%˛ñ !Ó.~.
˛õy¢ñ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ öy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õFåÈyÓÈÙÈ˛õyÎ˚áyöyÈÙÈܲú˛ÈÙÈÌ%Ì%Ó˚ ˛õƒyÌ°!çfiê˛ó ~:˛õyê≈˛ÈÙÈ !öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛û˛yˆÏÓ
!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ÈÙȈòˆÏöÄÎ˚y°yñ •yˆÏï˛ ˆê˛fiê˛!ê˛í˛zˆÏÓÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° ≤’y§ !öˆÏÎ˚–
ÈÙÙÙÈÚÓyÓy ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ê˛y òyÄ–Û
ÈÙÙÙÈڕуyñ Äê˛yÄ ˆï˛y !öˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ....Û ÓˆÏ° í˛zˆÏë˛ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏï˛•z ˆåȈϰê˛y ˆã˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛yÎ˚y° ôˆÏÓ˚
ˆê˛ˆÏö !öˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ñ ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸˛õí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆê˛ˆÏö xyˆÏöñ ˛õê˛ ˛õê˛ ˆ§•z
ï˛yÓ˚ ˆåÈÑí˛¸yÓ˚ ¢∑ ˆé˛y°yˆÏöy áy!§Ó˚ ˆ˛õê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛öy!í˛¸û%Ñ˛!í˛¸ ˆê˛ˆÏö =!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆöÄÎ˚yñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚
•yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤’y§ ܲáö ã˛˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ öyüyÎ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%ò,¢ƒ ܲˆÏ°çyñ ú%˛§ú%˛§ Ä•z
ï˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ ˆ°ˆÏà Ìyܲy §%•zã˛ˆÏÓyí≈˛=ˆÏ°y– §ühflÏ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyê˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ˆê˛ˆÏö!•Öã˛ˆÏí˛¸
á%ˆÏ° !öˆÏ° á%ӈϰ áyÄÎ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ Ä §%•zã˛ˆÏÓyí≈˛•yÓ˚y ˆòÎ˚y°ê˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ Ä•z §òƒ
ܲyê˛y åÈy°ã˛yüí˛¸y•#ö áy!§ˆÏܲ ܲ§y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÓˆÏã˛ ˆòÄÎ˚y à!Ó˚Ó üy!°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚&î Ä
fl∫yÌ≈˛õÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy åÈyí˛¸y xöƒ ï˛y!Ó˚ܲy xy˛õyï˛ï˛ xçyöy– °%!DÈÙȈà!OÓ˚ xyê˛ˆÏ˛õÔˆÏÓ˚
376 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
°-#ÓyÓ% âÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛üyö !§!ܲí˛z!Ó˚!ê˛ àyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ âÓ˚ §ÑˆÏ˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚
~ܲê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆüâ ˆã˛yˆÏá û˛y!§ˆÏÎ˚ ˆöyöyÓ,!‹TˆÏï˛ !öˆÏç !û˛ˆÏç x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ !û˛!çˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏí˛¸
ˆüâ˛õ%O •ˆÏÎ˚•z Ó§ˆÏ°ö xˆÏ˛õ«˛üyö °!Ó˚Ó˚ §yüˆÏöÓ˚ !§ˆÏê˛ó ï˛ï˛«˛ˆÏî ܲÓ˚&î ü%ˆÏá ïÑ˛yÓ˚
xyˆÏà•z ӈϧ Ìyܲy ïÑ˛yÓ˚•z flf# !¢áyÓ˚y!öÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢– ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy‹õ ã˛¢üyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏã˛ °yàˆÏ°
§yüˆÏöÓ˚ àyåÈ˛õy°y§• åÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ §ühflÏ Ó˚yhflÏyê˛y !òˆÏ¢•yÓ˚y ü!°ö •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° ê˛Δyܲê˛y
àç≈ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ĈÏë˛ñ öˆÏí˛¸ ĈÏë˛ ˆàyê˛y ày!í˛¸Ó˚ §ˆÏD Ä•z §Ó ˆ°yí˛ Ü˛Ó˚y §yüyöÈÙÈí˛züyö§•
°-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ üyÌy–
ê˛Δyܲê˛y à!ï˛ !öˆÏï˛ !öˆÏç•z °-#ÓyÓ% ÌyüyˆÏ°öñ Ó˚òÓò ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ xy§ˆÏåÈ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚
ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ xyÓy°ƒ §•ã˛Ó˚ ˆï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ñ ˆ˛õåȈÏö ˆ˛õåȈÏö ˆï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ flf# ˆÜ˛Ä°yÓ˚y!öñ §yÓ˚y
ü%ˆÏá âyˆÏüÓ˚ !鲰!üˆÏ° ˆ°˛õˆÏê˛ Ìyܲy !§öˆÏÌ!ê˛Ü˛ ¢y!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆâyüê˛yÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
xy§y ˆã˛yˆÏá ܲ# ï˛#Ó  ˆú˛yܲy§ñ !ÓˆÏFåÈò ˆÓòöyÎ˚ ܲ# x!fliÓ˚ ˆëÑ˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y
xy°ày !çˆÏû˛Ó˚ ÜÑ˛y˛õ%!öó ܲyˆÏöÓ˚ °!ï˛ˆÏܲ x!fliÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ò%ˆÏê˛y •zÎ˚y Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸ !Ó˚Ç í˛zí˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy
ã%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çDˆÏ° ~•z flõ‹T ~•z !•!ç!Ó!ç– ~•z ≤ÃÌü °-#ÓyÓ% ~ˆÏE˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ é˛Ó˚é˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ü˛ï˛ˆÏܲ
í˛z!aï˛ Ü˛yˆÏã˛Ó˚ ã%˛!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ xyÈÙÈÓy‡ ì˛yܲy ò% xyä%ˆÏ° §%ã˛yÓ˚& ˆâyüê˛yÓ˚ ˛õyí˛¸ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •yˆÏï˛
ì˛ˆÏ°ÈÙÈ˛õí˛¸y ü%áê˛yˆÏܲñ 30 ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏê˛˛õ%ˆÏê˛ ˆòˆÏá !öˆÏ°ö– ‡Ó‡ ˆ§•z ˆ¢£Ï Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆòáy
öö#Î˚y öò#Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ä°yÓ˚y!öˆÏܲ–
ÈÙÙÙÈܲ# •Ñy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáåÈ⁄ ˆï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ÓyÓ% ܲ# û˛yÓˆÏÓö⁄
ÈÙÙÙÈܲ# xyÓ˚ û˛yÓˆÏÓö⁄ ˆòˆÏá!öñ üö û˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá !ö•z....Ä•z !fliÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ° Ó˚yáy ò,!‹TÓ˚ ˆày°
flõ‹T °y•zˆÏê˛ °-#ÓyÓ%ñ ◊#Î%_´ °-#ܲyhsˇ ˆây£Ïy°ñ Ó y·˛î §hsˇyöñ ˆ˛õ¢yÎ˚ •z.!§.~ˆÏ°Ó˚
1öÇ â%!£Ïܲ ü%!§!°Î˚y ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ üy•z!öÇ §ò≈yÓ˚ §yï˛@ˇÃyü ~!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ܲy!°˛õy•y!í˛¸ ~ˆÏçrê˛
x!ú˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ö ~•zã˛ ~§†22öÇ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ 34 ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy!§®y âyí˛¸ â%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏáö
ˆï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ öüflÒyÓ˚ çyöyˆÏFåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ xy§ÓyÓû˛!ï≈˛ âˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !§!°ÇÈÙÈ~ 34 ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ àÓ˚üܲyˆÏ°
â%ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y ú˛ƒyˆÏöÓ˚ !öˆÏã˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚–
ÈÙÙÙÈï˛Ó °!áñ xy Ó˚ˆÏ•.... ˆú˛yöÈÙÈí˛zö !ܲ!çˆÏÎ˚.... !¢í˛z!ç á%§ Ó˚yˆÏá....
ˆÜ˛ ÎyˆÏFåÈñ ˆÜ˛⁄ ˆï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ öy °-#ÓyÓ%....ê˛ΔyˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ܲyÓ˚ §yüyöí˛züyö ħÓ⁄
°-#ÓyÓ% ܲ°Ü˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆâˆÏü ÎyÎ˚....
ÈÙÙÙÈÎy Ó˚ˆÏ•⁄ ü%ˆÏé˛ !û˛ ˆï˛y Îyöy •ƒyÎ˚.... ˆÌyí˛¸y ˛õ•ˆÏ°ñ ˆÌyí˛¸y ÓyˆÏò–
ˆüyÓy•zˆÏ° ã%Ñ˛•zˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y ܲÌyÎ˚ ü%á °y° ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢áyÓ˚y!ö âˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏܲ–
ÈÙÙÙÈû˛y!Ó!ç öüˆÏhflÏ....
ÈÙÙÙÈöüˆÏhflÏ....~•z ˆö ˆï˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ܲÌy Ó°– ˆú˛yö ܲyˆÏö !öˆÏï˛•z °-#ÓyÓ% ˆ¢yˆÏöö ≠
ÓyÓy ~üyˆÏ§•z à,•≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚Ó– ï%˛!ü !òö ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ![˛ï˛ !ë˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ....
°-#ÓyÓ% ˆÜ˛yöÄüˆÏï˛ Ú!ë˛Ü˛ xyˆÏåÈÛ ÓˆÏ° ˆú˛yö ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛°!ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ĈÏë˛öñ
ÚÓy•yöˆÏã˛yò ¢y°yÓ˚y.... fl∫yÌ≈˛õÓ˚ ¢y°yÓ˚y.... üyòy!Ó˚ˆÏã˛yò....Û
ÈÙÙÙÈĈÏàyñ ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ܲ# ˆòy£Ï.... Ä ˆï˛y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ê˛yܲy ˆöÎ˚!ö.... !öˆÏç ˆ°yö !öˆÏÎ˚ âÓ˚ Óyöy°....
ˆï˛yñ....
È ÙÙÙÈ•yÓ˚y!ü ¢y°yÓ˚y.... fl∫yÌ≈˛õÓ˚.... Óy•yöˆÏã˛yò ¢y°y xyç !öˆÏçÓ˚ âÓ˚ Óyöy°.... xyüyÓ˚ ê˛yܲy
ˆöÎ˚!öÊ ....ĈÏܲ ˛õí˛¸y÷ˆÏöy ܲÓ˚y° ˆÜ˛⁄ ˆÜ˛ ê˛yܲy !òˆÏÎ˚ °yˆÏÎ˚ܲ Óyöy°.... ÄÓ˚ Ÿª÷Ó˚⁄È
ÙÙÙÈ•yÓ˚y!ü ¢y°y.... ˆÓˆÏòy¢y°y....
 ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y † 377
ÈÙÙÙÈ°!áñ xy˛õöy ÓyFã˛yˆÏܲy •z ܲƒÎ˚y ˆÓy° Ó˚ˆÏ•⁄
ÈÙÙÙÈï%˛ü ˆö!• çyöï˛y •z üyòy!Ó˚ˆÏã˛yòˆÏܲy.... Óy!•öˆÏã˛yò ¢y°y.....
°-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ Ä•z ˆòy£Ï– §yÓ˚y ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏà ÌÓ˚ÌÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ ˆàˆÏ° !ï˛!ö xyÓ˚ ~ˆÏàyˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö öyñ ~ܲ•z ܲÌy â%ˆÏÓ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ≠ ÚÓy!•öˆÏã˛yò xyüyÓ˚ ê˛yܲy !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚
Óí˛¸§í˛¸ âÓ˚ ÓyöyˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ öy⁄ §Óy•z ~ܲ§ˆÏD Ìyܲy ˆÎï˛ öy⁄ à,•≤ÈÏÓ¢Ê ˆ˛õFåÈyÓ Ü˛!Ó˚
ˆûÑ˛y§!í˛¸Óy°yÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ÊÛ
ÈÙÙÙÈ˛õåÈ® •ˆÏÓ öy.... ˆÎÄ öy.... Óƒ§.... ày°yày° !òÄ öy– !¢áyÓ˚y!öÓ˚ flõ‹T ܲÌy ôyÓ˚yˆÏ°y
å%È!Ó˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ü%•)ï≈˛ê˛yˆÏܲ ò%Ûê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏ° °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ flõ‹Tï˛y xyÓ˚Ä Ó˚#!ï˛üˆÏï˛y ôyÓ˚yˆÏ°y
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ≠ Úxy!ü ÄáyˆÏö•z âÓ˚ñ Ä•z ÄáyˆÏö•z ÓyöyÓñ Ó!•öˆÏã˛yòˆÏܲ ì%˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛Ä ˆòÓ öy....Û
çÓyˆÏÓ xˆÏ˛õ«˛üyî Ä•z °!Ó˚ •ö≈ ÓyçyˆÏ° ˆï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ o&ï˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° °-#ÓyÓ%ˆÏܲÄ
ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ˆï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ˆÏܲ !ÓòyÎ˚ çyöyˆÏï˛–
!Ó•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yö ˆò•yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§•z 34 ÓåÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ ˆöyܲ!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§ñ ï˛áö
§òƒ Ó£Ï≈yÓ˚ ç° ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ° à!çˆÏÎ˚ Äë˛y ¢ƒyÄ°yÓ˚ !ܲ!§ˆÏü àyˆÏ°ÈÙÈÌ%ï%˛!öˆÏï˛
ˆ°˛õˆÏê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ òy!í˛¸– öyÈÙÈܲyê˛y ˆ§•z òy!í˛¸ ≤ÃÌü ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !öÎ˚!üï˛•z •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ !ï˛°ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyˆÏà xyˆÏà•zñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !ÓÓy•ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ àÄöyñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Óy°ÓyFã˛y !ܲv
Ä•z !Ó!ÓÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛üö !çà‰!Ó˚ ˆòyhflÏ ÓˆÏö ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ä °-#ÓyÓ% ç#ÓˆÏö
ˆòˆÏáö!ö ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲˆÏ¢y ÓyÓ˚ Ä•z !Ó!ÓÓ˚•z ÓyöyˆÏöy ò!•Ü˛y ¢Ó˚Óï˛ ˆáˆÏ°Ä– ˆ§•z ˆÜ˛y¡õy!ö
ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yÓ˚ ÓyÌÓ˚&ü•#öÈÙÈ˛õyÎ˚áyöy•#ö =•yÎ˚ °ê˛˛õê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y ˆÜ˛y¡õy!öÓ˚ ú˛ƒyˆÏöÓ˚
ï˛°yÎ˚ áê˛ü°û˛Ó˚y áy!ê˛Î˚yÎ˚ !òöüyö !Óï˛yˆÏ°Ä ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ =•yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ÈÙÈ~ܲ çyˆÏöyÎ˚yÓ˚
°-#ܲyhsˇÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ Ä•z !Ó!Ó ˆÜ˛Ä°yÓ˚y!ö xçyöy– ï˛áˆÏöy !ÓˆÏÎ˚ öyÈÙÈ•ÄÎ˚y °-#ܲyhsˇÓ˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ x“ ˆòáy Ä•z ܲ!ã˛ !Ó•y!Ó˚ ÅÓ˚Í ~ï˛ê˛y•z ˆ°yˆÏû˛Ó˚ Ó›ñ ˆ§ §)Î≈ í˛zë˛ÓÈÙÈ!ܲÈÙÈí˛zë˛ÓÈÙÈöy
ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ öö#Î˚y öò#Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ ˆé˛y˛õçDˆÏ° ê˛y!R ܲÓ˚ˆÏö ܲy xÓ§Ó˚ ˆü ˆòˆÏáày ӈϰ òÑyï˛ö
û˛yäyÓ˚ x!åÈ°yÎ˚ Ä•z ê˛y!RÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚•z xˆÏàyåÈyˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛Ä°yÓ˚y!öˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá ˆú˛ˆÏ° ≠ öyˆÏܲ
öÌñ ܲ˛õyˆÏ° ˆ¢£Ï Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ä çμ°çμ° Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈ Ü˛yˆÏã˛Ó˚ !ê˛˛õ!ê˛ÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚y ܲ# !ê˛˛õ û˛yÓˆÏï˛ û˛yÓˆÏï˛
ˆüâ•#ö ˆû˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ üï˛ö ˆüˆÏ°ôÓ˚y ܲ˛õy°ñ §%®Ó˚ áyhflÏy ˆë˛Ü%˛Î˚yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y xy°ày
•°%ò ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆú˛y°y àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ò%˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆÜÑ˛yÜ˛í˛¸yˆÏöy ã%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xyöyˆÏàyöyÎ˚ öï˛ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !åÈߨÈÙÈ!û˛ß¨ û%˛Ó˚&Ó˚ !§Ó˚!§Ó˚y!ö– Ä•z xÓfliyˆÏï˛•z ˆ§ ˆàyê˛y Óy‡û˛!ï≈˛ ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ã%˛!í˛¸Ó˚
xyÄÎ˚yç ï%˛ˆÏ° é˛!ê˛!ï˛ ˆâyüê˛y ˆê˛ˆÏö !öˆÏ°ñ ˆâyüê˛yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ !òˆÏï˛ !òˆÏï˛ Ü˛ö%•z ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ã%˛!í˛¸Ó˚
úÑ˛yܲˆÏú˛yܲˆÏÓ˚ Ä•z •yï˛ ò%ˆÏê˛y•z ˆ§ òƒyˆÏáñ ˆàyê˛y ˆé˛y˛õé˛yí˛¸ §y_% áyÄÎ˚y Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚#
ˆ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ áy°y§ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ò%à≈ˆÏ¶˛ û˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏ°Ä °-#ܲyhsˇÓ˚ öyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° á%§Ó% ˆÜ˛Ó° á%§Ó%
ˆÜ˛Ó° á%§Ó%– ˆ§•z ˆÜ˛Ä°yˆÏòÓ# ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚Ä ˆâyüê˛yÎ˚ ü%á ˆì˛ˆÏܲ !öˆÏ° °-#ÓyÓ% ܲ#
ˆòáˆÏÓöñ ܲyˆÏܲ•z Óy !ÓòyÎ˚ çyöyˆÏÓö⁄ öƒy¢y°y•z§í‰˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ§•z §Ó ˆày°
ˆày° çyöy°y•#ö =•yÓ˚ ç°•#ö ÓyÌÓ˚&ü•#ö Ó!hflÏ ˆû˛ˆÏä àˆÏí˛¸ Äë˛y öï%˛ö !§ÈÙÈê˛y•z˛õñ
!ÓÈÙÈê˛y•z˛õñ ~ö ~•zã˛ ~§ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ é%˛ê˛é˛yˆÏü°y ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§•z öï%˛ö ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó‡
ˆã˛‹TyÎ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ í˛zˆëÏ ˛ xy§yñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ 34ê˛y ÓåÈÓ˚ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ÓyÓ%
ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyˆÏFåÈö §Ó =!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ñ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈܲyê˛y ˆ§•z ˆû˛yÓ˚ˆÏÓ°yê˛y !öˆÏÎ˚Ê
Ó‡!òö ÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ°•z ˆ•yܲñ ܲ# °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢áyÓ˚y!öÓ˚ ӇܲˆÏ‹T
~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §yüyöÈÙÈí˛züyˆÏö âÓ˚ û˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛°yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˆ•yܲñ ˆòáyˆÏò!á
378 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ÓyÓ%Ä ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤’y•zí˛zí˛ÈÙÈˆÓ§í‰˛ •zÇ!°¢ áyê˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ §hflÏy ˆ§yú˛yñ ܲy°yÓ˚ !ê˛!û˛ ~ÓÇ
ˆàyê˛y ò%•z ú˛ƒyö âˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ° Óyäy!°ÈÙÓyäy!° •ÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ Ó˚yáˆÏ°Ä ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
§yüyöƒï˛ü ˆòáû˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ xû˛yˆÏÓ §Ó xy§ÓyÓ ï˛yÓ˚•z ˆ˛õy£Ïy ûÑ˛•zˆÏ§Ó˚ ï˛°ˆÏ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y
§Ó§üÎ˚ ˆàyÓÓ˚üyáy °ƒyò°ƒyˆÏò– ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ xyöy ܲyˆÏë˛ ÓyöyˆÏöy ò%ÈÙÈò%ˆÏê˛y
ï˛_´y ~áö ì˛ˆÏ° !Ó◊yü !öˆÏFåÈ 407ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ°– ˆï˛°!ã˛ê˛!ã˛ˆÏê˛ !ÓåÈyöyñ üÎ˚°yÈÙÈܲy°y
ò!í˛¸ÄÎ˚y°y áy!ê˛Î˚yê˛yÄ ü%ˆÏí˛¸ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ çyÎ˚ày 407ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛ñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ò%ˆÏê˛y
ûÑ˛•z§§• Óy°ÓyFã˛yˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° àÑyÄ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y ˆÎï˛ xöyÎ˚yˆÏ§ÈÙÙÙȈÓã˛yÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ !åÈ° öy–
àï˛ 34 ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ fliyÎ˚# áyê˛yˆÏ°Ó˚•z «%˛o Ä §Ç!«˛Æ §ÇflÒÓ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ 407ê˛y Îáö öˆÏí˛¸ í˛z벰
°-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ Ó%ܲê˛y fliyö ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ °•üyÎ˚ñ ˆï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ÓyÓ%Ó˚ 407ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚
˛õˆÏÌÈÙÈ˛õˆÏÌ °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ !ÓòyÎ˚ÈÙȈÓòöy ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ÷û˛ ܲyüöy ܲÓ˚!åÈ°–
âˆÏÓ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ˆòÄÎ˚y ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yÓ˚ñ ~áö ˆÎ xƒy°ˆÏê˛í˛ñ
üy!öܲ Óyí˛z!Ó˚ §ÈÙÈ!á!hflÏ Óí˛zê˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆáyÎ˚y!Ó˚ û˛yˆÏäó ï˛yÓ˚•z xyÄÎ˚yˆÏç ˆï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ÓyÓ%Ó˚ §òƒ
≤Ãy_´ö ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ° §òƒ xyˆÏà ˆòÄÎ˚y ÜÑ˛yã˛y ˆàyÓÓ˚ áˆÏ§ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ â%шÏê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲó ~•z
â%шÏê˛=ˆÏ°y !ܲ ˆÜ˛Ä°yˆÏòÓ#Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ åÈy˛õ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆà° ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hsˇñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛yñ ~ê˛y•z Ä•z
â%шÏê˛Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ e´ˆÏü ú%˛ˆÏê˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚•z é˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y ˆ§•z ˆû˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏ¢ çμ°çμ°
ï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ~!˛õê˛yú˛ÈÙÙÙÈÎy °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ çöƒ•z !öˆÏÓ!òï˛– !öÎ˚!üï˛ üò ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ˆû˛ˆÏä
ÎyÄÎ˚y à°yÎ˚ üy!öܲ Óyí˛z!Ó˚Ó˚ é˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸y ˆáyÎ˚y!Ó˚ !åÈê˛ˆÏܲ xyˆÏ§ §òÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ≠
Úˆã˛yIJõ Óy˛õû˛yï˛y!Ó˚.... ˛õÎ˚§y ˛õÑyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÑyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÓ˚ á%Ó Ó˚üÓ˚!ü.... ˆì˛ü!ö üy!à.... üܲü!ܲ
ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚!åÈ....
