Professional Documents
Culture Documents
New India @ 75
June 2018
I
ndia is on the cusp of transformation. Change has been in the making over the last four years under the
leadership of Honourable Prime Minister Narendra Modi. We have already shed the negative legacies of
the past and regained our position as one of the fastest growing large economies of the world. Though
commendable, this is not sufficient to meet the aspirations for our young population. To generate jobs for
the new entrants to the workforce each year and provide a decent level of living to all, India needs to achieve
and sustain rapid growth for at least the next three decades. There will be several milestones in this long and
arduous journey. The first of these milestones will be in 2022 when India celebrates the 75th anniversary of
its independence. The government’s goal is for India to be a USD 4.0 trillion economy when we celebrate the
platinum jubilee of our independence.
Moreover, the Prime Minister has given his clarion call for establishing a New India by 2022. There are three
key features of the Strategy for New India @ 75. First, development must become a mass movement, in which
every Indian recognizes her role and experiences the tangible benefits accruing to her from accelerated growth.
Collective effort and resolve will ensure that we will achieve a New India by 2022 just like we achieved
independence after the Mahatma gave the call of Quit India in 1942. The direct implication of combining rapid
growth with inclusion is that policymaking will have to be rooted in Indian ground realities and emphasize the
welfare of all in both design and implementation.
Second, the strategy will help achieve broad-based economic growth to ensure balanced development across
all regions and states and across sectors. This implies embracing new technologies and skills including focusing
on the most necessary modernization of our agriculture and mainstreaming of regions such as the North East,
hilly states and the 115 Aspirational Districts. The direct outcome of this will be improved regional and inter-
personal equity and elimination of dualism in all its manifestations.
Third, the strategy when implemented, will wipe out the gulf between public and private sector performance.
The Prime Minister has focused on putting in place a ‘development state’ in place of the ‘soft state’ that this
government had inherited. In this context, the government has focused on the efficient delivery of public
services, rooting out corruption and black economy, formalizing the economy and expanding the tax base,
improving the ease of doing business, restoring health to the stressed commercial banking sector, and stopping
leakages through direct benefit transfers.
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Strategy for
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Efficient, transparent and accountable governance, which has come to be recognized as this government’s USP,
will ensure that India will not only achieve its ambitious goals, which are explicitly detailed in this document,
in 2022 but also go on to become one of the two largest economies in the world by 2047, when we celebrate
the centenary of our independence.
This Strategy for New India @ 75 has identified 42 different areas that require either a sharper focus on
implementing the flagship schemes already in place or a new design and initiative to achieve India’s true
potential. Each chapter spells out the objectives, takes full cognizance of the progress made thus far and
summarizes the current status of the sector. It then identifies the binding constraints operating in the area and
proposes measures to address these constraints. It is our hope that this approach will provide an inventory of
readily implementable measures for the spectrum of government departments and agencies. The focus of the
strategy is to further improve the policy environment in which private investors and other stakeholders can
contribute their fullest towards achieving the goals set out for New India 2022.
We have followed an extremely participative approach in preparing the strategy. The process started with
a series of consultations with all possible stakeholders. Each area vertical in NITI Aayog had in depth
consultations with all three groups of stakeholders, viz., business persons, academics including scientists,
and government officials. This was followed by consultations at the NITI level with seven sets of stakeholders
that included scientists and innovators, farmers, civil society organizations, think tanks, labour representatives
and trade unions, as well as industry representatives (Lists at Annex 1 and 2). These consultations have been
followed by several sets of meetings with domain experts and state governments. With my senior colleagues,
I have visited 19 state capitals and had discussions with Chief Ministers and the cabinet along with senior
officials in a concerted attempt to gather their views on development priorities and challenges.
Each and every draft chapter prepared after these consultations was sent to the respective line ministry for
their inputs and concurrence. The chapters included in this volume reflect the ministries’ comments and inputs.
With these extensive consultations and inputs, the strategy reflects ground realities and a collective consensus
on addressing the challenges and achieving the goals for a New India. The attempt is to present a set of ideas
that can provide the basis for a constructive public-private-personal partnership and build the trust required
among all stakeholders for making development into a mass movement.
Given the importance of the task handed to NITI Aayog by the Prime Minister, I have participated in and
personally supervised the entire process. I would like to thank NITI Aayog members Dr. V. K. Saraswat, Dr.
