224: a) b) As long as the sheet is fat, its shape does not matter. ci) The maximum flux occurs at an angle between the normal and field. cii) The minimum flux occurs at an angle between the normal and field. In parti), the paper is oriented to “capture” the most field lines whereas in ii) the area is oriented so that it “captures” no field lines. b) The total flux through the cube must be zero; any flux entering the cube must also leave it. 22. a) Given that L, and b) Total flux 22.4:22.5: a) b) We would get the same flux as in (a) ifthe cylinder’s radius was made larger—the field lines must still pass through the surface. ©) If the length was increased to the flux would increase by a factor of two: 22. b) c) 4d) °) a) 1) All that matters for Gauss’s law is the total amount of charge enclosed by the surface, not its distribution within the surface. 22.7: a) b) ©) No. All that matters is the total charge enclosed by the cube, not the details of where the charge is located 22.8: a) No charge enclosed so b) °) 22! a) Since is uniform, the flux through a closed surface must be zero. That is: But because we can choose any volume we want, must be zero if the integral equals zero. b) If there is no charge in a region of space, that does NOT mean that the electric field is uniform, Consider a closed volume close to, but not including, a point charge. The field diverges there, but there is no charge in that region.22.10: a) If and uniform, then inside any closed surface is greater than zero. and so the electric field cannot be uniform, i., since an arbitrary surface of our choice encloses a non-zero amount of charge, must depend on position. b) However, inside a small bubble of zero density within the material with density, the field CAN be uniform, All that is important is that there be zero flux through the surface of the bubble (since it encloses no charge). (See Exercise 22.61.) 2211: But the box is symmetrical, so for one side, the flux is: b) No change. Charge enclosed is the same. 22.12: Since the cube is empty, there is no net charge enclosed in it. The net flux, according to Gauss’s law, must be zero. 22.13: The flux through the sphere depends only on the charge within the sphere. 22.14: a) b) inside of a conductor or else free charges would move under the influence of forces, violating our electrostatic assumptions (ice, that charges aren’t moving). 22.15: a) b) As long as we are outside the sphere, the charge enclosed is constant and the sphere acts like a point charge. 22.16: a) b) Double the surface area: