Wireless power transfer;

Wireless power transfer (WPT), wireless power transmission, wireless energy

transmission, or electromagnetic power transfer is the transmission of electrical energy without
wires. Wireless power transmission technologies use time-varying electric, magnetic,
or electromagnetic fields. Wireless transmission is useful to power electrical devices where
interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or are not possible.
Wireless power techniques mainly fall into two categories, non-radiative and radiative. In near
field or non-radiative techniques, power is transferred by magnetic fields using inductive
coupling between coils of wire, or by electric fields using capacitive coupling between
metal electrodes. Inductive coupling is the most widely used wireless technology; its applications
include charging handheld devices like phones and electric toothbrushes, RFID tags, and
chargers for implantable medical devices like artificial cardiac pacemakers, or electric vehicles.
In far-field or radiative techniques, also called power beaming, power is transferred by beams
of electromagnetic radiation, like microwavesor laser beams. These techniques can transport
energy longer distances but must be aimed at the receiver. Proposed applications for this type
are solar power satellites, and wireless powered drone aircraft.[1][2][3]
An important issue associated with all wireless power systems is limiting the exposure of people
and other living things to potentially injurious electromagnetic fields.[4][5]

HOW TO CONVERT ELECTRICITY INTO LASER:

 There are two
ways for it to
convert
electrical signal
into the optical
signal.
The first is to use the electrical signal to modulate the driving current through
the laser. My senior project in college involved doing this with an off-the-shelf
laser diode. This is easy and cheap to do, but comes with bandwidth limitations
(i.e. higher bandwidth needs higher bias power and also induces ringing)
The other way is to use an external optical modulator, which affects the optical
power transmission through it. This way is more expensive, but allows for
much greater bandwidth with much flatter frequency response and lower needed
power.

 A modern alternative to sending (binary) digital information via electric voltage

signals is to use optical (light) signals. Electrical signals from digital circuits (high/low
voltages) may be converted into discrete optical signals (light or no light) with LEDs
or solid-state lasers. Likewise, light signals can be translated back into electrical form
through the use of photodiodes or phototransistors for introduction into the inputs
of gate circuits.

MICROWAVE technology:
Microwaves tend to "fly in all directions" unless they are directed. However,
this is what the antenna does—directs the microwaves. In my
experimentation, I discovered that a slight cone-shaped metal funnel has the
best microwave-focusing ability. I was able to fry an old cell phone from up to
10 feet using three magnetrons and one funnel. This constitutes to about
6,000 watts (W) of directed energy, quite an accomplishment for 15 bucks
spent at a thrift store. The circuit diagram for each individual magnetron
looked something like this:

On a basic level, the circuit consists of a transformer, a voltage doubler (diode

and capacitor) and a magnetron. The three MOTs draw lots of power, so I had
to hook everything into a thick, direct mains line. The magnetron itself looks
like this:

How much distance can be covered by light?

A wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) visible light communiction (VLC) system employing red

and green laser pointer lasers (LPLs) with directly modulating data signals is proposed and
experimentally demonstrated. With the assistance of preamplifier and adaptive filter at the
receiving sites, low bit error rate (BER) at 10m/500Mbps operation is obtained for each wavelength.
The use of preamplifier and adaptive filter offer significant improvements for free-space
transmission performance. Improved performance of BER of <10−9, as well as better and clear eye
diagram were achieved in our proposed WDM VLC systems. LPL features create a new category
of good performance with high-speed data rate, long transmission length (>5m), as well as easy
handling and installation. This proposed WDM VLC system reveals a prominent one to present its
advancement in simplicity and convenience to be installed.

Current and/or
Range[ Directivit Frequen Antenna
Technology 15] possible future
y[9] cy devices
applications

Inductive
Short Low Hz – MHz Wire coils Electric tooth brush and
coupling
razor battery charging,
 induction stovetops and
industrial heaters.

Charging portable
devices (Qi), biomedical
Tuned wire
Resonant implants, electric
kHz – coils, lumped
inductive Mid- Low vehicles, powering
GHz element
coupling buses, trains,
resonators
MAGLEV, RFID, smartca
rds.

Charging portable
Capacitive kHz – Metal plate devices, power routing in
Short Low
coupling MHz electrodes large-scale integrated
circuits, Smartcards.

Charging electric
Magnetodyna Rotating
Short N.A. Hz vehicles, buses,
mic coupling[13] magnets
biomedical implants.

Parabolic
dishes, phased Solar power satellite,
Microwaves Long High GHz
arrays, rectenn powering drone aircraft.
as

Lasers, Powering drone aircraft,

Light waves Long High ≥THz photocells, powering space elevator
lenses climbers.

 Far-field or radiative region – Beyond about 1 wavelength (λ) of the antenna, the electric
and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other and propagate as an electromagnetic
wave; examples are radio waves, microwaves, or light waves.[6][12][17] This part of the energy
is radiative,[18] meaning it leaves the antenna whether or not there is a receiver to absorb it.
The portion of energy which does not strike the receiving antenna is dissipated and lost to
the system. The amount of power emitted as electromagnetic waves by an antenna depends
on the ratio of the antenna's size Dant to the wavelength of the waves λ,[26] which is
determined by the frequency: λ = c/f. At low frequencies fwhere the antenna is much smaller
than the size of the waves, Dant << λ, very little power is radiated. Therefore the near-field
devices above, which use lower frequencies, radiate almost none of their energy as
electromagnetic radiation. Antennas about the same size as the wavelength Dant ≈ λ such
as monopole or dipole antennas, radiate power efficiently, but the electromagnetic waves are
radiated in all directions (omnidirectionally), so if the receiving antenna is far away, only a
small amount of the radiation will hit it.[18][22] Therefore, these can be used for short range,
inefficient power transmission but not for long range transmission.[27]
However, unlike fields, electromagnetic radiation can be focused
by reflection or refraction into beams. By using a high-gain antenna or optical
system which concentrates the radiation into a narrow beam aimed at the receiver, it can
be used for long range power transmission.[22][27] From the Rayleigh criterion, to produce
the narrow beams necessary to focus a significant amount of the energy on a distant
receiver, an antenna must be much larger than the wavelength of the waves
used: Dant >> λ = c/f.[28] Practical beam power devices require wavelengths in the
centimeter region or below, corresponding to frequencies above 1 GHz, in
the microwave range or above.[6]