ORGANIZED CRIME

24
INVESTIGATION

Concept of Organized Crime

➢ Organized Crime poses a direct threat
to national and international security
and stability, and continues a frontal
attack on political and legislative
authority. Organized crimes disrupt
and compromise social and economic
institutions, thus causing a loss of
faith in democratic process.

What is ORGANIZED CRIME?

➢ An organized criminal group shall mean
a structured group of three or more
persons, existing for a period of time
and acting in concert with the aim of
committing one or more serious crimes
or offences in order to obtain,
directly or indirectly, a financial or
other material benefit
➢ Group activities of three or more
persons, with hierarchical links or
personal relationships, which permits
their leaders to earn profits or
control territories or markets,
internal or foreign, by means of
violence, intimidation or corruption,
both in furtherance of criminal
activity and to infiltrate the
legitimate economy.
➢ any enterprise or group of persons
engaged in a continuing illegal
activity which has as its primary
purpose the generation of profits and
continuance of the enterprise
regardless of national borders.
(INTERPOL, according to P.J. Ryan and
G.E. Rush)
For Organized Group to Work usually it
has at least the following:
1. AN ENFORCER
2. A CORRUPTER
3. A CORRUPTEE

• AN ENFORCER
➢ the one who makes for the
arrangements for the killing
(injuring or carrying out the task
physically, economically or
psychologically) the members or
non members.
• A CORRUPTER
- the one who corrupts or bribes,
intimidate or threatens, negotiate
or “sweet talks” into a
relationship with public
officials, law enforcement
officer, or anyone who would be of
help in obtaining security and
immunity from possible arrest,
prosecution and punishments.
• A CORRUPTEE
- a public official, law
enforcement officer or anybody who
not a member of the organization
who helps the organization.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIZED CRIMES

▪ It is a conspiracy activity involving
coordination of members.
▪ Economic gain is the primary goal.
▪ Economic goal is achieved through
illegal means.
▪ Employs predatory tactics such as
intimidation, violence and corruption.
▪ Effective control over members,
associates and victims.
▪ Organized crimes do not include
terrorists dedicated to political
change.
ATTRIBUTES OF ORGANIZED CRIMES
1. Has no Political Goals
Organized crime is basically motivated
by money and power. It is not social
doctrine neither political belief nor
ideological concerns that motivated
leaders and members of the organized
crime groups. Political involvement may
be part of its activities for the purpose
of gaining protection for its illegal
activities.
2. Hierarchical
An organized crime has a vertical
power structure with at least three (3)
ranks. The authority is inherent in the
position and does not depend on who
happens to be occupying it at any given
time.
3. Limited or Exclusive Membership
The criteria such as ethnic background, race, kinship,
criminal record and other similar consideration seems to be the
basis for membership in an organized crime group.
Sponsorship by a ranking members and
behavior characteristics also plays
important factors for recruitment such as
but not limited to: willingness to commit
criminal act, follow the rules and
regulations and secrecy in the
organization.
4. Constitute a unique subculture
Members of the organized crime group
considered themselves distinct from the
conventional society. They look at the
society as “weak and stupid” and treat
them with derisions if not contempt, and
therefore not subject to its rules. This
is sometimes referred to as “the
underworld”.
5. Perpetuates itself
An organized criminal group
constitutes an ongoing criminal
conspiracy designed to persist through
time; that is, beyond the life of the
current membership. In order for the
group to survive, it must have an
institutionalized process for inducting
new members and inculcating them with the
values and ways of behaving of the social
system. This is shown by the depth of the
sub-cultural orientation exhibited by the
group.
6. Willingness to use Illegal Violence
and Bribery
Violence is readily available and
acceptable in an organized crime group as
a means to achieve its goal. Bribery
becomes necessary so as to protect its
operation and insure lesser chance of
detection and suppression.
7. Specialization/Division of Labor
There is a need for established
functional position filled with qualified
members. Commonly, there is a need for:
(1) an enforcer, one who carries out
difficult assignments involving the use
of violence, including murder, in a
rational manner. He may use members or
non members or even a specialist to carry
out the assignment; and
(2) a corrupter (fixer/money mover),
excels in developing contacts.
8. Monopolistic
An organized crime group eschew
competition. It strives for hegemony over
a particular geographic area, a
particular “industry”, legitimate or
illegitimate, or a combination of both.
A monopoly, of course, restrains “free
trade” and increases profits. An
organized crime monopoly is maintained by
violence, by the threat of violence, or
by corrupt relationships with law
enforcement officials. A combination of
both methods, violence and corruption,
may be employed.
9. Governs by explicit rules and
regulations
 An organized crime group, like a
legitimate organization, has a set of
rules and regulations that members are
expected to follow.
In an organized crime group, however, a
rule-violating member is not fired but,
more likely, fired upon

STRUCTURE OF ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS

1. The Bureaucratic / Corporate model
2. Patrimonial/ Patron Client
• The Bureaucratic/ Corporate Model
The corporation, the police, and the military are examples
of bureaucracies, that mode of organization essential for
efficiently carrying out large scale tasks.
• Patrimonial/ Patron Client
It is a characteristic of
traditional societies that centers on
families, patrons and their clients,
and other personalities networks.

