Topology Second Edition James R. Munkres Massachusets Institute of Technology Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NI 07458Lutrary of Cons Cataloging i-Peaion Date Siping Toe ayn Mankas and 0 ‘sis $82 ‘Boo i Besse ome Aetna Geo Ll) ‘cis hte si Kren eral mr Noms er nd Bee Fee Boe eS Manag Bre Alan Ficher Saucer ay ros Sethe amr He ns Pract Meany fin Tele lt Ass Ge op eStart Cone ons Desenr Be es (Stowe bare ree ‘etter oy me, ‘idtcyemsnon ming ome patie, wero SBN O-33-383420-2 Preece sacs reneanonae (UR) Lime, Loo Proce Haus ov Asean Pr. LED STENEY owns, Hsvaoawnieana SA MEXICO ‘Soecrcetars or an Paes ise. NEW DEL Preece Hace orden oxy Fearon tet Pi For BarbaraContents Preface [A Note tothe Reader Part GENERAL TOPOLOGY ‘Chapter 1 Set Theory and Logic 1 Funan Cones Functions Relations The Urges atthe Real Numbers CCanesian Products CCouotable and Uncountable Sets *8 The Principe of Recusive Deftition 9 Insite Sets and the Axiom of Choice 10. Well-Ordered Sets * Supplementary Exercises: Well Ordering 15, 36 3 37 nemerss vii Coments Chapter? ‘Toppa Spaces and Continuous Functions 3 CChapter7 Complete Metre Spaces and Function Spaces 283 12 "Topological Spaces 3 MO Complete Meu, Spaces a 13 Dasisora Topology 38 M4 ASpoce Filling Curve mm 16. The Order Topology su 48 Compacness im Metnie Spaces es 15. The Product Topoigy on 7 6 4 Poise and Compact Conergene 21 16 The Subspace Topology 88 47 Ascols Theorem oo 17 Clowed Ses and amt ois 2 18 Coniminve Functions 102 (Chapter Baie Spaces and Dimension Theory 24 19 The Poduet Topol 12 at Baie Spee aos The bent Topology 19 149. A Nowe Dieta Function S00 21. The Metric Topology (continued) 13 (30. node @ Dine Tey son 22, The Quote Toptogy 36 Supplementary Exercises Locdly Euclidean Spaces 316 *Sipplemesiary Exercises Topol Groups us Ccmaptee 1 Connectedness and Compactnss ws Part ALGEBRAIC TOPOLOGY Connected Spaces Hs . 2+ Contested Subspaces ofthe Real Line 13. one ane aa 25. Components and Local Connetedness 8 Slate m7 26. Compu Sroses ie 33. covatg Space Ee 21 Compact ubsraces ofthe Real Line m Se The Funda Coup ofthe Cle ut 28. Limit Poin Compactness i. 58. Reactions and Fixed Pots 8 2 Local Compermnest a 1°56 The Fundunenal There of Algcba 353 "Supplementary Execs: News "37 The Borsuk-Ulam Theorem 356 i i ‘SK Drfnmation Reacts nt Homoroy Tyre 359 Chapter 4 Countbility and Separation Axioms 59 The Fundaentl Group of * 348 30 The Countatty uoms @ Fanlutitl Gps of Some Surfaces m0 3L_ The Separation Axioms 52 Nonmal Spaces ‘Chapter 10 Separation Theorem in the Phe m6 33. The Ursnin emma {The Joedan Separation Theorem 316 34 The Ursota Metrization Theorem +62 marance of Domain Sar “33. The Tee Extension Theorem (63. The Jordan Curve Tooter a5 +36 Imbeddings of Manifolds (64 Imbedding Graphs in the Plane oot "Supplementary Exerises: Kevew of di Bask 6S. Th Winding Number of Simple Clnead Cre oot 6 The Cancy Integral Formula 403 ter$ ‘The Tychonoff Theorem 20 The Tychonoff Theorem 230 ‘Chapter IL The Seifertvan Kampen Theorem 407 38 The Stone Cech Compacifcation ar (OF Direct Sums of Abelian Groups 307 (6 Free Products of Groups an ‘Chapter 6 Metrization Theorems and Paracompactness @ Free Groups a 39) Local Hinteness 10 The Sefer-wan Kampen Theorem 26 449. The Nagat-Smimov Metization Theorem 71 The Fundamental Group ofa Wedge of Circles, 34 441 Paracompactness 72 Adjoining 2 Too cat ae 422. The Smimnoy Metsigation Theorem 73. The Fundamental Groups ofthe Tors andthe Dunee Cap 42x Contents Chap 2 Clasicatin of Suter "Fundamental Groups of Surtaces 18. Homotopy ot Stes 76 Cutting and Pasting 17 TheChasitetion Theor 78 Constreting Compact Surfaces Chapter 13. Clasifcaton of Covering Spaces 3D. Bguivalenoe of Covering Spaces 80 The Universal Covering Space 81. Coveing Transformations 82. Existence of Covering Spaces. “Supplementary Exercises: Topological Properties and Chapter 4 Applications to Group Theory. 