ÈÙÙÙÈÓy˛õû˛yï˛y!Ó˚ ˆï˛yÓ˚ üyñ ˆï˛yÓ˚ Ó%öñ ˆï˛yÓ˚ §yï˛=!‹T.... üyã%˛òy áy°û˛Ó˚y....
ÈÙÙÙȈã˛yIJõ.... §yxyê˛ xy˛õ.... xƒyÎ˚§y üyˆÏÓ˚ày.... àÑyí˛¸ ˆü....
!¢áyÓ˚y!ö ˛õ%ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ì%Ì% ˆú˛°° ~ܲ°yòyÈÙÙÙÈ~åÈyí˛¸y â,îyÓ˚ ܲ#•zÈÙÈÓy fli(° Ó!•É≤Ãܲy¢ âê˛ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !á!hflÏÈÙÈç°û˛yï˛ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚⁄ xyÓ˚ ܲê˛y ÓåÈÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚•zñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §•ƒ
ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ !á!hflÏ ˆòÄÎ˚y Ä ˆ¢yöy ü%ˆÏá Ä Ü˛yˆÏö üy!öܲ
Óyí˛z!Ó˚Ó˚ !á!hflÏ Óí˛¸ ˆöyÇÓ˚y ˆ¢yöy°ñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y §yÓ˚ˆÏú˛ˆÏ§ ӈϰ•z– áyòyˆÏö öyüˆÏï˛ öyüˆÏï˛ Ä•z
o&ï˛ ôyÓüyö ˛õyï˛y°ÎyeyÎ˚ !§ˆÏüÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !§ü ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ Ä•z x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Ä xû˛o
ày°yày° §%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ û˛ofli •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ !çˆÏû˛ ç° é˛Ó˚yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y Ä•z §Ó !á!hflÏÈÙÈáyhflÏy ̈ÏÓ˚
̈ÏÓ˚ çˆÏü ÎyÎ˚ !çˆÏû˛Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢– ôyòܲy !§ˆÏü !á!hflÏ ü%á ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚•z â%!£Ïܲ !§ˆÏüÓ˚ ܲyåÈyܲy!åÈ
ˆú˛öyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y é˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆëÑ˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢ ܲáöñ Îáö ï˛y°ˆÏï˛yí˛¸ !§ˆÏü ~ˆÏ§ ô%ü ܲˆÏÓ˚
xyåȈÏí˛¸ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ í%˛!°ñ ˆàyê˛y í%˛!°•z §üfl∫ˆÏÓ˚ !á!hflÏ !òˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ ≠ Úˆ° üyüyày àÑyí˛¸ òyàyÊÛ ï˛y
ӈϰ Ä•z !á!hflÏ !§ˆÏüÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚⁄ §yÓ˚ˆÏú˛ˆÏ§⁄ ˆçö!ê˛°üƒyöÓ˚yñ ܲû‰˛!û˛ ˆö!•....
ΈÏÓ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓƒyÇܲ xƒyܲyí˛zˆÏrê˛ ˆ˛õˆÏürê˛ ã˛y°% •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ •z.!§.~ˆÏ° !¢áyÓ˚y!öÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ ü•yܲyç Ä•z ÓƒyLjÏܲ ÎyÄÎ˚y– §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ühflÏ áÓ˚ã˛ !ü!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ öàò ã˛yÓ˚†˛õÑyã˛ˆÏ¢y ê˛yܲy
°-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆòÄÎ˚yÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚ üy§Ü˛yÓy!Ó˚ üˆÏòÓ˚ áÓ˚ã˛y– §Ó !Ó° !¢áyÓ˚y!ö !öˆÏç
ˆüê˛yˆÏ°Ä Ä•z ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϰÓ˚ òyÎ˚ °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈû˛oˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ Óí˛z •ˆÏÎ˚ üyï˛y° fl∫yü#Ó˚ üˆÏòÓ˚
ê˛yܲy !òˆÏï˛ üòû˛y!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ÎyÄÎ˚yñ üy!öܲ Óyí˛z!Ó˚Ó˚ Óí˛z ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !¢áyÓ˚y!ö ˆây£ÏyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ
ˆ≤Ã!fiê˛ç •z§%ƒÊ ~áöñ ˆÜ˛ö ˆÎñ xÎÌy ~•z @ˇÃ#ˆÏ‹øÓ˚ üôƒÈÙÈò%˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ÓyÓ% ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚yÎ˚ñ
ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy•zì˛y•z üö üˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ xÑyÜ%˛˛õÑyÜ%˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ °-#ÓyÓ% •yöˆÏí»˛í˛ ˛õyˆÏ§≈rê˛
 ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y † 379
çyöˆÏ°Ä !¢áyÓ˚y!öˆÏܲ Ó°y ÎyˆÏÓ öy–
ˆ§•z ܲˆÏÓñ !öây !§ˆÏü ≤ÃÌü ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ò% •yˆÏï˛ÈÙÈÜÑ˛yˆÏô Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸ ˆé˛yí˛¸yÎ˚ §òƒÈÙÈÓœy!fiê˛Ç
ܲÎ˚°y í%˛!° ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆ°yí˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ àÓ˚ü Ä•z !§ˆÏüÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ܲÎ˚°yÓ˚ =шÏí˛¸yÎ˚ •Ñy˛õ ˛õyí˛¸ˆÏï˛
ܲ‹T •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ xyÓ˚yü ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ÷áy÷áy ü%Ó˚ày üyǧ §•ˆÏÎyˆÏà !§Ü‰˛!ê˛ S60V üy°
ˆê˛ˆÏöÈÙÙÙÈ˛õÓ˚yü¢≈òyï˛y °ú˛Ó˚ Óyí˛z!Ó˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚ü Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z ò,!‹Tñ §yÓ˚y!òˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊ü
~ÓÇ àÓ˚ü ܲÎ˚°y=шÏí˛¸y üyáy !öŸªy§ ܲˆÏ‹TÓ˚ xö%˛õyö Ä•z xü,ï˛ °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ~áöÄ !≤ÃÎ˚ñ
Óí˛¸ !≤ÃÎ˚– ܲáöÄ öyÈÙȈòáy Ä•z ~ܲ鲰ܲ ˆû˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚y á!ã˛ï˛ ûÑ˛•z§y ò%ˆÏôÓ˚ ˆüyê˛y §ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
üˆÏï˛y °y°ˆÏã˛ Ü˛˛õy° §ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y•z ˛õÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü%Ñ˛Ü˛ˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏ° Ä•z !≤ÃÎ˚ï˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚
ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ò%Éá xöƒ !≤ÃÎ˚ï˛ü•z ˆâyã˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆû˛ˆÏä ÎyÄÎ˚y à°yÎ˚ °-#ÓyÓ%
!ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛yˆÏܲö !¢áyÓ˚y!öˆÏܲ ≠ ~•z ÷ö!åȧñ ~•z ÓyÓ%Ó˚ üy....
ˆï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÎ˚yÄ!Î˚ !öˆÏÎ˚•z ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õí˛¸!¢Ó˚ §ˆÏD à“ Ü˛Ó˚!åÈ° !¢áyÓ˚y!ö– Ä•z
û˛yäy à°yÓ˚ xyò%ˆÏÓ˚ í˛yܲ ˆö•zÈÙȈö•z ܲˆÏÓ˚Ä !ï˛!Ó˚¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ !¢áyÓ˚y!öÓ˚ ˆã˛öyó ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ܲÓ˚î#Î˚Ä ï˛yÓ˚ xyòˆÏï˛ÈÙÈxû˛ƒyˆÏ§ ~ܲyܲyÓ˚– ˆ¢yÈÙÈˆÜ˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛y!Ó á%ˆÏ° §hflÏyÓ˚ ˛õ%ï%˛°ñ üy!ê˛Ó˚
öܲ!° ú˛°ñ ˆá°öy •y!Óçy!ÓÓ˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ ˆ˛õåȈÏö °%ˆÏܲyˆÏöy çyÎ˚ày ˆÌˆÏܲ à°y í˛z§ˆÏܲ Ìyܲy
ˆÓyï˛°ê˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏ°ñ °-#ÓyÓ% á%Ó ˆï˛‹Ty ˛õyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏä ˆÓyï˛°ˆÏܲ ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ ò%ÈÙÈÓyÓ˚ !•E˛y ï%˛ˆÏ°ñ ӈϕyï˛ Ü˛O%£Ï •y!§ ˆ•ˆÏ§ !¢áyÓ˚y!öÓ˚ ܲy˛õˆÏí˛¸•z ü%áê˛y ü%ˆÏåÈ
!öˆÏ°ö–
ÈÙÙÙÈò%˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚•z ˛õÑyí˛¸ üyï˛y° •ˆÏÓ öy!ܲ⁄ÈÙÙÙÈé˛ê˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲy˛õí˛¸ê˛y !åÈ!öˆÏÎ˚ !ö° !¢áyÓ˚y!ö– Ü,˛˛õî
!•E˛y ï%˛ˆÏ° °-#ÓyÓ% ˆû˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ ºˆÏü !¢áyÓ˚y!öÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá !ÓºˆÏü ˆã˛yá ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚•z ì˛ˆÏ°
˛õí˛¸° ˆ§ ˆã˛yá ≠ ò%˛õ%Ó˚.... ò%˛õ%Ó˚ öy!ܲ.... ~áö ò%˛õ%Ó˚....
!¢áyÓ˚y!ö û˛yÓˆÏåÈ û%˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ û˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏܲ â%ü ˛õyí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ ܲÌyñ öï%˛ö üyï˛y°ÈÙÈ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#Ó˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ §¡øyö Ó˚yáyÓ˚ §ˆÏÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §•ç ˛õÌ– üò ˆáˆÏ°Ä xyüÓ˚y û˛jÓ˚ˆÏ°yܲñ Óyí˛z!Ó˚ÈÙÈÓyü%ˆÏö
ï˛ú˛yï˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ⁄
°-#ÓyÓ% û˛yÓˆÏåÈöñ ¢y°y ç°!ò.... ç°!ò.... ç°!ò ¢y°y xyí˛zê˛.... xyí˛zê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ àƒyˆÏ°
ï˛yÓ˚yê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ é˛Ü˛üܲy!ö !öˆÏÎ˚ ï˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ Ó˚yˆÏöÓ˚yˆÏö Äë˛y ˆÓ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏò....
!ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ !¢áyÓ˚y!ö Îáö çyö° ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫yü# ˆÓ˚yçˆÏàˆÏÓ˚•z öÎ˚ñ ˛õÑyí˛¸ üyï˛y°Äñ ï˛áö•z ˆ§•z
§òƒ ˆ˛õáü ˆüˆÏ° !¢áyÓ˚y!ö °-#ÓyÓ%ˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÷ô% ܲ§ü öÎ˚ñ ܲ§ˆÏüÓ˚Ä Ü˛§ü áy•zˆÏÎ˚
!ï˛ö!ê˛ ¢ï≈˛ Ó˚yˆÏá ≠ Îy !ï˛!ö ܲáöÄ û˛yˆÏäö!ö– ~ܲñ üò âˆÏÓ˚ áyˆÏÓó ò%•zñ ˆáˆÏÎ˚•z ÷ˆÏÎ˚
˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓó !ï˛öñ üyï˛°y!ü ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ öy– ˆ§•z ¢ï≈˛ÈÙȧyˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ !¢áyÓ˚y!ö fl∫yü#ˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ !ÓåÈyöyÎ˚
!öˆÏÎ˚ àƒyˆÏ° e´ˆÏü•z å%Ñ˛ã˛ˆÏ°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y ˆëÑ˛yˆÏê˛ §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !çˆÏû˛Ó˚ xy!B˛ˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏö
!çû˛ê˛yˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ ì%˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆúÑ˛y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ĈÏë˛ö ≠ Úˆã˛yIJõ üy!à.... ˆì˛ü!ö.... ÓyˆÏÓ˚yû˛yï˛y!Ó˚....
ÓyÓ˚Äû˛yxy....Û ày°ê˛y ò%ÓyÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ üˆÏö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆà°ñ ~áö•zñ ày°ê˛y
˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚ öï%˛ö xy§y ˆ°yí˛yÓ˚ üy!öܲ Óyí˛z!Ó˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ §òƒ ˆ¢áy– ˆÜ˛üö ˆüˆÏÎ˚!°
ˆüˆÏÎ˚!° ~•z ày°ê˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ áyòyˆÏöÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àyˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏD åÈyö!Óö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚
°-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ üˆÏö •° Óí˛¸ ˆüy°yˆÏÎ˚üñ x“ˆÏï˛•z ì˛ˆÏ° ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ !öã%˛fl∫ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°•z Ä•z ˆüy°yˆÏÎ˚ü
üyáˆÏöÓ˚ ˆì˛°yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ày°ê˛y !çˆÏû˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ öyí˛¸yã˛yí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îyö ≠ ÓyÓ˚Äû˛yï˛yxy!Ó˚•z.... ò)Ó˚Ê
~ àyˆÏ° xyòï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° áyòyˆÏö ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓö ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ üÓ˚ò ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ày° !í˛öyüy•zê˛
Óœy!fiê˛ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üˆÏï˛yÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲ àyˆÏ°•z ~ܲòü öyÓ˚yç !ò° ã%˛Ó˚üyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ôˆÏ§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ò¢ ày!í˛¸
380 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ܲÎ˚°yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛yÊ áyòyöܲy ày° üÓ˚òܲy !á!hflÏÈÙÙÙȈ°yí˛yÓ˚ üy!öܲ Óyí˛z!Ó˚ ~çöƒ §yÓ˚yç#Óö
ˆ°yí˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚•z !Ó˚ê˛yí≈˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ Óƒyê˛y •yÓ˚y!ü.... üyòy!Ó˚ˆÏã˛yò– üò≈yÈÙÈܲy ày° Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛
ܲáö °-#ÓyÓ% Ä•z ˆçöyöyܲy ày° !öˆÏÎ˚ !çˆÏû˛ °%ˆÏܲyã%˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !¢áyÓ˚y!öÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆáyÎ˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ӈϰ ӈϧö ≠ ÓyÓ˚Äû˛yï˛yxy!Ó˚....
!¢áyÓ˚y!ö °-#ÓyÓ%ˆÏܲ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ §ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ ÌÓ˚ ÌÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yÓ˚y ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ÜÑ˛yˆÏ˛õ ≠ !åÈÊ °Iy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ öyÊ ˆåÈyê˛ˆÏ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ày°yÈÙÈày°Ê !åÈÊ
ÚÓyÓ˚Äû˛yï˛y!Ó˚.... ˆüˆÏÓ˚ û˛yï˛y!Ó˚....Û ày°ê˛yˆÏܲ öyöy §%ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆfl҈ϰ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ê˛ˆÏ°yüˆÏ°y ܲÌyÎ˚
üyˆÏáyüyˆÏáy °-#ÓyÓ% !¢áyÓ˚y!öˆÏܲ xy!°Dö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Îyö ˆüˆÏé˛Î˚–
ü%!§!°Î˚y â%!£ÏÜ 1öÇ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ï˛y°ˆÏï˛yí˛¸ !§ˆÏüÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ˛õy ˆÓ˚ˆÏá•z •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ °y!ë˛ ë%˛ˆÏܲ
ë%˛ˆÏܲ ã˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲö!í˛¢ö ˆòˆÏáñ ˆÓ˚!çÇ flõê˛ ˆÓˆÏåÈñ xƒyÜ%˛ü%ˆÏ°¢öñ ˛õyˆÏ§≈öˆÏê˛ç ˆüˆÏ˛õ ˆ•y°
ÓyöyˆÏöyÓ˚ xí≈˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ñ ÓyöyˆÏöy ˆ•yˆÏ° ˛õƒy!Ü˛Ç ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï Îáö Óœy!fiê˛ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xyˆÏà Ú‡Ñ!¢Î˚yÓ˚Û
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ÎyˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈ!ë˛Ü˛ ï˛áö•z ˆ§ú˛!ê˛ °ƒy¡õ ò˛õ‰ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆöˆÏã˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ •z¢yÓ˚y !ò° ç°!ò
•ë‰˛ ÎyöyÓ˚– •ˆÏ°ç ˆÓ˚yí˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆòÔí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆòÔí˛¸ˆÏï˛ §ˆÏï˛ˆÏÓ˚y çö ˆ°yí˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚!çÇüƒyö
§• üy•z!öÇ §ò≈yÓ˚ °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ê˛˛õ !ú˛í˛ ˆ§ú˛!ê˛ °ƒy¡õÈÙÙÙÈÎyÓ˚ ö#° !¢áyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚
ã˛í˛¸yÍÈÙÈã˛í˛¸ •°%ò Óí≈˛yÓ˚– !Ì ÈÙÈ!í˛ àƒy!§§ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ !öï˛ƒ!òˆÏöÓ˚ Ä•z ˆòÔí˛¸ÈÙÈéÑ˛y˛õ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
üyˆÏé˛ üƒyˆÏöçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ˚!çÇ ˆöy!ê˛¢ÈÙÙÙÈ~ï˛öy ày!í˛¸ ã˛y!•ˆÏÎ˚.... üyòy!Ó˚ˆÏã˛yò xí≈˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚•z
áy°y§ÈÙÙÙÈ~üö !í˛ú˛Œê˛ !§ˆÏü üy° ˆï˛y°y !ܲ ~ï˛•z ˆ§yçy⁄ ï˛yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ üy° xyˆÏåÈ ˆï˛y
üƒyö ˛õyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆö•zñ üƒyö ˛õyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ˆï˛y ú˛ƒyö áyÓ˚y˛õñ !ܲÇÓy ˛õy¡õ üy!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ....
~ü!ö ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏòÔ!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ °-#ÓyÓ% =!ê˛Ü˛Î˚ üyö%£Ï öyüܲ ˆÓ˚!çÇ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ¢yöy° !öˆÏÎ˚ Îáö
•zöˆÏê˛Ü˛ •yÄÎ˚y Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ xyˆÏ§öñ ˆòˆÏáö í%˛!° ˆÌˆÏܲ öyüˆÏåÈö ~!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ú˛yfiê˛ˆÏܲ°y§
üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚–
ÈÙÙÙȧƒyÓ˚ ӈϕyï˛ àƒy§.... ӈϕyï˛ áï˛Ó˚y....
x!ú˛§yÓ˚ àΩ˛#Ó˚ ü%ˆÏá °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ §ÓyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ˆã˛yá ã˛y°yÎ˚ñ ˆÎ ò,!‹TÓ˚ û˛y£Ïy ≠
xüö ˆï˛yüyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y.... ܲÎ˚°y ˆ°yí˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°•z àƒy§.... •yçyÓ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ çˆÏü Ìyܲy
ú˛!§ˆÏ° àƒy§ ÌyܲˆÏÓ öy ˆï˛y !ܲ !Ó!Óܲy ã%˛¡øy Ó˚ˆÏ•ày⁄ Îï˛ •yÓ˚y!ü ¢y°y •yüˆÏú ˛ ˆí˛!û˛
xyÓ˚ ˆû˛y§!í˛¸Óy°y ˆÜ˛y°üy•zö§ ˆÓ˚=ˆÏ°¢ö– 130 S2VÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 1 ˆÌˆÏܲ 10 ˛õÎ≈hsˇ˛ §Ó
ôyÓ˚y=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Óy° !åÈÖˆÏí˛¸ öy !òˆÏ° ˆ≤Ãyí˛yܲ¢ö •Î˚ ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
ÈÙÙÙȧƒyÓ˚ ÎÓï˛Ü˛ àƒy§ !í˛!°í˛zê˛ ˆö!• ˆ•yày.... °yà Ó˚•y àƒy§ 12 ˆ§ 15 !§!§ ˆ•y àÎ˚y....
ÈÙÙÙÈàƒy§ xy!û˛ !í˛!°í˛zê˛ ˆ•y ÎyˆÏÎ˚ ày.... •zöˆÏê˛Ü˛ ú˛ƒyö í˛Ó° ܲÓ˚ˆÏòy–
ˆ°yí˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ĈÏë˛ ≠ Úxy˛õ !û˛ Ó˚ˆÏ•ˆÏD ˆï˛y ˆ°yí˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ày....
áï˛Ó˚yˆÏü....
ÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛yö •ƒyÎ˚⁄ ú˛yfiê≈˛Üœ˛y¢ üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ fløyê≈˛!° !ܲå%È Ó°ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !çˆÏû˛Ó˚ ÓòˆÏ° ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚y fl∫!hflÏܲ !ã˛•´ÈÙȧ• ˛õï˛yܲy •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ ≠ ã˛yç≈!¢ê˛ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ÓyåÈyôö.... !ܲv
ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ ˆ˛õÑyˆÏåÈ⁄ ܲy!°üyáy •yï˛ Ü˛y!°üyáy Ó%ˆÏܲ ÌyØí˛¸ üyÓ˚ˆÏï˛
üyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Îüò)ˆÏï˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ú%˛ã˛ƒy Ü%˛•z!Ó˚ ≠ Ú•yü ˆÓy°y.... ܲƒy í˛záyí˛¸
ˆ°ày üyòy!Ó˚ˆÏã˛yò.... àƒy§ˆÏü ï%˛ Ó˚ˆÏ•ày ˆï˛y ܲyü ܲˆÏÓ˚ ày.... !í˛í˛z!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏö xyÎ˚y.... çyö
ˆòˆÏö ˆö!•....Û
 ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y † 381
§üˆÏÓï˛ ˆ°yí˛yÓ˚Ó˚y ~ܲ§ˆÏD ӈϰ ≠ Úáï˛Ó˚yˆÏü ܲyü ˆö!• ܲˆÏÓ˚ày–Û ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z x!ï˛
í˛zͧyˆÏ• !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≠ Ú˛õܲˆÏí˛¸y üyòy!Ó˚ˆÏã˛yòˆÏܲy....Û
§ü)• !Ó˛õò Ó%ˆÏé˛ üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏî û˛D !òˆÏÎ˚ ü%¢!ܲ° xy§yö •zí˛z!öÎ˚ö !°í˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¶˛yˆÏö
í%˛!°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ Ó˚Äöy ˆòÎ˚ñ ˆ˛õåȈÏö §üˆÏÓï˛ ˆ°yí˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ≠ Úˆï˛!Ó˚ üyˆÏܲy ˆã˛yˆÏò
¢y°y.... ܲyü ܲÓ˚yˆÏö xyÎ˚y.... ˆû˛y§!í˛¸Óy°y....Û
•zöˆÏê˛Ü˛ ú˛ƒyˆÏöÓ˚ •yÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ä !flõˆÏí˛ !á!hflψÏflÀyï˛ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ §%шÏò §%шÏò åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°
!Ó£Ïy_´ àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚•z ˆ°yܲ=ˆÏ°y xü,ï˛ á%шÏç ˛õyÎ˚– é%˛ˆÏ° Ìyܲy ü%á=ˆÏ°y á%!¢ˆÏï˛
x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ°y !§ˆÏüÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ܲƒy˛õ°ƒyˆÏ¡õÓ˚ xyˆÏ°y •ˆÏÎ˚ !é˛!°Ü˛ ˆï˛yˆÏ° öy ܲyê˛y ܲÎ˚°yÓ˚
Ó%ˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚•z ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ˛õòöy Óyí˛z!Ó˚ñ ˆ§ú˛!ê˛ °ƒyˆÏ¡õÓ˚ !¢áyˆÏܲ ~ˆÏE˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆåÈyê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛°ˆÏ°
ˆ§ ÄÎ˚y!Ü˛Ç ˆÓ˚yí˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛áö •ˆÏ°ç ˆÓ˚yˆÏí˛ í˛zˆÏ법z ˆ•Ñyã˛ê˛ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸
°ƒy¡õ§•– ï˛yÓ˚ à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y §yD •ˆÏ° °-#ÓyÓ% ˆòÔí˛¸yÓ˚ xy!DˆÏܲ ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ Îáö
ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈyÎ˚ ˛õòöyÓ˚ ܲyåÈyܲy!åÈñ ˛õòöy í˛zˆÏë˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ °ƒy¡õ •yˆÏï˛ •yˆÏ§ñ °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ܲƒy˛õ
°ƒyˆÏ¡õ ÄÓ˚ •y!§Ó˚ !ÓFå%ÈÓ˚î òÑyˆÏï˛ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ !òˆÏ¢•yÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚– •y§y•y!§Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆ§ú˛!ê˛
°ƒyˆÏ¡õÓ˚ ö#° !¢áyÎ˚ñ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ó®%ÓÍ ö#ˆÏ°Ó˚ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢ °y°ˆÏã˛ÈÙȈày°y!˛õ Ó%í˛¸Ó!% í˛¸
ܲyê˛ˆÏ° °-#ÓyÓ% °•üyÎ˚ !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ Ä•z ˛õyï˛y°âÓ˚ àyˆÏÎ˚Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ ú%˛ˆÏê˛ ÄˆÏë˛ ˛õòöyÓ˚
xƒy§ˆÏÓ§ê˛y§ åÈyòyö §òƒ ã%˛öܲyü ܲÓ˚y §yòy ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆú ˛ˆÏü ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z üyˆÏ§•z !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲÓ˚y
ˆåÈyê˛ Óí˛z!ê˛– Óí˛¸ Óí˛z ú˛§≈y– ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ åÈyˆÏ˛õ §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyÎ˚òy!Î˚cÓ˚ °ï˛yÈÙȈ¢Ü˛í˛¸ÈÙÈú%˛°ÈÙÈú˛ˆÏ°
éÑ˛yÜ˛í˛¸y °yí˛zàyåÈñ xyÓ˚ Ä•z !Ó®% xyˆÏ°y!ê˛ ˆ§ ˆï˛y Ä•z ˆåÈyê˛ Óí˛z !Ó®%•zñ ö#° !¢áyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y
ÌyˆÏܲ °yí˛z °ï˛yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ xy°yòy ú%˛°!ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õòöyÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ñ ÌÓ˚ÌÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÜÑ˛y˛õˆÏåÈ•z ˛Óyï˛y§ ÓˆÏÎ˚ Îyܲ Óy öy Îyܲ– xüö ÜÑ˛y˛õˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy !¢áyÓ˚ çöƒ ˛õòöyÓ˚ üöê˛y ~•z
àû˛#Ó˚ áyòyˆÏö ï˛yˆÏܲ Óƒ!ï˛ÓƒhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ~áö•z •zFåÈy •°ñ ~áö•z áyòyˆÏöÓ˚
ܲÎ˚°yˆÏ°yí˛ í%˛!°ˆÏï˛•z ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ˆ§ §yÓ˚ˆÏú˛ˆÏ§ í˛zˆÏë˛ ÎyÎ˚– !ܲv í˛zë˛ˆÏ° !ܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°⁄
ܲƒy˛õ°ƒyˆÏ¡õÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ °y!ë˛ ë%˛ˆÏܲ ë%˛ˆÏܲ ˆ§ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÑÔåÈyÎ˚ ˆ§•z flõˆÏê˛ ˆÎáyˆÏö àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
xƒyÜ%˛ü%ˆÏ°¢ö xyÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ¢ˆÏrê˛ç ò%ˆÏê˛y•z •y•z Ó°ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚•z ܲ!°à üy•z!öÇ §ò≈yÓ˚ °-
#ë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ê˛˛õ !ú˛í˛ ˆ§ú˛!ê˛ °ƒy¡õ– !Ì ÈÙÈ!í˛ àƒy!§§ áyòyˆÏö !üˆÏ̈Ïöy!üê˛yÓ˚ çÓ˚&!Ó˚–
Äû˛yÓ˚üƒyöñ ˆû˛!rê˛ˆÏ°¢ö x!ú˛§yÓ˚ñ í˛yfiê˛ •zöÈÙÈã˛yç≈ñ á%ê˛y !ü!flfñ ˛õy¡õ áy°y!§ñ •ˆÏ°ç
áy°y!§ñ ˆ°yí˛yÓ˚ §ò≈yÓ˚ §ÓyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛•z ê˛˛õ !ú˛í˛ ˆ§ú˛!ê˛ °ƒy¡õ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ñ xyˆÏåÈÄó °ƒy¡õ
ˆï˛y ˆfiê˛yˆÏÓ˚ àyòy=ˆÏFåÈܲñ !ܲv ˆ°yܲ ܲ•z⁄ xï˛Óí˛¸ !˛õˆÏê˛ üye !ï˛öçˆÏöÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛•z ˆ§ú˛!ê˛
°ƒy¡õ– ˛õy¡õáy°y!§ ˛õòöy Óyí˛z!Ó˚ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¡õÓ˚ !òˆÏܲñ ˛õyˆÏ¡õÓ˚ !ÓÎ˚y!Ó˚Ç Óy
ܲöˆÏû˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !ú ˛Ü˛¢öç!öï˛ ï˛y˛õ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏFåÈ !ܲöy ˆòáÓyÓ˚ çöƒ–
°-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåȈϰ ÓyFã%˛ ã%˛° ò%ÈÙÈÓyÓ˚ xÑyã˛ˆÏí˛¸Ä !ú˛Ó˚ !ã˛Ó˚&!ö ã˛y°yÎ˚ñ xyÎ˚öyÎ˚ ü%á ˆòˆÏá
ˆê˛Ó˚ ˛õyÎ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ë˛yܲ fløyê≈˛ °yàˆÏåÈ öyÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚ !˛õåȈÏö çÓ˚&Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲê˛y çÓùÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
xyˆÏåÈñ âyê˛!ï˛ xyˆÏåÈ !ܲå%ÈÓ˚– ˆ§•z ˆÎ ܲˆÏ°ç ÎyÄÎ˚y åÈyí˛¸°ñ ܲˆÏ°ˆÏç öyü ˆ°áyˆÏöy ˆÜ˛yö
ˆåȈϰ•z Óy xyçܲy° ܲˆÏ°ç ÎyÎ˚ñ ÓyFã%˛ñ ܲˆÏ°ç öy !àˆÏÎ˚•z ˆÓ˚yç ˆÓ˚yç !˛õë˛ ˆé˛y°y Óƒyà
!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yç §Ü˛yˆÏ° ÓyˆÏ§ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ fiê%˛ˆÏí˛rê˛ Ü˛öˆÏ§¢ˆÏö ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆÎ ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ §üÎ˚ ܲyê˛yÎ˚
°-#ÓyÓ% ò)Ó˚ñ ˆ§ !öˆÏçÄ çyˆÏö öyÊ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÎ˚§y öy !öˆÏÎ˚Ä ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z ˆÓ˚yç
ˆÓ˚yç ÎyÄÎ˚yñ ܲyˆÏö ú%˛ˆÏê˛y Ä Ó˚&ˆÏ˛õyÓ˚ üyܲ!í˛¸ ˛õÓ˚yñ í˛yö •yˆÏï˛ Óy•y!Ó˚ Óy°y Ä ˆüyê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚
382 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆú˛Ó˚ï˛y ˆú˛Ó˚ï˛y °y° ˆí˛yÓ˚ ÓÑyôy xyÓ˚ !ܲ§Ó •y!Óçy!Ó xÌ≈•#ö !ܲv àΩ˛#Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈üÎ˚
xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ Óyܲƒ Ä ¢∑û˛Ó˚y ˆà!O xyÓ˚ ã˛yüí˛¸y ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ Ó§y !çö§‰ ˛õƒyrê˛ñ ÓòˆÏ° ÓòˆÏ°
ÎyÄÎ˚y ˆüyÓy•z° üˆÏí˛°ñ ~ üyˆÏ§ ~ܲ ˆï˛y !ú˛Ó˚ üyˆÏ§ xyÓ˚ñ ã%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚ܲüy!Ó˚ fiê˛y•zˆÏ°Ó˚
ÓyFã%˛ˆÏܲ °-#ÓyÓ% !ã˛öˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö öy– xˆÏöܲ çyöyçy!ö e´¢ §ÇÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ çyöy ˆà°
!Óà ÓyçyÓ˚ ܲ# ܲƒy°Ü˛yê˛y ÓyçyÓ˚ ܲ# ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆÎö xy§yöˆÏ§y° öy Óyö˛õ%ˆÓÏ ˚ ~ܲê˛y !§!ܲí˛z!Ó˚!ê˛
àyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ç%!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆ§– §Ü˛yˆÏ° ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ §¶˛ƒy ܲáöÄ ˆÓ¢ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ âˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛Ó˚y Ä•z
ã˛yܲ!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ Ó°Ó Ó°Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ öy ӈϰÄñ xyç ˆÓ¢ ˆçyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚•z üy Ä ÓyÓyˆÏܲ ӈϰ
Ó§° ~ܲê˛y ˆüyê˛Ó˚ §y•zˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚ á%Ó òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈê˛yܲy !òˆÏï˛–
ˆüyê˛Ó˚ §y•zˆÏܲ° ~ܲê˛y !¢áyÓ˚Ä Ó‡ !òˆÏöÓ˚ ¢áñ âˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÜ%˛Ü˛– ˆ§•z Óy ܲü ܲ#ˆÏ§⁄ ï˛yÓ˚Ä
ÓÓ˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– üy!öܲ Óyí˛z!Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏö x≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏö §ÑyÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ˆôÑyÎ˚y ˆåȈÏí˛¸
xܲyÓ˚ˆÏî û˛Î˚yöܲ àç≈ö ï%˛ˆÏ° Óí˛zˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ •yÄÎ˚y áyÄÎ˚y ӈϰyñ ÓyçyÓ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y ӈϰyñ
ˆü°y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ÎyÄÎ˚y ӈϰyÈÙÙÙÈ~§Ó ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° !¢áyÓ˚Ä ˆ≤Ã!fiê˛ç í˛yí˛zö •Î˚ Ó•z!Ü˛Ê ~•z§Ó
ã˛yÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ü%რˆàÔî ܲyÓ˚î=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ç°ï˛ˆÏ° ˆú˛ˆÏ° !¢áyÓ˚y!ö ӈϰ ≠ Úò%Ó ò%Óñ ~ܲê%˛
§yü°y•zñ •zÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏ°•z.... í˛zôyÓ˚ !üˆÏê˛ Îyܲñ ò%Ó....
~ï˛ í˛zôyÓ˚•z Óy ܲ#ˆÏ§Ó˚⁄ ÓyFã%˛ Ó%ˆÏé˛Ä ˆÓyˆÏé˛ öy– !ï˛öˆÏê˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ç#Óö ôyÓ˚ˆÏî Ü˛ï˛ ê˛yܲy•z
Óy °yˆÏà⁄ xyÓ˚Ä ˆï˛y 6†7 •yçyÓ˚ ê˛yܲy ˆÓï˛ö Óyí˛¸° ~ üy§ ˆÌˆÏܲÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲ üyˆÏ§Ó˚
üy•zˆÏöˆÏï˛•z ˆï˛y ~ܲê˛y !ê˛ !û˛ ~§ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
ˆÜ˛ö ˆÎ °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ xöƒ üy•z!öÇ §ò≈yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓï˛ö ܲü xyˆÏ§ ˆ˛õ !fl‘ˆÏ˛õ xyö˛õí˛¸
!¢áyÓ˚y!öÄ Ó%ˆÏé˛ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– xflõ‹Tû˛yˆÏÓ xö%üyö ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îï˛ öˆÏ‹TÓ˚ ˆàyí˛¸y Ä•z
ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ Óê˛ï˛°yê˛y– §Ó Óí˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y !¢áyÓ˚y!öÄ ã˛yÎ˚ Óê˛ï˛°yê˛y í˛zˆÏí˛¸ Îyܲ
üyö%£Ïçö§•– !í˛í˛z!ê˛ ˆú˛Ó˚ï˛ !í˛í˛z!ê˛ ˆ¢£Ï !ܲÇÓy !í˛í˛z!ê˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !í˛í˛z!ê˛Ó˚ ÓòˆÏ° ӈϧ ˛õˆÏí˛¸
§Ó ˆ°yܲ=ˆÏ°y Óê˛ï˛°yÓ˚ ç%Î˚yÓ˚ xy§ˆÏÓ˚– °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ˆ˛õ !§!°˛õ ˆï˛y ï˛yÓ˚•z •yˆÏï˛ñ ÓƒyLjÏܲ
ê˛yܲy ˆï˛yˆÏ° ˆï˛y ˆ§•zñ ˆ§•z ˆï˛y °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚ •yï˛ áÓ˚ã˛y 100 ê˛yܲyÓ˚
˛õÑyã˛ê˛y ˆöyê˛ÈÙÙÙÈxyÓ˚ ò¢ çˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆ§ ˆÓ˚¢ö ˆòyܲyö ˆÌˆÏܲ Óyí˛¸!ï˛ Óyí˛¸!ï˛ Ú§yüyöÛ ò)Ó˚
ܲy Óyï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö öàò ê˛yܲyÄ ˆöÎ˚ öyÈÙÙÙÈxyç x!∑ °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ òÓ˚çyÎ˚ ˛õy ò)ˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲñ
åÈyÎ˚y ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!ö ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õyÄöyòyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈ!¢áyÓ˚ ~ï˛ê˛y•z x•ÇܲyÓ˚ ê˛öê˛ˆÏöñ ܲˆÏ°y!öˆÏï˛–
!ܲv •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ û˛yˆÏ§ °-#ÓyÓ% ã˛yÓ˚ °yá ê˛yܲy ç%Î˚y ˆáˆÏ° ˆ•ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ô%ƒÓ˚Ê ~ê˛y ~ܲê˛y
=çÓÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ°yܲ=ˆÏ°y §Óy•zˆÜÏ ˛ ç%Îy˚ ˆÏáyÓ˚•z û˛yˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈ°-#ÓyÓ% ~áöÄ ˆçyí˛¸˛õy!_
ï˛y§ ˆá°ˆÏï˛Ä çyˆÏö öyÈÙÙÙÈÄ ˆá°ˆÏÓ ç%Î˚yÊÈÙÙÙÈ!¢áyÓ˚y!ö ÷ˆÏöˆÏåÈ Ú§yRyÛ öy ܲ# ~ܲê˛y
ˆá°y !Óöy ï˛yˆÏ§Ä ˆá°y ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ°-#ÓyÓ% öy!ܲ Äê˛y•z ˆáˆÏ°– ˆåÈyê˛ˆÏ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ӈϧ
Óê˛ï˛°yÎ˚ ç%Î˚y ˆá°yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §yRy öy!ܲ ˆá°y ˆì˛Ó˚ û˛yˆÏ°y– û˛oˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ç%Î˚y xyÓyÓ˚
áƒyˆÏ° öy!ܲ⁄ !¢áyÓ˚y!öÓ˚ üyÌyÎ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏܲ öy ~§Óñ ~•z ã˛yÓ˚ °yá ê˛yܲyÓ˚ ç%Î˚yÎ˚ ˆ•ˆÏÓ˚
ÎyÄÎ˚yê˛yÈÙÙÙÈ=çÓ Îáöñ ï˛áö !ܲå%È ~ܲê˛y ÓˆÏê˛•zÈÙÙÙÈܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ á%шÏç ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ =çˆÏÓÓ˚
§yÓ˚ï˛y†x§yÓ˚ï˛yÊ ÓyFã%˛ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~•z §ü§ƒyˆÏܲ xyü° ˆòÎ˚ öy–
°-#ÓyÓ%Ä ~§Ó û˛yˆÏÓöñ !öˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– x˛õyÓ˚à Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !öû≈˛Ó˚ öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z
ˆÎ xy!ü xyüyÓ˚ §hsˇyöˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!üܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ fl%Òˆ° Ï Ü˛ˆÏ°ˆÏç !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚
˛õ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zFã˛!¢!«˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˆ§ÓyÎ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°°yü Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y£ÏyàyÓ˚ öy
å%ÈшÏÎ˚•zÈÙÙÙÈ~ê˛y !ܲ ˆò¢û˛!_´ öÎ˚⁄ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y åÈyí˛¸y•z Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ !ï˛ö
 ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y † 383
!ï˛öˆÏê˛ ˆåȈ°
Ï Ó˚ öyü ç%ˆíÏ ˛¸ !ò°yü ~ê˛yÄ ˆï˛y Ó˚y‹Tà… ë˛ˆÏö ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸ ܲö!ê˛Δ!Óí˛z¢ö– §yÓ˚yç#Óö
§Í û˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲê%˛Ä úÑ˛y!ܲ öy !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ◊ˆÏüÓ˚ !Ó!öüˆÏÎ˚ öƒy•ƒ ˛õy!Ó˚◊!üܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚•z ˆû˛yàƒ˛õîƒ !ܲˆÏöñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛y_´yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚•z !ã˛!ܲͧy ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓƒyLjÏܲ
!ÓüyÎ˚ ê˛yܲy °!@¿ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ §!ë˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚ òyö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆò¢ ˆ§Óy ܲ!Ó˚!ö !ܲ⁄ xyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆò¢û˛_´
ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ åÈ!ÓÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyüyÓ˚ åÈ!Ó•z Óy ˆÜ˛ö ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏî ˆÜ˛yˆÏî ÌyܲˆÏÓ öy ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚⁄
xyüyÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ ò%Ó° ≈ ï˛y üò áyÄÎ˚yñ ç%Îy˚ ˆá°yÈÙÙÙÈ!öÓ˚«˛Ó˚ Óí˛zˆÜÏ ˛ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ ñ ˆåȈ° Ï ˆÏܲ
öy çy!öˆÏÎ˚ !˛õ ~ú˛ ˆ°yö ï%˛ˆÏ° §yRyÎ˚ ˆ•ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÈÙÙÙÈ~ ˆï˛y û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚yàï˛
˙!ï˛•ƒÊ §Ó ܲÌy !ܲ §Óy•zˆÏܲ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚⁄ çöàîˆÏܲ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ fl∫yÌ≈Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ Ä•z ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚yàï˛ ˙!ï˛•ƒ ~ܲê%˛ ôyÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ xy!ü Î!ò flf#ˆÏܲ ë˛Ü˛y•z
ˆòy£Ïê˛y ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏö ˆÓy¡∫y•zÈÙÈܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ ç%Î˚yÓ˚ ˆë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xÓòyö ˆÓ˚yç ˆÓ˚yç
§ÇÓyò ˛õí˛YÎ˚yÓ˚y çy!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ !öÓ˚«˛Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ Ü˛ï˛ ˆÓˆÏöyçˆÏ° ˆû˛ˆÏ§
ˆà°ñ xÌã˛ !ö!Ó≈ܲyÓ˚ ÓyFã%˛Ó˚ ëÑ˛yê˛ ÓyˆÏí˛¸ ÓƒhflÏï˛y ÓyˆÏí˛¸ ܲï≈˛Óƒyܲï≈˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ûÑ˛yí˛¸yÓ˚ ¢)öƒ
ˆòáˆÏ°Ä– °-#ÓyÓ% ˆÓyˆÏé˛öñ ~ê˛yÄ ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚yàï˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈– §Óy•z ÚÓyÓyÛ öyüܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !öû≈˛Ó˚ ܲÏÓ˚ˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ° !ܲ⁄ ˆò¢ˆÏ§ÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ü•yö Óyî# °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ôƒyöÈÙÈK˛yöÈÙÈxyò¢≈
~áöñ ç%Î˚yÎ˚ !˛õ ~ˆÏú˛Ó˚ ê˛yܲy ˆ°y˛õyê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚•z– ~áö !ï˛!ö ÓyFã%˛ˆÏܲ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üyÓ˚ú˛ï˛
ˆÓyé˛yˆÏï˛ ã˛yö ÓƒÎ˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ åÈyí˛¸y §Ç§yÓ˚Óƒy˛õ# xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ü®y ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ Äë˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õÌ
ˆö•z xÌã˛ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z ˆfl‘yàyö ≠ ~ܲê˛y ˆüyê˛Ó˚ §y•zˆÏܲ° ã˛y•zÈÙÈ•z ã˛y•z ÓyFã%˛Ó˚ñ
xhsˇï˛ úÑ˛yê˛ üyÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒÄ–
ܲˆÏ°y!öÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ !òöˆÏܲ !òö ~üö çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåȈåÏ Èñ û˛oˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏåÈö ÓˆÏê˛ !ê˛!˛õܲƒy°
Óyí˛z!Ó˚˛õyí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈñ üyö §¡øyö Ä •zIï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏ°y!öˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy x§Ω˛ÓÈÙÙÙÈ ˛õyï˛ï˛y!í˛¸
ˆàyê˛yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ !¢à‰!àÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚•z Óy ÎyˆÏÓöñ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏö ˆï˛y ˆ§•z
~ü!ö•z ˆÜ˛yöÄÈÙÈöyÈÙÈˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛ˆÏ°y!ö ÎyÓ˚ ôí˛¸ÈÙÈüyÌyÈÙÈ˛õy üòÈÙÈç%Î˚yÈÙȈöyÇÓ˚y!üÊ Ó!e¢ ÓåÈÓ˚
xyˆÏàÓ˚ íÑ˛y§y §%®Ó˚ Óí˛z!ê˛Ó˚ Ó!e¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲÈÙÈ~ܲ!ê˛ xD áˆÏ§ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ üï˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yÓ˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄÈÙÈöyÈÙÈˆÜ˛yöÄ xD áˆÏ§ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈñ •ë˛yÍ Ü˛áö öy çy!öˆÏÎ˚ áˆÏ§
˛õˆÏí˛¸ åÈyï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !§ˆÏüˆÏrê˛Ó˚ fl‘ƒyÓñ ˆÓ˚!°Ç !Ó˛õIöܲû˛yˆÏÓ ˆ•ˆÏ° ÌyܲˆÏ°Ä ܲáö áˆÏ§
ÎyˆÏÓ ˆçˆÏöÄ !ö!Ó≈ܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ üƒyˆÏöçüƒyrê˛ñ !ö!Ó≈ܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yÓ˚Óy§#Ó˚y– 1972
§yˆÏ°Ó˚ 23 ç%ö °-#ÓyÓ% •z !§ ~° öyüܲ öÓçyï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛ü%° ˆàyäy!öÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ =!ê˛=!ê˛
ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ 2012 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ç%ˆÏö ˛õy ˆòöñ ï˛ï˛!òˆÏö Ó!e¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà °yàyˆÏöy ÓåÈÓ˚!ܲ •°%ò
