INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTION
Contents
Topic Page No.

Theory 01 - 06

Exercise - 1 07 - 12

Exercise - 2 13 - 16

Exercise - 3 17 - 18

Exercise - 4 18 - 19

Answer Key 20 - 21

Syllabus
Inverse Trigonometric Function (ITF)

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I NVERSE T RIGONOMETRIC F UNCTION
1. Principal Values & Domains of Inverse Trigonometric/Circular Functions:
Function Domain Range
p p
(i) y = sin-1 x where -1 £ x £ 1 -
£y£
2 2
(ii) y = cos-1 x where -1 £ x £ 1 0£y£p
p p
(iii) y = tan-1 x where xÎR - <y<
2 2
p p
(iv) y = cosec-1 x where x £ - 1 or x ³ 1 - £y£ ,y¹0
2 2
p
(v) y = sec-1 x where x £ -1 or x ³ 1 0 £ y £ p; y ¹
2
(vi) y = cot -1 x where xÎR 0<y<p

NOTE:
(a) 1st quadrant is common to the range of all the inverse functions.
(b) 3rd quadrant is not used in inverse functions.
p
(c) 4th quadrant is used in the clockwise direction i.e. - £ y £ 0.
2
(d) No inverse function is periodic. (See the graphs on page 4)

2. Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

A (i) sin (sin-1 x) = x, -1 £ x £ 1 (ii) cos (cos-1 x) = x, -1 £ x £ 1

(iii) tan (tan-1 x) = x, xÎR (iv) cot (cot -1 x) = x, xÎR

(v) sec (sec-1 x) = x, x £ -1, x ³ 1 (vi) cosec (cosec-1 x) = x, x £ -1, x ³ 1

These functions are equal to identity function in their whole domain which may or may not be R.(See
the graphs on page 5)
p p
B (i) sin-1 (sin x) = x, - £x£ (ii) cos-1 (cos x) = x; 0 £ x £ p
2 2
p p
(iii) tan-1 (tan x) = x; - <x< (iv) cot -1 (cot x) = x; 0<x<p
2 2
p p p
(v) sec-1 (sec x) = x; 0 £ x £ p, x ¹ (vi) cosec-1 (cosec x) = x; x ¹ 0, - £x£
2 2 2

These functions are defined on R, but they are equal to identity function for a short interval of x only.
(See the graphs on page 6)

C (i) sin-1 (-x) = - sin-1 x, -1 £ x £ 1 (ii) tan-1 (-x) = - tan-1 x, xÎR

(iii) cos-1 (-x) = p - cos-1 x, -1 £ x £ 1 (iv) cot -1 (-x) = p - cot -1 x, xÎR

The functions sin-1 x, tan-1 x and cosec-1 x are odd functions and rest are neither even nor odd.
1 1
D (i) cosec-1 x = sin-1 ;x £ -1, x ³ 1 (ii) sec-1 x = cos-1 ;x £ -1, x ³ 1
x x

ì -1 1
-1 ï tan x ; x > 0
cot x=í
(iii) 1
ïp + tan -1 ; x < 0
î x

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 p p
E (i) sin-1 x + cos-1 x = , -1 £ x £ 1 (ii) tan-1 x + cot -1 x = , xÎR
2 2
p
(iii) cosec-1 x + sec-1 x = , ½x½ ³ 1
2
2
F (i) sin (cos-1 x) = cos (sin-1 x) = 1 - x , -1 £ x £ 1

1
(ii) tan (cot -1 x) = cot (tan -1 x) = , x Î R, x ¹ 0
x
x
(iii) cosec (sec-1 x) = sec (cosec-1 x) = , ½x½ > 1
2
x -1
3. Identities of Addition and Substraction:

sin-1 x + sin-1 y = sin-1 éêx 1 - y + y 1 - x ùú , x ³ 0, y ³ 0 & (x 2 + y2) £ 1

2 2
A (i)
ë û

= p - sin-1 éêx 1 - y + y 1 - x ùú , x ³ 0, y ³ 0 & x 2 + y2 > 1

2 2
ë û

p
Note that: x 2 + y2 £ 1 Þ 0 £ sin-1 x + sin-1 y £
2
p
x 2 + y2 > 1 Þ < sin-1 x + sin-1 y < p
2

cos-1 x + cos-1 y = cos-1 éêx y - 1 - x 1 - y 2 ùú , x ³ 0, y ³ 0

2
(ii)
ë û

x+y
(iii) tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1 , x > 0, y > 0 & xy < 1
1 - xy

x+y
= p + tan-1 , x > 0, y > 0 & xy > 1
1 - xy

p
= , x > 0, y > 0 & xy = 1
2
p p
Note that : xy < 1 Þ 0 < tan-1 x + tan-1 y < ;xy > 1 Þ < tan-1 x + tan-1 y < p
2 2

é 2 2ù
B (i) sin-1 x - sin-1 y = sin-1 ê x 1 - y - y 1 - x ú , x ³ 0, y ³ 0
ë û

é 2
1 - y 2 ù , x ³ 0, y ³ 0, x £ y
(ii) cos-1 x - cos-1 y = cos-1 ê x y + 1 - x úû
ë

x-y
(iii) tan-1 x - tan-1y = tan-1 , x ³ 0, y ³ 0
1 + xy

Note: For x < 0 and y < 0 these identities can be used with the help of properties (C)
i.e. change x and y to - x and - y which are positive .

