5.11 m Image Reconstruction from Projections 251 PSF estimation is affected strongly by the size of its initial guess, and SS values (an array of Is is a reasonable starting guess), amber of iterations performed with the preceding syntax is 10 by Additional parameters may be included in the function to control the iterations and other features of the restoration, as in the following | PSF] = deconvblind(g, INITPSF, NUMIT, DANPAR, WEIGHT) MUUIT, DAMPAR, and WETGHT are as described for the L-R algorithm in sous section, |= restored image exhibits ringing introduced by the discrete Fourier = used in the algorithm, it helps sometimes to use function edgetaper’ of L-D projections This problem, typically called computed tomography is one of the principal applications of image processing in medicine, EXAMPLES Using finetion Gecenvelins to estimate a PSF7 252. Ghapler 5m Image Restoration and Reconstruction FIGURE 5.11 {a) Original PSF. (b) through (d) Estimates of the PSF using 5,10, ‘nd 20 iterations in function ‘deconvb ind. s no way of deterr single object or onstruction bi mage by proiec iginal beam, a8 F cates a 2-D digital i mage is of little v 5.11.) Background The foundation of image reconstruction from projections is straight aoe venibe explained intuitively. Consider the region in Fig, 512(a).T physica meaning tothe following discussion, assume that this regions Fough a section of a human body showing a tumor (bright area) oye mnogencous area of tissue (black background). Such a region mis in tained for example, by passing a thin, fat beam of X-rays perpencl cre touy, and recording at the opposite end measurements proporto srangement by % the absorption of the beam as it passes through the body. The tumor abs adding the resul see ar the X-ray enerey,hence giving a higher reading for absorption. = = Fig 5.12(¢)-Note ho igual (absorption profile) onthe riht side of Fg. 5.12(a) shows Obser ae ham abvorption occurs through the center ofthe region, where the Bea aaa ners the longest path through the tumor. At this point, the abso profi is all the information we have about the object, intensity of the 0 sitive that we shou ~ backprojections what happens. As5.11 a Image Reconstruction from Projections 253 Absorption pratile — Ray Detectorstip —# ea tet ETT LUNI way of determining from a single projection whether we are Single object or multiple objects along the path of the beam, but onstruction based on this partial information. The approach is image by projecting the absorption profile back along the direc. iginal beam, as Fig. 5.12(b) shows This process, called backprojec. 5 82:D digital image from a I-D absorption profile waveform. By is of litle value. However, suppose that we rotate the beam! angement by 90° [Fig. 5.12(c)] and repeat the backprojection dding the resulting backprojection to Fig. 5.12(b) we obtain the =-5.12(e). Note how the intensity of the region containing the abject tensity of the other major components of the image, ve that we should be able to refine the preceding results by gener. ackprojections at different angles, As Figs, 5.12(f)-(h) show. this is at happens. As the number of backprojections increases, the area ab ede teh une 5.12 (@) Fatregion vith object, Paallel beam {etector stip and absorption profile {b) Backprojcton ot absorption prof. c) Beam and detector st rotated 90° and . (6) Backprojetion of absorption profile. @) Sum 1 (6) and (2). Result of adding another backprojection (at 455) @) Rewltor acing yet another backprojection at 1357 (h) Result of backprojeetions 5 apart,