GENERIC TYPE OF ORGANIZED CRIMES

1. Political Graft
- committed by political criminals for
purposes of gaining profit though
violence or force for the attainment of
political goals or ambitions such as used
of private armies, buying of votes or
threatening voters.
2. In-Group Oriented Organized Crime
- manned by semi-organized individual
with the end view of attaining
psychological gratification such as
adolescent gangs.
3. Mercenary/Predatory organized crime
- perpetuated for the attainment of
direct personal gain but prey upon
unwilling victims.
4. Syndicated Crimes
- comes with a structure organization
that participates in illicit activity in
society using force, or intimidation.
TYPICAL ORGANIZED CRIME ACTIVITIES
1. THEFT and FRAUD
Victimizing business:
▪ Hijacking of cargo trucks
▪ Robbery Bankruptcy fraud (“bust-out”)
▪ Insurance Fraud Stock Fraud (Inside
Trading)
Victimizing individual persons:
▪ Car theft (chop-shop or export)
▪ Burglary (robbery in a building)
▪ Stock Fraud (pump and dump scam)
Victimizing State:
▪ Bid-rigging public projects
▪ Counterfeiting of Money Smuggling
(Alcohol –bootlegging; Cigarettes –
butt legging)
Providing immigrant workers to avoid
taxes
2. PROVIDING ILLEGAL SERVICES and GOODS
▪ Loan Sharking
▪ Murder for hire (contract killing)
▪ Book making
▪ Toxic Substance
▪ Gambling
▪ People Smuggling (the procurement to
obtain a financial or other material
benefit of the illegal entry of a
person into a state party of which the
person is not a national.)
▪ Prostitution ( act of providing sexual
services to another person in return
for payment)
▪ Human Trafficking (is the illegal
trade of human beings for the purposes
of slavery, commercial sexual
exploitation, forced labor)
▪ Drug Trafficking (
▪ Arms dealing/arms trafficking (smuggling of contraband weapons
or ammunitions)
▪ Pornography
3. BUSINESS and LABOR RACKETEERING
▪ Casino skimming
▪ Setting up monopolies in rigid market
 low tech industries.
▪ Bid-rigging
▪ Abusing labor unions
▪ Extortion (e.g. construction,
transport, etc)
▪ Use of non-union labor and pocketing
the wage difference.
▪ Monopolizing the supply of immigrant
workers with the associated people;
smuggling.
4. Miscellaneous Activities:
▪ Money laundering(is disguising illegal
sources of money so that it looks like
it came from legal sources);
▪ Political corruptions;
▪ Bullying; and
▪ Piracy.
MAFIA
➢ is a term used to describe a number of
criminal organizations around the
world
➢ the first organization to bear the
label was the Sicilian Mafia based in
Italy, known to its members as Cosa
Nostra

OMERTA
➢ is a code of silence and secrecy that
forbids Mafiosi from betraying their
comrades to the authorities.
The foundation of the entire mafia is
respect. Fear is the engine, and money is
the fuel. But longevity of the mafia as
an enterprise is built upon an abiding
and uncommon sense of respect.
According to legend, the word Mafia
was first used in the Sicilian revolt –
the Sicilian Vespers – against rule of
the Capetian House of Anjou on 30 March
1282. In this legend, Mafia is the
acronym for "Morte Alla Francia, Italia
Anela" (Italian for "Death to France,
Italy cries!"). However, this version is
now discarded by most serious historians.

RULES OF AMERICAN MAFIA

1. Always show respect to those who can
command it.
2. Report any failure to show respect to
one’s patron immediately.
3. Violence must be used, even if only a
limited type, to ensure respect.
4. Never ask for surnames.
5. Never resort to violence in a dispute
with a member or associate of another
family.
6. Never resort to, or even threaten,
violence in a member of your family.
7. Do not use the telephone except to
arrange a meeting place, preferably in
code, from which you will then travel
to a place to discuss business.
8. Avoid mentioning specifics when
discussing business-for example names,
dates, and places- beyond those
absolutely necessary for
understanding.
9. Keep your mouth shut-anything you
hear, anything you see, stays with
you, in your head; do not talk about
it.
10. Do not ask necessary questions. The
amount of information given to you is
all you need to carry out your
instructions.
11. Never engage in homosexual
activities.
12. If your patron arranges for two
parties to work together, he assumes
responsibility for arbitrating any
disputes between the parties.
13. The boss can unilaterally direct
violence, including murder, against
any member of his family, but he
 cannot engage in murder-for-hire, that
is, make a profit from murder.
14. The boss cannot use violence against
a member or close associate of another
family without prior consultation with
that family’s boss.
15. The principal form of security in the
American Mafia is an elaborate system
of referral and vouching. Vouching for
someone who turns out to be an
informant or undercover officer
entails the death penalty.
Who is AL CAPONE?
​Alphonse Gabriel “Al” Capone was
American gangster who led a Prohibition-
era crime syndicate. The Chicago Outfit,
which subsequently became known as the
“Capones”, was dedicated to smuggling and
bootlegging liquor, and other illegal
activities such as prostitution in
Chicago from the early 1920s to 1931.

RUSSIAN ORGANIZED CRIME

VORY V ZAKONE
➢ aka “ thieves with code of honor”
It is the Sicilian counterpart, linked
to a territorial-based provision of
protection services and to alliance
between upper world and the underworld.
It is characterized by the three types
of actors in crime picture at Russia
namely:
(1) corrupt government officials,
(2) shady business tycoons (oligarch);
and
(3) members of criminal gang headed by a
so called authorities and loosely tied
with criminal fraternity known as
“thieves in law” (Vory V. Zakone). They
were able to create protective roof
through their financial and fraternity
connection.
 ORGANIZED CRIME IN NORTH AMERICA (LATINO GANGS)
It first formed in the barrios in the 1920s. By 1990s, the
Major Latino gangs had joined into two syndicates, the Nortenos
based in northern California and the Surtenos based in Southern
Califoria.
The Nortenos include such gangs as Big
Hazard, the Breed Street Gang and the
Silver Leaf Nortenos (SLN).
The Surtenos include the Assasins,
King Kobra and Mara Salvatrucha.