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 é
ê 2 sin x
-1
if | x | £ 1
ê
2
-1
ê p - 2 sin x if x> 1
-1 æ 2 ö 2
C (i) sin ç 2 x 1 - x ÷ = ê
è (
ø ê- p + 2 sin -1 x
êë
) if x<- 1
2

é 2 cos -1 x if x ³ 0
(ii) cos (2 x - 1) = ê
-1 2
-1
êë2 p - 2 cos x if x < 0

é 2 tan -1x if | x | < 1

2x ê
p + 2 tan -1x if x< - 1
= ê
(iii) tan-1
1- x2 (
ê- p - 2 tan -1x
ë
) if x >1

é 2 tan -1x if | x | £1
2x ê -1
(iv) sin -1
= ê p - 2 tan x if x > 1
1 + x2 (
ê- p + 2 tan -1x
ë
) if x< - 1

1- x2 é 2 tan -1x if x ³ 0
(v) cos-1 2 =ê -1
1+x ëê- 2 tan x if x < 0

é x + y + z - xyz ù
D If tan-1 x + tan-1 y + tan-1 z = tan-1 ê 1 - xy - yz - zx ú if, x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 & (xy + yz + zx) < 1
ë û

NOTE:
(i) If tan-1 x + tan-1 y + tan-1 z = p then x + y + z = xyz
p
(ii) If tan-1 x + tan-1 y + tan-1 z = then xy + yz + zx = 1
2
(iii) tan-1 1 + tan-1 2 + tan-1 3 = p
1 1 p
(iv) tan-1 1 + tan-1 + tan-1 =
2 3 2

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 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Some Useful Graphs

4.
é p pù
(i) y = sin -1 x, ½x½ £ 1, y Î ê- , ú (ii) y = cos -1 x, ½x½ £ 1, y Î [0, p]
ë 2 2û
y Ùy
p
p p
2 2

O
Ø
-1 1 x -1 O 1 x

p
-
2

æ p pö
(iii) y = tan -1 x, x Î R, y Î ç - 2, 2 ÷ , (iv) y = cot -1 x, x Î R, y Î (0, p)
è ø
y
y
p
2 -¥ p
¥ p
2

¥
O x O x

-¥
p
-
2

é pö æp ù é p ö æ pù
(v) y = sec -1 x, ½x½ ³ 1, y Î ê0, 2 ÷ U ç 2 , pú (vi) y = cosec -1 x, ½x½ ³ 1, y Î ê- , 0 ÷ U ç 0 , ú
ë ø è û ë 2 ø è 2û

y y

p p
2
p
-¥ 2
¥
¥
-1 O 1 x -¥ -1 O 1 x

p
-
2

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 y = sin (sin -1 x) = cos (cos -1 x), x Î [- 1, 1], y Î [- 1, 1]
5. (i)
= x; y is aperiodic
y
1
x
=
y

)45º
-1 O +1 x

-1

(ii) y = tan (tan -1 x) = cot (cot -1 x) = x, x Î R, y Î R; y is aperiodic

®
¾
¾
¾
¾x
¾ =
¾ y
¾

) 45º
¾

O
¾

x
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¬

(iii) y = cosec (cosec -1 x) = sec (sec -1 x), ½x½ ³ 1, ½y½ ³ 1,

= x; y is aperiodic

y
®
¾ =x
¾
¾ y
¾
¾

-1 O 1 x

-1
¾
¾
¾
¾x
¾ =
¬ y

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 é p pù
6. (i) y = sin -1 (sin x), x Î R, y Î ê- 2 , 2 ú , is periodic with period 2 p
ë û
Ùy

p
y y
=-
x

p
2 =

2
+

x
(p p

-
2p

=
-

x
+ p x 3p

=
=

x) -

y
y

2 ) 45º 2
Ø
- 2p 3p -p O p p 2p x
-
2 2

p
-
2

(ii) y = cos -1 (cos x), x Î R, y Î [0, p], is periodic with period 2 p

y

p
p
y=

y=
x
p

y=
2

2
2
+

p
x

-
y=

x
x
- 2p -p p O p p 2p
-
2 2

ì p ü æ p pö
(iii) y = tan -1 (tan x), x Î R - í(2 n - 1) n Î Iý , y Î ç - 2 , 2 ÷ is periodic with period p
î 2 þ è ø
Ùy
p
2
2p

p
p

x
x+

x-
x+

y=
y=

y=
y=

2p
p Ø
- 2p -
3p -p -
p O p 3p x
2 2 2 2
2p
x-
y=

p
-
2
ì p ü é pö æp ù
(iv) y = sec -1 (sec x), y is periodic with period 2p; x Î R - í(2n - 1) n ÎI ý , y Î ê0, 2 ÷ U ç 2 , pú
î 2 þ ë ø è û

p
p
y=

y=
x
p

y=
2

2
+

p
x

-
y=

x
- 2p 3p -p p O p p 3p 2p
- -
2 2 2 2

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 PART - I : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

* Marked Questions are having more than one correct option.