3 Covering Spaces of Graph 4 The Furamental Group ofa Graph 85. Subgroups ofFree Groups Bibliography Auten 446 ast ar 402 am a 78 437 a4 a S13 Preface “Ts bok inte ton for a ee (verse inoduation topology, at the senior or ist year graduate lev “The sect of topology 8 of interest in ts own ight, nd it aso serves to lay the foundation for future stay in analysis, in geometry and in algebraic topology. There ino universal agreement among matbematicians as to what a fst course in topology ‘hou inch: there aw many opis that ae appropriate such a couse and not all ‘ae equally relevant to these iting purposes T th choice of material to be treated, have tic to sks balane among the various pointe of view Prerequisite, There are ao formal subject mater prerequisites for studying most of this book. Ido aot even asume te reader knows much Set theory. Having Sad tha, [must hasten toad hat unless the reader has studied abit of analysis or “tigorous calculus," mich ofthe motivation forthe concep introduced inthe Fst part ofthe bok willbe missing ‘Things wil go mane cmasthly if hee ce lady hac some experience with continuous functions, open and closed sets, metric spaces, and the Te alknge mone ofthese in axtualy atsured fn Par I we do assume arity ‘withthe elements of group theory ‘Mast students ina topology course have, in my experience, some knowledge uf the foundations of matematics, Bur the amount varies a geat deal fom one stident tw anoher Therefore, begin with fi thorough chapter on et theory ad ogc. It ‘tots ar an elementary evel and works up oa level hat might be described as “Semi- sophisticated” I treats those topics (and only thos) that wil be needed ater inthe ‘books Most tae wil already be Emilion withthe mari ofthe ret ew eens, ‘nu many of them wil find thei expertise disappearing Somewhere about the idlesii Preface he cape How much tine and eto the istracor wil pe to ped ont ‘Ships i tas pend tayey onthe mater opiicvon a eerie of these, Ait tdo he exerci renl (an ory) soul serve a Srewomatecepon for cermin ter uns ener 0 hey Sates forthe soe o eg he stay of so. Many sen and instore), wou petro skp te Younes! mei cf Chote an jn etn fe sy of toon, One goes he foundations, Sowever ony athe Wk of ae cenfsion and et. Wha one can 6 i 0 wea anny oe sets ta ar ede ot nse. potoning the eine nt dey we nected The st even sions hough combi ae nce throughout Sh book wu aia sue of he an reting and acon at Sess 9 thu 10 one om of cove and well rein, eno rede unt the diction ‘Seampcaee an Chop’ Seton sone mash primi sa posioned ‘en lner ih pended nly forthe Tycoon theorem Chater and he tere ne fumetl group near ph (Chup 9). Tow he bok morgane Thi tok anh es for umberf ferent courses The ated oan aly possi os cable he xr 0 follow so oun peerences i ie ate. a coisig of he rit chapa i dt te sit omy called pose tpg Te hs fur capes Gest i he bay walt ‘tiny anne, ould be nce nay noon topology cous wot of he tom Ths tecnico of js ang ey ‘Site opaogca spurs oes compaces (ough comps sepia. an te coon, andsparaon anions (hough te Uso ee Eten. The emaing fur chops of Pt Talo tition Ops: they ae eal edependet of one sate, depending on on the oe mater Setar the uo ay ae en oy any ods Dot he hoor Par fcoatie annoduton othe bjt algebra Topology Iden cl the coe teal of Chaps 1-4 TS pa the ook we wih oe ‘Toamane th mons of foment group a eoveing Space. long with thei tary andsaned plains. Soe the chprs of Pat are independent Fone ‘Be Pi spetinc among ten exes in the flowing dara: reper? The ne ron * ‘Chapter 19 Separation Theureins in tie Plame cooper It The Seven Kangen Tee (bape t2Casinin Sues \ / evap 3 Casi Covina Sees eae Cctapie 14 Application to Group Theory Preface a CCerain sections ofthe book are marked wih an