In the Midwest
The Latino gang coalesced into two
syndicates, the Folk Nation and the
Peoples Nation based in Chicago.
In Texas, Mexican American gangs have
proliferated with the Mexican Mafia,
the PRM (Partido Revolucionario
Mexicano), and Mexicles being the most
prominent.

In the Eastern United States

The major syndicates are La Gran Raza
(The Great Race) and La Gran Familia (The
Great Family). The Dominican Gangs became
the major player in Drug trade in
Metropolitan New York and in Northern New
Jersey.

In Miami and Dade County, Florida,

The Cuban Mafia has built a strong
base, having taken advantage of an
alliance with Santo Trafficante’s Italian
American Mafia family based in Tampa.
In Puerto Rico, the Neta Association
began as a prison gang, but it has spread
beyond the island and beyond the prison
walls.

ORGANIZED CRIME IN ASIA

China Organized Criminal Groups
1. Gangs (Triad) = work in cooperative
ventures involving black market
activities, burglaries and thefts,
hijackings and extortions.
2. Criminal Syndicates = commonly
involved in sophisticated crimes such as
prostitutions, human trafficking and
other organized form of both are involved
in drug trafficking particularly of
heroin from the golden triangle as well
as Exploitation of women and children and
smuggling of illegal immigrants vices.
Dragon Syndicates is another name for the
Chinese Triads, a name popularized by
Martin Booth’s much acclaimed study “The
Dragon Syndicates: the Global Phenomenon
of the Triads (New York: Carroll and
Graf, 2000).
The Triad came from the symbolic
triangle in their flag which indicates
the three (3) elements: The Heaven, The
Earth and the Man.

Hong Kong Organized Criminal Groups

Triads, such as “Wo Sing Wo” and 14K
are two of the many triads in Hongkong.
They are involved in various activities
ranging from drug trafficking to
corruption.
ICAC- Independent Commission Against
Corruption is one of the most active
Criminal Justice Unit involved in
controlling illicit activities of these
triads

JAPAN Yakuza (8-9-3) or Boryokudan

- is the most influential organized crime
group in Japan.
- Yakuza makes billions of dollars
through corporate extractions and the
Sokoiya (shareholders meeting men).
- Other activities that they are involved
include exploitation of women,
prostitutions (mostly coming from the
Philippines, Thailand and Taiwan) and
gambling den.
CAMBODIA
 Drug trafficking and human smuggling
are the most notable organized criminal
activities in Cambodia which are widely
controlled by the Chinese and Myanmorese.
Other activities involved gambling,
corruption, prostitution and money
laundering. Due to people’s belief of the
effect of having sex with virgin women,
prostitution became one of the most
expensive organized crime and virgin
women are the highest valued commodities.

REPUBLIC OF KOREA
KEANDAL EMENING SCARUPS
Although not considered as criminal
groups, they also engage in criminal
activities someway to help the weak and
the poor. They are notable for their
loyalty and faithfulness.
Organized criminal groups come in the
form of political groups used as henchmen
to attack political rivals
Several organized groups are
associated with YAKUZA and other groups
in the United States are involved mostly
in drug trafficking, prostitution and
exploitation of women.
MYANMAR
Myanmar has the largest organized
crime groups controlled by military
Junta. It includes the following: *United
Wa State Army (UWSA) – under the command
of Wei-Huseh-Kong – has connection with
Southeast Asian and North America. *
Kinkang Chinese – in coordination with
MNDAA, protects cultivation areas and
refining of drugs. * Myanmar National
Democratic Alliance Army – control the
plantations and refine opium into heroin
and also produced methamphetamine.
Trafficking of women and children to
Pakistan and Thailand and corruption are
also some of the activities of the group.
TAIWAN
Taiwan organized crime has close
connection with the Chinese Triads and
Hong Kong particularly the United Bamboo
Gang. They are involved in drug
trafficking, prostitution, women and
child trafficking.
SINGAPORE
This is the country with the lowest
cases of organized activities due to
stringent laws and severe penalties and
the government’s strong will power for
the implementation of laws.
THAILAND
The country considered to be the most
notorious in the world in terms of sex
industry. Supplies or imports about one
(1) million women in different countries
in Asia.

VIETNAM
“Nam Cam Gang” is one of the most
noted organized crime group in Vietnam
and known for drug trafficking and one of
the major transit point of drugs in Laos,
Myanmar, China and Taiwan from Cambodia.
PHILIPPINES
The country considered as the heaven
for the sex industry. A number of women
are sent abroad as entertainers but later
end-up as prostitutes. Thailand, Japan
and other Asian Countries are common
places of their destination. Young
children for pedophiles are also being
catered.
1. Francisco Group
- Dragon or Kuratong Baleleng Group, now
led by Manuel Francisco, operates in
Visayas and Mindanao
2. Pentagon Group
- operates in Mindanao headed by Tahir
Alonto, a creation of MILF to generate
funds. Alonto is a nephew of MILF
Chairman AL HAJ MURAD
3. Lexus Group
- specializes in carnapping and operates
in NCR and Luzon
4. Rex “Wacky” Salud Group
- engaged in illegal gambling and
operates in Cebu

5. Vic Yu Group
- engages in illegal gambling and
operates in Visayas.
6. Superable Family
- a kidnapping for ransom (KFR) group
with a 1 Million prize for the leader’s
head who was killed in action during a
shoot-out with law enforcers
7. Martires KFR group
- killed in Action (KIA)
8. Waray-Waray Group
- an ethnic group engaged in kidnap for
ransom operations. Members are either
belong from the family clan or natives
from Samar and Leyte. Their leader was
arrested on September 24, 2005.
9. Lupo Rhu Group
- lead by Lupo Miguel Tuliao; Agustin
Cavilan; and Nestor Merin.