Section (A) : Fundamentals of ITF

æ 3ö æ 1 ö
A-1. The value of sin–1 ç ÷ + sin–1 çç ÷÷ is equal to :
ç 2 ÷ è 2ø
è ø

5p 3p
(A) 75° (B) 105° (C) (D)
12 5

LM p - sin F - 3 I OP
A-2. sin
MN 2 GH 2 JK PQ
-1
=

3 3 1 1
(A) (B) – (C) (D) –
2 2 2 2

A-3. The principal value of

FG 2p IJ FG 2p IJ
cos–1 cos
H 3 K H
+ sin–1 sin
3 K is -

(A) p (B) p/2 (C) p/3 (D) 4p/3

A-4. cosec–1 (cos x) is real if :

(A) x Î [– 1, 1] (B) x Î R
p
(C) x is an odd multiple of (D) x is a multiple of p
2

A-5. If cos [tan - 1{sin(cot - 1 3)}] = y, then :

4 2 2 10
(A) y = (B) y = (C) y = - (D) y2 =
5 5 5 11

A-6.* If a satisfies the inequation x 2 – x – 2 > 0, then a value exists for :

(A) sin–1 a (B) cos–1 a (C) sec–1 a (D) cosec–1 a

Section (B) : Inter Conversion and Properties of ITF

æ 1ö æ -1 1 ö
B-1. The value of sin2 ç cos -1 ÷ + cos2 ç sin ÷ is-
è 2ø è 3ø
17 59 36
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
36 36 59

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 The value of sin–1 cos
FG 33 p IJ
B-2.
H 5 K is -

3p 7p p p
(A) (B) (C) (D)–
5 5 10 10

ìï æ æ 2ö ö ïü
B-3. The value of tan í çç cos -1 ç - ÷ - p / 2 ÷÷ ý is -
ïî è è 7ø ø ïþ

2 2 1 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 5 3 5 5

B-4. cos[tan–1{sin (cot–1x)}] is equal to-

x2 + 2 x2 + 2 x2 + 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
x2 + 3 x2 + 1 x2 + 2

B-5. d
tan cos -1 x i is equal to :

1 - x2 x 1 + x2
(A) (B) (C) (D) x 1 - x2
x 1 + x2 x

æ 1ö 1 æ1 -1 æ 1 ö ö
B-6. If x = tan –1 1 – cos –1 ç - ÷ + sin –1 ; y = cos ç cos ç ÷ ÷ , then :
è 2 ø 2 è 2 è 8 øø
(A) x = py (B) y = px (C) tanx = -(4/3)y (D) tanx = (4/3)y

2p
B-7. If sin–1 x + sin–1 y = , then cos–1x + cos–1y is equal to :
3

2p p p
(A) (B) (C) (D) p
3 3 6

B-8. If q = sin-1 x + cos-1 x - tan-1 x, x Î [0, 1], then the interv al in which q lies is given by :

é pù é p pù é pù ép 3p ù
(A) ê0, (B) ê , (C) ê0, ú (D) ê ,
ë 3 úû ë4 2û
ú
ë 4û ë2 4 úû

æ 1ö æ 1 ö
B-9. If x = 2cos–1 ç ÷ + sin –1 ç
è 2ø è 2ø
÷ + tan –1 ( 3 ) and y = cos æçè 21 sin-1 æçè sin 2x ö÷ø ö÷ø ,then which of the following
statements holds good ?
3p 5p
(A) y = cos (B) y = cos (C) x = 4 cos-1 y (D) None of these
16 16

é1 ì æ 14p ö ü ù
B-10.* The value of cos ê cos -1 ícos ç - ÷ ý ú is :
ë2 î è 5 ø þû

æ 7pö æ p ö æ 2p ö æ 3p ö
(A) cos ç - ÷ (B) sin ç ÷ (C) cos ç ÷ (D) - cos ç ÷
è 5 ø è 10 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø

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 1 - x2
B-11.* If 0 < x < 1, then tan–1 is equal to :
1+ x

1 1+ x 1- x 1 1 + x
(A) cos-1 x (B) cos-1 (C) sin-1 (D) tan-1
2 2 2 2 1 - x

B-12.* If cos-1x = tan-1x, then :

æ 5 - 1ö æ 5 + 1ö
(A) x 2 = çç 2 ÷÷ (B) x 2 = çç 2 ÷÷
è ø è ø

æ 5 - 1ö æ 5 - 1ö
(C) sin (cos-1x) = çç 2 ÷÷ (D) tan (cos-1x) = çç 2 ÷÷
è ø è ø

Section (C) : Addition of ITF

æ 1ö
C-1. If x < 0 then value of tan–1(x) + tan–1 ç ÷ is equal to :
èxø
p p
(A) (B) – (C) 0 (D) none of these
2 2

é æ3ö æ 2 öù
C-2. The value of tan ê sin-1 ç ÷ + tan -1 ç ÷ ú is :
ë è5ø è 3 øû

6 7 5 17
(A) (B) (C) (D)
17 16 7 6

æ3ö æ 5 ö
C-3. cos–1 ç ÷ + cos–1 ç ÷ is equal to :
è5ø è 13 ø

æ 33 ö æ 33 ö æ 64 ö
(A) cos–1 ç ÷ (B) cos–1 ç - ÷ (C) cos–1 ç ÷ (D) none of these
è 65 ø è 65 ø è 65 ø

æ 1ö æ 1ö
C-4. tan–1 ç ÷ + tan–1 ç ÷ is equal to :
è2ø è3ø

p p p
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
4 2 3

C-5. tan –12+ tan –13 = cosec –1x, the x is equal to :

(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) - 2 (D) none of these

C-6. If q = cot –1 7 + cot –1 8 + cot –1 18, then cotq is equal to :

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Section (D) : ITF Equations

æ pö æ 3ö p
D-1. The solution of the equation sin-1 ç tan ÷ - sin-1 çç ÷÷ - = 0 is :
6
è 4ø è xø
(A) x = 2 (B) x = - 4 (C) x = 4 (D) none of these

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 æ 1ö p
D-2. If sin–1x + cot –1 ç ÷ = , then x is equal to :
2
è ø 2