Ramesh Chand and Dr. Vinod K. Paul for their leadership and invaluable inputs along every stage of the
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process. This document would not have been possible without the contribution of NITI Aayog CEO, Amitabh
Kant. Senior officials of NITI Aayog led the process of consultations and drafting the chapters. I would like to
thank Additional Secretaries Yaduvendra Mathur and R. P. Gupta; Senior Advisers Sunita Sanghi and Srikara
Naik; Advisers Alok Kumar, Anil Srivastava, Anna Roy, Ashok K. Jain, J. P. Mishra, Jitendra Kumar, Maninder
Kaur Dwivedi, Praveen Mahto, Ravinder Goyal, S. S. Ganapathy, U. K. Sharma, Vikram Singh Gaur, Yogesh Suri;
Senior Consultants C. Muralikrishna Kumar, Rakesh Ranjan and Sujeet Samaddar and Officer on Special Duty
Sanyukta Samaddar. I would not have been able to complete this task without the help of a dedicated team
of experts led by Ramgopal Agarwala and Dhiraj Nayyar. The team consisted of Urvashi Prasad, Devashish
Dhar, Atisha Kumar, Chinmaya Goyal, Ranveer Nagaich, Vaibhav Kapoor and Ajit Pai. Tara Nair provided crucial
editing inputs.
Preparing the strategy is only the first step in completing India’s economic transformation. In giving us the most
remarkable Constitution, our forefathers have set the enormous challenge of simultaneously completing our
triple transition across the social, political and economic fields. India is one of the few countries that have taken
on this historical challenge of completing the three transitions together. Having successfully taken forward the
social and political transitions, India is now within sight of completing its economic transition as well. This will
see per capita incomes rising from about USD 1,900 in 2017-18 to around USD 3,000 in 2022-23. At the same
time, as outlined in this strategy we would also achieve freedom from squalor, illiteracy, corruption, poverty,
malnutrition and poor connectivity for the common Indian.
By 2022, New India will provide a solid foundation for clean, inclusive, sustained and sustainable growth for
the next three decades. The Strategy for New India @ 75 reflects our resolve and preparedness to make this
transition. Its recommendations are practical and detailed to facilitate time-bound implementation. All levels of
government must work together to achieve the vision of New India. The inherited practice of working in silos
will have to be replaced by teamwork and collaboration across government. Team India will ensure prosperity
for all while protecting our environment and promoting the emergence of an innovative eco-system, propelling
India to the front ranks of the global economy.
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Table of Contents
Preface i
Table of Contents v
List of Tables ix
Introduction 1
Drivers
1. Growth 7
2. Employment and Labour Reforms 12
3. Technology and Innovation 16
4. Exports 20
5. Industry 25
6. Doubling Farmers’ Income I: Modernizing Agriculture 30
7. Doubling Farmers’ Income II: Policy & Governance 35
8. Doubling Farmers’ Income III: Value Chain & Rural Infrastructure 41
9. Financial Inclusion 46
10. Housing for All 51
11. Travel, Tourism and Hospitality 55
12. Minerals 60
Infrastructure
13. Energy 67
14. Surface Transport 72
15 Railways 76
16. Civil Aviation 81
17. Ports, Shipping and Inland Waterways 86
18. Logistics 91
19. Digital Connectivity 95
20. Smart Cities for Urban Transformation 100
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Table of Contents
21. Swachh Bharat Mission 104
22. Water Resources 108
23. Sustainable Environment 112
Inclusion
24. School Education 119
25. Higher Education 124
26. Teacher Education and Training 129
27. Skill Development 132
28. Public Health Management and Action 137
29. Comprehensive Primary Health Care 141
30. Human Resources for Health 145
31. Universal Health Coverage 150
32. Nutrition 154
33. Gender 158
34. Senior Citizens, Persons with Disability and Transgender Persons 163
35. Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), Other Backward Classes (OBCs),
Other Tribal Groups and Minorities 169
Governance
36. Balanced Regional Development: Transforming Aspirational Districts 177
37. The North East Region 181
38. Legal, Judicial and Police Reforms 187
39. Civil Services Reforms 192
40. Modernizing City Governance for Urban Transformation 196
41. Optimizing the Use of Land Resources 200
42. Data Led Governance and Policy Making 204
Annex 1 208
Annex 2 214
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List of Figures
1.1 India’s real GDP growth 8
2.1 Share of workforce employed in agriculture 13
3.1 Steps taken to promote science, technology and innovation in India 16
4.1 India’s non-oil goods exports and imports, 1990-91 to 2016-17 20
4.2 India’s services exports, 2000-01 to 2017-18 21
4.3 Non-oil goods and services exports as a share of GDP, 2000-01 to 2017-18 21
5.1 Manufacturing as a share of GDP, 2011-12 to 2017-18 26
7.1 Price spread between farm harvest prices and retail prices for select agricultural
commodities, 2015-16 36
8.1 Additional markets required by 2022-23 41
9.1 Distribution of household savings across physical and financial assets 47
9.2 Growth in unified payment interface (UPI) usage 47
10.1 Multi-pronged approach to resolving constraints in the ‘Housing for All’ scheme 52