asterisk; these sections may be mite or pop with no las af comtinty. Certain thrones ane eked sit ‘lary. Any dependence of later material on these aseisked sections or theorems is indicated atthe dime, and again whoa the css are nocded. Some ofthe eeriaes also depend on enlier asterisk material, but in such cases the dependence is abvious ‘Sets of supplementary exercises appear at the ends several ofthe chapters, They provide an opportunity for exploration of topics that verge somewhat fam the main thnst ofthe book; an ambicous student might use one asa ass for an indepeodent paper or research project. Most ae fuel self-contained, but the one on topological ‘roups has asa sequela number of additonal exercises onthe opcthat app in tr ‘tation ofthe book omit course walls, Mant guanine tn tnt fo a cove i yea topology will wish to cover Chapters 1-4, along withthe Tychonoff theorem it Chap ter 3. Many will cover agaional topics 36 well. Fosspuites include the folowing the Stone-Cech compoctifiation (638), metrizaton theorems (Chapter 6), dhe Peano curve ($44), AScoli's theorem ($45 andor $47), and dimension theory ($50). Ihave, in diferent semester. followed each ofthese options. Fora one-semeser course in algebraic topology, one can expect to cover most of Patt Its als posible 1 eat both aspects of topology in a single semester, although ‘wi some coresponcing 188 of dep. One reasbie oti Tor sucha course Would consist of Chapters 1-3, followed by Chapter 9; the later does ot depend on the material of Chapter 4. (The nowasterisked setons of Chapters 10 and 13 also are independent of Chapter 4.) Comments am this edition, The reader whic fiir with the ret etn of book will find no substantial changes in the part of the book dealing with general fepology. 1 have confined ase Ingely to "ie-cning” the text mata a die exercises. However, th final chaper of the fis edition, which dealt with algebraic ‘opoiogy, hasbeen subsanally expanded and rewrite, Ichas become Pan Il of is book. Inthe years since the ist edition appeared ithas become increasingly common to offer topology 25a two-term couse, the fist devoted to general topology andthe second to algetraic topology. By expanding the tretnent ofthe later subect. have intended to make this revision serve the needs of such course, Acknowledgments, Mos of the toplogists with whom {hve studied, or whose books I hve read, have contnbuted in one way Or another fo thie book) T metion| ‘only Edwin Moise, Raymond Wiléer, Gail Young ané Raoul Bot, bu thee are many lors. Foret helpful commen Concerning ths hook, my thanks ro Ken BOW, Russ MeMillan, Robert Moshe, and John Hempery, and to my colleagues George ‘Whitehead and Kenneth Hortnan “The reatment of algebraic topology has been substantially influenced bythe excel- lent book by Wiliam Massey [M],o whom lexpress appreciation. Ficlly, tanks arexiv Prefice de Adam Lewenberg of MactoTEX for is extraordinary skill nd patience in setting text and juggling gues, ‘But most ofall, o my students go my most healt thanks. From ther I learned at Teast as muchas they di from me; withou them tis book would be very ferent 1RM A Note to the Reader ‘Two matters require comment—the exercises and the examples ‘Working problems isa crcial par of leaning mathematics, No one can learn topology merely by poring over the dfiritions theorems, and examples that are worked futinthe ext One ret wok port oft froneca Ta provide hat appeiy ie ‘the purpose ofthe exercises. ‘They vary bu dint, withthe easier ones usualy given Rist. Sor verifications designed wo test whether you have understood te definitions o examples ‘ot te preceding section. Others ae less routine. You may, fr instance, We asked 49 ‘generalize a theorem ofthe ext, Alinough te result obtained may be intresting nits ‘ow ight, the main purpose of such an