1 2 3
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
5 5 2

( sin-1 x ) + (sin-1 y ) ( )( )
2 2
D-3. + 2 sin-1 x sin-1 y = p2 , then x 2 +y 2 is equal to :

(A) 1 (B) 3/2 (C) 2 (D) 1/2

D-4. The equation sin –1x = 2 sin –1a has a solution for :
(A) all real values of a (B) a < – 1
-1 1
(C) a > 1 (D) £a£
2 2

n n
D-5. If å cos-1 ai = 0, then å ai is equal to :
i =1 i =1

(A) n (B) – n (C) 0 (D) none of these

D-6. The v alue of a for which x 2 + ax + sin –1 (x 2 – 4x + 5) + cos –1 (x 2 – 4x + 5) = 0, is :
p p æp ö æp ö
(A) +2 (B) +1 (C) - ç + 1÷ (D) – ç + 2 ÷
4 4 è4 ø è4 ø

D-7.* sin–1 x > cos–1 x holds for :

æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
(A) all values of x (B) x Î ç 0, ÷ (C) x Î ç , 1÷ (D) x = 0.75
è 2ø è 2 ø

n p
D-8. If cot -1 > , n Î N, then the maximum value of ‘ n ‘ is :
p 6
(A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 9 (D) none of these

D-9. The solution of the inequality (tan -1 x)2 - 3 tan -1 x + 2 ³ 0 is :

(A) (– ¥, tan 1] È [tan2, ¥) (B) (– ¥, tan 1]
(C) (– ¥, – tan1] È [tan2, ¥) (D) [tan2, ¥)

æ 17 ö
D-10.* If 6 sin–1 ç x 2 –6x + ÷ = p, then :
è 2 ø
(A) x = 1 (B) x = 2 (C) x = 3 (D) x = 4

3p
D-11.* If sin–1x + sin–1y + sin–1z = , then :
2

9
(A) x 100 + y100 + z100 – =0 (B) x 22 + y42 + z62 – x 220 –y420 – z620 = 0
x101 + y101 + z101

x 2008 + y 2008 + z 2008

(C) x 50 + y25 + z5 = 0 (D) =0
( xyz ) 2009

¥
4n
D-12.* The sum å
n =1
tan-1
n4 - 2n2 + 2
is equal to :

p
(A) tan –12 + tan –13 (B) 4tan–11 (C)
2
(D) sec
-1
(- 2 )
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 PART - II : MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Comprehension :
Comprehension # 1
A young mathematician while redefining the inverse trigonometric functions chose the range of sin–1x as
é p 3p ù
ê 2 , 2 ú and of cos x as [2p, 3p], i.e.
–1
ë û

é p 3p ù
f : [ -1, 1] ® ê , ú f(x) = sin-1 x g : [-1, 1] ® [ 2p , 3p] g(x) = cos-1 x
ë 2 2 û
In his scheme of things he remodelled the whole expressions for sum, dif ference of these inverse
functions, their derivatives & anti-deriv atives. Solv e the following problems based on this new range
of these inverse functions.
1. Identify the correct statement.
(A) sin –1 x is an increasing function. (B) cos–1 x is an increasing function.
(C) sin –1 x is a decreasing function. (D) sin–1x and cos–1x both are increasing function.
2. W hich of the following function is constant function ?
(A) cos–1 x + sin –1 x (B) cos–1 x – sin –1 x (C) cos–1 x + 2sin –1 x (D) 2cos –1 x + sin –1 x
5p
3. Solution set of the equation sin-1 x + cos-1 x = is :
2
(A) {0, 1} (B) {–1, 1} (C) (0, 1) (D) none of these
Comprehension # 2

ì 3p p ì 3p p
ï p+q - 2 <q< -2 ï-p - q - 2 £ q < - 2
ï ï
ï p p ï p p
tan–1(tan q) = í q - <q< , sin –1 (sin q ) = í q - £q£
ï 2 2 ï 2 2
ï p 3p ï p 3p
ï-p + q 2
<q<
2 ï p-q 2
<q£
2
î î

ì -q , -p £ q < 0
ï
cos (cos q) = í q
–1
, 0£q£p
ï2p - q , p < q £ 2p
î
Based on the above results, answer each of the following :
4. cos–1 x is equal to :
(A) sin–1 1 - x 2 if –1 < x < 1 (B) –sin–1 1 - x 2 if – 1 < x < 0

(C) sin–1 1 - x if –1 < x < 0

2
(D) sin–1 1 - x 2 if 0 < x < 1
5. sin–1 x is equal to :
(A) cos–1 1 - x 2 if –1 < x < 1 (B) cos–1 1 - x 2 if – 1 < x < 1

(C) cos–1 1 - x if 0 < x < 1

2
(D) –cos–1 1 - x 2 if 0 < x < 1
6. cos–1 x is equal to :

1 - x2 1 - x2
(A) –tan–1 if –1 < x < 0 (B) tan–1 if – 1 < x < 0
x x

1 - x2 1 - x2
(C) –tan–1 if 0 < x < 1 (D) p + tan–1 if –1 < x < 0
x x

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Match the Column :

7. Match the column

Column – I Column – II

[.] and {.} represent the greatest integer and fractional part functions respectively.