11.1 Contribution of travel and tourism in India, 2016 55
12.1 India’s share in world production, 2015 61
13.1 Strategies for improving the energy sector in India 69
14.1 Total number of registered vehicles in India 72
15.1 Growth of Indian Railways,1950-51 to 2013-14 77
16.1 Passenger traffic by scheduled carriers, 2007-08 to 2016-17 81
16.2 Freight Transported by air, 2007-08 to 2016-17 82
17.1 Operating cost comparison in transporting cargo through various modes 86
17.2 Pillars of the Sagarmala programme 87
18.1 Logistics Performance Index for India, 2014 and 2016 92
19.1 Increase in internet users and online penetration in India 95
20.1 Four paradigms to leverage Smart Cities Mission 101
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List of Figures
21.1 Improvement in Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) coverage 105
22.1 Status on average annual water availability 108
23.1 Strategies for achieving sustainable environment 113
24.1 Gross and net enrolment ratios for elementary, secondary and senior secondary 119
24.2 Learning outcomes from ASER survey 2016 for rural areas 120
25.1 Gross Enrolment Ratio in higher education, 2016-17 124
25.2 UGC’s graded autonomy regulations for universities 126
27.1 Workforce that has undergone formal skill training 133
28.1 Preventable risk factors are the biggest contributors to the disease burden, 2016 138
29.1 Additional services to be provided under the New India primary care system 142
29.2 Revamped primary health system for New India 143
30.1 Shortfall of specialists in government health centres compared to the
requirement based on existing infrastructure 146
30.2 Sanctioned posts of specialists vacant 146
31.1 Pillars of universal health coverage 151
32.1 Key nutritional indicators in India 154
33.1 Progress with respect to gender-related indicators 158
33.2 Female labour force participation 159
33.3 Examples of indicators that could be used for developing the gender-based
index and ranking states 161
34.1 School attendance of children with disabilities between 5-19 years 164
34.2 Literacy status of PwDs 165
34.3 Allocation and expenditure pertaining to the Department of Empowerment of
Persons with Disabilities 165
35.1 Workforce participation rate 172
35.2 Out of school children by religious group 173
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List of Figures
36.1 Illustration of how the ADP converges stakeholders’ efforts in the prevention of stunting 179
37.1 Per capita NSDP for north east states, 2015-16 181
37.2 Per capita NSDP for north east states, 2004-05 182
37.3 Timeline of government initiatives for the development of north east region 183
40.1 Key strategies to improve urban governance by 2022-23 197
41.1 Land use across different uses in India, 1990-91 to 2013-14 200
42.1 Framework for achieving transparent governance 206
List of Tables
8.1 Gaps in cold-chain development 42
24.1 Profile of public schools with low enrolment 122
35.1 Incidence of poverty across social groups 169
35.2 Literacy rate among social groups 170
35.3 Literacy Rate among minority communities 172
36.1 Core dimensions of ADP and their weightage 179
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Introduction
O
n August 15, 2022, independent India will turn 75. In the lifespan of nations, India is still
young. The best is yet to come. India’s youthful and aspirational population deserves a rapid
transformation of the economy, which can deliver double-digit growth, jobs and prosperity to all.
A strong foundation has been laid in the last four years.
While there is every room for confidence, there is none for complacency. A surge of energy, untiring effort and
an unshakeable resolve on the part of the government, private sector and every individual citizen can achieve
this transformation in the next five years.
Seventy years ago, similar energy, effort and resolve from all Indians freed the country from colonial rule within
five years of the launch of the Quit India movement in 1942. Then, like now, foundations had been laid but a
committed acceleration of effort was necessary. The Prime Minister’s call for Sankalp Se Siddhi is a clarion call
for a radical transformation for a New India by 2022-23.
The government has to be in the vanguard of the transformation of the Indian economy. But the government
must define that role correctly. This strategy document attempts to do this. The document is being framed
in a context where a re-imagination of government is taking place. We need a ‘development state’ that
focuses sharply on the delivery of key public goods and services. We will strive for achieving an optimum
level of public-private partnership and policies for more efficient delivery of public goods and services such
as health, education, power, urban water supply and other infrastructure including connectivity. In this
context, a deliberate effort is being made to cut red tape and end burdensome over-regulation for promoting
entrepreneurship and private investment. Also, in an effort to align the Strategy for New India @ 75 with
India’s commitment to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, each chapter is mapped to the
relevant goals. India is putting in place a ‘development state’ guided by the philosophy of Sabka Saath, Sabka
Vikas.
