surveying has to do with the determination of the relative location of points on or near the surface of

the earth.it is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distance betweem objects, of measuring
angels between lines, of determining the directions of lines, and of establishing points by predetermined
angular and linear measurements.

concomitant with the actual measurements of surveying are mathematical calculations.distances, angels,
directions, elevations, areas, and volumes are thus determined from data of the survey.also, much of the
information of the survey is portrayed graphically by the contruction of maps,profiles, cross-sections,
and diagrams.

thus the process of surveying may be divided into the field work of taking measurements and the office
work of computing and drawing necessary to the purpose of the survey.

the aerliest surveys known were for the purpose of establishing the boundaries of land, and such surveys
are still the important work of many surveyors.every construction project of any magnutide is based to a
greater or less degree upon measurements taken during the progress of a surveyand is construted about
line and points established by the surveyor.aside from land surveys, practically all surveys of a private
nature and most of those conducted by public agencies are pf assistance in the conception, design, amd
execution of engineering works.

for many years the government, and in some instances the individual states, have conducted surveys
over large areas for a variety of purpose.the principal work so far accomplished consists in the fixing of
national and state boundaries, the charting of coast lines and navigable streamsandlakes, the precise
location of definite reference points throughout the country, the colection of valuable facts concerning
the earth's magnetism at widely scatteredstations, and the the mapping of certain portions of the
interior particularly near the seacoasts, along the principal rivers and lakes, in thelocalities of valuable
mineral deposits, and in the older and more thickly settled regions.

thus surveys are divided into three classes : (1) those for the primary purpose of establishing the
boundaries of land, (2) those providing information necessary for the construction of public or private
works, and (3) those of large extent and high precisionconducted by the government and to some extend
by the states.