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME

CONCEPT OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIME

➢ The concept of transnational crime was
coined by the United Nations (UN)
Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
Branch to identify certain criminal
phenomena transcending international
borders, transgressing the laws of
several states or having impact on
another country.

TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
➢ A continuing illegal activity of group
of person which is primarily concerned
 with the generation of profits,
irrespective of national boundaries as
a result of globalization.
GLOBALIZATION
➢ refers to the rapid development of the
western culture that ultimately
affects other cultures in the world as
brought by intellectual and
technological advances, in which some
crimes occurring in other countries
are attributed.
TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME
➢ is a crime perpetuated by organized
criminal group which the aim of
committing one or more serious crimes
or offenses in order to obtain
directly or indirectly, a financial or
other material benefits committed
through crossing of borders or
jurisdictions
ORGANIZED CRIMINAL GROUP
➢ shall mean a structured group of three
or more persons, existing for a period
of time and acting in concert with the
aim of committing or more serious
crimes or offenses established in
accordance with this convention, in
order to obtain, directly or
indirectly , a financial or material
benefit

SERIOUS CRIME
➢ shall mean conduct constituting an
offence punishable by maximum
deprivation of liberty of at least
four years or a more serious penalty

An offense is transnational in nature if:

1. It is committed in more than one
State;
2. It is committed in one State but
substantial part of its preparation,
 planning, direction or control takes
place in another State;
3. It is committed in one State but
involves an organized criminal group
engages in criminal activities in more
than one State; or
4. It is committed in one State but has
substantial effects in another State.

Factors Making a Nation “hospitable” to

Transnational Crimes
1. Corruption
2. Incomplete or weak legislation
3. Poor enforcement of existing laws
4. Non-transparent financial institutions
5. Unfavorable economic conditions
6. Lack of respect for the rule of law in
society
7. Poorly guarded national borders
8. Lack of political will to establish
rule of law
9. Geographic location (e.g. along arms
or narcotics trafficking route)
10. Regional geopolitical issues (e.g.
long-standing territorial dispute).

PRIMARY STRATEGIES AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL

ORGANIZED CRIME
o Good Governance
o The Rule of Law
o International Cooperation

TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
1. Trafficking in Persons
2. Terrorism
3. Drug Trafficking
4. Cybercrime
5. Money Laundering
6. Environmental Crime
7. Economic crime
8. Intellectual Property Theft
9. Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships
 10. Illicit Trade (smuggling) of Small
Arms and Light Weapons

1. HUMAN TRAFFICKING
TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (TIP)
➢ a form of modern-day slavery
➢ refers to the recruitment,
transportation, transfer or harboring,
or receipt of persons with or without
the victim's consent or knowledge,
within or across national borders by
means of threat or use of force, or
other forms of coercion, abduction,
fraud, deception, abuse of power or of
position, taking advantage of the
vulnerability of the person, or, the
giving or receiving of payments or
benefits to achieve the consent of a
person having control over another
person for the purpose of exploitation
which includes at a minimum, the
exploitation or the prostitution of
others or other forms of sexual
exploitation, forced labor or
services, slavery, servitude or the
removal or sale of organs.

Section 3a, RA 9208

Push Factors to Trafficking
1. Individual level
2. Family
3. Community
4. Society
Individual level
- Lack of education and information
- History of abuse and exploitation
- Women’s aspiration
Family
- Domestic violence or marital discord
- Desertion
- Separation
- Neglect of parents
- Breadwinner or desire to improve the
family’s economic condition
Community
- Congested neighborhood
- Poor housing and living conditions
- Lack of employment opportunities
- Lack of basic social services
Society
- Political and economic insecurity
- Political corruption
- Conflict
- Structural adjustment policies
resulting in the rising cost of living
- Poverty
- power relations and gender inequality
- Lure of migration
- Consumerism
- Supply and demand

Pull factors to trafficking

1. Increased ease of travel (cheaper and
faster travel opportunities, easier
access to passport);
2. Higher salaries and standard of living
in larger cities and countries abroad
(greater possibilities for acquiring
new skills and education, increased
job opportunity, and mobility);
3. Established migration routes and
ethnic, national communities;
4. Active demand for migrant workers in
destination countries combined with
the existence of recruitment agencies
and persons willing to facilitate jobs
and travel; and
5. High expectations of opportunities in
other countries boosted by global
media and internet access and stories
of returning migrants or those whose
families have profited from
remittances.
Republic Act 9208
- Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003
- Approved May 26, 2003
2. COMPUTER CRIME
➢ any crime accomplished through special
knowledge of computer technology.
➢ any crime where computer is used as a
tool or as a target or incidental to
the commission of a crime.
➢ Also known as Cybercrime.

CYBER CRIME IN THE PHILIPPINES

• The LOVE BUG
By far the most popular incidence of
cyber crime in the Philippines is the
“ILOVEYOU Virus” or the LOVE BUG. The
suspect in the case, a 23-year old
student from a popular computer
university in the Philippines drafted the
virus with the vision of creating a
program that is capable of stealing
passwords in computers, ultimately to
have free access to the internet.
During the height of the LOVE BUG
incident, Reuters has reported: "The
Philippines has yet to arrest the
suspected creator of the 'Love Bug'
computer virus because it lacks laws that
deal with computer crime, a senior police
officer said". The fact of the matter is
that there are no laws relating to
Cybercrime in the Philippines. The
National Bureau of Investigation is
finding it difficult to legally arrest
the suspect behind the 'Love Bug'
computer virus.
As such, the need for countries to
legislate Cyberlaws relating to
Cybercrime arises on an urgent priority
basis. Due to the incident, the
Philippines have seen the necessity for
the passage of a law to penalize cyber
crimes, thus the enactment of Republic
Act 8792 otherwise known as the
Electronic Commerce Act.
RA 8792
- legislated because of I love you virus
- This Act shall be known and cited as
the "Electronic Commerce Act.”
- Approved June 14, 2000