ú%˛ˆÏ° û˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y ÓÑyòÓ˚ °y!ë˛ àyåÈê˛y üˆÏÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ §yÓ˚y xˆÏD ܲyˆÏ°y ܲyˆÏ°y °y!ë˛Ó˚
üˆÏï˛y ú˛° é%˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ ü°ü° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏç !òˆÏöÓ˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ Óyï˛yˆÏ§ñ xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãÑ˛yòê˛y ˆây°yˆÏê˛
ˆã˛yˆÏá ܲˆÏ°y!ö ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ Ó‡«˛î Ó‡«˛î ôˆÏÓ˚ Ä•z üÓ˚yàyˆÏåÈÓ˚ í˛yˆÏ° !ÓÓ˚!ï˛•#ö
ܲÎ˚°y ˆ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆôÑyÎ˚yÎ˚ x!fliÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ !ç!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆöÎ˚ñ Ó‡«˛î Ó‡«˛î ôˆÏÓ˚ °ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ
x◊&˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙȈ§•z ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ç° û˛yê≈˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!öÓ˚ û˛yê≈˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ%Ó˚ Ó‡ ΈÏbÓ˚ ¢ˆÏáÓ˚ Ä
fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ ÓyöyˆÏöy ãÑ˛y!òÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ã˛Ü˛ã˛ˆÏܲ ã˛yÎ˚öy ˆÜœ˛ÈÙÈÓ˚ ˜¢!“ܲ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y §Ñyê˛y û˛yäy ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ñ
~áö !û˛ !ê˛ ˆ§rê˛yÓ˚ñ ≤Ãy§yˆÏòy˛õü ˆfiê˛Î˚yÓ˚ˆÏܲˆÏ§ à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ ï˛yÓ˚•z xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ Óí˛¸ xy•zì˛y•z
ã˛Ü˛ã˛ˆÏܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ò%ˆÏê˛y °-#ˆÏ˛õÑã˛y Ó,Ìy•z !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛yˆÏܲÈÙÙÙȈÎ
í˛yܲ °-#ÓyÓ% åÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚Ä Ü˛yˆÏö ÎyÎ˚ öy– §Ü˛y°ÈÙȧ¶˛ƒyÈÙÈÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ¢#ˆÏï˛ÈÙÈ@ˇÃ#ˆÏ‹ø ï˛y§
384 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ç%Î˚y xyU˛yÈÙȧû˛y ày°yày° Ä ÷ô%•z ü!hflψÏï˛ Ä•z§Ó ܲyߨyú˛yߨy ˛õy_y öy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚•z
≤Ã!ï˛!Ó¡∫ !ܲÇÓy ≤Ã!ï˛ôù!öÓ˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˆàyê˛y ~°yܲyê˛y Óí˛¸ çƒyÓçƒyˆÏÓ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° °-#ÓyÓ%
~ܲy•z Ä•z ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x◊&ˆÏï˛ !û˛ˆÏç ˆàˆÏ°ñ ˆû˛çy ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ ˆû˛çy üyÌyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ê%˛˛õê%˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆçƒyÍfl¨y é˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ é˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ âˆÏÓ˚ !ú˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏçrê˛ x!ú˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛yï˛yˆÏ° ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ åÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸ö– âˆÏÓ˚•z Óy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢y!hsˇ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ !ö!Ó˚!Ó!° öyüܲ Ó› ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲ⁄
≤Ãy•zˆÏû˛!§ !ç!ö§ê˛y ˆÜ˛Ó° !§ ê˛y•z˛õ !Ó ê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÓyÓ%ˆÏòÓ˚•zÈÙÙÙÈ~ö ~§ ~•zã˛ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚
ˆ§•z ˆÜ˛y¡õy!öÓ˚ xyüˆÏ°Ó˚•z ˛õyåÈy ˆöÇê˛y üyÌyÎ˚ ˆâyüê˛y xÓfliyÊ öyˆÏü ò%!ê˛ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏï˛
Óí˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ e´ˆÏü•z ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÄÎ˚y ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ë%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çOy°ÈÙÙÙÈ˛õ)çyÓ˚ §yü@ˇÃ#ñ ÷k˛§_¥ ¢y!í˛¸ñ àyüåÈy
•zï˛ƒy!òñ •zï˛ƒy!òÈÙÙÙÈxï˛~Ó Ä!ê˛ ˛õ!Óeï˛üñ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xD •ˆÏÎ˚Ä ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó‡ï˛
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ°-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y x˛õ!Óe üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ !öˆÏ£ÏôÊ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ âÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚Ä xy§ˆÏ°
ÓyÓ˚y®yÓ˚•z ~ܲ§‰ˆÏê˛ö퉲 Ó˚*˛õñ ˆÓê˛yÓ˚ fiê˛y!í˛ Ó˚&ü ܲyü !ê˛!û˛ !§!í˛ Ü˛yü ܲü!˛õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ ܲyü
!Ó!í˛¸ •zòyö#Ç !§àyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ˆúÑ˛yܲyÓ˚ âÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈï˛y•ˆÏ° ÓÑyˆÏã˛ ÓyÓ˚y®yó ÓyÓ˚y®y üyˆÏö ˆï˛y §yï˛
çOy°ñ ò%ÈÙÈò%ˆÏê˛y §y•zˆÏܲ°ñ Óy!ï˛° !ܲv ˆú˛ˆÏ° ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ öÎ˚ ~üö ˆåÈÑí˛¸y ç%ˆÏï˛y
¢y!í˛¸ÈÙÈܲy˛õí˛¸ñ â%шÏê˛ÈÙÈܲyë˛ Ü˛Î˚°y§• ˆú˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏ°Ä ã˛ˆÏ° !ܲv ˜öÓ ˜öÓ ã˛ çOyˆÏ°Ó˚ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ
û˛ofli çyÎ˚ày ˆÓˆÏåÈ §hflÏy ˆ¢yú˛y ˆ§ê˛ñ ˛õyˆÏ¢ xy°öyñ ~áö í˛zÑã%˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ òÑyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚yˆÏöyÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛í˛z
~ˆÏ° ˛õyï˛y •ˆÏÓ ˆ¢yÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ~ܲê˛y ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲ˛õyê˛ åÈy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÓyöyˆÏöy ï˛_´yˆÏ˛õy¢–
ˆòyï˛°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ÓyÓ˚y®yê˛y xy§ˆÏ° í˛zˆÏë˛yˆÏöÓ˚•z x®Ó˚ §ÇflÒÓ˚îñ ï˛yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏy
ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~üö ≤Ãܲy¢ƒ ÓyÌÓ˚&üÈÙÈ˛õyÎ˚áyöy xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲú˛y!° 21†2' × 5'
é%˛° ÓyÓ˚y®yÎ˚ ê˛yäyˆÏöy ï˛yˆÏÓ˚ §yÓ˚ §yÓ˚ é%˛ˆÏ° Ìyܲy ˆÜ˛ˆÏã˛ ˆü°yñ ï˛áö ˆû˛çy ~áö ÷ܲˆÏöy
ܲy˛õí˛¸ÈÙȈã˛y˛õí˛¸ó öyˆÏü üye âÓ˚ÈÙÈ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ çyöy°y Ä ˆÓ˚Ôo•#ö xyܲy¢•#ö ~ܲ =ü
âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~áö ˆÓ˚rê˛ Ü˛yˆÏê˛ ò%•yçyÓ˚ ò%Û¢ ê˛yܲyÊ ~üö ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •Ñy§úÑ˛y§ Óyï˛yÓÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚
x!ú˛§ ã˛yï˛yˆÏ° ˆ•yܲ öy ܲyˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ü¢yÓ˚ §üˆÏÓï˛ !ܲv ê˛yöy xye´üîydܲ Ó˚_´y_´
x!û˛Îyö ï˛y !ܲ Ó˚y‹T…öyüܲ ü¢yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÌyí˛¸y•z Óí˛¸Ê
!¢áyÓ˚y!ö•z áÓÓ˚ xyˆÏöñ ~ üyˆÏ§•z fl∫˛õöÓyÓ% ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyˆÏFåÈö !öˆÏçÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üyˆÏ§•z
!¢í˛züD° ò%ˆÏÓ– •z !§ ~° ~ü≤’!Î˚ ܲçö•z Óy Óy!í˛¸ ÓyöyˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ §y!û≈˛§ °y•zˆÏú˛⁄
üy•zˆÏö•z Óy Ü˛ï˛ !åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈÎy Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ~•z ˆï˛y ˆ§!òö– ~•z ˆÎ °-#ÓyÓ% !•¢yÓ!öܲy¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ !Ó˚ê˛yÎ˚yí≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÓö ≤ÃyÎ˚ 45 °yˆÏáÓ˚ üˆÏï˛yñ ˆ§•z ê˛yܲyÎ˚ ò!«˛îˆÏáy°y
âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˛õåȈÏö ÓyàyˆÏöÓ˚ åÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ âÓ˚ê˛y í˛yöy åÈyí˛¸y•z ˛õy!áÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y í˛zˆÏí˛¸ ÎyˆÏÓ–
Óí˛¸ñ ˆüˆÏçy ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåȈϰÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ áy•zÈÙÈáÓ˚ã˛y ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ñ üyé˛áyˆÏö ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Ä Ü˛ˆÏ°ç ˛õí˛¸y ≤ÃyÎ˚
ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáñ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆéÑ˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ¢ ˆüyê˛y ê˛yܲy ÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~üö!ܲ !˛õ ~ú˛ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ áyüˆÏã˛
ˆöÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ܲ# ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ ÓyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆöÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ §yÓ˚yç#Óö Ó,k˛y üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yà
ˆ¢yܲ ¢á xy‚yò §ÍܲyÓ˚ ◊yk˛ñ ˆÓyˆÏöˆÏòÓ˚ °y•zˆÏ°ë˛yñ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ ò%ÈÙÈû˛y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ àyåÈï˛° öy
•ÄÎ˚y ˛õÎ≈hsˇñ àyåÈï˛° •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ä áy•zÈÙÈáÓ˚ã˛y ܲy˛õí˛¸ÈÙȈã˛y˛õí˛¸ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Óí˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓyˆÏ˛õÓ˚
Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚öyE˛y §¡øyö ˆ≤Ã!fiê˛ç ˆ°yܲˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲï˛y §yüˆÏ° üy§ üy•zˆÏöÓ˚ ê˛yܲyÎ˚ üy§ ã˛y°yˆÏï˛
ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ôyÓ˚ÈÙÈí˛zôyÓ˚ ˆï˛y !öˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– !¢áyÓ˚y!öÓ˚ x§#ü ï˛ƒyà Ä Åòy§#öƒñ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ Ä
üˆÏöÓ˚ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ °-#ÓyÓ% ~áöÄ §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ó xyÄÎ˚yçˆÏܲ ü¢yÓ˚ =OÓ˚î Ä §Ó ܲyÎ≈e´üˆÏܲ
ü¢yÓ˚ Ó˚_´ áyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï%˛°ö#Î˚ Ä §•ö#Î˚ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö Ä•z ò%†~ܲ
ˆÓyï˛° !§Ü˛§‰!ê˛Ó˚ çöƒ– ~§Ó ~•z ç#Óöû˛Ó˚ !¢áyÓ˚y!öÓ˚ âyˆÏí˛¸ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ˆòÄÎ˚y òyÎ˚òy!Î˚ˆÏcÓ˚
 ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y † 385
ܲÌy üˆÏö •ˆÏ° üöüÓ˚y °-#ÓyÓ% !fliÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö öyó ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §üÎ˚ ˆö•z x§üÎ˚
ˆö•z ÓòˆÏ° ÓòˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚y ˆüyÓy•zˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛˛õˆÏ§ ˆ°yí˛ àyˆÏöÓ˚ xyÄÎ˚yç ã˛yÓ˚˛õy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚
ôˆÏÓ˚ó ~•z ò% ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ ~•z àyö ˆï˛y ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚•z ò% ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ xöƒ àyö òÑyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏï˛•z
!˛õåȈϰ ÎyÄÎ˚y Ä•z §Ó û˛@¿yLjϢÓ˚ û˛@¿yÇ¢ àyˆÏöÓ˚ !ü!°!ü!¢ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ xyÄÎ˚yç §,!‹T •Î˚ ï˛y
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏöÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛#«¯˛ ÜÑ˛yê˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ú%˛ˆÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~ï˛ ~ï˛ Ü˛Ñyê˛yñ
ÜÑ˛yê˛yÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ÜÑ˛yê˛y !ܲÇÓy ÜÑ˛yê˛yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ÜÑ˛yê˛yÓ˚ ˆàyåÈy ˆÎö éÑ˛yê˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ§ˆÏD §üˆÏÓï˛
ˆì˛yܲyì%˛!ܲÓ˚ ôyE˛yÎ˚ çOy° §yú˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xy!DˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ Ü˛áö ôí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚
ܲˆÏ°y!öû˛!ï≈˛ !òöÓ˚yï˛ Ó˚yï˛!òˆÏöÓ˚ ã˛y˛õã˛y˛õ ˆôÑyÎ˚yÎ˚ Ä fliyÎ˚# !Óò%ƒÍ•#öï˛yÎ˚ û˛yäy !ê˛Ó˚yê˛
ˆü°yÓ˚ Ìyü≈ܲˆÏ°Ó˚ !ÓÓî≈ ~шÏê˛y Óy!ê˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y í˛zˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏí˛¸ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyˆÏFåÈ öö#Î˚y öò#
ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ñ˚ û%˛Ñ •zÎy˚ ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚hsˇö ܲÎ˚°yˆÏú˛yí˛¸yÓ˚ çyÎ˚ày åÈy!í˛¸ˆÎÏ –˚ .... ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚
ܲü!˛õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚ e´üyàï˛ ~ܲ•z !ÓÓ˚!ï˛ˆÏï˛ üy!îܲ Óyí˛z!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆåȈϰ Óy!çˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ì%˛ü‰ ì%˛ü‰ ì%˛ü‰ ì%˛ü‰
ì%˛ü‰.... ܲü!˛õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ÈÙȧ,‹T Ä•z xyÄÎ˚yç ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ü!öˆÏï˛•z ˆåÈÑí˛¸yˆÏáyí˛¸y •*Í!˛õ[˛ê˛y é˛í˛¸ áyÄÎ˚y
˛õyï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y §•flÀ!åÈߨ Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚•z ˆö!ï˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° ~ܲê%˛ üyï˛y° •ÄÎ˚y !ܲ á%Ó
ˆòyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚⁄
~ü!ö í˛zòy§ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ üöüÓ˚y °-#ÓyÓ% ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ!òö ≤ÃÌü ≤ÃÌü üö áyÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
x!åÈ°yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ x!ú˛ˆÏ§ ~ܲüye !¢!«˛ï˛ û˛oˆÏ°yܲ x!üï˛ÓyÓ%ñ Óyäy!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD !öˆÏçÓ˚
§ü§ƒyÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏ° !ï˛!ö•z xö%˛õyö ˆòö Ä•z üö áyÓ˚y˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ
x“fl∫“ üò ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yñ §%!öoy •ˆÏ°•z §Ó x§%á ܲüˆÏÓ!¢ §yˆÏÓ˚•z– !ï˛!öÄ ï˛y•z
ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ˆ§•z ˆÌˆÏܲ °-#ÓyÓ% ܲO%£Ï üyï˛y°– ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y°í˛yfiê˛ xyÓ˚ ~ü!ö üö
áyÓ˚y˛õ ò%•z x§%ˆÏáÓ˚ ~ܲ•z Ä£Ï%ô e´ˆÏü °-#ÓyÓ%ˆÏܲ üyï˛y° ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õÑyí˛¸ üyï˛y°–
xyˆÏàÓ˚ ܲˆÏ°y!ö •ˆÏ° •Î˚ˆÏï˛y °-#ÓyÓ% üyï˛y° •ˆÏï˛ö öy– ˆàyê˛y ~ˆÏçrê˛ x!ú˛§ ܲˆÏ°y!ö
üyˆÏö ˆàyê˛y ܲy!°˛õy•y!í˛¸ñ xà°ÈÙÈÓàˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó!hflÏñ ˆê˛y°y §ÓyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ÚÓyÇ°yÛÈÙÙÙÈܲyÓ˚ !•¡øï˛
ˆàê˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚⁄ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ x!ô@ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Ä ï˛áöÄ û˛yê˛≈yÓ˚ÓyÓ%Ó˚ û)˛ï˛ ˆÎö Ó®%ܲ !öˆÏÎ˚
•yê˛ˆÏáy°y ˆàˆÏê˛ òyˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚yö •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚&ˆÏá ÎyˆÏFåÈ §Ó≈§yôyÓ˚îˆÏܲ– ï˛áöÄñ Ó˚yï˛ öÛê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
ܲˆÏ°y!öÓ˚ ò%ÈÙÈ!òˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆàê˛ Ó¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ üˆÏï˛yñ ˆàˆÏê˛Ó˚•z àyˆÏÎ˚ ˆåÈyê˛ ˆàê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
!í˛í˛z!ê˛ ˆú˛Ó˚ï˛ !í˛í˛z!ê˛üƒyöÓ˚y ܲˆÏ°y!öˆÏï˛ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ üyÌy ö%•zˆÏÎ˚– ~ܲ ~ˆÏçrê˛ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ày!í˛¸
!Ó!ÓÓyFã˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ Îáö•z xy§%ܲ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ •ö≈ ÓyçyÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z !flÀú˛ ˆ•í˛ °y•zê˛ ˆòˆÏá•z !§!ܲí˛z!Ó˚!ê˛
àyí≈˛ !Ó¶˛y !§Ç ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!öÓ˚ xyüˆÏ°Ó˚ xû˛ƒyˆÏ§ ˆàê˛ á%ˆÏ° ˆ§°yü ë%˛ˆÏܲ fiê˛ƒyã%˛–
ày!í˛¸ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚ öy ÎyÄÎ˚y ˛õÎ≈hsˇ– !ÓˆÏܲˆÏ° ܲˆÏ°y!öÓ˚ §Ó !à!ߨÓy!ߨÓ˚y ˆÎÈÙÈÎyÓ˚ ˛õåÈ®§•z
òˆÏ° í˛z˛õòˆÏ° !Óû˛_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ˆÓÓ˚ˆÏ° ܲˆÏ°y!öÓ˚ xà°ÈÙÈÓàˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó!hflÏÓy§# ÅÓ˚ï˛Ó˚y •Î˚
§æˆÏü ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆâyüê˛yÎ˚ xyÓ˚Ä ü%áê˛yˆÏܲ ˆì˛ˆÏܲñ öÎ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ àƒyˆÏåÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Óܲy!°Ü˛
˛õyÓ˚!ú˛í˛züÈÙÈܲ§ˆÏü!ê˛Ü˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z@ˇÃà¶˛ §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ öy ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚– Ä•z §ühflÏ ≤Ãü#°y ò°ÈÙÈí˛z˛õò°
!¢Óü!®Ó˚ ≤ÃyDˆÏî ܲy°#ü!®Ó˚ ≤ÃyDˆÏî ~ܲê%˛Ä Ü%˛ˆÏê˛yˆÏöyÇÓ˚y öy Ìyܲy üyˆÏë˛ SˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚
ò%çö ܲy!üö Ä•z çOy° §yú˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ˆflõ¢y!° !Ó˚e%´ˆÏê˛í˛V §ˆÏ¶˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ
éÑ˛yܲ ≤Ãçy˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õyáyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ¢y!í˛¸Ó˚ñ ˆòy˛õyRyÓ˚ Ó˚ÇÈÙȈÓÓ˚Ç xÑyã˛° í˛z!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏÓ˚ó
ܲˆÏ°y!öÓ˚ ˆåȈ° Ï ÈÙÈxyôˆÏåȈ° Ï §Óy•z !üˆÏ° !e´ˆÏÜ˛ê˛ Ü˛# ú%˛ê˛Ó° ˆá°ˆÏ° ~áöܲyÓ˚ ˆòáy !ê˛!û˛ˆÏï˛
!e´ˆÏÜ˛ê˛ üyˆÏë˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y•z °yàï˛– §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ xö%¤˛yˆÏöñ ܲˆÏ°y!öÓ˚ ܲy!°ÈÙȧÓ˚fl∫ï˛# ˛õ%ˆÏçyÎ˚ñ
ܲˆÏ°y!öÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yöÄ §ü§ƒyÎ˚ §Óy•z !üˆÏ° xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆÎÔÌ ã˛Ó%ï˛Ó˚y Ä•z
ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ ≠ 25
386 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
û˛yê≈˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ÓyöyˆÏöy !¢Óü!®Ó˚ xyê˛ã˛y°y– ˆÎÈ ÈÎyÓ˚ §ü§ƒyñ ˆÎ ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛û˛yñ ˆÎ ÎyÓ˚
Ü%˛¢°ï˛y Ä•z xyê˛ã˛y°yÎ˚ xöyÎ˚yˆÏ§ xyܲåÈyÓ˚ í˛z˛õfliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ï˛ÈÙÙÙÈöy !åÈ° ˆÜ˛yöÄ Óƒ!_´Ó˚
ܲ# §Çàë˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆï˛üö òy˛õê˛– ◊!üܲ §Çàë˛ö !åÈ° ò!í˛¸ÈÙÈÓÑyôy ày•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚
§#üyöyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ á%Ñê˛yÎ˚ ÓÑyôyÈÙÙÙÈ◊!üܲÓ˚y ây§ !Óã˛y!° ˆÎüö !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆï˛ü!ö ò%ˆÏÎ˚Ä !öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçöüˆÏï˛y– ܲˆÏ°y!öÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ åÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ åÈyÎ˚y ˆú˛ˆÏ° §yÓ˚ §yÓ˚ ~ ĈÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚
!öˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ xyü ܲ# xç%ö≈ ÈÙÈçyüÈÙÈ!¢÷ÈÙȈ§=öÈÙÈ¢yˆÏ° çí˛¸yç!í˛¸ !òöÓ˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ÔoˆÏçƒyÍfl¨yÎ˚
!•°!üˆÏ° ˆ§ ~ܲ üyÎ˚yüÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ åÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ò%˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Îï˛ê˛y ö#° §Ω˛Ó
§yˆÏ•ÓÈÙÈÓÑyˆÏôÓ˚ çˆÏ° üyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˆàÑy_yüyÓ˚y ˆì˛í˛zˆÏÎ˚ ˆòy° ˆáˆÏï˛ ˆáˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏçrê˛ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ò%ô §yòy
xƒyüÓy§ƒyí˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ åÈyÎ˚y ˆÎö ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ §òƒ °yú˛ üyÓ˚y Óí˛¸ ܲyï˛°y üyˆÏåÈÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y x!ú˛ˆÏ§Ó˚
ˆàˆÏê˛ ò%ÈÙÈò%ˆÏê˛y ܲyöˆÏܲy á%ˆÏ° ˆ˛õyܲyüyܲˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ~ܲÈÙÈò%ˆÏê˛y üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ú˛Ó˚ §Ñy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ä•z ˆì˛í˛zˆÏÎ˚•z öyã˛ˆÏï˛ öyã˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎö çˆÏ°•z !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ–
~üö•z üyÎ˚yüÎ˚ §æˆÏüÓ˚ !òö ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ܲÌyÈÙÈöyÈÙÈÓ°y °y°y!çÓ˚
