108 WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY 3 The cutting edge of the tool is inclined at an angle with the Normal to the direction of work feed or tool feed, ic, the Velocity V, of Cutting Forces act at the cutting 4 Three mutually perpendicular compon edge of the tool 5. The cutting edge may or may not be longer than the width of the cut, An interesting feature to note here will be that most of the metal cutting carried out in workshops is through Oblique Cutting method, but all our further discussions on metal cutting will be in the context of Orthogonal Cutting because of its simplicity, However, it won't ‘matter much since most of the general principles of Orthogonal Cutting are equally applicable to Oblique Cutting 4.4 CLASSIFICATION OF CUTTING TOOLS Al the cutting tools used in metal cutting can be broadly classified as 1. Single point Tools, ic. those having only One cutting edge ; such as Lathe tol, Shaper tools, Planer tools, Boring tools, ete 2. Multi-point Tools, ic, those having more than one cutting edges ; such as Milling cutters, Drills, Broaches, Grinding wheels, etc. These tools may, for the sake of analysis, be considered as consisting of a number of Single pot tools, each forming a cutting edge ‘The Cutting tools can also be classified according to the motion as > Linear motion tools ; Lathe, Boring, Broaching, Planing, Shaping tools, ete > Rotary motion tools ; Milling cutters, Grinding, wheels, ete > Linear and Rotary tools ; Drills, Honing tools, Boring Heads, ete, 4.5 IMPORTANT TERMS Before proceeding further, it would be advisable to be acquainted with afew important terms related to the Geometry of Single point tools (See Fig, 4.4), 1. Shank. It forms the main body of a solid tool and it is this part of the tool which is gripped in the Tool Holder, 2 Face. Itis the top surface of the tool between the shank and the point of the tool. In the cutting action, the chips flow along this surface only, 5 Point. It isthe wedge shaped portion where the face and flank of the tool meet: It is the TRAINS Part of the tool. It is also called nose, particularly in case of Round nose A Flank, Portion ofthe tool which faces the work is termed as flank, It isthe surface sadiecent to and below the cutting edge when the tool lies na horizontalepTTn©, CUTTING TOOTS ANP DINAMOMETEY 19 SS RAHOMETEY 199 ye, Ibis actually the bearing si Bas irface of SIN amped sively in a Tool pose 91 On which thet ing Tol holder ‘Hed. Itis the curved portion at the “ tool meet, as shown in Fig. 4g bottom of th tool where the here the base andl flank ofthe Nose ris HE the Cutting tip (nse) of sings point, the cutting tip is weak. lis, therefore c pom 801 caries a sh therefore Ep cuttin ay filo 1s is cating abit soon tht ates during the operation. surface. In order to prevent thece roduce marks on the machined radius, called Nose ese harmful effects the Ske prolonged Tool life radia. W enables. gre and a supetior Sura fa Yala of this rads ineteases, a higher cutting speed ene oP large it may lead to Chater.So,abalance nen sear aled varies from 0.4 mm to 1.6 mm, d ependin amount of feed, type of cutting, s upon seer sos ike dh oo type of fool ee (Colid of with insert) ete 6 PRINCIPAL ANGLES OF SINGLE POINT TooLs taro a must. The main angles provided on these tool ate han ig Ld eee Is used for cutting hard metals are Rade lwsed for softer metals contain le) side Rae NS “ Negative Rake. The rake angles Med above are called Positice | ingles. When no rake is provided : = tool its said to have a zero SH en the face of the tool is so “Ange ‘hat it slopes upwards from Prince Tok ncipal Angles ofa Single pint cai Point it is said to contain a Principal Ana sl 4: the keenness of the tool and increases stren rake is usually employed on Carbide Tipped Tools whe, i 1th ofthe ted steel parts and for taking Intermittent cure “Stor co P 8 Intermittent cuts advantage of Negus ae He Will havea lnger Lip angle resulting ina stronger no Anothey Ss the tn Particularly incase of tipped tol, is that the tendency nf ‘ ress the tip against the body of the tool. This is, obviously, « ¢ ae for tipped tools. The value of Negati normally Varies tenable factor ‘alte of Negative Rake on these tools normally varies hom This alan g? Angle. The angle between the face and the flank of the tools known Lip angle sin of dhe wmes called the Angle of Keenness of the tool. Strength of the cutting edge og cutting cape {O0l is directly affected by this angle. Larger the lip angle stronger cae the practeante cand, tice versa It would be observed that since the Clearance Regle nenane Pease te onstantin all the cases, this angle varies inversely asthe rake angle eis enly ea Teason that when harder metals are to be machined, ic. a stronger tool is required dhe angle is educed and consequently the Lip angle is increased. This simultaneously calle reduced cutting speeds, which is a disadvantage. The lip angle is, therefore, kept slow og Possible without making the cutting edge so weak that it becomes unsuitable for cutting, 3. Clearance Angle. It is the angle formed by the front or side surfaces ofthe tool which are adjacent and below the cutting edge when the tool is held in a horizontal postion Its the angle between one of these surfaces and a plane normal to the base of the tool, When the surface considered for this purpose is in frent of the tool. just below the point the angle formed is called Front Clearance and when the surface below the side catting edge is considered the angle formed is known as Side Clearance angle. The purpose of providing Front clearance is to allow the tool to cut freely without rubbing against the surface ofthe job, and that of the Side clearance to direct the cuiting thrust to the metal area adjacent tothe cuting edge. 7 Relief Angle. It is the angle formed between the flak of the tool and a perpendicular line drawn from the cutting point to the base ofthe tool. a ‘utting Angle of the tool is the angle formed between the sean ie tough the pits which ise angen othe machined surface of he wrk fool face and a line through the point, which isa tang aie ater that point. Obviously, its correct value will depend upon the postion of the held in relation to the axis ofthe job