Common Types of Cyber Crimes already

handled by NBI
1. HACKING / CRACKING
2. MALICIOUS EMAIL SENDING
3. INTERNET PORNOGRAPHY
4. LAUNCHING OF HARMFUL COMPUTER VIRUSES
5. DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS
(DOS)
6. WEBSITE DEFACEMENT
7. ACQUIRING CREDIT CARD INFORMATION FROM
AN E-COMMERCE WEBSITE
8. INTERNET SHOPPING USING FRAUDULENTLY
ACQUIRED CREDIT CARDS
9. WIRE TRANSFER OF FUNDS FROM A
FRAUDULENTLY ACQUIRED CREDIT CARD
10. ON-LINE AUCTION FRAUD

WHAT ARE COMMON METHODS AND STANDARD

TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE CYBER CRIME?
Hacking
- is the act of illegally accessing the
computer system/network of an individual,
group or business enterprise without the
consent or approval of the owner of the
system
Cracking
- is a higher form of hacking in which
the unauthorized access culminates with
the process of defeating the security
system for the purpose of acquiring money
or information and/or availing of free
services
Malicious Sending of E-mails
- the sending of malicious and defamatory electronic mails for the
purpose of extorting money, or threatening prospective victims
Internet Pornography
- The trafficking, distribution, posting,
and dissemination of obscene material
including children’s nude pictures,
indecent exposure, and child sex slavery
posted into the internet, live streaming
videos aired through the internet
A computer virus
- is a computer program that can copy
itself and infect a computer without
permission or knowledge of the user
Launching of Harmful Computer Virus
1. Virus
2. Worm - spread itself to other
computers without needing to be
transferred as part of a host
3. Trojan Horse - is a file that
appears harmless until executed. Trojan
horses do not insert their code into
other computer files
Logic bomb
- a set of instructions secretly inserted
into a program that is designed to
execute if a particular program is
satisfied
- the bomb lies dormant until a
particular date is reached or command
entered
Identity theft
- defined as the criminal act of assuming
person’s name, address, social security
number, and date of birth in order to
commit fraud

Phishing
- sending fraudulent e-mails or website
pop-ups, to get victims to divulge
sensitive financial information such as
credit card numbers or social security
numbers
Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
- DDoS attacks can be committed by
employing multiple computers controlled
by a single master computer server to
target a particular server by bombarding
it with thousands of packets of data in
an attempt to overwhelm the server and
cause it to crash
Website defacement
- is the unauthorized modification of a
website

3. TERRORISM
➢ the word terror derives from the Latin
word terrere, meaning “to frighten”
➢ the use or threatened use of force
design to bring about political
change. (Brian Jenkins of the Rand
Corporation)
➢ Paul Pillar, an erstwhile deputy chief
of the CIA counter-terrorist center,
opined that terrorism has four basic
components or elements providing
guides to defining it, namely:
1. It is premeditated, planned in
advance, rather an impulsive act of
rage;
2. It is political and not
criminal, but designed to change
existing political order;
3. It is aimed at civilians and
not a military targets or combat ready
troops; and
4. Sub-national groups execute it,
not the army of a given country.
INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM
➢ politically-oriented extreme violence
that is perpetrated by residents or
representatives of one or more
countries against the interest of
another country or by members of a
violent foreign politically directed
organization not affiliated with the
country being attacked for the purpose
of forcing a change in government or
in how society functions
Al Qaeda
- in Arabic, this means The Base
- founded by Osama bin Laden in 1980
Osama bin Laden
- Organized al Qaeda
- born in 1955 or 1957 in the city of
Riyadh
- responsible for truly heinous
terrorist incidents, including the 2001
destruction of the World Trade Center
(WTC) died killed in Pakistan on May 2,
2011 (Operation Neptune Spear)
Ayman Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri
- Born June 19, 1951
- An Egyptian physician, Islamic
theologian and current leader of al-
Qaeda.
Hamas
- "enthusiasm“
- an acronym of Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamah al-
ʾIslāmiyyah "Islamic Resistance
Movement")
- is the Palestinian Sunni Islamic or
Islamist political party that governs the
Gaza Strip.
- Sheikh Ahmed Yassin & Mahmoud Zahar
- “Hamas is an extremist group...it is
one of the deadliest terrorist
organizations in the world today.” George
W. Bush

Hezbollah
- literally "Party of God“
- is a Shi'a Muslim militant group and
political party based in Lebanon.
- receives financial and political
support from Iran and Syria, and its
paramilitary wing is regarded as a
resistance movement throughout much of
the Arab and Muslim worlds
- the United States, the Netherlands
United Kingdom, Israel, Australia, and
Canada classify Hezbollah as a terrorist
organization, in whole or in part
Jemaah Islamiya
- Dates of operation: 1993- present
- Aliases: "Islamic Congregation, Islamic
Community, Islamic Group
- Base of Operation: Indonesia; Malaysia;
Philippines; Singapore
- Founding Philosophy: Create an Islamic
state across Southeast Asia to include
Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei,
southern Thailand, and southern
Philippines.
- JI was added to the United Nations 1267
Committee's list of terrorist
organizations linked to al-Qaeda or the
Taliban on 25 October 2002 under UN
Security Council Resolution 1267

DOMESTIC TERRORISM
- politically oriented extreme violence
that is perpetrated by residents of a
country within that country in order to
force a change in government or how in
society functions
​
TERRORISTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Rajah Solaiman Movement
- aka “Balik Islam” or “Back To Islam”
- founder Hilarion del Rosario Santos III
aka Hannah Santos, aka Ahmed Santos, aka
Hilarion del Rosario, converted to Islam
in 1993 and married into the top ranks of
the leadership of the Abu Sayyaf Group
(ASG)
- one of the latest groups affiliated
with ASG, MILF and JI

ABU SAYYAF GROUP (ASG)

Aliases:
- Al-Harakat Al-Islamiyyah, Bearer of the
Sword, Father of the Swordsman
Founding Philosophy
- The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) was formed
in 1991 during the peace process between
the Philippine government and the
nationalist/separatist terrorist group,
the Moro National Liberation Front
(MNLF). Angered by the movement toward a
peaceful resolution, certain MNLF members
formed Abu Sayyaf
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TERRORISM
1. Anti-colonial Terrorism
2. Ideological Terrorism
3. Religious Terrorism
Category of terrorist organization
1. Ethnocentric
- the which is aimed at establishing a
dominant or superior race that will be
looked upon by the entire populace in the
world.
2. Revolutionary
- the category of terrorist group
which is dedicated to overthrow an
established order and replacing it with a
new political or social structure.
3. Political
- the category of terrorist group
which aims in restructuring the society.
4. Nationalistic
- those who commit acts of violence
due to their loyalty or devotion to their
country.

ROOT CAUSES OF TERRORISM

1. Political Ideologicalism
2. Religious Fanaticism

Jihad
- the term which refers to the holy war
waged by members of the Islamic religion
against the Jews.
IDEOLOGY
- body of ideas affecting the social
needs and aspirations of an individual or
group, a class or a culture”
- Bovier defines it as “a set of
doctrines or beliefs that from the basis
of a political, economic and other
systems”.

TERRORIST TACTICS
1. Bombings
2. Assassinations and Assaults
3. Kidnapping
4. Hostage-taking/skyjacking
5. Weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

WHAT IS WEAPON OF MASS DESTRUCTION (WMD)?

➢ term used to describe a massive weapon
with the capacity to indiscriminately
kill large number of people
➢ it could be nuclear, biological and
chemical weapons

Categories of chemical agents (mostly in

liquid form)
1. Nerve agents
- agents that disrupt the mechanism by
which nerves communicate with organs they
stimulate
- in other words the agents gets the
nerves to send the wrong signal to the
muscles they control and hence, disrupt
muscle function of the body (ex. Sarin
Gas )
2. Blistering agents
- there are three common of this type;
the most widely known are mustard gas,
lewisite, and phosgene oxime. Mustard
gas, first used in World War I, will
caused blistering on the exposed portions
of the body, as well as on internal
organs. It will generally cause blindness
and then death by respiratory failure
3. Chocking agents
- one of the deadliest choking agents is
phosgene gas. This agent damages the
respiratory system and causes the lungs
to fill with water, and thus chokes the
victim.
Ex. chlorine

Biological Agents (liquid or dry form)

1. Anthrax
2. Botulinum toxin
3. Brucellosis
4. Cholera
5. Plague
6. Typhoid fever
7. Rickettsia

1. Anthrax
- a single cell organism that is produced
by a fermentation process, such as that
by which beer is made
- caused by Bacillus anthracis and the
effects of exposure include a severe
infection that attacks the skin, lungs,
and gastrointestinal tract
- direct contact will cause formation of
dry scabs all over the victims body and
can develop into systematic infection
- when inhaled, the agent attacks the
respiratory system with symptoms
appearing from one to seven days
2. Botulinum toxin
- a protein made by the clostridium
botulinum bacteria
- exposure to the toxin, the nerve cell
synapses are affected, causing palsy,
spasms, and then paralysis
3. Brucellosis
- also known as undulant fever
- symptoms can include intermittent or
prolonged fever, headaches, profuse
sweating, chills, pains in the joints and
muscles and fatigue
4. Cholera
- an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by Vibrio Cholerasymptoms
include a sudden onset of nausea and or vomiting accompanied by
severe diarrhea and a rapid loss of body fluids
5. Plague
- in natural transmittal form, the plague
may the bubonic plague, or black death
that eradicated a great number of
European in the middle ages
- transmitted from person to person by
respiratory transmission, through rats,
or from the bite of an infected flea
- symptoms are high fever accompanied by
general aches, severe weakness, and
pneumonia
6. Typhoid fever
- caused by an organism called salmonella
typhosa which causes fever and frontal
headaches and is usually accompanied by
rose colored spots on the skin
- must employed through food and limited
water contamination
7. Rickettsia
- disease that appears in domesticated
animals such as sheep, cattle, and goats
- spread to human through inhalation of
particles contaminated with organism
- incubation period, ranging from 10 to
14 days

BOMBING
Terrorist commit bombings for a number of
reasons:
1. To gain media attention, particularly
the target is visible or symbolic.
2. Bombing is a cost effective and
efficient way to attack a facility.
3. Bombing can be accomplished with a
small number of personnel.
4. Bombing is inexpensive in comparison
to alternatives such as kidnapping or
hostage-taking.
5. Random bombing make a considerable
impact on the population, because more
people fear a bomb attack than being
kidnapped or taken hostage.
6. Explosives are readily available
through theft, sympathetic supporters, or
purchase. Explosives can be constructed
through the use legitimately purchased
chemicals, fertilizers, and other
material.