ܲˆÏ°y!öˆÏï˛ xy§yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚•z– •zí˛z!öÎ˚ö !°í˛y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !§ÈÙê˛y•z˛õ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yÓ˚ òᰠܲÓ˚y
~ÓÇ §ühflÏ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛yˆÏܲ xüyöƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛ö Óyí˛z!Ó˚ˆÏܲ ĈÏÎ˚°ˆÏú˛Î˚yÓ˚ ܲ!ü!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ§ˆÏe´ê˛y!Ó˚
ÓyöyˆÏöy ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆé˛y˛õ!í˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏö ~ˆÏö ï˛yÓ˚ öyˆÏü !Ó ê˛y•z˛õ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yÓ˚
xƒy°ê˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ò!í˛¸ ÓÑyôy ˆàyÓ˚& ˆ§•z °yú˛ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˆáÑyê˛y í˛z˛õˆÏí˛¸ ܲˆÏ°y!öˆÏï˛
ì%˛ˆÏܲ ˆÎ ˆáˆÏï˛Ó˚ ú˛§° ˆáˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚° ï˛yˆÏܲ •ë˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛yöÄ ò%ɧy•§# Ó˚yáy°
ܲˆÏ°y!öˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛í˛z •ˆÏï˛ öy ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛áö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˛õ°yÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏy ˆáÑyçy ÷Ó˚&– ≤Ã̈Ïü
•z!O!öÎ˚yÓ˚ÓyÓ% ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ xç%•yˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yÓ˚ åÈyí˛¸ˆÏ°öñ ˆòáyˆÏò!á ~ˆÏçrê˛ÓyÓ%ñ
í˛y_´yÓ˚ Ó yÓ% ñ ˆ•í˛Üœ ˛ yÜ≈ ˛ ñ òy§ÓyÓ% ñ ˆÓy§ÓyÓ% ñ ã˛ƒyê˛y!ç≈ Ó yÓ% ñ ÓÑ y í˛Y ˆ Ï ç ƒÓyÓ% ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛
ˆây£ÏÈÙÈ˛õy°ÈÙÈ•y°òyÓ˚ÈÙÈÓ˚yÎ˚ÈÙÈü[˛° §ÓyÓ˚•z ˆüˆÏÎ˚ !ܲÇÓy ˆåȈϰÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ܲˆÏ°y!ö åÈyí˛¸yÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸°– Ó˚•z° ˆÜ˛Ó° !Ó•yÓ˚ •zí˛z !˛õ Ä!í˛¸¢y ˆÌˆÏܲ xy§y í˛zFã˛ÈÙÈ!ö¡¨ §Ó
çyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ°yܲÓ˚yÈÙÙÙȈåÈyˆÏê˛yáyˆÏê˛y !Ó•yÓ˚ Óy!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢yÎ˚y!° û˛y•zˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò!¢ ܲy°ã˛yÓ˚ ú˛°yÄ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ë%˛ˆÏ§ !ò° ܲˆÏ°y!öÓ˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚•z ˆòáy ˆà° ò%ÈÙÈã˛yÓ˚ˆÏê˛ ûÑ˛•z§ñ ~!òܲ Ä!òˆÏܲ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó¤˛yñ ~!òܲÈÙÈÄ!òܲ ~ܲÈÙÈxyôê˛y •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛ Îeï˛e û˛yäy ˆàyê˛y üˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyï˛°ÈÙÙÙÈ
≤Ãܲy¢ƒ üyï˛°y!üñ ày!°ày°yç xyÓ˚ §y!Ó˚ §y!Ó˚ áy!° ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚ çÑy!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó§° ˜ã˛ï˛ö
Óyí˛z!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆã˛°yã˛yü%[˛yÓ˚yÈÙÙÙÈÎyÓ˚y fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ä Ä•z ÚÓyÇ°yÛÎ˚ Ìyܲy ò)ˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲ ˛õy ˆòÄÎ˚yÄ xÓyhflÏÓ
üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ï˛– ú˛Ó˚!ÓˆÏí˛ö ÚÓyÇ°yÛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ÄˆÏ˛õöÈÙÈê%˛ÈÙÈx°– ˜ã˛ï˛ö Ä•z !¢Óü!®Ó˚ ã˛Ó%ï˛Ó˚yÎ˚
ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚°ñ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ü≤’!Î˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yöÄ ÓœˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çöƒ xyˆÏÓòö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈú˛ˆÏ° ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ !Ó•y!Ó˚ ˛õ![˛ï˛ñ Ó˚yç˛õ%ï˛Ó˚yñ •zí˛z !˛õÈÙÈÓ˚ Ó˚yçû˛Ó˚Ó˚yñ ˆÎ ÎyÓ˚ ˛õåÈ®
üˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏ°y!öÓ˚ ÓœÜ˛ xyàˆÏ° ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåÈyê˛ !Ó•yÓ˚ •zí˛z !˛õ Óy!öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ï˛yˆÏï˛ xyâyï˛ ~ˆÏ°
≤Ã!ï˛ÓyòÄ •Î˚ñ !ܲv ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ §yú˛ Î%!_´ÈÙÙÙÈ•z!§~ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ~üö ܲyö%ö ˆö•z ˆÎ
˛õ![˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ xy°yòy ÓœÜ˛ñ Ó˚yç˛õ%ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ xy°yòyÈÙÙÙÈ•z!§~° ~ü≤’!Î˚Ó˚ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ
ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yöÄ ÓœˆÏܲ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yÓ˚ !öˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ú˛ˆÏ° ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆöï,˛ˆÏc Ä §Çàë˛ˆÏö
ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛õyˆÏ¢ àˆÏí˛¸ Äë˛y ˆé˛y˛õ!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Úˆê˛y°yÛ öyüôyÓ˚# Óyí˛z!Ó˚˛õyí˛¸y í˛zˆÏë˛ ~°
ܲˆÏ°y!öˆÏï˛– ≤Ã̈Ïü ~ü≤’!Î˚ç ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ °ˆÏê˛ ööÈÙÈ~ü≤’!Î˚ç– ï˛ï˛!òˆÏö ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y
xyÓ˚ !Ó˚ê˛yÎ˚yˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê˛y≈ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yÓ˚ áy!°ÈÙÙÙÈ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ Ó¶˛
~ÓÇ ˆöyÈÙÈ!Ó˚e%´ê˛ˆÏüˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ° Ä•z áy!° ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yÓ˚ !ܲ áy!°•z ÌyܲˆÏÓ⁄ üye !ܲå%È ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚
 ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y † 387
~ü≤’!Î˚ ~•z !Ó¢y° ܲˆÏ°y!öˆÏï˛ §y!Ó˚ §y!Ó˚ úÑ˛yܲy ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yçƒ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏ°
ÌyܲˆÏÓ Ü˛# ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y üyö!Óܲ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÄ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ âÓ˚ˆÏòyÓ˚ ˆö•zÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚y Î!ò §yü!Î˚ܲ
ÌyˆÏܲ•z ˆòyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ܲ⁄ x!ú˛§ !§!ܲí˛z!Ó˚!ê˛ñ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ§yöy° üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ñ •zí˛z!öÎ˚ö §Ó !üˆÏ° ~ܲ
§%®Ó˚ Ó˚ú˛yÎ˚ ≤Ã̈Ïü xƒy°ê˛ öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ܲyàç çüy !òˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!_´àï˛ û˛yí˛¸yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •zçyÓ˚y !ö° ˜ã˛ï˛ö Óyí˛z!Ó˚ñ ܲˆÏ°y!öÓ˚ ~ܲåÈe ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò•#ö §¡Àyê˛–
ܲˆÏ°y!öû˛Ó˚y åÈy˛õÓ˚yñ myÓ˚û˛yäyÓ˚ ˛õ![˛ï˛ñ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ ˜öܲ£Ïƒ Ü%˛!°ö Ó y·˛îñ ܲyˆÏÎ˚ï˛ Ó˚yç˛õ%ï˛
ÓœÜ˛ˆÏܲÈÙÈÓœÜ˛ Ó˚yçû˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ òy˛õê˛ Óyí˛z!Ó˚ ˆï˛y Óyí˛z!Ó˚ ˆê˛Δí˛ •zí˛z!öÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ§rê˛Δy° ܲ!ü!ê˛Ó˚ ˆü¡∫yÓ˚
°y°yÓyÓ%Ä ˛õy_y ˛õyÎ˚!öÈÙÙÙȧyüƒÓyò# ܲˆÏ°y!öˆÏï˛– ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ !ü¢ˆÏö Óyí˛z!Ó˚Ó˚ ì˛° öyüˆÏ°
Ä•z åÈy˛õÓ˚y myÓ˚û˛yäy Ó˚yçû˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç!ܲ =Ñ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ åÈyï%˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° °y°yÓyÓ% ÷ô% á%!¢•z
•ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö öÎ˚ñ ˜ã˛ï˛ö ~üö ~ܲ ˆã˛°y ˆÎ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“öyÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚ˆÏö ~ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ ò%ˆÏ¢y ˛õyˆÏ§≈rê˛ §ú˛°ÈÙÙÙÈ!Ó≤’Ó ò#â≈ç#Ó# •ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ ˆò!Ó˚ ˆö•z– °y°yÓ˚ ˆöï,˛c üyöˆÏï˛
öy ã˛yÄÎ˚y ˛õ![˛ï˛ÈÙÈÓ˚yç˛õ%ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° §ÇáƒyÓ˚ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏ°y!öˆÏï˛ ˆÎ ܲï,≈˛c ܲyˆÏÎ˚ü ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°ñ
ˆ•yܲ öy ˛õ!ÿ˛üÓDñ ܲˆÏ°y!öÓ˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ÓœÜ˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ° !Ó•yÓ˚ÈÙÈ •zí˛z!˛õÈÙÈÓ˚ ˛«%˛o §ÇflÒÓî˚ ó
û%Ñ˛•zÎ˚yñ ˛õyˆÏ¢yÎ˚yöñ •Ñy!í˛¸ñ Óyí˛z!Ó˚Ó˚ çöƒ §òy ≤ÃyîÜÑ˛yòy °y°yÓ˚ •*òÎ˚ ¢y!hsˇ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
çß√ÈÙÈ!¢«˛yÈÙÈã˛yܲ!Ó˚ÈÙÈ!ÓÓy•ÈÙȈöï,˛c §Ó•z ~áyˆÏö ӈϰñ °y°yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ_´ñ Óyü˛õsi# §yüƒÓyò#
!¢«˛yÎ˚ !¢!«˛ï˛ °y°yÓ˚ üˆÏö •° Ä•z Óyí˛z!Ó˚ §¡±òyÎ˚ ܲˆÏ°y!öˆÏï˛ xy§y üyˆÏö ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚
•yï˛ ¢_´ •ÄÎ˚yñ ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ •yï˛ ¢_´ üyˆÏö ï˛yÓ˚•z •yï˛ ¢_´ •ÄÎ˚y ~ÓÇ Ä•z ¢_´ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ !flÀú˛ ܲˆÏ°y!ö öÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ öÎ˚ñ ܲˆÏ˛õ≈yˆÏÓ˚¢ö ˆû˛yê˛ñ !Óôyö§û˛y ˆ°yܲ§û˛y
ˆû˛yê˛ §ˆÏÓˆÏï˛•z !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#•#öû˛yˆÏÓ §yüƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ é˛yu˛y ú˛yÓ˚yˆÏöy ÎyˆÏÓ– !ܲv û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ÈÙȧyÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yê˛y •° xöƒÊ Óyí˛z!Ó˚ xy§y üyˆÏö Óyí˛z!Ó˚ ܲy°ã˛yÓ˚Ä
~ˆÏ§ ÎyÄÎ˚yÈÙÙÙÈ≤Ã̈Ïü °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈã%˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢ƒ üòûÑ˛y!ê˛ñ xyÓ• §Çà#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y
!òöÓ˚yï˛ Ó˚yï˛!òö xÜ˛Ìƒ ày!°ày°yç ܲˆÏ°y!öÓ˚ •yÄÎ˚y Óyï˛yˆÏ§ ܲÎ˚°y=шÏí˛¸yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y í˛zˆÏí˛¸
í˛zˆÏí˛¸ ܲyˆÏö ˆàÑy_y üyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆàyê˛y ÚÓyÇ°yÛê˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ‡Ó‡ !ï˛ö öÇ Óyí˛z!Ó˚˛õyí˛¸yñ
ˆÎö ˜ã˛ï˛ö ˆàyê˛y Óyí˛z!Ó˚ ˛õyí˛¸yê˛yˆÏܲ•z í˛z!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Ü˛ˆÏ°y!öˆÏï˛–
˜ã˛ï˛ö Ó%鲰 ˆ§ ~áö °y°yÈÙÈ!öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ˆöï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲåÈe x!ôܲyÓ˚#– ˆ§ °y°yÓ˚ ÓÑyôö !åÈߨ
ܲÓ˚° xöyÎ˚yˆÏ§–
~ܲê˛y ÓÑyôö !åÈÖí˛¸ˆÏ° Óy!ܲ ÓÑyôö !åÈÖí˛¸ˆÏï˛ §üÎ˚ °yˆÏà öy– ˜ã˛ï˛ö §§¡øyˆÏö ~ܲê˛y ú%˛°
ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ò° ú%˛Õ‘Ó˚y üy!§ˆÏܲó ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆé˛y˛õ!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy Ä•z ˆí˛y!¡∫!öÓ˚
≤Ãܲy¢ƒ ܲyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ üò !Ó!e´ x≤Ãܲy¢ƒ ܲyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓÑyôy áˆÏjÓ˚Óy˚ •z çyˆÏöÊ ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yÓ˚
≤Ãy!Æ ˆÎ •yˆÏÓ˚ ú%˛Õ‘ ܲÓ˚° ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Óy•zˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚•z ã˛yˆÏ˛õ ˆ§•z •yˆÏÓ˚•z ܲˆÏ°y!ö åÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ ì˛° öyü°
û˛Ó˚y öò#Ó˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆï˛yˆÏí˛¸ ˛õyí˛¸ û˛yäyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛yÈÙÙÙÈfl∫˛õöÓyÓ%Ó˚ xy§yöˆÏ§y° ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚y ï˛yÓ˚•z
x≤Ãܲy¢ƒ ܲyÓ˚îÊ
ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛Ä xyåȈÏí˛¸ ˛õí˛¸° öò# û˛yäˆÏöÓ˚ ˆì˛í˛z– çˆÏ°Ó˚ ôˆÏü≈ñ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏô Ä
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ£Ï ç° Ä ˆÓˆÏöyç° !öü≈°ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÎö áyö áyö ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ò°– xƒyˆÏê˛öˆÏí˛™ Üœ˛yÜ≈˛
˛õ!ÓeÓyÓ% !Ó˚ê˛yÎ˚yí≈˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!ú˛§ âˆÏÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚•z ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ÎyÄÎ˚y ˆê˛!ӈϰ ˜ã˛ï˛ö Ä•z
~ܲ•z Ó˚yçܲ#Î˚ï˛yÎ˚ Ó¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y !ܲv ≤ÃyÎ˚ ÓˆÏö ÎyÄÎ˚y •zí˛z!öÎ˚ö x!ú˛§ˆÏܲ §!ï˛ƒ Ä
˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ •zí˛z!öÎ˚ö x!ú˛§ Óy!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛°°– !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# •zí˛z!öÎ˚ö ˆí˛˛õ%ˆÏê˛¢ö !òˆÏÎ˚ fl∫Î˚Ç
üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óyôƒ ܲÓ˚° ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛y!Ó ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ Ä•z xˆÏây!£Ïï˛ •zí˛z!öÎ˚ö
388 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
x!ú˛§ê˛yˆÏܲ Ó¶˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– •yï˛åÈyí˛¸y x!ú˛§âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x˛õüyö ˆÎ xyâyï˛ Ä xyâyï˛ç!öï˛ ˆÎ
«˛ï˛ §,!‹T ܲÓ˚° Ä•z «˛ï˛ ÷ˆÏܲyˆÏï˛ öy !òˆÏÎ˚•z ˆ§•z !òö !ÓˆÏܲˆÏ°•z ã˛yöܲ ˆàyí˛¸yÎ˚ñ í%˛!°
Äë˛yÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •zí˛z!öÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ◊!üܲˆÏòÓ˚ ӈϰ ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚ ˆÓ˚!çfiê˛yí≈˛ xƒy°ˆÏê˛í˛ x!ú˛§
åÈyí˛¸y xöƒ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ •zí˛z!öÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyçܲyü ã˛°ˆÏÓ öyÈÙÙÙÈxÌ≈yÍ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Îáö Ó¶˛ñ ĈÏòÓ˚Ä
Ó¶˛– !Ó° Üœ˛yÜ≈˛ x§#üÓyÓ%Ó˚ âÓ˚ê˛yÄ Ó¶˛ ܲÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÎÑy•y ˆöï˛y ïÑ˛y•y •zí˛z!öÎ˚ö x!ú˛§ Ó˚yü
Ó˚yçˆÏc ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙȘã˛ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚yçˆÏc ã˛°ˆÏÓ öy–
~áöñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆöï˛y Î!ò ï˛yÓ˚•z ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆê˛!ӈϰ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛ü#≈ §ü§ƒyÓ˚ §üyôyö ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
§ò§ƒÓ˚y Î!ò §ü§ƒy !öˆÏÎ˚ x!ú˛ˆÏ§ ܲü≈Ó˚ï˛ ˆöï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈܲyÎ≈ï˛ Äê˛y •zí˛z!öÎ˚ö
x!ú˛§•z ÓˆÏö ÎyÎ˚ñ !ܲv xy•zöï˛ üƒyˆÏöçˆÏüˆÏrê˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ à°!ï˛ ÓˆÏ° ôÓ˚y •Î˚ öy– ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚
~ܲê˛y•z òy!Ó xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Îáö Ó¶˛ ĈÏòÓ˚Ä Ó¶˛Ê ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy•z Îáö !§k˛yhsˇÈÙÙÙÈï˛yˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çöƒ í˛zͧy•# ˆã˛°yÈÙÈã˛yü%[˛yÓ˚ xû˛yÓ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ !öÓ˚y˛õò éÑ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆöï,˛ˆÏc
ˆ°yܲçö ï˛áö•zñ í%˛!° í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ°ñ !öï˛ƒˆÏÓ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ áyòÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈öy!û˛°y£Ï# üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚§•
•z!O!öÎ˚yÓ˚ñ Äû˛yÓ˚üƒyö Ä Ü˛!ï˛˛õÎ˚ üƒyˆÏöçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛yüã˛yÈÙÈflõy•z òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÙÙȧÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆã˛yá
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !öÓ˚y˛õò Ó%ˆÏé˛ !öˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ Ä•z üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ÈÙÈ•z!O!öÎ˚yÓ˚ÈÙÈÄû˛yÓ˚üƒyö !öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÜ˛yö
ˆ°yܲê˛y !ç.~ˆÏüÓ˚ flõy•z •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z Óy!ï˛âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •zöã˛yç≈ ôü≈òy§ öy!ܲ Ä•z •yÓ˚y!ü
ˆàyÓ˚&ˆÏáyÓ˚ ˆòyܲ°yÓ˚ ÓyFã˛y çyüy° öy!ܲ !Ó•yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ çy!° §y!ê≈˛!ú˛ˆÏÜ˛ê˛ ~ˆÏö Üœ˛yÜ≈˛ ÓˆÏö
ÎyÄÎ˚y xˆÏÎyˆÏôƒ¢ !§Çñ ˆÜ˛yö Óƒyê˛y⁄ ˆÎ Óƒyê˛y•z ˆ•yܲñ !öÓ˚y˛õò ï˛yÓ˚ ò°Ó°§• üƒyˆÏöçyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ò°ˆÏܲ !˛õåȈÏö ˆÓ˚ˆÏá §yüˆÏö ≠ Ú§ƒyÓ˚ñ x§#üÓyÓ%ܲy âÓ˚ܲy ã˛y!û˛ xy!û˛
ˆ°öy ˆ•yày.... í˛z âÓ˚ˆÏü •zí˛z!öÎ˚öÓy!ç ˆö!• ã˛ˆÏ°ày–ÛÈÙÙÙÈÚ•zˆÏÎ˚ ܲƒyÎ˚ˆÏ§ ˆ•yàyñ í˛zöˆÏ• ˆï˛y
x!ú˛§ •ƒyÎ˚ í˛z âÓ˚....Û ˆÜ˛yöÄ ã˛yüã˛y üƒyˆÏöçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ !öÓyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ òy!Ó áy!Ó˚ç
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
ˆÎö Ä•z üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ñ !öÓyÓ˚î §yú˛ ≤ß¿ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöƒÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y!Ó ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛ö ˆöÄÎ˚y •°⁄
üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ !öÓyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !˛õê˛ !˛õê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yܲyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ x§•yÎ˚ ˆã˛yá ˆÎö Ó°ˆÏåÈ ≠ û˛y•z
!•!® ӈϰy– ˛õy!ï˛ ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!ÓÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆ≤Ãüy°y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚y öyÈÙÈ•Î˚Ê !ܲv ˆÜ˛yÌy
ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ# ˆÎ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ܲÌyÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° ˆÜ˛Ó° !á!hflÏáyhflÏyÈÙÈû˛Ó˚y ày°yày!° Óœy§!ê˛ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
!åÈê˛ˆÏܲ xy§y ܲÎ˚°yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆàÑy_y üyˆÏÓ˚ üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ §• ò°Ók˛ •zö§‰ˆÏ˛õܲ¢ö !ê˛üˆÏܲ–
ÈÙÙÙÈÚ˜ã˛ï˛öܲy âÓ˚ ÜÑ˛y•y⁄ !ú˛ê˛yÓ˚ܲy ˆï˛y ˆÜ˛y•z âÓ˚ xƒy°ê˛ ˆö!• •ƒyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ˛õ!Ó_Ó˚ÓyÓ%ܲy âÓ˚
ˆÜ˛y•z •z°!°ˆÏà!° xÜ%˛˛õy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ày.....ã˛y!û˛ ˆï˛y ˆ°öy•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸àyÊÛ Äû˛yÓ˚!§Î˚yÓ˚ÓyÓ% ܲyö%!ö
Óy!ï˛Î˚y ˆ§ˆÏÓ˚ üƒyˆÏöçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˛õåȈÏö ¢_´ á%Ñ!ê˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° !öÓyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ òˆÏ°Ó˚
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ •yRyˆÏáyRy !ܲv §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ àyí˛¸° Ä Ü˛yüˆÏã˛yÓ˚ !Ó ç°y° ˛õy!¢ Äû˛yÓ˚üƒyˆÏöÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
ˆï˛ˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÚüyòy!Ó˚ˆÏã˛yòñ ˆï˛Ó˚y üyˆÏܲ ˆã˛yˆÏò..... ܲyö%ö üyÓ˚yˆÏö xyÎ˚y⁄ !öܲy° í˛zÑ•yˆÏ§.....Û
ÈÙÙÙÈÚ•zˆÏÎ˚ ܲƒyÎ˚y •ƒyÎ˚⁄ •zˆÏÎ˚ ܲƒyÎ˚ˆÏ§ ˆ•yày⁄Û •z!O!öÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáü%ˆÏá üƒyˆÏöçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óí˛¸¡∫öy
ú%˛ˆÏê˛ ÄˆÏ벖
ÈÙÙÙÈÚï%˛ ˆÜ˛yö •ƒyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ üyòy!Ó˚ˆÏã˛yò⁄ ã%˛!ÌÎ˚y üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ çÓyÓ ˆòˆÏD–Û !öÓ˚y˛õòÓ˚ ¢yàˆÏÓ˚ò
¢¢yB˛ Ó˚yÎ˚ñ ˆ°yܲy° xyò!üñ Ó˚yç˛õ%ï˛ xy=!Ó˚ñ !çˆÏ®!àˆÏü ܲyü ˆö!• ܲÓ˚ˆÏöÄÎ˚y°y
•z!O!öÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏܲ òyÓˆÏí˛¸ !öÓ˚y˛õòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyÎ˚– !öÓ˚y˛õò xyã˛üܲy û˛ˆÏÎ˚ çÓ%Ì%Ó% xydÓ˚«˛yÓ˚
§Ó Óü≈ !åÈߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y ˜§!öˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜÑ˛y˛õˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy !ܲv xyü,ï%˛ƒ
°ˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢˛õÌ ˆ•ï%˛ ï˛áöÄ Ó#Ó˚òˆÏ˛õ≈ Ó%ܲ !ã˛!ï˛ˆÏÎ˚ x!ú˛§yÓ˚§%°û˛ òy˛õˆÏê˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
 ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y † 389
Ìyܲy üƒyˆÏöçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲ°yÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆê˛ˆÏö !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ x§#üÓyÓ%Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ≠ Ûã˛°‰ •yÓ˚y!ü....