(A) Number of solutions of [x] = cos–1x (p) 3

(B) Number of solutions of sin-1x = sgn(x) (q) 2

2
(C) Number of solutions of {x} = e x (r) 1

sin-1 x + cos -1 x
(D) Number of solutions of = {x} (s) 0
2
8. Match the column
Column - I Column - II

x
(A) If x > 1, then sec (cosec–1 x) is equal to : (p)
x -1
2

-x
(B) If x < –1, then sec (cosec–1 x) is equal to : (q)
x2 - 1

1
(C) If x > 1, then cosec (sec–1 x) is equal to : (r)
x -1
2

(D) If x < –1, then cosec (sec–1 x) is equal to : (s) not defined

Assertion / Reason Type

Direction :
Each question has 5 choices (A), (B), (C), (D) and (E) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
(E) Statement-1 and Statement-2 both are False.

9. Statement-1 : If a, b are roots of 6x2 + 11x + 3 = 0 then cos–1 a exist but not cos–1 b, (a > b).
Statement-2 : Domain of cos–1 x is [–1, 1].

10. Statement-1 : tan2 (sec–1 2) + cot2 (coses–1 3) = 11.

Statement-2 : tan2 q + sec2 q = 1 = cot2 q + cosec2 q.

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 PART - I : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

* Marked Questions are having more than one correct option.

1 æ 3 sin 2q ö p
1. If sin-1 ç ÷ = , then tan q is equal to
2 è 5 + 4 cos 2q ø 4
(A) 1/3 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) - 1

2. If cos –1 l + cos–1m + cos –1 v = 3p then lm + mv + vl is equal to

(A) –3 (B) 0 (C) 3 (D) –1

2n 2n
3. If å sin -1 x i = np then å x i is equal to
i =1 i =1

n (n +1) n ( n - 1)
(A) n (B) 2n (C) (D)
2 2

1
4. If x = , the value of cos (cos-1 x + 2 sin-1 x) is :
5

24 24 1 1
(A) - (B) (C) - (D)
25 25 5 5

1 + x2 - 1
5. If tan-1 = 4°, then :
x
(A) x = tan 2° (B) x = tan 4° (C) x = tan (1/4)° (D) x = tan 8°

6.* a, b and g are three angles given by

1 æ 1ö 1
a = 2tan–1 ( 2 - 1), b = 3sin–1 + sin–1 ç - ÷ and g = cos–1 . Then
2 è 2ø 3
(A) a > b (B) b > g (C) a < g (D) a > g

1 1 1
7. If X = tan -1 (1) + tan -1 (2) + tan -1 (3) ;
1 2 3

æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö
Y = 1 tan -1 ç ÷ + 2 tan -1 ç ÷ + 3 tan -1 ç ÷ then (X - Y) equals to:
è 1ø è2ø è3ø

5p 5 æ 1ö 5p 5
(A) 0 (B) - - tan -1 ç ÷ (C) - + tan -1 3 (D) none of these
8 6 è3ø 8 6

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 ( tan-1 x ) - ( tan-1 x ) - 3 £ 0 , is :
2
8. Number of integral value(s) of x satisfying 4

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

9. Domain of the function f(x) = sin-1(sin x) + cos-1(cos x) is :

é pù
(A) ê 2np,2np + ú ,n Î I (B) [(2n + 1)p, (2n + 2)p],nÎI
ë 2û

é p 3p ù
(C) [2np, (2n + 1)p],nÎI (D) ê 2np + ,2np + ,n Î I
ë 2 2 úû

10. The function f(x) = cot -1 (x + 3)x + cos-1 x 2 + 3x + 1 is defined on the set S, where S =
(A) {0,3} (B) (0,3) (C) {0,– 3} (D) [–3,0]

11. Solution set of the inequality x 2 – 4x + 5 > sin –1 (sin3) + 2cos–1 (cos2) – p is :
(A) R (B) R – {1} (C) R – {2} (D) R – {–2}

12. sin-1 æç 2x 1 - x 2 ö÷ = 2 sin-1 x is true if :

è ø

é 1 1 ù é 1 1ù é 3 3ù
(A) x Î [0, 1] (B) ê - , ú (C) ê - , ú (D) ê - 2 , 2 ú
ë 2 2û ë 2 2û ëê úû

-1
é ì p 1 -1 æ a ö ü ì p 1 -1 æ a ö ü ù
13. The v alue of ê tan í + sin ç ÷ ý + tan í - sin ç ÷ ý ú , where ( 0 < a < b), is :
ë î4 2 è b øþ î4 2 è b ø þû

b a b2 - a2 b2 - a2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2a 2b 2b 2a

14. W hich of the following is the solution set of the equation sin –1x = cos –1x + sin –1(3x – 2) ?

ì1 ü é1 ù é1 ù ì1 ü
(A) í ,1ý (B) ê ,1ú (C) ê ,1ú (D) í ,1ý
î2 þ ë2 û ë3 û î3 þ

15. Value of k for which the point (a, sin –1 a) (a>0) lies inside the triangle formed by x + y = k with
co-ordinate axes is :
æ p ö æ æ pö æ pö ö
(A) ç 1 + , ¥ ÷ (B) ç - ç 1 + ÷ , ç 1 + ÷ ÷
è 2 ø è è 2ø è 2ø ø
æ p ö
(C) ç -¥ , 1 + ÷ (D) (–1 – sin1, 1+sin1)
è 2 ø

ìï 1 x 2 üï
x 2
+ 1 - x 2
. 1 - x
16. cos-1 í 2 4
ý = cos–1 - cos–1 x holds for
ïî ïþ 2