exercise so encourage you to work carefully ‘hugh the proof in question. mastering its ideas thoroughly—more thorously ( hope!) dan mere memoiztion would demand ‘Somme exercise are phrased in ar “open ended” feshion. Sets olen i hi practice fusatng, When faced with an exercie tat aks, "Is every regular Lindelt ace nota ey sap in exasperation don know what I'm supposed to do! ‘Am [suppose to prove itor finda counterexample or what” But mathematics (outside textbooks is usually ike Wis, More otter tha no, all a mathematician has 0 Work with isa conecture or question, and he or she does Know what the corect answer ‘is, You shuld ave some experience with his situation. 2 few merce tha ar moe iil than he ret am marked with asterisks. But one are so dificult ut ha the Best student in my las can sully solve them.avi ANNote oie Reader Another important pat of mastering any mathematical subjects acquiring a reper ‘oie of useful examples. One should, of couse, come to know those major examples from whose sty the theory tel derives. and fo which the important appliextions ate made. But one should also have afew counterexamples at hand with which to test, ausible const ‘Now i all oo easy in studying topology to spend too much time dealing with ‘weit coumeretamples”‘Constunting dem Leyte ingly aul is often great fun. But they are nt really what topology is about, Forunately, one doesnot nee too many such counterexamples fora Rest course; there i a fail shot lst at will sul for most purposes. Let me pve i hee: 12) the pect of the el Line with tse, inthe product, uniform, and box topo ies. By the eal ine nthe topology having the intervals (a) asa basis ‘athe minimal uncountable well-ordered se 12 the clove unit square in he ditonary order topology. “These ae the examples you should master and remember; they will be exploited Part I GENERAL TOPOLOGYChapter 1 Set Theory and Logic Wie adopt, as most mathematicians do, the naive point of view reganing set theory {Ne sll senna that wha meant by aso of aarti lear ane we shall proceed on thar bass without analyzing te coneepé fuer. Such an analysis properly elongs to the foundations of ache matic and mathematic! igi, and iti ot our urpose to intate the study of those els ‘Logicians have analyzed set theory in great deal and hey have formulated a tems for the sujet Fach of thee axons expresses a property of sets that mathe Imatcians commonly accept, and collectively th axioms provide a foundation broad ing and song cough atte et of mathematics canbe built on hem cis unfortunatly true that careless use of set theory eying on intuition alone can lead to contradictions. Indeed, one of the reasons fo the axomtization of set ‘heory was to formulate rules for dealing with sets that would avoid these contac tions, Although we sll not deal withthe axioms expicily, the rules we foliow in (eating nih sets dervefeom them Tn hi ho, yo wil learn how to deal with sets in an “aprentice”fshion, by observing how we handle them and by working wih them yoeroetl At soune pit fy sis, 904 ry wish fo study set theory more areflly and in pester deal ten a couse i Togc or foundations wl be in ore, 34 Set Theory and Logic ar $1 Fundamental Concepts Here we introduce the ideas of set theory, and establish the basic terminology and notation. We also discuss some points of elementary logic that, m our experience, are apt io cause confusion, asi Notation Commonly we shal use capital ters, B, .t9 denote et, and lowercase eters 4, b, «0 denote the objects or elements belonging to these seis. If an object a ‘belongs to set, We express tis ct by dhe nuaion Ia dues wo elog a, me capes ths ft by wing ga “The equality symbol —is used Uoughout this bolo mean Toga! identi. Ths, when we wttea = b, we mean that “a” and“ ae symbols forthe same object. Thi {shat one mean in arte, for example, wha