ã˛y!Ó ˆï˛Ó˚y Óy˛õ ˆ°ày....Ó!•öˆÏã˛yò–Û ˆ§ ~ܲ ò,¢ƒÈÙÙÙȈÎö •ˆÏ°ç ˆÓ˚yí˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲÎ˚°y ˆ°yí˛
í%˛!° ày!í˛¸ ê˛yöˆÏåÈ !öÓ˚y˛õòÈÙÙÙÈ~üö !•ˆÏÓ˚y•zܲ ò,¢ƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚° ӈϰ ˆàyê˛y ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚
§yÓ˚ˆÏú˛ˆÏ§ ˆ°ÓyÓ˚ fiê˛yú˛ x!ú˛§yÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏò!á ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ Äë˛y
ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ xà°ÓàˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆòyܲyöÈÙÈ=ü!ê˛ üòûÑ˛y!ê˛ ç%Î˚y¢y° áy!°
ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Óy•z Ä•z üyö!§ˆÏܲ ˛õÑyë˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ˆÏܲ á%ê˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y òƒyˆÏá–
üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ ˛õ!Óe x°ê˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔÑåȈÏöyÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z í˛zÕ‘!§ï˛ çöàî x§#üÓyÓ%Ó˚ x!ú˛§ü%ˆÏá
Ó˚&k˛ŸªyˆÏ§ öyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ~•z Üœ˛y•zˆÏü: xÇ¢ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏû˛yˆÏàÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÎÈÙÈÎyÓ˚ fliyˆÏö x!Óã˛°
ò¢≈ܲ ≠ ò,ˆÏ¢ƒ x˛õ!flÀÎ˚üyî xyˆÏà !öÓ˚y˛õò ï˛yÓ˚ •yï˛ÈÙÈò)ˆÏÓ˚ ¢!•ˆÏòÓ˚ x§•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ öyüˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚
!ܲv ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏFåÈ•z ã˛°ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õy ˆú˛ˆÏ° ˆú˛ˆÏ° üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈxyÓ•§Çà#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y !öÓ˚y˛õò
Ä ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛°yã˛yü%[˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ Ä ày!°ày°yˆÏç çyÎ˚àyê˛y ôü≈Ó˚yçˆÏü°yÓ˚ ÜÑ˛yê˛yˆÏúÑ˛yí˛¸yÓ˚
àyçöˆÏÜ˛Ä •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !çˆÏï˛ ÎyÎ˚ !flÀú˛ xy§yöˆÏ§y° !ê˛!û˛Ó˚ §ÇÓyòòyï˛yÓ˚ ܲ°ƒyˆÏî–
§Óy•z ܲƒyˆÏüÓ˚yÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° xy§ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ӈϰ Ä•z !û˛í˛¸ üƒyˆÏöçyˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈ!öÓ˚y˛õˆÏò !öÓ˚y˛õˆÏòÓ˚
ˆã˛°yã˛yü%[˛yÎ˚ ~ܲyܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° ˆÜ˛Ó° !öÓ˚y˛õòÓ˚ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ˆçˆÏà ÌyˆÏܲ ≠ Úˆï˛Ó˚y Óy˛õܲy
ç!üöòy!Ó˚ Óy!•öˆÏã˛yò.....ü!ç≈ üy!ú˛Ü˛ ã˛ˆÏ° àyÈÙÙÙÈã˛° •yÓ˚y!üñ xy!û˛ ã˛y!Ó •ƒyu˛Äû˛yÓ˚
ˆ°y.....ˆï˛Ó˚y üyˆÏܲ ˆã˛yˆÏò ¢y°y....Û
•ï˛û˛¡∫ •ï˛üyö Ä ÌˆÏï˛ÿÏï˛y üƒyˆÏöçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yÓ˚yü%ˆÏá áyòyˆÏöÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ã%Ñ˛•zˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y çˆÏ°Ó˚
üˆÏï˛y âyü à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ܲ˛õy° ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ ò%ÛÓ˚ˆÏàÈÙÙÙÈ~•z âö ¢#ˆÏï˛Ä– ÌÓ˚ÌÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÜÑ˛y˛õˆÏï˛
Ìyܲy x!ï˛ û˛o üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ •hflψϫ˛ˆÏ˛õ åÈyí˛¸y ˆ˛õˆÏ° ˆ§yçy üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ x!ú˛ˆÏ§
ì%˛ˆÏܲ ÜÑ˛y˛õy ÜÑ˛y˛õy à°yÎ˚ ê˛y•z!˛õfiê˛ˆÏܲ !í˛ˆÏܲˆÏê˛¢ö !òˆÏÎ˚ !≤Ãrê˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Îy ÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛
ˆöö ˆ§!ê˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚!çàˆÏö¢ö ˆ°ê˛yÓ˚–
x!ú˛§y§≈ xƒyˆÏ§y!§ˆÏÎ˚¢ö xˆÏöܲ Ó%!é˛ˆÏÎ˚ÈÙȧ%!é˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆã˛ÔˆÏÓÓyÓ%ˆÏܲ !öÓ˚hflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚öñ !ç ~ü ~•z
˛õòï˛ƒyà˛õeñ ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆöyöy ç°ñ x˛õüyöñ x!û˛üyö xyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ¢yôflõ,•y
!Ó˚çy•zö ˆ°ê˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˆÎ !ç ~üÈÙÈ~Ó˚ í»˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛Ü˛° ï˛y ˆÓ˚yò ç° •yÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xû˛yˆÏÓ ÷!ܲˆÏÎ˚
üÓ˚y˛õyï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ é˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆà° xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛ï˛ Óy!ï˛° fl;˛ƒy˛õ§‰ xÓ ˆ˛õ˛õyÓ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !û˛ˆÏí˛¸ çOyˆÏ°–
ˆã˛ÔˆÏÓÓyÓ% ˆï˛ü!ö•z ˆÎüö xyˆÏ§ö x!ú˛§ xƒyˆÏê˛u˛ñ ˜ò!öܲ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈öñ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛
ˆ°áy Ä xyÓ˚Ä xöƒyöƒ xˆÏöܲ òy!Î˚c§• ÄÎ˚yã˛ Ä •z™ˆÏ˛õܲ¢ö §yÓ˚ˆÏú˛§ Ä xyu˛yÓ˚@ˇÃyí˛zu˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ ã˛ˆÏ° Îyö– !öÓ˚y˛õò§• ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛°yã˛yü%[˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛í˛z•z §y§ˆÏ˛õu˛ Óy ˆÜ˛yöÄ
˛õy!ö¢ˆÏürê˛ åÈyí˛¸y•z ˆàyê˛y •yê˛ï˛°y òy!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚ §yÓ˚y ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛ö Óyí˛z!Ó˚Ó˚ ÚˆÜ˛ï˛öy
˛õyÄÎ˚yÓ˚Ûñ ÚˆÜ˛ï˛öy ܲƒy!°Ó˚Û ˆ°y¢ö ˆüˆÏá– ˆ§•z öyüÈÙÈܲyÈÙÈÄÎ˚yˆÏhflÏ ˆ≤Ãyí˛yܲ¢öñ xƒyˆÏê˛öˆÏí˛™
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !í˛í˛z!ê˛ öy ܲÓ˚yñ !í˛í˛z!ê˛ xyÄÎ˚yˆÏ§≈ ê˛ƒyu˛y!° üyÓ˚yñ ï%˛ü%° üyï˛°y!üÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆÜ˛ÈÙÈܲï˛ÈÙÈày°
çyˆÏöÓ˚ ï%˛ü%° ܲ!ÓÎ˚y°ñ ï˛y§ñ ç%Î˚yñ xyU˛yñ ˜á!ö üˆÏ°•z ˆàyê˛y !í˛í˛z!ê˛ xyÄÎ˚y§≈ ˛õyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ !öï˛ƒÈÙȘö!ü!_ܲï˛yÎ˚ §Óy•z ˆÓÓyܲ û%˛ˆÏ° ˆà° Ä•z üƒyˆÏöçyÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ú•ƒyˆÏܲ°Ûê˛y–
!ܲv Ó%ƒˆÏÓ˚ye´yê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyüí˛¸ ܲy!åȈÏüÓ˚ ܲyüí˛¸ÈÙÙÙÈ!ï˛ö üyˆÏ§Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ•z ≤Ãüyî ˛õyÄÎ˚y ˆà°–
!Ì ÈÙÈ!í˛!@ˇÃ ü%!§!°Î˚y â%!£Ïܲ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ Ó˚üÓ˚üyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü xyâyï˛ ˛õy¡õ áyÓ˚y˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÄÎ˚y ~ÓÇ Ó˚•§ƒüÎ˚û˛yˆÏÓ §ühflÏ •zí˛z!öÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ §üˆÏÓï˛ Ä ˙ܲƒÓk˛ ã˛y˛õ §ˆÏ_¥Ä ˆ§ ˛õy¡õ
xyç xy§ˆÏåÈñ ܲy° xy§ˆÏåÈñ !Óܲ° ˛õy¡õ •!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ öï%˛ö ˛õy¡õ ˆê˛u˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏFåÈ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
üy§áyˆÏöܲ ˛õÓ˚ Îáö §!ï˛ƒ•z !Ó˚ˆ≤Ï ’§ˆÏürê˛ •°ñ ï˛áö ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ç° ≤ÃyÎ˚ !öâyÈÙÈ!§ü
390 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
å%ÈшÏÎ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ xyÓ˚ Óy!ܲ !˛õê˛=ˆÏ°y ˆÎ=ˆÏ°y ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛Q ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈ üy•z!öÇÓyÓ%Ó˚y
ï˛yÓ˚ §Óê˛y•z àƒyˆÏ§ û˛!ï≈˛ÈÙÙÙÈú˛ˆÏ° ˆ≤Ãyí˛yܲ¢ö Ó¶˛Ê ˆ§•z ˆÎ ˛õy¡õ ç° ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ çˆÏ°•z
í%˛ˆÏÓ Ó˚•z°ñ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ üƒyˆÏöçˆÏürê˛ ~üöܲ# fl∫Î˚Ç !ç ~ü ˛õÎ≈hsˇ •z™ˆÏ˛õܲ¢ˆÏö ~ˆÏ§
•zí˛z!öÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ §ühflÏ çy!Ó˚ç%!Ó˚ !ú˛!ö¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚° ê˛Δy™ú˛yÓ˚ !°fiê˛ÈÙÙÙÈÎyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü
°ˆÏê˛•z !öÓ˚y˛õò Ä ï˛yÓ˚ ò°ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ öyü– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ àÓ˚ü Ä àû˛#Ó˚ áyò ܲy!°òy§˛õ%Ó˚ !§ˆÏü
!öÓ˚y˛õò ~ܲy ê˛Δy™ú˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyàç !öˆÏÎ˚ Ó%鲰 çˆÏÎ˚ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ê˛ƒyˆÏu˛!° !ú˛!ö¢ñ çˆÏÎ˚ö öy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ !ú˛!ö¢ÈÙÙÙÈ¢y°y x!ú˛§yÓ˚ å%Èшϰ 64 âyÊ
ï˛áöÄ °-#ÓyÓ% ˛õyˆÏ¡õÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏ¢yöyˆÏï˛•z ˛õyE˛y 8 â^ˇê˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ Ä•z ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚•z
ܲyê˛yÎ˚ ˆ§ú˛!ê˛ °ƒy¡õ •yˆÏï˛– Ä•z àîÈÙÈê˛Δy™ú˛yˆÏÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~áöÄ öyü ˆö•z ӈϰñ ˆÓ˚yç ˆÓ˚yç
üò ˆáˆÏ°Äñ üyï˛y° •ˆÏ° Óy öy •ˆÏ°Ä !ï˛!ö ï˛áöÄ ÷ô% ˆüˆÏ˛õ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö ܲÛ!üê˛yÓ˚ ç°
ܲüy° Ä•z ~ܲò[˛ öyÈÙÈÌyüy ˛õy¡õ ≠ ˆàyê˛y í˛yüÓ˚y •yê˛ï˛°yÎ˚ñ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ Ó£Ï≈yÓ˚ ç°ôyÓ˚y–
˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !§ú˛ˆÏê˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òöñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òö ˆòˆÏáöñ !öÓ˚y°y Ä•z ˛õy¡õ ç°ï˛°ˆÏܲ
ܲüyˆÏöy ò)ˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲ ç°ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚•z ˆàˆÏåÈ òyˆÏüyòÓ˚ í˛zòyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ !˛õê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!˛õˆÏê˛ó •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ§ú˛!ê˛ °ƒyˆÏ¡õÓ˚ !¢áy ܲáöÄ ÓyˆÏí˛¸ ܲáöÄ Ü˛ˆÏüñ ܲáöÄ ö#° !¢áy
ÓòˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ •°%ˆÏò °yˆÏ° !üˆÏ°!üˆÏ¢ xyÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ô§ öyˆÏü á%Ñ!ê˛ ˛õˆÏã˛ ÎyÄÎ˚y
ã˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y– !ï˛!öÄ !ܲ ê˛Δƒy™ú˛yÓ˚ ˆöˆÏÓöñ öy!ܲ öy ã˛y•zˆÏï˛•z Ä•z ê˛Δy™ú˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y˛õ ˆöˆÏü
xy§ˆÏÓ ïÑ˛yÓ˚Ä Ä˛õÓ˚⁄ ~ï˛!òö ܲˆÏ°y!öÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ âÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ~•z xyÓ˚yüòyÎ˚ܲ
Ó§Óy§ ˆÌˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yˆÏÜ˛Ä !ܲ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏ°y!ö ˆÌˆÏܲ xyê˛ â^ˇê˛yÓ˚ !í˛í˛z!ê˛Ó˚ çöƒ 12†14
â^ˇê˛yÓ˚ xy§y ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢y!hflÏ⁄ öy!ܲ ˆåȈϰÈÙȈüˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈÓí˛z §Óy•zˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~•z xû˛ƒhflÏ çyÎ˚ày
ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ xöƒ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆÓ˚yˆÏò çˆÏ° é˛ˆÏí˛¸ Ó,!‹TˆÏï˛
¢#ˆÏï˛ xÑy!ôˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ !§ú˛ˆÏê˛ !§ú˛ˆÏê˛ !í˛í˛z!ê˛ xyÄÎ˚yˆÏ§≈Ó˚ Ü˛ï˛ xyˆÏà xyˆÏà⁄
ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ !§ú˛ê˛ !í˛í˛z!ê˛ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ó˚yï˛ ò%˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ Ó£Ï≈yÎ˚ ¢#ˆÏï˛ ˆ§ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆ¢yˆÏÓñ áyˆÏÓ•z Óy
ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ Óy!í˛¸•z Óy xy§ˆÏÓ Ü˛# ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ !ë˛Ü˛!ë˛Ü˛yöy•#ö ~•z ê˛Δy™ú˛yÓ˚û˛#!ï˛ °-#ÓyÓ%ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏí˛¸
ˆú˛ˆÏ°–
Ó˚&!ê˛ö üy!ú˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ä ˆÓ!¢ xû˛ƒyˆÏ§ °-#ÓyÓ% §yˆÏ¡õ (Sump)ñ ï˛!°ˆÏï˛ñ ç° §ˆÏÓ˚
ÎyÄÎ˚y Ó¶˛ §%шÏò ˆàÑyˆÏú˛Ó˚ !ܲöyÓ˚yÎ˚ Ä ï˛yÓ˚ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ì˛y°% §%шÏò ˆ§ú˛!ê˛ °ƒy¡õ !öˆÏÎ˚
ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛!°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö !¢áy!ê˛ ô#ˆÏÓ˚
ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆåÈyê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏåÈ– !ï˛!ö Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö çüy çˆÏ° á%Ñ!ê˛Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yñ á%Ñ!ê˛=ˆÏ°y ˛õˆÏã˛
˛õˆÏã˛ •Î˚ï˛ ë˛yu˛y àƒy§ (Black Damp) çˆÏüˆÏåÈ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~üö ˆÜ˛yöÄ !Ó˛õIöܲ üyeyÎ˚
ˆ˛õÔÑåÈÎ˚!ö ӈϰ °-#ÓyÓ% xyÓ˚Ä àû˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ çöƒ ˛õy Óyí˛¸yö °ƒy¡õ •yˆÏï˛ñ ˆÜ˛üö ~ܲê˛y
ï˛#Ó  !ܲv ~áöÄ ü,ò% xö%û)˛!ï˛ xy§ˆÏåÈ öyˆÏܲñ !¢áyê˛yÄ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏü ÎyˆÏFåÈñ e´ˆÏü•z
ܲˆÏü ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ö#° ~ܲ!ê˛ ò)Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏ¢ ˆüˆÏâÓ˚ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˆçˆÏà Ìyܲy ï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ
ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ í˛zë˛ˆÏåÈÊ üyÌyê˛y ôˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈñ Ó!ü Ó!ü û˛yÓñ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ Óy!ï˛ê˛yÄ ˆÎö áˆÏ§ ÎyˆÏÓ •yï˛
ˆÌˆÏܲÈÙÙÙÈ°-#ÓyÓ% Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö á%!ö àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ (White Damp) ˛õyÕ‘yÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈö– üˆÏö
˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ öy ˆÜ˛yö!òˆÏܲ ˆÓÓ˚ •ÓyÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyó flø,!ï˛ •yÓ˚yÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏà !ï˛!ö ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ã˛y•zˆåÏ Èö ˛õy¡õ âÓ˚ê˛y ˆÜ˛yö!òˆÏܲñ ˆÜ˛yö ˛õÌ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° ˆ˛õÔшåÏ È ÎyˆÏÓö ú˛ƒyö âˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲyåÈyܲy!åÈ–
!ܲå%È•z üˆÏö ˛õí˛¸ˆÏåÈ öyñ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ê˛y °y° •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈÎï˛ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ üçyÓ˚ ܲÌyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°•z
áyòyö ú˛y!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ •y§ˆÏï˛ •zˆÏFåÈ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆÜ˛yöÄüˆÏï˛ !ï˛!ö ˆÜ˛yö ˛õÌ !òˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏåÈö Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛
 ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y † 391
öy ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏ°ç ˆÓ˚yí˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛áö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ Óy!ï˛ !öˆÏû˛ ˆàˆÏåÈ–
˛õy¡õ áy°y!§ é˛àí˛Y û%Ñ˛•zÎ˚y ~áöÄ °-#ÓyÓ% xyˆÏ§ö öy ˆòˆÏáñ ˆáÑyˆÏç !àˆÏÎ˚ •ˆÏ°ç ˆÓ˚yí˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá °-#ÓyÓ% ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏåÈö •ˆÏ°ç ˆÓ˚yˆÏí˛ÈÙÙÙÈüÓ˚y !ܲ çƒyhsˇ çyˆÏö öyñ
°ƒy¡õê˛yÓ˚ !öˆÏû˛ ÎyÄÎ˚y ˆòˆÏá é˛àí˛Y Ó%ˆÏé˛ ÎyÎ˚ á%!ö àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓÈÙÙÙÈöyˆÏܲ çμy°yÈÙÈçμy°y
û˛yÓñ ï˛áö•z ˛õy¡õâˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ àyüåÈyˆÏܲ !û˛!çˆÏÎ˚ öyˆÏܲ ˆÓшÏô °-#ÓyÓ%ˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏö !öˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ§ •yÄÎ˚yâˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈñ §yüˆÏö åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy ˛õy ôˆÏÓ˚ !•í˛¸!•í˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ê˛yˆÏöñ o&ï˛ñ Îï˛ê˛y
ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ §Ω˛ÓÈÙÙÙÈ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öy ˆ§ñ «˛üï˛y ܲˆÏü ÎyˆÏFåÈÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛yöÄüˆÏï˛ •yÄÎ˚y âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ
~ˆÏ§ ˆã˛yˆÏá ü%ˆÏá ç° !òˆÏÎ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏàñ ˆ§ ˛õyàˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ê˛yö üyˆÏÓ˚ â!^ˇê˛ ï˛yˆÏÓ˚.....
