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505 Block 2 Unit 5 PDF
505 Block 2 Unit 5 PDF
¬ıvfl¡ - 2
Œ·±È¬¡- 5
¬Ûø1Àª˙ ’Ò…˚˛Ú1 ø˙é¬Ì-ø˙fl¡Ú ¬ÛXøÓ¬¸˜”˝√
5.0 ¬Û±Ó¬øÚ
¬ıvfl¡ 1Ó¬ õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ô¶11 ¬Ûø1Àª˙ ’Ò…˚˛Ú1 ø˙fl¡Ú ø˙é¬Ì1 ά◊ÀV˙… ’±1n∏ ¸≈À˚±·1 ŒÈ¬±fl¡±
ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ø˙øfl¡ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√ ¬ıvfl¡Ó¬ ¬Ûø1Àª˙ ’Ò…˚˛Ú1 ¬Û±Í¬…Sê˜ ’±1n∏ ø˙é¬Ì ø¬ı:±Ú1 ¬ı±À¬ı
ø¬ıÀ¬ıø‰¬Ó¬ ˜”˘ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú¸˜”˝√1 ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ’±¬Û≈øÚ ˝◊√øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… ø˙øfl¡ÀÂ√ Œ˚ Â√±S-
Â√±Sœ1 Œfl¡Ã˙˘ ’±1n∏ Œ¬ı±ÒÚÓ¬ ¸˝√√±˚˛1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¬Ûø1Àª˙ ’Ò…˚˛Ú1 ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ¬¬ı˝√√˘
¬Ûø1¸11 øSê˚˛±fl¡˘±¬ÛÀ¬ı±1 ¸±˜ø1 ˘í¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº
¤˝◊√ Œ·±È¬ÀȬ±Ó¬ ¬Ûø1Àª˙ ’Ò…˚˛Ú1 ø˙fl¡Ú-ø˙é¬Ì1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Î¬◊¬Û˚≈Mê√ ¬ÛXøÓ¬1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛
Ê√±øÚ¬ı ¬Û±ø1¬ıº ’±¬Û≈øÚ Ê√±ÀÚ Œ˚ NCF 2005 ¤ :±Ú ·Í¬Ú, Â√±S-Â√±SœÀfl¡øffl¡,
ø˙é¬ÌÀfl¡øffl¡ ’±1n∏ ¬Û1œé¬±˜”˘fl¡ √˙«Ú ’±1n∏ ø˙鬱 Ó¬Ô± ø˙fl¡Ú1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ &1n∏Q ø√ÀÂ√º
¤˝◊√ Œ·±È¬ÀȬ±1 ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˝◊√¬ ¸˝√√À˚±·œ ø˙fl¡Ú ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ’±1n∏ fl¡±˚«øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ø˙fl¡Úfl¡ &1n∏Q ø√
¤˝◊√ Ó¬N¸˜”˝√ Œ|ÌœÀfl¡±Í¬±Ó¬ õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡1±Ó¬ ¸˝√√±˚˛ fl¡ø1¬ıº
’¢∂·øÓ¬1 ‡øÓ¬˚˛±Ú - 1
¬Ûø1Àª˙ ’Ò…˚˛Ú øSê˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û1 ¸—·Í¬Ú ‰¬±ø1Ȭ± ô¶1 øfl¡ øfl¡∑ ¤È¬± øSê˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û1
õ∂øÓ¬ÀȬ± ô¶1À1 ‰¬˜≈Õfl¡ ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡1±º
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10
v õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ø˙鬱1 øάõ≠혱 [øά. ¤˘.¤Î¬]
¬Ûø1Àª˙ ’Ò…˚˛Ú1 ø˙é¬Ì-ø˙fl¡Ú ¬ÛXøÓ¬¸˜”˝√
[Œ˚ÀÚ fl¡˘1 ¬ı±fl¡ø˘] øÚø«√©Ü ø¬ıÚÓ¬ Œ¬Û˘±À˘º
[vi] ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ’±¬ıÊ√«Ú±1 Œ¬ıÀ˘· Œ¬ıÀ˘· Ú±˜ ‰¬±ø1Ȭ± øˆ¬Ú øˆ¬Ú È≈¬fl≈¡1± ά◊ø˘˚˛±˝◊√ ’±Ú
ŒÈ¬±fl¡±
¤Ê√Ú Â√±Sfl¡ ˜±Ó¬fl¡ ’±1n∏ ¤Àfl¡ Ò1ÀÌ fl¡±˚« fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ fl¡›fl¡º
5.4 ¸˝√√À˚±·œ ø˙fl¡Ú ¬ÛXøÓ¬¸˜”˝√
¸˝√√À˚±·œ ø˙fl¡Ú ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 Œfl¡Ã˙˘ ά◊æ√±ªÚ fl¡1±1 ’±·ÀÓ¬ ¸˝√√À˚±·œ ø˙fl¡Ú
˜±ÀÚ øfl¡ Ê√±øÚ ˘›fl¡º ¸˜˘ ¬ı…øMê√¸fl¡À˘ 븽√√À˚±·œí ø˙fl¡Úí1 ≈√Ȭ± ¬ı≈øÊ√¬ı ¬Û1± ¬ı…±‡…±
√±ø„√√ Òø1ÀÂ√º ≈√À˚˛±È¬± ¬ı…±‡…± ¬ÛϬˇfl¡ ’±1n∏ ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛Ó¬ ¸˝√√fl¡˜«œ1 ˘·Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡1fl¡
’±1n∏ ¬ı…±‡…± ≈√Ȭ± Œ|ÌœÀfl¡±Í¬±Ó¬ ¸˝√√À˚±·œ ø˙fl¡Ú õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡1± ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ά◊À~‡ fl¡1fl¡º
¬ıËάœ ’±1n∏ ŒÎ¬øˆ¬√‰¬Ú1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ¸˝√√À˚±·œ ø˙fl¡Ú ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ø˙é¬Ì ø¬ı:±Ú ø˚À˚˛ ø˙é¬Ì
fl¡±˚«1 ¬ı±À¬ı ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ÛXøÓ¬1 ά◊æ√±ªÚ fl¡À1, ø˚À¬ı±À1 Â√±S-Â√±Sœ¸fl¡˘fl¡ ¸±Ò±1Ì ˘é¬… ¬ı±
¬Ûø1˜±Ì ¬ı± ¸±Ò±1Ì ¸˜¸…± ¬ı± fl¡±˜Ó¬ ˆ¬±· ∆˘ ’±ôLøÚˆ¬«1˙œ˘ ’±‰¬1Ì1 ˜±ÀÊ√ø√ fl¡±˜ÀȬ±
¸•Û”Ì« fl¡1±Ó¬ fl‘¡Ó¬fl¡±˚« ˝√√˚˛º ˝◊√˚˛±Ó¬ ¬ı…øMê√·Ó¬ ¬ı1„√√øÌ ’±1n∏ Œ‰¬©Ü±› Ê√øάˇÓ¬ ∆˝√√ Ô±Àfl¡º
øÊ√ ŒÊ√fl¡ˆ¬1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ¸˝√√À˚±·œ ø˙fl¡Ú ˝√√í˘ √˘œ˚˛ fl¡±˚«1 ˜”˘…¬ıÒ«Ú fl¡1± Œfl¡Ã˙˘ ’±1n∏
Ò±1̱º
¸˝√√À˚±·œ ø˙fl¡Ú ˝√√í˘ √˘œ˚˛ fl¡±˜1 Œ˚±À·ø√ ’±˚˛M√ fl¡1± ø˙fl¡Úº √˘œ˚˛fl¡±˜ ˝√√í˘
¬Û±ø1¬ı±ø1fl¡ Ê√œªÚ ’±1n∏ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ê√œªÚ1 ά◊»¸º Œ¸˝◊√ fl¡±1ÀÌ Œ|̜Ӭ √˘œ˚˛ fl¡±˜
ø˙fl¡Ú ø˙é¬Ì1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¬Ûø1‰¬±˘Ú± fl¡1±ÀȬ± ¤fl¡ ¶§±ˆ¬±øªfl¡ ά◊¬Û±˚˛º ¬Ûø1Àª˙ ’Ò…˚˛Ú1 ø˙fl¡Ú
ø˙é¬ÌÓ¬ ¤Àfl¡˘À· Ôfl¡± ’±1n∏ ¤Àfl¡˘À· ø˙fl¡±ÀȬ± &1n∏Q¬Û”Ì«º Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ¸˝√√À˚±·œ ¬ÛXøÓ¬
’±1n∏ ¬Ûø1Àª˙ ’Ò…˚˛Ú1 ø˜˘Ú ¤fl¡ ¸≈µ1 ø˜|̺ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡ ¸±Ò±1Ì ’±1n∏ &1n∏Q¬Û”Ì«
˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò1 ’—˙œ√±1 ˝√√˚˛º ¬Ûø1Àª˙ ’Ò…˚˛Ú ’±1n∏ ¸˝√√À˚±·œ ø˙fl¡Ú ¤˝◊√ ≈√À˚˛±È¬±˝◊√
ø˙é¬fl¡fl¡ ά◊»¸±ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡À1 –
l ¤È¬± ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ı± Œ¢∂ά1 ¸œ˜±1 ¬ı±ø˝√√1Õ˘ ˚±˚˛
l ø˙fl¡Ú ø˙é¬Ì1 ˜”˘… øÚ1+¬ÛÌ1 ¬ıÌ«Ú±Rfl¡ √˙«Ú1 ¬ı±ø˝√√1Õ˘› ˚±˚˛º
l ø˙fl¡±1n∏1 ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ õ∂¸—·fl¡ õ∂˙—¸± fl¡À1
l ˜±Ú≈˝√1 øˆ¬ißÓ¬± ’±1n∏ ø˚ øˆ¬ißÓ¬± ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¸˜±Ê√1 fl¡±1ÀÌ Ê√øȬ˘ Ó¬±fl¡
õ∂˙—¸± fl¡1±ÀȬ±
l ø˙qfl¡ ¸˝√√À˚±·˜”˘fl¡ ˜”˘… øÚ1+¬ÛÌfl¡ ¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡1Ì
l ŒÎ¬fl¡± ø˙fl¡±1n∏fl¡ ¸¬ı˘œfl¡1Ì fl¡1±
’¢∂·øÓ¬1 ‡øÓ¬˚˛±Ú - 1
¸˝√√À˚±·œ ø˙fl¡Ú1 øÓ¬øÚȬ± ˜”˘ ÚœøÓ¬ ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡1fl¡º
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5.5 ¸—øé¬5fl¡1Ì
fl¡±˚«øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ø˙fl¡ÀÚ ø˙fl¡Ú1 Œfl¡˝◊√¬ı±È¬±› ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º fl¡±˚«øˆ¬øM√√fl¡
ø˙fl¡Ú1 ˜”˘ Ò±1̱ ˝√√í˘ ˘í1±-ŒÂ√±ª±˘œ¸fl¡˘fl¡ øÚø©ç¡˚˛ Ó¬Ô… Œ·±ÀȬ±ª± ¬ı…øMê√ Ú˝√√˚˛ ¬ı1—
14
v õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ø˙鬱1 øάõ≠혱 [øά. ¤˘.¤Î¬]
¬Ûø1Àª˙ ’Ò…˚˛Ú1 ø˙é¬Ì-ø˙fl¡Ú ¬ÛXøÓ¬¸˜”˝√
¸øSê˚˛ ø˙fl¡±1n∏º Â√±S-Â√±Sœ¸fl¡˘fl¡ ˆ¬±˘Õfl¡ ø˙fl¡±1 ¬Ûø1Àª˙ ¤È¬± ø√ øÚÊ√fl¡ ά◊æ√±ªÚ
fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ø√À˘ ø˙fl¡Ú ’±Úµ√±˚˛fl¡ ’±1n∏ ˚≈·˜œ˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º ¸˝√√À˚±·œ ø˙fl¡Ú ˝√√í˘ ¸1n∏ ¬ı±
ά±„√√1 √˘Ó¬ ˘í1±-ŒÂ√±ª±˘œ¸fl¡˘1 √˘œ˚˛ fl¡˜«fl¡ ¸˝√√±˚˛ fl¡1±º ¸˝√√À˚±·œ ø˙fl¡Ú1 ¤È¬± ŒÈ¬±fl¡±
√1fl¡±1œ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú ˝√√í˘ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œfl¡Ã˙˘1 ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ‚ÀȬ±ª±º Â√±S-Â√±Sœ¸fl¡À˘ é¬øÓ¬
¶§œfl¡±1 ’±1n∏ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ¬ı1„√√øÌ1 ¬ı±À¬ı õ∂˙—¸± fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ø˙Àfl¡º ’fl¡˘ øÚÊ√À1 ÚÕ˝√√
¸±Ò±1Ì ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬1 ø√˙À¬ı±1 ‰¬±¬ıÕ˘ ¸±˜Ô«… ˝√√˚˛º ¤ÀÚfl≈¡ª± ˘±ˆ¬±˘±ˆ¬1 ¬ı±À¬ı ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛
ø˙fl¡Ú ¸cø©Üfl¡1 Œ˝√√±ª±Ó¬ ¬ı1„√√øÌ Œ˚±·±˚˛º Â√±S-Â√±Sœ¸fl¡À˘ ¤Àfl¡ Œ|Ìœ1 ˘í1±-
ŒÂ√±ª±˘œ¸fl¡˘1 ˘·Ó¬ fl¡±˜ fl¡À1 ø˚À¬ı±11 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò1Ì1 ø˙fl¡Ú Œfl¡Ã˙˘, ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡
¬ÛȬˆ¬”ø˜, ˜ÀÚ±¬ı‘øM√√ ’±1n∏ ¬ı…øMê√Q Ô±Àfl¡º ¸±Úø˜˝√√ø˘ √˘Ó¬ Â√±S-Â√±Sœ1 ø˙fl¡Ú ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ˝√√˚˛º
øˆ¬ißÓ¬±˝◊√ ¬Û1¶ÛÀ1 ¬Û1¶Û11 ˘·Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡1±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ˜±Ê√1
˜Ó¬±ÕÚfl¡…À¬ı±1 Œ˜±fl¡±ø¬ı˘± fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¬ı±Ò… fl¡1±˚˛º ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Û±1¶Ûø1fl¡ fl¡±˚«˝◊√
Œ˚±·±À˚±·1 Œfl¡Ã˙˘ ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ‚Ȭ±˚˛º ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±˜-fl¡±Ê√1 ¬ı±À¬ı õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ∆˝√√ ά◊Àͬº
¸˝√√À˚±·œ ø˙fl¡ÚÓ¬ ø˙é¬fl¡1 ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡± ’øÓ¬ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛º ¤È¬± Ù¬˘õ∂¸≈ ¸˝√√À˚±·œ √˘
¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ ˝√√íÀ˘, ø˙é¬Àfl¡ Â√±S-Â√±Sœ¸fl¡˘fl¡ ˆ¬±˘√À1 Ê√±øÚ ˘í¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº √˘ ·Í¬Ú õ∂øSê˚˛±
¤fl¡ fl¡øÍ¬Ú fl¡±˜º ˝◊√˚˛±fl¡ ˚P ¸˝√√fl¡±À1 fl¡1± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬º ¸˝√√À˚±·œ √˘ ·Í¬ÚÓ¬ ø˙é¬Àfl¡ ø˙fl¡Ú1
ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œfl¡Ã˙˘, ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ¬ÛȬˆ¬”ø˜, ¬ı…øMê√Q ’±Úøfl¡ ø˘—·› ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº
¸˝√√À˚±·œ ø˙fl¡Ú ¬Û±Í¬ õ∂dÓ¬ fl¡À1±ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ıøÂ√ ¸˜˚˛ ø√¬ı ˘±À·º ¤¬ı±1 √˘œ˚˛ fl¡˜« ’±1y
˝√√íÀ˘ ø˙é¬fl¡1 ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡± Œ˜∞I◊1, ¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡ ¬ı± Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı± √˙«fl¡Õ˘ ¬Ûø1¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˝√√˚˛º Â√±S-
Â√±Sœ¸fl¡À˘ ¸˜Úœ˚˛±1 ¬Û1± ø˙Àfl¡ ’±1n∏ ø˙é¬fl¡1 ›‰¬1Ó¬ fl¡˜ øÚˆ¬«1˙œ˘ ˝√√˚˛ ¬ı1—