ute wis 3 — }. Silat, she ‘equation & = B sate that “A” andB” are symbols forte sme set; that is, A and B consist of precisely the same abject fa and b are diferent objects, we write a Dy andi A and B ar different sts, we wcite 4 2B. Forexample if isthe se ofall nonnegative eal numbers, and B isthe se ofall postive real mers, then A 3B because the number O belongs A and aot 0B. We at tis asubser of D iPovery clement of isalko an alement of Band swe expe this fact by wring Acs [Nothing inthis definition requires Ato be itferent from Bin fact, if A= Bits te at bath Ac Band D.C A, IEA CB end A is diferent from By ove ey that A ea proper subset of B, and we write age. “The relations C and are called inclusion and proper inclusion, respectively. If ACB, we iso wre B > A, which’ ead" contains A” ‘ow does one go about speciying 2 sat? If the set has only a few elements, one «an simply ist the abject in the set, wating “A ste se onslstng oF the elements a, and" In symbols, his statement becomes A where braces afe used to enclose the is of elements la.bseh 2 Fundamental Concepts “The usual way to spell ae, however, ico ake some se A of objects and some ‘property that elements of tray OF may ot posers, apd to fem the set consisting (fal elements of A having that property. For instance, one might take the st of teal numbers ed fran te sbsct B using ofall even integers. In symbol, this statement becomes B= (x xisaneven integer Here the braces stand forthe words "the set of” andthe vertical ar stands forthe twos “such that” The equation i ead "B isthe st ofall such that xis an even ieee” “The Union of Sete and the Meaning of oe Given two sets A and B, one can form a from them that consists ofall the elements of together with all th elements of B. This st is called the union of And 2 and ie danoted by AU B. Formal, we define AUD [e|xeaorx eB ‘But we nt pune at hs pot ain ake soe enaly what we mca bythe statment “reaorre B” Tn ondnary everyday English, te word “ors ambiguous. Sometimes the stat iment "P of O” means "P or Q, or both” and sometimes it means “P or Q, but aot both Usually one decides from he context which meaning is intended. For example, sonposeFepoke tan int ae flows hie Smt every tet eptre fo cone hae ae ithe ein Tncaralgeba os course analy Mi one, ter you get gra atest on he Ral exam ou wl nk ihscomne?” In the comet. Miss Smith knows perfect well that I mean “everyone hs had linear algebra or analysis, or both" and Me Jones knows I mean "either he ges at lest 70 fre dunks, bt nt th Tslen, Me Jones wld he exceedingly mnhnpy i oth stuements ued out tobe ee! Ti maliantvs, one cannot tolerate such ambiguity. One has to pick just one meaning and stick witht or confusion wil ego. Accordingly, mathematicians have ‘greed hat they wil use the Word “oF in the Mest sense, so tate semen" or Q™ ways means “P or Q, or bot” Ifone means Pr Q, but nt bot,” then oe has to Jncade the phase “hut not bot” explicitly ‘Wah hic umdorctaaing, he ein defining ALA is unambiguous: estates that AUB i the set consisting of al element x that belong o A orto B oro hath6 Set Theory and Logic chr ‘The Imersection of Sets, the Empty Set, and the Meaning of “If... Thea” Given sets A and B, another way oe can form a st st take the common part of A land B, Tisse calle tedndereetion ofA and B wali deneted by ANB, Toomally, ‘we define ANB =l[x]x¢Aandx € 8) ‘Bur justas wit the definition ofA U B thee isfy. The dificult i notin the meaning of the word "and itis ofa diferent sort. Itanses when theses A and ‘agpen to have no elements in common. Wha! meaning does the symbol A 9B have insocha case? "To take care ofthis eventalty. woe mike a special convention We inten a special set that we call the empty St, denoted by 2, which we thnk of as “the set ving elec” ‘Using ths comenton, we express the statement