(A) | x | £ 1 (B) x Î R (C) 0 £ x £ 1 (D) -1 £ x £ 0

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 ìï 1 - sin x + 1 + sin x üï p
17. The value of cot -1 í ý , where < x < p, is :
îï 1 - sin x - 1 + sin x þï 2

x p x x x
(A) p - (B) + (C) (D) 2 p -
2 2 2 2 2

(sin-1 x)3 + (cos-1 x)3

18.* If = l , then l Î [a,b] :
p3
(A) 32 (a + b) is a prime number . (B) l cannot be an integer.
7
(C) If l is an integer, it can only be 0 or 1. (D) b – a =
32

ìx 1 ü
19.* If f (x) = cos-1x + cos-1 í + 3 - 3x 2 ý then :
î2 2 þ

æ2ö p æ2ö 2 p æ 1ö p æ 1ö 1 p
(A) f ç ÷ = (B) f ç ÷ = 2 cos-1 – (C) f ç ÷ = (D) f ç ÷ = 2 cos-1 –
è3ø 3 è3ø 3 3 è 3 ø 3 è3ø 3 3

PART - II : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. Evaluate the following :

é -1 1 æ -1 ö ù ép -1 æ -1 ö ù
(i) tan êcos + tan-1 ç ÷ú (ii) sin ê - sin ç ÷ ú (iii) cos (tan -1 2)
ë 2 è 3 øû ë3 è 2 øû

-1 æ 2p ö æ 1ö æ -1 3 3ö
(iv) tan ç tan ÷ (v) cos ç sin -1 ÷ (v i) tan ç sin + cot -1 ÷
è 3 ø è 2 ø è 5 2ø
ép -1 æ - 3 ö
ù é æ - 3 ö pù é 3p ù
(vii) sin ê - sin çç ÷÷ ú (viii) cos êcos-1 çç ÷÷ + ú (ix) tan-1 êtan
êë 2 è 2 ø úû ëê è 2 ø 6 ûú ë 4 úû

-1 é 4p ù é -1 3ù
(x) cos êcos (xi) sin êcos
ë 3 úû ë 5 úû

é 3p ù
2. Find sin–1 (sin q), cos–1 (cos q), tan–1 (tan q) and cot–1 (cot q) for q Î ê , 3p ú
ë 2 û

3. Evaluate each of the following :

æ -1 4 2ö æ1 -1 2 ö
(i) sin ç sin + cos -1 ÷ (ii) sin (tan–1 3 + tan–1 4) (iii) tan ç cos ÷
è 5 3ø è 2 3ø

4. Prove each of the following :

1 x 1
(i) tan–1 x = – p + cot–1 = sin–1 = – cos–1 when x < 0.
x 1+ x2 1+ x2

1 1- x2 x
(ii) cos–1x = sec–1 = p – sin–1 1- x 2 = p + tan–1 = cost –1 when – 1<x< 0
x x 1- x2

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5. Find the value of sin -1 (sin5) + cos -1 (cos10) + tan -1 [ tan (-6)] + cot -1 [ cot (-10)] .
6. Solve the following inequalities:
(i) cos -1 x > cos -1 x 2 (ii) tan–1 x > cot –1 x. (iii) arccot 2 x - 5 arccot x + 6 > 0
7. If X = cosec tan-1 cos cot -1 sec sin-1 a & Y = sec cot-1 sin tan-1 cosec cos-1 a; where 0 £ a < 1. Find the
relation between X & Y. Express them in terms of 'a'.

8. Solve the following equation :

x x
sec-1 - sec-1 = sec-1b - sec-1a a ³ 1; b ³ 1, a ¹ b.
a b
9. (i) Find all positive integral solutions of the equation, tan -1 x + cot -1 y = tan-1 3.
(ii) If 'k' be a positive integer, then show that the equation:
tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1 k has no non-zero integral solution.

-1 x -1 y x2 2. xy y2
10. If cos + cos = a , then prove that - cos a + = sin2 a .
a b a2 a b b 2

11. Prove that :

é1 -1 æ -3 ö ù é1 -1 æ -3 ö ù 3 -1 3 11 5p
(i) sin ê cot ç ÷ ú + cos ê cot ç ÷ú = (ii) sin + cos-1 + cot -1 3 =
ë2 è 4 øû ë2 è 4 øû 5 73 146 12

b c p
12. In a D ABC if Ð A = 90º, then prov e that tan-1 + tan -1 = .
c+a a+b 4

13. If a sin–1 x – b cos–1 x = c, then find the value of a sin–1 x + b cos–1 x.

p æ1 ö
14. (i) Prov e that if 0 < A < tan-1 ç tan 2A ÷ + tan-1 (cot A) + tan-1(cot 3 A) = 4 tan-1 1 .
4 è2 ø

æ 1 ö -1 æ 1 ö -1 æ 1 ö
æ
-1 1 + 2ö
(ii) Prove that : tan-1 ç ÷ + sin ç ÷ - cos ç ÷ = -p + cot çç ÷÷ .
è 2ø è 5ø è 10 ø è 1- 2 ø

15. Solve each of the following for x :

2p 3p
(i) sin–1 x + sin–1 2x = (ii) tan–1 2x + tan–1 3x =
3 4
x -1 x +1 p 5x 12x
(iii) tan–1 + tan–1 = (iv) sin–1 + sin–1 = sin–1x.
x-2 x+2 4 13 13

æ 2 2 ö
16. Prove that sin–1 x + sin–1 y = sin–1 ç x 1 - y + y 1 - x ÷ when either xy < 0 or x 2 + y2 £1.
è ø

17. Find the sum of series :

1 2 2n -1
(i) tan -1
+ tan -1
+ ..... + tan -1
+ ..................... ¥
3 9 1+ 2 2n-1

1 1 1 1
(ii) tan-1 + tan-1 + tan-1 + tan-1 to n terms.
x2 + x + 1 2
x + 3x + 3 x 2 + 5x + 7 x 2 + 7x + 13

-1 1 2 -1 -1 n - n -1
(iii) sin + sin-1 + .........+ sin + .........¥
2 6 n (n + 1)

(iv ) cot -1 7 + cot -1 13 + cot -1 21 + cot -1 31 + ....... to n terms.