Types of bombers
1. Amateur
- can be described as experiments
2. Professional
- builds or bombs or does both for profit
3. Psychopathic
- acts without rhyme or reason
4. Suicidal
- major attack weapon in recent years,
particularly among Islamic terrorist
groups

Number of elements which are almost

universal in modern terrorist activities
- The use of violence to persuade
- Bombings or other attacks are employed to “make a point” with
target victims.
- Selection of targets and victims for
maximum propaganda value-
- The use of unprovoked attacks
- Maximum publicity at minimum risk
- Use of surprise to circumvent
countermeasures
- Threats, harassment, and violence
- Disregarding women and children as
victims
- Propaganda is used to maximize the
effect of the violence
- Loyalty to themselves or kindred groups

R.A. 9372
- Human Security Act of 2007
- Approved on March 6, 2007
- Effective on May 15, 2007
Terrorism
– any person who commits an act
punishable under any of the following
provisions of the RPC: (Sec. 3)
1. Article 122 (Piracy in General and Mutiny in the
High Seas or in the Philippine Waters);
2. Article 134 (Rebellion or Insurrection);
3. Article 134-a (Coup d’ etat), including acts committed by private persons;
4. Article 248 (Murder);
5. Article 267 (Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention);
6. Article 324 (Crimes Involving Destruction)
or under
1. Presidential Decree No. 1613 (The Law on Arson);
2. Republic Act No. 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control
Act of 1990);
3. Republic Act No. 5207, (Atomic Energy Regulatory and Liability Act of 1968);
4. Republic Act No. 6235 (Anti-Hijacking Law);
5. Presidential Decree No. 532 (Anti-piracy and Anti-highway Robbery Law of 1974);
and,
6. Presidential Decree No. 1866, as amended (Decree Codifying the Laws on Illegal
and Unlawful Possession, Manufacture, Dealing in, Acquisition or Disposition of
Firearms, Ammunitions or Explosives)thereby sowing and creating a condition of
widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among the populace, in order to coerce
the government to give in to an unlawful demand shall be guilty of the crime of
terrorism and shall suffer the penalty of forty (40) years of imprisonment, without
the benefit of parole as provided for under Act No. 4103, otherwise known as the
Indeterminate Sentence Law, as amended.
R.A. 9372, SEC. 4. Conspiracy to Commit
Terrorism
- Persons who conspire to commit the
crime of terrorism shall suffer the
penalty of forty (40) years of
imprisonment
- There is conspiracy when two or more
persons come to an agreement concerning
the commission of the crime of terrorism
4. MONEY LAUNDERING
➢ “Covers all procedures to change,
obscure or conceal the beneficial
ownership or audit trail of illegally
obtained money or valuables so that it
appears to have originated from a
legitimate source.”
➢ “A process through which the existence
of an illegal source of unlawful
application of illicit gains is
concealed or disguised to make the
gains legitimate, thereby helping to
evade detection, prosecution, seizure
and taxation.”
“Money Laundering” is called what it
is because the term perfectly describes
what takes place, illegal or dirty money
is put through a cycle of transactions,
or “washed”, or “laundered”, so that it
comes out the other end as legal, or
clean money.
In other words, the source of
illegally obtained funds is obscured
through a succession of transfers and
deals in order that those funds can
eventually be made to appear legitimate
income.

How serious is the problem?

- Money laundering allows criminals to
preserve and enjoy the proceeds of their
crimes, providing them with the incentive
and means to perpetrate such activities
and at the same time expand and
consolidate their forces.
- Corrupts financial institutions,
control sizeable sectors of the economy
through investments and even bribe and
infiltrate governments. In extreme cases,
it may lead to the virtual take-over of a
legitimate government.
- Destroys the integrity of governments.
With the increasing awareness of the ill-
effects of money laundering and the
growing interdependence among global
communities, countries that are known to
be used by money launderers could be
placed in a bad light, adversely
affecting their financial institutions
and relations within regional and global
economies.
The three common factors identified in laundering operations are:
a. The need to conceal the origin and true ownership of the
proceeds;
b. The need to maintain control of the
proceeds;
c. The need to change the form of the
proceeds in order to shrink the huge
volumes of cash generated by the initial
criminal activity, the so-called
“predicate offense” or “unlawful
activity”.

Money laundering is not a single act but

is in fact a process that is accomplished
in three basic steps or stages:
a. Placement
b. Layering
c. Integration
- The physical disposal of cash proceeds
derived from the unlawful activity.
- The aim is to remove cash from the
location of acquisition to avoid
detection.
- Separating illicit proceeds from their
source by creating complex layers of
financial transactions designed to
disguise the source of money, subvert the
audit trail and provide anonymity.
- The purpose is to disassociate the
illicit proceeds from the unlawful
activity by creating intentionally a
complex web of financial transactions
aimed at concealing any audit trail as
well as the source and ownership of
funds.
- The final stage in the process at which
the money is integrated into legitimate
economic and financial systems and is
assimilated with all the other assets in
the system.
- Integration of laundered money into the
economy is accomplished by making it
appear to have been legally earned. Thus,
exceedingly difficult to distinguish
between legal and illegal wealth.

Laundering of Proceeds
- Mix dirty money with legitimate funds
- Use dirty money for legitimate purposes
- Invest dirty money in legitimate
business/es
5. ARM SMUGGLING
Smuggling
➢ also known as trafficking, is the
clandestine transportation of goods or
persons past a point where prohibited,
such as out of a building, into a
prison, or across an international
border, in violation of the law or
other rules
What are FIREARMS?
- includes handguns, revolvers, pistols,
rifles, muskets, carbines, shotguns,
cannons and all other deadly weapons from
which a bullet, ball, shot, shall or
other missile may be discharged by means
of gunpowder or other explosives
- also includes air rifles and air
pistols not classified as toys under
the provisions of Executive Order No.
712 dated 28 July 1981. The barrel of
any firearm shall be considered a
complete firearm.