°-#ÓyÓ% ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ •zí˛z!öÎ˚ˆÏö ãÑ˛yòy ˆòÎ˚ñ ˆÎüö ˆòÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ò%ˆÏê˛y •zí˛z!öÎ˚ˆÏöÈÙÙÙÈú˛ˆÏ° ˆ§ xöƒ
•zí˛z!öÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÎüö §ò§ƒñ ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ •zí˛z!öÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚Ä §ò§ƒ– á%!ö àƒyˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚ xye´yhsˇ •ÄÎ˚y
!öÓ˚y˛õò Ä ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛ƒy°yã˛yü%[˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ê˛Δy™ú˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Óò°y Ó˚*˛õ ˆöÎ˚ xöƒ Óò°yÓ˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÎ˚–
xye´yhsˇ °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ çöƒ ~áö xyˆÏ®y°öñ xöƒ §üÎ˚ Îy ˆ•yܲÈÙÙÙÈ~ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õ Ä !e´Î˚yñ
ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y ~ï˛•z xöƒÓ˚ܲü ˆÎö á%!ö àƒyˆÏ§ ü,ï˛ °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ üˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yˆÏܲ üÓ˚y ӈϰ
fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈ öy üƒyˆÏöçˆÏürê˛– í˛y°˛õy°y ˆåÈшÏê˛ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛ö ~ï˛ê˛y•z ܲüˆÏçyÓ˚
~áöñ ï˛Ó%Ä Ä•z !öï˛yhsˇ•z ܲüˆÏçyÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ Ó¶˛ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛
§«˛ü •° ˜ã˛ï˛ö– ˜ã˛ï˛ö Ó%ˆÏé˛ ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§ xçyˆÏhsˇ ܲáö üƒyˆÏöçˆÏüˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ˛õyï˛y úÑ˛yˆÏò ˛õy !òˆÏÎ˚
ˆú˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ~áö ˆ•ˆÏÓ˚Ä öy ˆ•ˆÏÓ˚ñ öy !çˆÏï˛Ä ˆçï˛yÓ˚ üï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y §¡øyöçöܲ ˛õÌ
á%шÏç ˆú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛ö Óyí˛z!Ó˚–
âÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏöܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ !öÓ˚y˛õòÓ˚ ê˛Δy™ú˛yÓ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛ö•#ö •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÎ˚ Ä•z ç!D !öÓ˚y˛õò ~ܲòü
öï%˛ö çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xû˛ƒhflÏ ˆÓ˚yÎ˚y!Ó ≤ÃÌü !òˆÏö•z ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓyˆÏé˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ •Î˚ !í˛í˛z!ê˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ öÎ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ Ó§ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ !Óöy üy•zˆÏöˆÏï˛– ˜ã˛ï˛ö ˆÎ !öÓ˚y˛õòÓ˚ ~•z ~ˆÏàyˆÏ°Ä üy
üö§yÓ˚ !ò!Óƒ ˆ˛õåÈˆÏ°Ä àí˛YˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ò!Óƒ xÓfliyê˛y Ó%é˛ˆÏåÈ öy ï˛y öÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ä ˆÓ!¢
Ó%é˛ˆÏåÈ §%ˆÎÏ yà ˆ˛õˆÏ° Ä•z ç!D ܲü#≈ ï˛yÓ˚ ç!D˛õöyê˛y ï˛yÓ˚•z í˛z˛õÓ˚ é˛yí˛¸ˆÓÏ §üÎ˚ Ó%ˆéÏ ˛ÈÙÙÙÈܲyÓ˚î
ˆàyê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ê˛y ï˛yÓ˚•z §,‹Tñ ï˛yÓ˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛– ˆ§!òö §Ó •zí˛z!öÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆçöyˆÏÓ˚°
ˆí˛˛õ%ˆÏê˛¢ö ܲyü !ç.~ü. ˆâÓ˚yÄÈÙÈ~ ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöƒÓ˚ ≤Ãôyö •z§%ƒ •° Ä•z Ó‡ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆòÄÎ˚y
ˆ°ÓyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ x§•ö#Î˚ ܲ‹TˆÏܲ– !ç.~ü. §yú˛ çyöyˆÏ°öñ 24 â^ˇê˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yÓ˚ xƒy°ê˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÓÈÙÙÙȈ°ÓyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xƒy˛õ‰°y•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°%ö– öƒy•ƒ ܲÌyÊ ~Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ܲÌy
!ܲ⁄ ü%!§!°Î˚y Ó¶˛ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ÈÙÙÙȧyÓ˚≤’y§ ܲü#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ê˛Δy™ú˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ•z ≠ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏ° •z!§~ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !ܲv ˜ã˛ï˛ö •yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õye
öÎ˚ñ üƒyˆÏöçˆÏürê˛ ˆÎ •zFåÈyÜ,˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏFåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ !öˆÏΕ˚ z ˜ã˛ï˛ö xyçˆÏܲÓ˚
ˆí˛˛õ%ˆÏê˛¢ˆÏö ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ– !ç.~ü.ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !ö!ÿ˛hsˇ òyÎ˚ÈÙÈáy°y§ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ï˛ éÑ˛yüy •zÑê˛y âˆÏ§
ˆòÓyÓ˚ !fliÓ˚ ò,ì˛¸ï˛yÎ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛ö ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xflf §yçyÎ˚ ˆê˛ÓˆÏ° ≠ ~ܲñ !ç ~ü !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyˆÏê≈˛ Óy!°
˛õƒyˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆê˛u˛yÓ˚ñ ˆú˛°y ~ÓÇ !Ó° ˆ˛õˆÏürê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ ˆòáyˆÏ°Ä ܲyÎ≈ï˛ ~ܲ ˆé˛yí˛¸yÄ Óy!°
˛õˆÏí˛¸!öÈÙÙÙÈÓy!° ˛õƒyˆÏܲÓ˚ ê˛yܲy !ç ~ü §• ÎyÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y ˆé˛ˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !§!Óxy•z ï˛òhsˇ ã˛y•zó
ò%•zñ ç° ˆÎ çüˆÏÓ•zñ ˛õy¡õ áyÓ˚y˛õ ÌyܲˆÏ°ñ xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ !≤ÈÏܲy!¢ˆÏÎ˚¢ö !üçyˆÏÓ˚
x°ê˛yÓ˚ˆÏö!ê˛û˛ ˛õyˆÏ¡õÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy ˆÜ˛ö ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!öó !ï˛öñ !Ì  !í˛ àƒy!§§ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ •ÄÎ˚y
§ˆÏ_¥Ä ˆÜ˛ö üܲ°%!ܲ !í˛ˆÏê˛Ü˛ê˛Ó˚ñ !§Î˚yà !üˆÏ̈Ïöy!üê˛yÓ˚ Óy xƒyܲyí˛zˆÏü!ê˛Ü˛ !üˆÏ̈Ïöy!üê˛yÓ˚
392 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
ˆÜ˛ö hflÏyüy° ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!ö⁄ §%!ã˛!hsˇï˛ Ä §)!ã˛§)- ˜ã˛ï˛ö!üê˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ §Ó •zí˛z!öÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y
í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ !ܲv ~áöÄ Ü˛yÎ≈ï˛ •zöxƒyܲ!ê˛û˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üy˛õ !ö!FåÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈܲï˛ê˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !fliÓ˚ !ܲÇÓy
xöí˛¸ xÓfliyö ˆÌˆÏܲ öí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ç ~üÈÙÈÄ òy!Ó˛õe ÷ˆÏö Ä•z ~ܲ•z !üê˛yˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚
xyÓ˚ !°í˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ üy˛õ !öˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ° üy˛õyüy!˛õÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ê˛y ˆÎüö ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Óï≈˛yÎ˚ !ܲv
ï˛yÓ˚ !•ˆÏ¢Ó!öˆÏܲ¢ xB˛ú˛B˛ ˆï˛y !ç ~ˆÏüÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛– ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ òy!Ó˛õe Óy §öò §Ó •zí˛z!öÎ˚ö
~ܲÓyˆÏܲƒ ˆüˆÏö !öˆÏ°Ä ≤ÃÌü òy!Ó!ê˛ xyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ •zí˛z!öÎ˚ö !°í˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ üàˆÏç
ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏú˛Ó˚yÓ˚ úÑ˛yˆÏܲ !ç ~ˆÏüÓ˚ xB˛ú˛ˆÏB˛Ó˚ ê˛yöyˆÏ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ˆÏö ~ܲ ÓyˆÏܲƒ áy!Ó˚ç •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
ˆ°ÓyÓ˚Ó˚y ӈϰ ÓˆÏê˛ñ •z!§~° ~!Ó !û˛ˆÏÎ˚¢ˆÏöÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ •° Ú•z°!°ˆÏà!° ܲƒy¢ ˆ°öˆÏòöÛ
ÈÙÙÙÈã˛y°% û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ Úâ%£ÏÛ– â%£Ï åÈyí˛¸y ˆÎüö ~ܲê˛y §y•zöÄ üƒyˆÏöçˆÏürê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ öyÈÙÙÙȈï˛ü!ö
•zí˛z!öÎ˚öÓyÓ%Ó˚yÄ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö öy– ~•z §yÓ≈çö#ö §yüƒ Ä §•üˆÏï˛Ó˚ !û˛!_ˆÏï˛ Óy!° ˛õƒyܲ öy
•ˆÏ°Ä 10 •yçyÓ˚ !ܲí˛z!Óܲ !üê˛yÓ˚ Óy!°Ó˚ ˆê˛u˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆê˛u˛yÓ˚ ˛õy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy!° ˛õƒyܲ
ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó° ˛õy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆã˛Ü˛ ˆí˛!°û˛y!Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ û˛yàyû˛y!àÓ˚ !•§ƒyòyÓ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ •zí˛z!öÎ˚öÓyÓ%Ä
ӈϰ ôù!öˆÏû˛yˆÏê˛ ˜ã˛ï˛ö •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– !mï˛#Î˚ ò%!ê˛ òy!ÓÓ˚ òyÎ˚ !ç ~ˆÏüÓ˚ üƒyˆÏöçˆÏürê˛
!í˛ˆÏ≤’yˆÏü!§ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ âyˆÏí˛¸•z ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ô%ˆÏ°y ˆé˛ˆÏí˛¸ ˆ§!òˆÏöÓ˚ ˆí˛˛õ%ˆÏê˛¢ö
ܲyü !ç ~ü ˆâÓ˚yÄ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚– !ç ~ü §yú˛ çyöyöñ ˜ã˛ï˛ö !ú˛ê˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚Ä Ü˛Û!òö ˆÓ˚O ôˆÏÓ˚
˛õy¡õˆÏܲ §ã˛° ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈ⁄ÈÙÙÙÈÎy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆ•“yÓ˚ áy°y!§Ó˚y•zÈÙÙÙÈï˛y•ˆÏ° !Óܲ° ˛õyˆÏ¡õÓ˚ çöƒ
˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ òy!Î˚cÈÙȈ•ï%˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ ã˛yç≈!¢ê˛ ˆòÄÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ üƒyˆÏöçˆÏüˆÏrê˛Ó˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÎ
§¡øyö üƒyˆÏöçˆÏürê˛ !òˆÏFåÈ ï˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y öÎ˚ñ û˛oï˛y– xyÓ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ òy!Óê˛y xyÓ˚ òy!Ó
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyˆÏ§•z öy– ú˛ˆÏ° §Ó xy˛õ!_ Ä x§ˆÏhsˇy£Ï §••z ü%!§!°Î˚y ~ü!ö Ó¶˛•z Ó˚•z°ñ
°ˆÏÆ °ˆÏÆ Ü˛ü#≈Óò° Ä ˆ¢£ÏˆÏü¢ xˆÏây!£Ïï˛û˛yˆÏÓ ˆây!£Ïï˛•z •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ü%!§!°Î˚y â%!£Ïܲ
1öÇ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ Ó¶˛– !ã˛Ó˚ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó¶˛ÈÙÙÙÈ ò%ˆÏ¢y ÓåÈÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãyí˛yܲ¢ö ˆòÓyÓ˚ «˛üï˛y§• ü%!§!°Î˚y
í%˛ˆÏÓ Ó˚•z° çˆÏ°–
§yÓ˚ˆÏú˛ˆÏ§ ≤ÃÌü í%˛Ó° ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ !âˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ çˆÏü ÎyÄÎ˚y ÓyçyÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÎyÓ˚ ˆ˛õy¢y!ܲ
öyü í˛yüÓ˚y •yê˛ï˛°y Óy •y!ê˛Î˚y– ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àÓ˚ü û˛yÄ í˛zôyÄñ ܲÎ˚°y !í˛ˆÏ˛õy áÑyÈÙÈáÑy ú˛ˆÏ°
ܲÎ˚°yˆÏã˛yÓ˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ •yï˛ §!e´Î˚ •° ≤Ã̈Ïü ˆòyܲyö˛õyˆÏê˛ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yˆÏÓÈ˚ ÙÙÙÈ!ö!ÿ˛hsˇ
Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ â%ü Ó˚*˛õ !ö° ˛õy•yÓ˚yÎ˚– ˆÓ˚yç ˆÓ˚yç ˆÜ˛ˆÏÓ° ã%˛!Ó˚ñ ú˛ˆÏ° !Óò%ƒÍÈÙÈ!Ó•#öï˛y !öï˛ƒ§D#–
!ü!‹TÓ˚ ˆòyܲyöñ ˆ•yˆÏê˛°ñ ã˛y ˆ˛õyˆÏܲy!í˛¸ÈÙȧyˆÏüy§y fiê˛° ˛õê˛y˛õê˛ Ó¶˛ñ ˆòáyˆÏò!á üyåÈÈÙÈüyǧÈÙÈ
ú˛°ÈÙȧÓ!çÓ˚ =ü!ê˛ÈÙÈú%˛ü!ê˛Ó˚ éÑ˛y˛õ ˆ§•z ˆÎ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆà° xyÓ˚ ˆáy°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ °«˛î ˆòáy
ˆà° öy xy˛õyï˛ï˛– !Óܲ° ê˛Δy™ú˛Ó˚üyÓ˚ §ã˛° xyÓ˚ •Î˚ öyñ ú˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˛õy¡õ Ó¶˛ÈÙÙÙÈ
ܲˆÏ˛õ≈yˆÏÓ˚¢ö ê˛ƒyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §yüˆÏö ≤Ã!ï˛!òö •Î˚ ~ܲ öï%˛ö Ü%˛Ó˚&ˆÏ«˛e !ܲÇÓy !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚
ü•°y ~ÓÇ xyë˛yˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏ«˛Ô!•î# ˜§ˆÏöƒÓ˚ x˛õü,ï%˛ƒ !ܲÇÓy !•ˆÏÓ˚y!¢üy öyày§y!ܲÓ˚ IJõÓ˚
xƒyê˛ü ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ç° öy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄÈÙÈöyÈÙÈˆÜ˛yöÄ «%˛∏˛ ˆày¤˛# !ܲÇÓy ~ܲܲ ï˛yÓ˚ «˛üï˛yÓ˚
≤Ãܲy¢ âê˛yÎ˚ Ä•z ê˛ƒy˛õê˛yˆÏܲ•z ˆû˛ˆÏä !òˆÏÎ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô•#ö Ä•z ê˛ƒy˛õ ˆû˛ˆÏä ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° ܲÛ!òö
ç°•#ö ܲˆÏ°y!öˆÏï˛ •y•yܲyÓ˚ ÓyˆÏí˛¸ñÈÙÙÙÈÄ•z •y•yܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏ˛õ≈yˆÏÓ˚¢ö ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˆ˛õÔшÏåÈyˆÏ° ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈
ˆû˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ ܲÌy üyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá çöàˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈ çöàˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ çöàˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y xÌ≈yÍ Ü˛öê˛Δyܲê˛yÓ˚
xyÓyÓ˚ òÑyí˛¸ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ê˛ƒyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ öï˛ü%á Ä û˛@¿ üyÌyˆÏܲ– !Óò%ƒÍÈÙÈç°•#ö ܲˆÏ°y!öˆÏï˛
•yÄÎ˚yÄ !òˆÏö !òˆÏö ܲˆÏü ˆÎˆÏï˛ °yà° Ü˛Î˚°y ˆ˛õyí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ ˆôÑyÎ˚yÎ˚– ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãyí˛yܲ¢ö
ӈ϶˛Ó˚ =!îï˛Ü˛ •yˆÏÓ˚ •zÑò%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y à!çˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰 ˆÓ˛õˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y x˜ÏÓô áyòyö ≠
 ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y † 393
ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ üƒyˆÏöçˆÏürê˛ x§•yÎ˚ ò¢≈ܲñ öÎ˚ Ä•z •z°!°ˆÏà° ˆÜ˛y° üy•zöˆÏ§Ó˚ üy§Ü˛yÓy!Ó˚
!•§ƒyòyÓ˚– !§xy•z~§~ú˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒhflÏï˛y ÓyˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÜ˛ê˛ û˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ òyòy!à!Ó˚ñ ühflÏy!ö xyÓ˚
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ã˛y˛õyã˛y!˛õÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ •z°!°ˆÏà° ˆÜ˛y°üy•zö§ xƒyQ Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥Ä ~áöÄ
ˆÜ˛í˛z•z ÌyöyÎ˚ ~ܲÈÙÈxyô Ó˚yï˛ xyê˛Ü˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°Ä xyòy°ï˛ Óy ˆç° ˆÜ˛üö Ó› ˆòˆÏá!ö–
~!òˆÏܲ !öÓyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ é˛Ü˛üy!Ó˚– ò#â≈!òˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyç öy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xû˛ƒyˆÏ§ ~áö ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
˛õy•yí˛¸ ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏ° !öÓyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆ¢£ÏˆÏü¢ !ܲ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !û˛.xyÓ˚. !öˆÏÎ˚
ӈϧ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ ܲyüyÓ˚¢y°yÓ˚ åÈy•zàyòyÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y ÓhflÏyÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ÓhflÏy ì˛yܲy !òˆÏÎ˚
¢#ˆÏï˛ ë˛Ü˛ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÜÑ˛y˛õˆÏï˛ ÜÑ˛y˛õˆÏï˛ Ä•z üyé˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ x!öoyÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆ§ ˆÜ˛Ó°•z û˛yÓˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ ü%!§!°Î˚yÓ˚ ˆ§•z §%ˆÏáÓ˚ !òö=!°– xƒyˆÏê˛öˆÏí˛™ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ ˆë˛Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ä ˆë˛ˆÏܲ üy°
ˆáˆÏÎ˚ñ ã˛y ˆáˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏöÓ˚ !ú˛ˆÏܲ °y° ˆã˛yáˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ àyì˛¸ °y° Óy!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆàyê˛y í˛yüÓ˚y •y!ê˛Î˚yˆÏܲ
!á!hflÏ Ä !ã˛ÍܲyˆÏÓ˚ ê˛•zê%˛¡∫%Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ !öˆÏç Îáö ê˛ˆÏ°yüˆÏ°y ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ñ Îáö ˆ§ ˆÎ !§ˆÏ˝˛•z
ˆ•yܲ Ó˚yï˛ 10†12ÈÙÈÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ §üÎ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òÓ˚çyÎ˚ ôyE˛y ˆüˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!¢‹T
!á!hflÏáyhflÏy ˆã˛ÔܲyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ~˛õyÓ˚ IJõyÓ˚ û˛y!§ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ x®Ó˚ÈÙÈü•ˆÏ° ì%˛ˆÏܲ !á!hflÏÓ˚ ï˛°y!öê˛y
!öˆÏçÓ˚ Óí˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ ˆì˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏ° ˆàyê˛y ˛õyí˛¸y ˆÓyˆÏé˛ !öÓyÓ˚î !í˛í˛z!ê˛ÈÙȈú˛Ó˚ï˛ ~°– xyÓ˚
~áöñ ~•z ¢#ˆÏï˛ñ âÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyöy ܲ¡∫°ñ ˆÎê˛y Óy!ï˛âˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy !åÈ°ñ !§˝˛ ÓòˆÏ°Ó˚ §üÎ˚
ã%˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈñ !ܲÇÓy ˆÜ˛yöÄ •yÓ˚y!ü ˆ°ÓyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈܲ¡∫ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓòˆÏ° ~ܲê˛y ã˛ê˛
àyˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ü%!§!°Î˚yÓ˚ öÓyÓ ˆÜ˛yö ò)Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ó˚y烕yÓ˚y §¡ÀyˆÏê˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˛õˆÏí˛¸
xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚y =öˆÏåÈÊ ~ܲˆÏúÑ˛yê˛y üˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ xy•zì˛y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ üöê˛y xyÓ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛öˆÏܲ
ày°yày° ˆòÎ˚– àÓ˚ü àƒy!§ á!öÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !í˛í˛z!ê˛ °à xö •zà!ö¢yö Óy •zu˛yQyÓ˚
ê˛y•zü !öô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÈÙÙÙÈï˛yˆÏܲ §Ó §üÎ˚ öçÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá §ˆÏã˛ï˛öû˛yˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ§ !ܲÇÓy â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •Î˚
!§ü ˆÌˆÏܲ !§ˆÏü– ~ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ Óy ~ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ä Ü˛ü §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ úÑ˛y!ܲˆÏï˛
ˆàyê˛y !§ˆÏü xy=ö ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚ §yüyöƒ
ày!ú˛°!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ˛õyˆÏ° ç%ˆÏê˛ ÎyˆÏÓ ã˛yç≈!¢ê˛ !ܲÇÓy !í˛§!ü§ ˆ°ê˛yÓ˚– ˆí˛ˆÏû˛°˛õˆÏürê˛
xyÓ˚ !í˛˛õ°y!Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üï˛ö û˛Î˚yöܲ ܲyç ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ˛õyˆÏ° ç%ˆÏê˛ ÎyˆÏÓ !öÓyÓ˚î û˛yÓˆÏï˛Ä
˛õyˆÏÓ˚!öÊ
ˆû˛ˆÏÓ!åÈ° !ܲ °-#ÓyÓ%•⁄z xyç ˆÌˆÏܲ 34 ÓåÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà ܲyˆÏç ˆÎyà !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛
ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ˆû˛ˆÏÓ!åÈ° xyÓ˚ üye ò%ˆÏê˛y ÓåÈÓ˚ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ !öˆÏçÓ˚ @ˇÃyˆÏüñ !ö!ÿ˛ˆÏhsˇ
Óy!ܲ ç#Óöê˛y ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ àÑyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xy˛õyï˛ ò)£Ïî•#ö xyˆÏ°y •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚– Óí˛¸ˆÏåȈϰÓ˚ ÓyöyˆÏöy
Óy!í˛¸ Óô≈üyˆÏö °-#ÓyÓ% ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛yöÈÙÙÙÈ!¢áyÓ˚y!ö ~ܲòü öyÓ˚yçÈÙÙÙÈ Óí˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ •yï˛ ˆï˛y°y •ˆÏï˛
ˆ§ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ öy– ˆüˆÏçy ˆåȈϰ !Ó•yÓ˚ öy Ä!í˛¸¢y öy Óyäy° ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ܲƒyˆÏ¡õ üyÄÓyò#
~öܲyí˛zrê˛yˆÏÓ˚ å%È!ê˛ öy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ ú ˛ˆÏrê˛ ÌyܲyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓyöyˆÏöy ò%à≈y˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z
ï˛yÓ˚ Ÿª÷Ó˚Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ òáˆÏ°– ܲáö ˆÎ ˆüˆÏçyÓí˛z ܲyˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ò%à≈y˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ•z ˆÎ
ܲáö ï˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ xy§yöˆÏ§yˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ ˆÜ˛yö !üˆÏ̈Ïöy!üê˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚Ä Ä•z !ü!Ìܲ
˛õ%eÓô)Ó˚ à!ï˛!Ó!ô ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö!ö °-#ÓyÓ%– ~üö Óí˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD Ìyܲyê˛yÄ x§Ω˛ÓÊ ~ܲ