¸˜Úœ˚˛±1 ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬ ¸˜¸…± ¸˜±Ò±Ú fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ø˙Àfl¡º
›¬Û1Ó¬ ά◊À~‡ fl¡1± fl¡±˚«øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ’±1n∏ ¸˝√√À˚±·œ ø˙fl¡Ú1 ¬ÛXøÓ¬ Œ|ÌœÀfl¡±Í¬±Ó¬
¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡ø1 Œ¬Û±ª± ˘±ˆ¬±˘±ˆ¬À¬ı±1 ¬Ûø1Àª˙ ’Ò…˚˛ÚÓ¬ ø˙fl¡Ú ø˙é¬Ì1 ˘é¬… ’±1n∏ ά◊ÀV˙…1
˘·Ó¬ ˆ¬±˘√À1 ø˜À˘º Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ¬Ûø1Àª˙ ’Ò…˚˛Ú ¤˝◊√ ¬ÛXøÓ¬¸˜”˝√ ’øÓ¬ Ù¬˘√±˚˛fl¡º
5.6 ’¢∂·øÓ¬1 ‡øÓ¬˚˛±Ú1 ¬ı±À¬ı ‰¬±ÀÚøfl¡ ά◊M√1
’¢∂·øÓ¬1 ‡øÓ¬˚˛±Ú - 1
Ó¬˘Ó¬ ‰¬±ø1Ȭ± ô¶1 ¬Ûø1Àª˙ ’Ò…˚˛Ú1 øSê˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û ¸—·Í¬Ú1
1] ¬Ûø1fl¡äÚ±
2] øSê˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û ¬Ûø1‰¬±˘Ú±
3] fl¡±˚« ¸•Û±√Ú1 ˜”˘…±˚˛Ú
4] õ∂øSê˚˛±1 õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘Ú
¬ıvfl¡ - 2 – ¬Ûø1Àª˙ ’Ò…˚˛Ú1 ø˙é¬Ì-ø˙fl¡Ú ¬ÛXøÓ¬¸˜”˝√ 15
¬Ûø1Àª˙ ’Ò…˚˛Ú1 ø˙é¬Ì-ø˙fl¡Ú ¬ÛXøÓ¬¸˜”˝√
’¢∂·øÓ¬1 ‡øÓ¬˚˛±Ú - 2
ŒÈ¬±fl¡± Ó¬˘1 øÓ¬øÚȬ± ¸˝√√À˚±·œ ø˙fl¡Ú1 ˜”˘ ÚœøÓ¬
1] ÒÚ±Rfl¡ ¬Û±1¶Ûø1fl¡ øÚˆ¬«1˙œ˘Ó¬±
2] ¬ı…øMê√·Ó¬ √±˚˛¬ıXÓ¬±
3] ¬Û±1¶Ûø1fl¡ fl¡±˚«Ó¬ ¸˜√√ ’øÒfl¡±1
5.7 õ∂¸—·¬Û≈øÔ
Baloche, L. (1998): The Cooperative Classroom: Empowering
Learning. New Jersey, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Jacobs, G. http://www.readingmatrix.com/conference/pp/proceedings/
jacobs.pdf
Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R.T. & Holubec, E.J. (1994). Cooperative
Learning in the Classroom. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R.T. & Stanne, M.B. (2000). Cooperative
Learning Methods: A Meta-Analysis. Retrieved September 25,
2010, from http:// www.co-operation.org/pages/cl-methods.html
National Curriculum Framework. (2005). New Delhi, India: NCERT.
http://www.cdl.org/resource-library/articles/learner_centered.php
www.kaganonline.com
http://www.ceeindia.org/esf/download/paper36.pdf
http://www.co-operation.org/?page_id=65
http://www.successforall.net/
http://www.iasce.net/resources.shtml
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v õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ø˙鬱1 øάõ≠혱 [øά. ¤˘.¤Î¬]