FIREARMS TRAFFICKING
➢ refers to the act of any person who,
through the use of any fraudulent
machinations, shall import or bring
into, or export from, the Philippines,
or assist in so doing, any firearm or
parts thereof, explosive or ammunition
or machine, implements, equipments or
tools for the manufacture of firearms.
➢ shall likewise refer to the act of any
person who, contrary to law, shall:
receive, conceal, buy, sell, or in
any manner facilitate the
transportation, concealment or sale of
said firearms or parts thereof,
explosive or ammunition or machine,
implements, equipments or tools for the
manufacture of firearms, ammunition or
explosives after importation, knowing
the same to have been imported contrary
to law.

Why does this illicit activity flourish?

- It is a dangerous but profitable
criminal enterprise.
- However, it threatens not only public
safety and national security but also
endangers, and oftentimes, takes away the
lives of innocent persons.
- It is one of the transnational
organized crimes that affect not only the
Philippines and other neighboring Asian
countries but also the rest of the world.
- No region is immune to illicit trade
and trafficking in small arms and light
weapons
- Collaborative and cooperative measures
are essential to address this
transnational threat.
Why should it be addressed?
- It poses a serious threat to national
security and a stumbling block to
economic development.
- Firearms can be tools of violence.
Letting the control of the tools of
violence get out of hand can be a
disaster for
any society.
Efforts to curtail the problem
1. Improvement of the traceability of
firearms;
2. Passage of relevant laws and providing
stiffer penalties thereto;
3. Encouraging return of loose firearms
through programs such as amnesty and
“balik-baril” programs; and
4. More extensive law enforcement.
6. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY THEFT
➢ Intellectual property theft is used
interchangeably with intellectual
property piracy which is the
unauthorized copying of goods, or
works such as software, for resale by
way of profit or trade; the production
and sale by way of trade of copies of
goods which have been madewithout the
authority of the owner of the
intellectual property;
7. DRUG TRAFFICKING
➢ another term for drug trade
➢ refers to the illegal process through
which narcotics and other illegal
 drugs are produced, transported, and
sold.
➢ the illegal cultivation, culture,
delivery, administration,
dispensation, manufacture, sale,
trading, transportation, distribution,
importation, exportation and
possession of any dangerous drug
and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical.
➢ generally refers to the sale and distribution of illegal drugs

The Drug Trade

From the farmers to the producers, the
smugglers, the street dealers, and the
users, the drug trade is deeply rooted in
the global economy. It is protected and
overseen by powerful groups known as drug
cartels that make huge profits from this
multibillion-dollar industry.
R.A. 9165 – Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002

8. ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME
➢ the deliberate evasion of
environmental laws and regulations by
individuals and companies in the
pursuit of “personal interest and
benefit.” Where these activities
involve movements across national
boundaries, or impacts upon the world
as a whole, they can be termed
"international environmental crime”

The most common types of environmental

crime fall under these major categories:
(1) biodiversity;
(2) natural resources-related crime;
(3) wastes;
(4) banned substances;
(5) other environmental offences like
biopiracy and transport of controlled
biological or genetically modified
material; Illegal dumping of oil and
other wastes in oceans; violations of
potential trade restrictions under the
1998 Rotterdam Convention on the Prior
Informed Consent Procedure for Certain
Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in
International Trade; Trade in chemicals
in contravention to the 2001 Stockholm;
Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants; and fuel smuggling to avoid
taxes or future controls on carbon
emissions.

9. ECONOMIC CRIME
➢ referred to as commercial crimes and
known also as “white collar” crimes
➢ any act characterized by fraud,
concealment, or a violation of trust
and are not dependent upon the
application or threat of physical
force or violence

10. PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST

SHIPS
Sea Piracy is described as
(1) an act of any person who, on the high
seas, shall attack or seize a vessel or,
not being a member of its complement, nor
a passenger, shall seize the whole or
part of the cargo of said vessel, its
equipment, or personal belonging of its
complement or passengers;
(2) any attack upon or seizure of any
vessel, or the taking away of the whole
or part thereof, or its cargo, equipment,
or the personal belongings of its
complement or passengers, irrespective of
the value thereof, by means of violence
against or intimidation of persons or
force upon things committed by any
person, including a passenger or member
or complement of said vessel, in
Philippine waters, and
(3) any person who knowingly and in any
manner aids or protects pirates, such as
giving them information about the
movements of the police or other peace
officers of the government, or acquires
or receives property taken by such
pirates, or any person who abets the
commission of the piracy.
11. SMUGGLING OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES
➢ refers to the act of any person who,
through the use of any fraudulent
machinations, shall import or bring
into, or export from, transfer from,
the Philippines, or assist in so
doing, any cultural properties.
Cultural properties are old buildings,
monuments, shrines, documents, and
objects which may be classified as
antiques, relics, or artifacts,
landmarks, anthropological and historical
sites, and specimens of natural history
which are of cultural, historical,
anthropological or scientific value and
significance to the nation; such as
physical, anthropological, archaeological
and ethnographic materials, meteorites
and tektites; historical objects and
manuscripts; household and agricultural
implements; decorative articles or
personal adornment; works of art such as
paintings, sculptures, carvings, jewelry,
music, architecture, sketches, drawings,
or illustrations in part or in whole;
works of industrial and commercial art
such as furniture, pottery, ceramics,
wrought iron, gold, bronze, silver, wood
or other heraldic items, metals, coins,
medals, badges, insignias, coat of arms,
crests, flags, arms and armor, vehicles
or ships or boats in part or in whole.
LEA 14 IMDGV