Óy!ܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆåÈyê˛ˆÏåȈϰ– ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ öy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÓ˚yÓö# öy çyü%!í˛¸Î˚yÎ˚ñ °-#ÓyÓ% Îyö!ö ܲáöÄñ
°ƒyÓ á%ˆ° Ï ÓˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ ˆ¢£ÏˆüÏ ¢ÈÙÙÙÈ~ ˆåȈ° Ï Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ àÑyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó°yï˛ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÄ
fl∫ˆÏò¢Ê
ÓyhflψÏÓñ àÑyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ ÎyÄÎ˚y üyˆÏö ~ï˛!òˆÏöÓ˚ ˆû˛yàòᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§y ˜˛õï,˛Ü˛ §¡õ!_ xyÓ˚
394 † ܲ!Óï˛#Ì≈ # xy!Ÿªö 1419
û˛y•zˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !ï˛!ö ˛õÓ˚ˆÏò¢# òá°òy!Ó˚ Óy xye´üîܲyÓ˚# åÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ ܲ#•z ÓyÈÙÙÙÈ~üö
xye´üˆÏîÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ Ó)ƒˆÏ• öçÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°•z Ó%é˛ˆÏ°ö ÄáyˆÏö Ìyܲy üyˆÏö
x‹T≤ÕÓ˚ xflf•yˆÏï˛ xï˛w öçÓ˚òy!Ó˚– ~ü!ö ~ܲ x!fliÓ˚ï˛yÎ˚ Ä x§•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ °-#ÓyÓ% Ó%ˆÏé˛
í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö öy ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÓyöyˆÏÓö üyÌy ˆàÑyçyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ¢y!hsˇ˛õ)î≈ xyhflÏyöy– ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåȈϰÓ˚
ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ñ ày!í˛¸ ï˛Í§• âÓ˚ û˛yí˛¸y Ä ˆ§°y!ü åÈyí˛¸y ˆí˛ˆÏܲyˆÏÓ˚¢ˆÏö ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ 5
°yáÈÙÙÙÈ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ~áö•z xy§yöˆÏ§yˆÏ°Ó˚ xà°ÓàˆÏ°Ä 2†3 ܲyë˛y ç!ü !ܲöˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏç!flT… !ú˛
§• 6†8 °yá ê˛yܲyñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ ÓyöyˆÏöyÓ˚ çöƒÄ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ˆÏܲˆÏê˛ 8†10 °yáñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚
ˆàyˆÏòÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ !ӣψÏúÑ˛yí˛¸y ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ˆÏï˛Ä 5†6 °yá ê˛yܲyÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ áyï˛yÎ˚
ì%˛ÈÙÈì%˛ó ˆÜ˛Ó° üye •yçyÓ˚ ˛õÑyˆÏã˛Ü˛ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ ˆ˛õö¢ö û˛Ó˚§yÎ˚ Óy!ܲ ç#Óö ܲyê˛yˆÏöyÊ ˆåÈyê˛
ˆåȈϰ !•ˆÏ§Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ §Ó áÓ˚ã˛ áÓ˚ã˛y ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ã˛yÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛ °yá ê˛yܲy ÓÑyˆÏã˛ÈÙÙÙȈ§
ê˛yܲyÎ˚ ~üxy•z~§ ܲÓ˚yˆÏ° Îï˛•z §%ˆÏò ÓƒyÇܲ ܲyˆÏê˛y!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚&ܲñ üyˆÏ§ •yçyÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏÓ˚ܲ ê˛yܲy
xyˆÏ§•zÊ xÌ≈yÍ °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏö ÓyFã%˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ °ƒyäˆÏÓyê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚•z ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ç#ÓöÈÙȈflÀyï˛
!ë˛Ü˛ §Ñyï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈ°-#ÓyÓ% í%˛ÓˆÏ°Ä ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y ˆö•zÊ
Óí˛¸ ˆüˆÏçy ˆåȈ° Ï Äñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ çß√òyï˛yñ x§%fli •ˆÏ° ˜ö!ï˛Ü˛ òyÎ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá ÎyÄÎ˚yÈÙÙÙÈ~üö
ܲï≈˛ÓƒˆÏÓyô ˆÌˆÏܲ àƒyˆÏ§ xye´yhsˇ Ä Ü˛y°öy •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ° û˛!ï≈˛ •ÄÎ˚y Ä ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ x!ö!ò≈‹Tܲy°
ˆÓí˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆú˛yö ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– §hsˇyˆÏöÓ˚ ~ˆÏ•ö òy!Î˚cˆÏÓyô §hsˇyö
•ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ˆÏÓyˆÏô ÓòˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆò!Ó˚ °yˆÏà öy !ÓåÈyöyÎ˚ öyÈÙÈ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ìyܲy ¢_´ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
§ã˛° Óy˛õˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá– !ÓˆÏܲˆÏ° ã˛yˆÏÎ˚ ã%˛ü%ܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Ü˛# ˆòÎ˚!ö ~ü!ö xyˆÏüç û˛Ó˚y ˆã˛yá Îáö
≤ÃyÎ˚ Ó%ç%Ó%ç% Óí˛¸ˆÏåȈϰ ÓyÓ% §!ÓöˆÏÎ˚ §!ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ò%ɈÏáÓ˚ òhflÏyˆÏÓç á%ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ˛õÓ˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ– !˛õ ~ú˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ°yö !öˆÏÎ˚ Óy!í˛¸ Óy!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ =áy!Ó˚ ܲ¡ø ˆ§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ï˛yˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚eyï˛yÓ˚ û)˛!üܲy !öˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲüye °-#ÓyÓ%•z– üy•zˆÏöÓ˚ §Óê˛y•z
ˆ°yö ˆ¢yˆÏô ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ !öˆÏ° Îy ˛õyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ öy!ï˛ í˛y°û˛yï˛ ˆáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ°Ä ò%ô
ˆÜ˛üö û%˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙȈ°yö ˆ¢yô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ÓyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ òÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ ˆ˛õ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ x!ï˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛ˆÏö
˛õÑyã˛ °yá ê˛yܲyÓ˚ xy§Ó˚!ú˛– ÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“öy Ä òy!Ó ˆ˛õ¢ Óí˛¸ Óí˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üyÓ˚ú˛ï˛ ˆüˆÏçy
Óí˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆ˛õÔшÏåÈ ˆàˆÏ° ˆüˆÏçy Óí˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÓ˚yã˛öyÎ˚ Ä ã˛yˆÏ˛õ ˆüˆÏçy ˆåÈˆÏ°Ä çy!öˆÏÎ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚Ä ã˛y•z 5†6 °yá ê˛yܲy }î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– Óí˛¸Ó˚ ˆåȈϰ §y•zˆÏܲ° ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
çß√!òˆÏöñ ˆüˆÏçyÓ˚ ˆåÈˆÏ°Ä ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧˆÏåÈ çß√!òö öy •ˆÏ°Ä Ä•z §y•zˆÏܲ°•z..... ~•z§Ó
òy!Ó˛õˆÏeÓ˚ §yüˆÏö °-#ÓyÓ% xö%û˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ö §hsˇyö !Ì  !í˛ àƒy!§§ ˆÜ˛y!°Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ä
áï˛Ó˚öyÜ˛Ê Ó˚y‹T… ~ÓÇ §hsˇyö ò%•zÈÙÈ•z fl∫ˆÏò¢ˆÏ≤Ãü ~ÓÇ Óyͧ°ƒ öyüܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ò%ÈÙÈöyˆÏü xÌã˛
~ܲ•z !Óü)ï≈˛ ò%Ó≈°ï˛yÎ˚ ÷ˆÏ£Ï !öˆÏFåÈ °-#ÓyÓ%ˆÏܲ– xyÓ˚ flf#⁄ ï%˛!ü Ó‡!òˆÏöÓ˚ xӈϕ!°ï˛ !ܲv
öƒy΃ Ä ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ ã˛yÄÎ˚yˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° çö!≤ÃÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ Ä•z ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÓ˚
≤Ãy!ƈÏï˛ §yüyöƒï˛ü •z!ï˛ Ä á%шÏï˛Ó˚ çöƒ §òƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ çö!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛y !åÈÖˆÏí˛¸¸ Ü%˛!ã˛Ü%˛!ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
•yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ í˛z!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏ°ñ öy Ó%ˆÏé˛ñ öy !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚•zÈÙÙÙÈ~ü!ö xˆÏÓyô ˆû˛yê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ÓyØyÓ˚
üy– ˆåȈϰˆÏòÓ˚ öy ˆ•yܲ ò%ÈÙÈò%ˆÏê˛y öy!ï˛Ó˚ òy!Ó˛õˆÏe Ó˚#!ï˛üˆÏï˛y ˆÓ˚ܲˆÏüu˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎö ú˛ˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚yí≈˛
ê%˛ ˆ˛õÔшÏåÈ ˆòÎ˚ °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ˆê˛!ӈϰÊ
!fliÓ˚ ˆã˛yá ò%ˆÏê˛y xã˛yöܲ üòƒï,˛£èyÎ˚ åÈê˛ú˛ê˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏ° Ä•z x¢_´ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyØyˆÏܲ •z¢yÓ˚yÎ˚
í˛yܲˆÏ°öñ Úxy!ü≈Ó˚ ˆë˛Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ.....üòûÑ˛y!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !Ó°y!ï˛ üò ~ˆÏöˆÏåÈ !ܲöyÛ çyöˆÏï˛
ã˛y•zˆÏ° ÓyØy ÚöyÛ Ó°ˆÏï˛•z °-#ÓyÓ% í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Îyö ≠ ÚÓyˆÏM˛ÈyÍ ¢y°yÓ˚yñ ÓyˆÏ˛õÓ˚
 ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y † 395

ˆ˛õÑyäyÎ˚ ÓÑy¢ !òˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§!åȧñ öy⁄ ˆ°!°ˆÏÎ˚ !ò!Fåȧ ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåÈyê˛ öy!ï˛=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲÈÙÙÙȧy•zˆÏܲ° With Best Compliments From :
!ܲˆÏö òyÄÊ ˆÜ˛ö ˆòÓ⁄ xy!ü ˆåȈϰˆÏòÓ˚ çß√ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈÈÙÙÙÈï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢á xy‚yò !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y
§Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õÎ˚§yÎ˚– ˆï˛yÓ˚y çß√ !òˆÏÎ˚!åȧ ĈÏòÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈĈÏòÓ˚ §Ó !ç¡øyòy!Ó˚ ˆï˛yˆÏòÓ˚–
!öܲyˆÏ°y !•ÖÎ˚yˆÏ§ñ û˛yà‰ üyòy!Ó˚ˆÏã˛yò ¢y°yÓ˚y....Û
•ë˛yÍ í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ °-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ å%ȈÏê˛ xyˆÏ§ !¢áyÓ˚y!öÈÙÙÙÈ̈Ïï˛yüˆÏï˛y áyÄÎ˚y ÓyÓ%ÈÙÈÓyØy Ä
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óí˛zÓ˚y §ˆÏåȈϰ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ çöƒ Ó%ˆÏé˛ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈ°-#ÓyÓ% !ܲv Ó%ˆÏé˛
Îyö ~áö•z ~•z §Ó ˛õ%e öyüܲ !Óí˛¸¡∫öy !öˆÏÎ˚ !ܲ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ĈÏòÓ˚ ˆ°yû˛# ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ •yï˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ Ä !öˆÏçÓ˚ !ÓÓy!•ï˛ ˛õb#ˆÏܲ ÓÑyã˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ ~áö•z ˆà!Ó˚°y ˆÎyk˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÎ˚
ĈÏòÓ˚ §,‹T Ä ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ §ühflÏ xye´üîˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛•ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çöƒ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ xflf ï%˛ˆÏ°
!öˆÏ°ö– !ï˛!ö Ó%ˆÏé˛ !öˆÏ°ö ˆÜ˛ö üyö%£Ï xflf ˆï˛yˆÏ°– §yÓ˚yç#Óö öƒy΃ ê˛ƒy: Ä e´ˆÏü•z
ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ã˛°y ò%ü)≈°ƒ !ç!ö§ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ä !ܲˆÏö ç#Óö ܲyê˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~•z ܲ!ê˛ §yüyöƒ ê˛yܲyñ Îy G. P. ENGINEERING
!öˆÏçˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó°•z Ó!M˛Èï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,k˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ~ܲê%˛ !ö!ÿ˛hsˇ !ã˛!ܲͧy Ä áyÓyÓ˚ §ÇfliyˆÏöÓ˚
xÓ°¡∫öÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚Ä ˆ°yû˛ •yÓ˚yüçyòy Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚⁄ ˆ¢£Ï §¡∫ˆÏ°Ó˚ çöƒÄ !Ó˚ê˛yö≈ òy!á°
ܲˆÏÓ˚yÈÙÙÙÈï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈñ ÎyÓ˚y !öˆÏçÓ˚y ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲˆÏ¢y ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ üy!°Ü˛Ê ~üö ˆÓçß√yÓ˚y
!öˆÏçÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ Óy!öˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È xyüyÓ˚ û˛!ӣσ͈Ïܲ çy•yߨyˆÏü ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ !flÀú˛ ï˛Ü˛üyÓ˚
ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ xò,¢ƒ òy§ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚Ê
°-#ÓyÓ% ̈ÏÓ˚ ̈ÏÓ˚ §yçyˆÏöy ~áöÄ öyÈÙÈ˛õyÄÎ˚y ê˛yܲyÓ˚ Óy!u˛°=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ •yï˛yˆÏöy ˆ°y°%˛õ
•yˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛zòƒï˛ ü%oy ˆòˆÏá ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ í˛zë˛ˆÏ°ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üˆÏö •° ĈÏòÓ˚ xy§° Óy˛õ °-#ÓyÓ% öÎ˚ñ
Ä•z ˆöyˆÏê˛Ó˚ Óy!u˛°ÈÙÙÙÈÎyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ §ÎˆÏb !öá%Ñï˛ !ú˛ˆÏã˛° •y!§ §• ü%!oï˛ xyˆÏåÈ Ó˚y‹T…!˛õï˛yÓ˚
ü%á– !˛õï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎÄ ˚ Ä•z Ó˚y‹T!… ˛õï˛yÓ˚ ü%á ˆÓ!¢ fløÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒñ ˆÓ!¢ ◊k˛î#Î˚ñ ˆÓ!¢ @ˇÃ•îˆÏÎyàƒñ
ü)°ƒÓyö– ÓyÓy Î!ò !ÓfløÓ˚ˆÏîÄ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ åÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛y ü,ï%˛ƒÓy!£Ï≈ܲ# Ü,˛˛õî ã˛®ˆÏö
ÓåÈÓ˚û˛Ó˚ ÷ܲˆÏöy üy°y °ê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆòÄÎ˚yˆÏ° !ܲv Ó˚y‹T…!˛õï˛yÓ˚ åÈ!Ó§• ˆöyê˛=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Îb
ˆÓˆÏí˛¸•z ÎyˆÏÓ– !˛õï˛y öy•zÈÙÈÓy ˛õyÓ˚° §yÓ˚yç#ÓˆÏöÄ ~ܲê˛y üyÌy ˆàÑyçyÓ˚ xy◊Î˚ ÓyöyˆÏï˛ÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚
§hsˇyˆÏöÓ˚y ˆï˛y ܲáö•z !˛õï,˛•yÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ öyÈÙÙÙÈï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ°yû˛ñ °y°§yñ !•Ç§yñ ö#ã˛ï˛y §Ó §Ó
Ä•z §ÈÙÈ•y!§ x!•Ç§ Ó˚y‹T…!˛õï˛yÓ˚ åÈ!Ó !âˆÏÓ˚•z–
°-#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ü%ˆÏá ú%˛ˆÏê˛ ÄˆÏë˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò%ˆÏô° •y!§.....ˆÎ •y!§ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ çß√òyï˛yÓ˚ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚
x§•yÎ˚ ˆ≤Ãï˛ydyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ç#!ÓˆÏï˛•z ˆÜ˛y°y•ˆÏ°Ó˚ üï˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲå%È ~ܲê˛y •ˆÏFåÈ ≠ xyÓ˚
ÓyÓ%ñ ÓyØyñ ÓyFã%˛ñ ÓyFã%˛Ó˚ ò%ÈÙÈò%ˆÏê˛y Óí˛z!ò Ä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò%ÈÙÈò%ˆÏê˛y û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ !åȈÏöˆÏçÑyܲ !¢áyÓ˚y!öˆÏܲ
xyü° öy !òˆÏÎ˚ Óí˛¸ ˆÓ!¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÑyܲˆÏí˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆÏåÈ....û˛yÓ˚# •yÄÎ˚yÎ˚ °-#ÓyÓ% öyˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õyê˛y
ú%˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó° !öŸªy§ !öˆÏï˛ ê˛ˆÏ°yüˆÏ°y ˆã˛yˆÏá Óyï˛y§ Ä !¢áyÓ˚y!öˆÏܲ •yï˛ˆÏí˛¸ ˆÓí˛¸yö ≠
xÌã˛ §Ó•z ˆÜ˛üö x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Ä !Óü)ï≈˛ °yˆÏà ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ühflÏ •z!wÎ˚ §)!ã˛ü%á •ˆÏ°Ä....
 With Best Compliments From :

RAVI AUTO LIMITED

KOLKATA / SILIGURI

˛õ)Ó≈û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ó≈Ó,•Í Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ü%oî ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yö
§Ó˚fl∫ï˛# ˆ≤ç !°!üˆÏê˛í˛
çy!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ§ÓyÎ˚ fl∫yô#öï˛y §Ç@ˇÃyü ˆÌˆÏܲ
§y!Ó≈ܲ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛yÈÙÙÙÈxyçÄ !öÓ˚°§
˛õ!ÿ˛üÓD §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà
11 !Ó!ê˛ ˆÓ˚yí˛ñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÈÙÈ700056
!Óܲ“ çμy°yö# ÈÙÈ ÓyˆÏÎ˚yàƒy§
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ öï%˛ö Ä ˛õ%öö≈Ó#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ ¢!_´ üsfˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ü≈§)ã˛#
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ çμy°yö#Ó˚ û˛yu˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈñ ~•z xÓfliyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!Óܲ“ ¢!_´Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚– ÓyˆÏÎ˚yàƒy§†ˆàyÓÓ˚ àƒy§ ~üö•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Óy¶˛Ó !Óܲ“ ¢!_´Ó˚ í˛zͧ
ÓyˆÏÎ˚yàƒy§ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆ°
Ï
1. çμy°y!ö ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲüˆÏÓñ Óö§¡õò Ó,!k˛ ˛õyˆÏÓñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢
ò)£Ïî •ˆÏÓ öy–
2. çμy°y!ö ˆÜ˛öy Óy §Ç@ˇÃ• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÜ˛yö xÌ≈ Óy §üÎ˚
áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ öy–
3. ˜çÓ §yÓ˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ Îy x!ôܲ ú˛°ˆÏö §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ –
4. ≤’ƒyrê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !öà≈ï˛ ï˛Ó˚° à¶˛•#ö fl‘yÓ˚# üyˆÏåÈÓ˚ áyòƒ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ–
5. Ó˚yߨy âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §%®Ó˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈÎy üy Ä !¢÷Ó˚ fl∫yfliƒ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ~ܲyhsˇ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚–
6. âˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliyÄ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ–
ÓyˆÏÎ˚yàƒy§ ≤Ãܲ“ !öü≈yˆÏîÈÙÈ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö
Óyí˛¸#ˆÏï˛ 3†4!ê˛ àÓ˚& Óy ü!•£Ï ÌyܲˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏÎ˚yàƒy§ ≤’yrê˛
Ó§yˆÏöy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ÓyˆÏÎ˚yàƒy§ ≤Ãܲ“ !öü≈yˆÏî §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# xö%òyö
˛õ!ÿ˛üÓD §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Çfliy ĈÏÎ˚ÓˆÏÓ˚í˛y (WBREDA) ÓyˆÏÎ˚yàƒy§
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ òy!Î˚c≤ÃyÆ !Ó!û˛ß¨ ˆfl∫FåÈyˆÏ§Ó# §ÇfliyÓ˚
üyôƒˆÏü xö%òyö ≤Ãòyö ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
Ó˚«˛îyˆÏÓ«˛î
≤Ã!ï˛!òö !ö!ò≈‹T ˛õ!Ó˚üyî ˆàyÓÓ˚ Ä çˆÏ°Ó˚ !ü◊ö S1 ≠ 1V ≤’ƒyˆÏrê˛ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
10†12 !òö xhsˇÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y °¡∫y ÓÑy¢ Óy ˙ çyï˛#Î˚ !ܲå%È !òˆÏÎ˚ xyí˛zê˛ˆÏ°ˆÏê˛Ó˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤’ƒyˆÏrê˛Ó˚
!û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚° öy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
§ÆyˆÏ• ~ܲÓyÓ˚ !öÎ˚ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy•z˛õ °y•zˆÏö çüy ç° ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# xö%òyˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚üyî
e´!üܲ öÇ ≤ÈÏû˛ò «˛üï˛y §y•yˆÏ΃Ó˚ xB˛
1. ܲy!°¡õÇñ ܲy!¢≈Î˚yÇñ òy!ç≈!°Ç ˆç°y ~ÓÇ 1 âö!üê˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÎ˚yàƒy§ 4ñ000.00 ê˛yܲy
§%®Ó˚Óö xM˛È° ≤’ƒyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ çöƒ
2. ܲy!°¡õÇñ ܲy!§≈Î˚yÇñ òy!ç≈!°Ç ˆç°y ~ÓÇ 2 âö!üê˛yÓ˚ Ä ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ 10ñ000.00 ê˛yܲy
§%®Ó˚Óö xM˛È° ÓyˆÏÎ˚yàƒy§ ≤’ƒyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ çöƒ
3. ï˛˛õ!§!° çy!ï˛†í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ñ û)˛!ü•#ö ã˛y!£Ïñ 1 âö!üê˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÎ˚yàƒy§ 4ñ000.00 ê˛yܲy
«%˛oã˛y!£Ï Ä ≤Ãy!hsˇÜ˛ ã˛y!£Ï ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ çöƒ ≤’ƒyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ çöƒ
4. ï˛˛õ!§!° çy!ï˛†í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ñ û)˛!ü•#ö ã˛y!£Ïñ 2 âö!üê˛yÓ˚ Ä ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ 8ñ000.00 ê˛yܲy
«%˛oã˛y!£Ï Ä ≤Ãy!hsˇÜ˛ ã˛y!£Ï ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ çöƒ ≤’ƒyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ çöƒ
x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ §y•y΃ °ƒy!ê˛Δö !°B˛ ÓyˆÏÎ˚yàƒy§ ≤’ƒyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ çöƒ 1ñ000 ê˛yܲy
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# xö%òyö ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ !öÎ˚üyÓ°#ñ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚# ï˛Ìƒy!ò Ä !Ó¢ò xö%§¶˛yˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ܲÓ˚&ö É
˛õ!ÿ˛üÓD ˛õ%öö≈Ó#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ ¢!_´ í˛zߨÎ˚ö §Çfliy
ˆçÈÙÈ1†10ñ •z!˛õ Ä !ç!˛õ ÓœÜ˛ñ ˆ§QÓ˚ 5ñ §Œê˛ˆÏ°Ü˛ñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÈÙÈ700091
ˆú˛yö É 033ÈÙÈ2357ÈÙÈ5038†5348