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 PART-I IIT-JEE (PREVIOUS YEARS PROBLEMS)

* Marked Questions are having more than one correct option.

p
1. The number of real solutions of tan-1 x (x + 1) + sin-1 x 2 + x + 1 = is:
2
[IIT-JEE – 1999, Part-1, (2, 0), 80]
(A) zero (B) one (C) two (D) infinite

æ x2 x3 ö æ x4 x6 ö p
2. If sin-1 ç x - + - ....... ÷ + cos-1 ç x 2 - + - ....... ÷ = for 0 < | x | < 2 , then x equals :
è 2 4 ø è 2 4 ø 2
[IITJEE-2001, Scr. (1, 0), 35]
(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) – 1/2 (D) –1

x2 + 1
3. Prove that, cos tan -1 sin cot -1 x = . [IIT-JEE-2002, Main (5, 0), 60]
x2 + 2

p
4. Domain of f (x ) = sin-1 (2x) + is : [JEE 2003 (screening)3]
6

æ 1 1ù é 1 3ö é 1 1ù é 1 1ù
(A) ç - , ú (B) ê - , ÷ (C) ê - , ú (D) ê - , ú
è 2 2û ë 4 4ø ë 4 4û ë 4 2û

5. The value of x for which sin ( cot –1 (1 + x)) = cos (tan–1 x) is : [IIT-JEE-2005, Scr. (3, –1), 84]
(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) – 1/2

6. Match the column [IIT-JEE-2007, Paper-2, (6, 0), 81]

p
Let (x, y) be such that : sin–1 (ax) + cos–1 (y) + cos–1 (b xy) =
2
Column – I Column – II
(A) If a = 1 and b = 0, then (x, y) (p) lies on the circle x 2 + y2 = 1
(B) If a = 1 and b = 1, then (x, y) (q) lies on (x 2 – 1) (y2 – 1) = 0
(C) If a = 1 and b = 2, then (x, y) (r) lies on y = x
(D) If a = 2 and b = 2, then (x, y) (s) lies on (4x 2 – 1) (y2 – 1) = 0

7. If 0 < x < 1, then 1 + x 2 [{x cos (cot x) + sin (cot x)} – 1] =

–1 –1 2 1/2
[IIT-JEE 2008, Paper-1, (3, –1), 82]
x
(A) (B) x (C) x 1 + x 2 (D) 1 + x 2
1 + x2
8. Values of x which satisfies the equation [IIT-JEE 2010]
tan–1(x + 3) – tan–1 (x – 3) = sin–1 (3/5) are :
(A) ± 1 (B) ± 2 (C) ± 3 (D) ± 4

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 PART-II AIEEE (PREVIOUS YEARS PROBLEMS)

æ 1ö æ 2ö
1.(a) tan–1 ç ÷ + tan–1 ç 9 ÷ is equal to : [AIEEE-2002]
è4ø è ø

1 æ3ö 1 -1 æ 3 ö 1 æ3ö 1
(1) cos-1 ç ÷ (2) sin ç ÷ (3) tan-1 ç ÷ (4) tan–1
2 è5ø 2 è5ø 2 è5ø 2

1.(b) cot–1 ( )
cos a – tan–1 ( )
cos a = x. then sin x is equal to : [AIEEE-2002]

æaö æaö æaö

(1) tan2 ç ÷ (2) cot2 ç ÷ (3) tan a (4) cot ç ÷
è2ø è2ø è2ø

2. The trigonometric equation sin–1 x = 2 sin–1 a, has a solution for : [AIEEE-2003]

1 1 1 1
(1) < |a| < (2) all real values of a (3) |a| £ (4) |a| ³
2 2 2 2

y
3. If cos–1x – cos–1 = a, then 4x 2 – 4xy cos a + y2 is equal to : [AIEEE-2005]
2
(1) 2 sin 2a (2) 4 (3) 4sin2 a (4) – 4 sin2 a
æxö æ5ö p
4. If sin–1 ç ÷ + cosec–1 ç ÷ = then a value of x is : [AIEEE-2007]
è5ø è4ø 2
(1) 1 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 5
æ –1 5 2ö
5. The value of cot ç cos ec + tan–1 ÷ is : [AIEEE-2008]
è 3 3 ø

3 2 5 6
(1) (2) (3) (4)
17 17 17 17

6. If x, y, z are in A.P. and tan–1x, tan–1y and tan–1z are also in A.P., then : [JEE Mains_2013]
(1) x = y = z (2) 2x = 3y = 6z (3) 6x = 3y = 2z (4) 6x = 4y = 3z

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Write the principal value of the following :

æ 3ö
1. cos-1 çç ÷÷ [1 Marks]
è 2 ø

æ 1ö
2. sin-1 ç - ÷ [1 Marks]
è 2ø

3. (
tan-1 - 3 ) [1 Marks]

æ 1 ö
4. cos -1 ç - ÷ [1 Marks]
è 2ø

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 æ 2p ö æ 2p ö
5. cos-1 ç cos ÷ + sin-1 ç sin ÷ [1 Marks]
è 3 ø è 3 ø

