-~-

.. . .-
. . .

Amplitude Modulation

: . I . .
I,, : . , . :,

1 .. .
 So& 6.2 Double-8idebnd Supprewed Carrier

The most
, frcsueacr signal to ma&rlste (i.e., modify thc paramctgs of) another, highpl fmquency
aSgnal. Mast commndy, IME other signal is a pure sinwid.
We start, then, witb a pun siousoid $At) called the carrier waveform. It is givan this
nune because it is used to COWthc infowstlon signal from the lransmitter to thc d v u .
-Y.
sXt) A (2MJ+ 0) I)
I.

If,& h properly c h c n , thiserrria waveform can be efficiently transmitted. For ex-

.Bplc.supporepwentdd~tRqiwodesinthc~ge~lMHasnd3MHz
E, gqapmklamDBrw~8thcmmbsrdi.blyseotovcr~uptorbostm
~hlfyaueLastriu~f.Obeinsbir~~@punrinuaoidrlcsrrisrdd
I
1r paolir-.m
.. ~
w a v d a y t h o f inLbCmpof1 MHEto3MHzison
0 tb~diggmQn,andm*aauof~krylth~beured,
~wwutmOqusaticm~rbrpncediag~~csaiawavdonn
cmlomrQowbe~inawaytbat(a)LbCheJkmdsdl4~~
aed@)thcinf~mwcwiahtodb~w8u~mthc~wwavCdOW
h a way that it a n be reawntd LbC &vet. In other words, we aie asking whether
~isaomswaythstthc~d~arvry(heinf~~.~~wisyss,ss
we now illwuate.
The right-hand side of Eq. (6.1) Coatpins thrae panuaaeff that may be wied: tbe am-
plitude A, the fnqucacyf, aod the phpM 0. Using &e information signal to vary A. f, or 0
tadstomnpUndc~~~aadpikrrcnodulmim,nspectlvely.
Wewill~w~efIicht~misshievsdfweachofthescthraecuea
wmwillJsotbat~ifmcve~hr%arll~1y~~&tbe
c h L separation of the signals at ibe rafdvu is poasibk. In asdi* are will find it
aiticslto~~atbirdpopcrty:TheinfanrstiwaSgnal~t)muub~mv~-
IMefromme~v~~wrvefam;it~oabeofmuohluetomodifyaau-
'
rkrwavefomtacfficicatt radrtrtioaaprabilityifw~no(npmdua
&I) BCClEnTely at thc receiver.
l l t b ~ ~ t 4 8 o s a ~ ~ o f 4 w p l i i m o d ~ . ~
tmtmmts ofirequeacy mi modoI.tim follow in thc next chapter.

ffwc~tbe~~of@CmiaofBp(6.1).thef&~~waw-
famisslts:
~ ~ (=tA(t)cos
) (zM#+ 0) (6.2)
~fwqosacyf,sad~~BireeafbEsat.~~A(f)~*iorsomshoariar~-
~ w i r h ~ ~ ~ d t t r b o ~ w a w s l l l e s r r i s d ~ ~ c h a n s
Wc6i1nplify~ea~by~thst0=O.~Wiunotdtscl;myoftbe
.bsdcd,siace~~,~y~toatimsshiftof~~~.Atimsshift
oatconddaddistatioaha~ans~
Sffi a2 DouMwidsbsnd SupprwMd Carrier

adogous to ths hipwmuk rssult that multipliion of a sinusoid by snorner m w a

dMiearmd~hrqscaoia.'Ilratis,

If- A B by s(i), whcn a(t) cmtaim a d u r n of freqwaolss between 0 and

f,chb~~caabcrppIhdtambytamtoylddarrscllt~all
suauad~ofmefr#lucaciea.
piSmr 6.3iadicaas that the modula*d wavtfm sdt) contains wmponcnts with
fleqwmiu bstweenf, -.f and& +f,. As Aslong as signals in this range of frequencies
&amnit nffbbttly a d an ratema of mwnable lag& can be conrtructcd, we have
~ved~6ntofthetwopmMenrs.Letwpl~insnatorpicaluldio~.~fmbe
S L H z m d f c b c 1 M H e . ~ t h c n ~ o f ~ ~ b y c b s ~ w v
iannis~~,~tolp05,oOoHt.
Tbcdobgecrivcis~ofWdgnrlr.We~etbatif~~~-
~lrl~alinu~of~fc~adaDaberiof~on~~modulrtard
roidQf~f&~Pouisreuvfmnsdmetwo~cPriardowovcdq
~~~,~1&tf~df~rn~byitltlll~~..~hirisill.oltntsd
drsdA.SlseshdlsdrraeWh~.wrrdLrtoWMou~
apatio&PaAM. m(l d@%OD

. .. .. -1-, ?.~ ,

n:,,r;-,. . ' 8 ' ,

,.'I 8.' . ,

?: : ~ ~ ~ ~ . o a * r & & ( # , , & y l @ ' ~ & ! , & ( i a ~ ~ ~ :

,. : i,:
 Amplitude Modulation C

'ibir~onis~mthelpmemrrmcrssthrrtoscdmdrPwmC~cluria
waveform. We Bnt draw tbe o d i m rt IA + s(t)] and -[A + s(t)].The h 4 waveform
p a b d i d y bwhw Umsc tM ~ m ~We sU . ua fill in with a smooth. oscillpting wavcfonn

, . , I,' , , '

oftBs~~~extsllc*damD.~beaaour*.ialbXof
afmDdDtties~mel~rbodsasucr.Tbs
ua~bYlaul(iptgiqpwla).
Mghw potential hpoint B, 9 all fom diodss an short circuits. This is qui
the switch king closed. The only limit to the rate of switching is i q s e d by the
pwtkrl diodes an not ideal (i.c.. thefhve a oonmn eaphmx).
~he~csnalsobe~~ishcdu*lleastiv*ebcaonlc&viccssuchae
%onopaatiog between outoff and nafmtioa~&tl:tmndotor act8 as an opens

The Mcood bmpdclass of modulator we d d e r is the square-low mod&or.

[s,W + s2(t)l2= s:(t) + s:(r) + 2st(t)s,(fl

i)tbP informah aud s ~ ( tis) the c a u k , we havf
Ifs~(t)
[s(t) + cos 2 . 6 3 = 2 0 + cos 9Irff + Zs(r)cos 2.62
. , I..
 M-wave re&%aion is cquivaknt to tfic nuhawid opemion of rakingtbe
solutcvalue.Theootpltoftbe&uistba
810) = (A + dt11Wdrl
butsinceweaclsumthntA +s(t)aeva~nega?ivc,wccnaly(eowponeattof
v;rlmrigrsioget
sr(t) = IA + dt)llddA
Amplitude Modulation
 qplleriQnrintkistsd

AM *WD SUPERHETERODYNElW8WR
 ~ ~foUow thc puks of thc
mat
mvclope of a waveform as an o u t l i ~
attemps to follow this outline. Our intuitive definition

-- - - - - - -~~- - - - ~ ~ ~~ ---- - - -- ~ - ~ -~~

~~ ~-~~~
~ -

Tbe foregoing intuitive detiaitioa ib 18ot vay dsfyiog, since it applie.8 only to r
nanow clam d s&. We lhrll now wrplorc a mihamtical ddinitioo of the a~vdope
1, ~ b i d s a i e a l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - * f a t l l e o f o t m t o a ~ c b h ~ t i v

1. 'f?~~prranve&psfakso
b o r n as t b e w n 1 ~ & ~ 6 ) ) ~ b p c o t m a &
o f$a c ~ )
11 vrvetbnar(t)is~asihecompk~~of~~h~~ortrisr~irgi~
' w
 h*tbi.~wrs'hrasdtbrtSV+fJlia~ID(h.hitoltbtai-
g h T b l r l r n o l t c l r o d o n w r b r s f . <feihtDvsMRnwi=tratmf-ofmi8
, M , , : ! ; .!.>A .,!,.. :.:; .;.- ... 2 , 8 . '.
I . :; .. 'I..' ,. I.',<,: 1" :
; ' , ~ ~ , ) ' - _ .~ ..,. ~, ~ ~
To derive thc rightmo~tc ~ of Eq.m
(6.67). we applltd nigooovnsuic identities to thc
~ofsiassandFmiassiathc~ex~ioll.~nnputofthcfiltcrismCa
~l(tyz.
Thc signal at thc input of thc lower l o w p filter is