that 4 and have no elements in ‘common bythe equation ans=e, We also express iis tact by saying that A ane are doit [Now some stadents are bothered bythe nation ofa “empty set” “How” they 52. “can you havea et with nothing in 7" The problem is similar to that which arose ‘many year ago when the umber 0 was fst inroduced. "The empty st is only a convention, snd mathematics could very well get akong without i Buti a very comeniont convention, for i saves us a good dea of awkwardness in saing theorems and in roving them. Without tis convention, for instance, ome Would ave W prove Usa the to ets Aaa By ave leu a ‘common before one could se the motaon A. B. Silay the notation C= [x] € A and.x has acenain property| could not be wscd if it happened that no element x of A had the given property. Its ‘ach more convenient to ages that AB and C equal the empty sein such cases, ‘Since the empty set @ i merely a convention, we must make conventions relating it wo the concept aleeady intoduced. Because & is thought of as “the set with m0 ements itis lear ise shuld make the convention that rach ajert the rltinn [re 2 does not hole, Similarly, the definitions of union and imersection show that for Crery st A we should have the equations AUa=A and Anema. “The iusion slain i ait une chy. Ginen a set A, should we agree that 12 c A? Once more, we must be careful abou the way mahematicians we the English language. The expression 2 C 18a shorthand Way of wrnng me sentence, “Every clement that belongs to the empty st also belongs to the set A" Or to pu it more u Fundamental Concepts 7 formally, “For every object x, i belongs othe empl set then x also belongs to the Ts this statement true of not? Some might say “yes” and eters say “no" You will never setlethe question by argument, only by agreement. This is a statement of ‘he form “IF P. then Q” and in evervday English the meaning ofthe "if... then” ‘construction it ambiguous. always means that if P is re, then Q is tive aso Somme that allt means other time t means Something more: that Piss, {Qt be false, Usoally one decides from he context which interpretation correct. “The situations smart the ambi the use of he wud" Que can efor ‘ulate the examples involving Miss Smith and Mr Jones to illustrate the ambiguity Soppose Isai the following Mis Smith if any student eistered fortis course fas mo tien a couse in ‘Me ne, ify gt grade below 70.0 he ial, you ar going to Hunk this Inthe context, Mis Smith understands thar if student in the couse hs wothad linear algebra then hea akon analysis, bt ih hs had inca algebra, he sy ce may not have taken analysis as well. And Me Jones knows tha if he gets aprade Below 70, he ‘wll unk the course, bw i he yes ytd at east 70, be wil pss Asin, mathematics cannot tolerate ambiguity, so a chove of meanings must be sade, Maihematcians have agreed aways (0 use “if... then!” inthe ist sens, 30 ‘hata statement ofthe form “If, then ” means that if is tue, Q is true also, but i P is false, Q may be either tre false. ‘Assn sample, consider the following attement abou rel numbers a> Oitens £0, leis statement of the form, “IP, then Q." where isthe phrase “x > (called the hypothesis of the statement and isthe phrase “x! #0" (called the eonelsion ofthe statement). This sa re statement, for in every case for which the hypothesis r= Dhalds, the cocloson x3: Ohl a wel Another ae statement about real numbers isthe Following If? < Othen x = 23; in every cate for which the hypothesis old, the conclusion holds aswell. OF couse, ithappens inthis example that there ae no cases for which the hypothesis holds. A totement of thi oi sometime cid tr be wacunuel rue “To return now tothe empty set and inclusion, we se that the inclusion @ CA oes nd fn every ect As Writing A is he same assaying, “Ix © then 2 AY and this statement is vacuusly tue,