æ 4p ö
6. sin-1 ç sin ÷ [1 Marks]
è 5 ø

æ 7p ö
7. cos-1 ç cos ÷ [1 Marks]
è 6 ø

8. Evaluate : cot [tan–1 a + cot–1 a] [1 Marks]

p
9. Find x if sec -1 ( 2) + cos ec -1x = [1 Marks]
2

10. Prove : 3sin–1 x = sin–1 (3x – 4x 3) [4 Marks]

æ 1 + x2 - 1ö
11. Write the following in simplest form : tan-1 ç ÷ ,x ¹ 0 [4 Marks]
ç x ÷
è ø

8 3 77
12. Prove that : sin -1 + sin -1 = tan -1 [4 Marks]
17 5 36

1 1 1 1 p
13. Prove that : tan -1 + tan-1 + tan-1 + tan-1 = [4 Marks]
3 5 7 8 4

æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 31 ö
14. Prove that : 2 tan-1 ç ÷ + tan-1 ç ÷ = tan-1 ç ÷ [4 Marks]
è2ø è7ø è 17 ø

æ 8 ö æ3ö æ 36 ö
15. Prove that : sin-1 ç ÷ + sin-1 ç ÷ = cos-1 ç ÷ [4 Marks]
è 17 ø è5ø è 85 ø

-1
æ 1 + sin x + 1 - sin x ö x æ pö
16. Prove that : cot çç ÷ = , x Î ç 0, ÷
÷ [6 Marks]
è 1 + sin x - 1 - sin x ø 2 è 4ø

æ 1+ x - 1- x ö p 1
Prove that : tan-1 ç
ç 1 + x + 1 - x ÷÷ = 4 - 2 cos x
-1
17. [6 Marks]
è ø

18. Solve : tan–1 2x + tan–1 3x = p/4 [6 Marks]

8
19. Solve : tan -1(x + 1) + tan -1(x - 1) = tan -1 [6 Marks]
31

x -1 x +1 p
20. Solve : tan-1 + tan-1 = [6 Marks]
x-2 x+2 4

æ cos x ö p x æ p pö
21. Prove that : tan-1 ç ÷ = - ,x Î ç - , ÷ [6 Marks]
è 1 + sin x ø 4 2 è 2 2ø

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 Exercise # 1
PART - I

A-1. (B) A-2. (C) A-3. (A) A-4. (D) A-5. (B) A-6.* (CD) B-1. (B)

B-2. (D) B-3. (A) B-4. (C) B-5. (A) B-6. (C) B-7. (B) B-8. (B)

B-9. (A) B-10.* (BCD) B-11.* (ABC) B-12.* (AC) C-1. (B) C-2. (D) C-3. (B)

C-4. (A) C-5. (D) C-6. (C) D-1. (C) D-2. (B) D-3. (C) D-4. (D)

D-5. (A) D-6. (D) D-7.* (CD) D-8. (B) D-9. (B) D-10.* (BD) D-11.* (AB)

D-12.* (AD)

PART - II

1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (D)

7. (A) ® (S), (B) ® (P), (C) ® (S), (D) ® (Q) 8. (A) ® (p), (B) ® (q), (C) ® (p), (D) ® (q)

9. (A) 10. (C)

Exercise # 2

PART - I

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (D) 6.* (BC) 7. (C)

8. (B) 9. (C) 10. (C) 11. (C) 12. (B) 13. (C) 14. (A)

15. (A) 16. (C) 17. (B) 18.* (AB) 19.* (AD)

PART - II

1 1 p 3 17
1. (i) (ii) 1 (iii) (iv) - (v) (vi)
3 5 3 2 6

1 -p 2p 4
(vii) (viii) -1 (ix) (x) (xi)
2 4 3 5

é 3p 5p
é
q - p
3p
£ q £
5p é 3p êq - 2p , 2 < q < 2 é 3p
ê 2 ,
2 2 ; ê
2p - q , £ q < 2 p ê ê q - p , 2 £ q < 2p
2. 2
ê 5p ê q - 2p , 2p £ q £ 3p ; ê q - 3p , 5p < q £ 3p ; ê
ê 3p - q , < q £ 3p ë ë ëq - 2p , 2p < q < 3p
2
ë 2

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 8+3 5 7 1
3. (i) (ii) (iii) 5. 8 p – 21
15 170 5

6. (i) [- 1, 0) (ii) x > 1 (iii) (- ¥, cot 3) U (cot 2, ¥)

7. X=Y= 3-a 2 8. x = ab 9. (i) Two solutions (1, 2) (2, 7)

pab + c (a - b) 1 1
13. 15. (i) (ii) 1 (iii) ± (iv) – 1, 0, 1
a+b 2 2

p p é 2n + 5 ù
17. (i) (ii) tan–1 (x + n) - tan–1 x (iii) (iv) arc cot ê ú
4 2 ë n û

Exercise # 3
PART - I

1. (C) 2. (B) 4. (D) 5. (D) 6. (A) ® (p), (B) ® (q), (C) ® (p), (D) ® (s)

7. (C) 8. (D)
PART - II

1.(a) (4) 1.(b) (1) 2. (3) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (4) 6. (1)

Exercise # 4

p p p 3p p 5p
1. 2. - 3. - 4. 5. p 6. 7.
6 6 3 4 5 6

1 1 1 1
8. 0 9. 2 11. tan-1 x 18. 19. 20. ±
2 6 4 2

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