The purpose of this document, Strategy for New India @ 75, is to define clear objectives for 2022-23 in a
diverse range of forty-two areas that are critical for India’s transformation; to note the progress already made
and challenges that remain in these sectors; identify binding constraints in those sectors; and suggest the way
forward to achieve the objectives by 2022-23.
The strategy document has disaggregated the forty-two sectors under four sections: drivers, infrastructure,
inclusion and governance. The first section on drivers focuses on the engines of economic performance –
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in macroeconomic terms with chapters on growth, employment and exports. The section also discussed
strategies for the doubling of farmers’ incomes; boosting Make in India; upgrading the science, technology
and innovation eco-system; and promoting sunrise sectors like fintech and tourism. An annual rate of growth
of 9 per cent by 2022-23 is essential to generate sufficient jobs and achieve prosperity for all. Four key steps,
among others, are:
a. Increase the investment rate as measured by gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) from present 29 per
cent to about 36 per cent of GDP by 2022. About half of this increase must come from public investment
which is slated to increase from 4 per cent to 7 per cent of GDP. Government savings have to move into
positive territory. This sharp increase in investment-to-GDP ratio will require significantly higher resource
mobilization efforts as elaborated in the chapter on Growth.
c. A strong push would be given to ‘Zero Budget Natural Farming’ techniques that reduce costs, improve
land quality and increase farmers’ incomes.
d. To ensure maximum employment creation, codification of labour laws must be completed and a massive
effort must be made to upscale apprenticeships.
The second section on infrastructure deals with the physical foundations of growth. A lot of progress has been
made across all infrastructure sectors. This is crucial to enhancing the competitiveness of Indian business as
also ensuring the citizens’ ease of living. Three key steps, among others, are:
a. The establishment of the Rail Development Authority (RDA), already approved, will be expedited. RDA
will advise/make informed decisions on an integrated, transparent and dynamic pricing mechanism.
Investment in railways will be ramped up, including by monetising existing railway assets.
b. The share of freight transported by coastal shipping and inland waterways will be doubled. Initially,
viability gap funding will be provided until the infrastructure is fully developed. An IT-enabled platform
would be developed for integrating different modes of transport.
c. With the completion of the Bharat Net programme in 2019, all 2.5 lakh gram panchayats will be
digitally connected. The aim will be to deliver all government services at the state, district, and gram
panchayat level digitally by 2022-23, thereby eliminating the digital divide.
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The section on inclusion deals with the urgent task of investing in the capabilities of all of India’s citizens. The
three themes in this section revolve around the various dimensions of health, education and mainstreaming
of traditionally marginalized sections of the population. While there are multiple dimensions and pathways
contained in the chapters in this section, four key steps, among others, are:
a. Successfully implementing the Ayushman Bharat programme and the establishment of 150,000 health
and wellness centres across the country.
b. Upgrading the quality of the school education system and skills, including the creation of a new
innovation ecosystem at the ground level by establishing at least 10,000 Atal Tinkering Labs by 2020.
c. As already done in rural areas, affordable housing in urban areas will be given a huge push to improve
workers’ living conditions and ensure equity while providing a strong impetus to growth.
d. Implementing strategies to achieve regional equity by focusing on the North East region and successfully
rolling out the Aspirational Districts Programme.
The final section on governance delves deep into how the tasks/business of government can be streamlined
and reformed to achieve better outcomes. It involves a sharp focus on ensuring accountability and a shift to
performance-based evaluation. The government will revamp its data systems and analysis so that all policy
interventions and decision-making are based on evidence and real-time data. This will yield efficient and
targeted delivery of services and justice to those who need them the most. Three key steps, among others, are:
b. A new autonomous body, viz., the Arbitration Council of India, may be set up to grade arbitral
institutions and accredit arbitrators to make the arbitration process cost effective and speedy, and to
pre-empt the need for court intervention.
c. The scope of Swachh Bharat Mission may be expanded to cover initiatives for landfills and plastic waste.
To achieve the goals of New India in 2022-23, it is important for the private sector, civil society and even
individuals to draw up their own strategies to complement and supplement the steps the government intends
to take. With the available tools of 21st century technology, it should be possible to create a truly mass
movement for development. With the Sankalp of all Indians, India will have Siddhi.
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DRIVERS
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10%
9%
Real GDP Growth (%)
8%
7%
6%
5%
4%
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
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• Two areas in which higher public investment infrastructure through a renewed public-private
will easily be absorbed are housing and partnership (PPP) mechanism on the lines
infrastructure. Investment in housing, suggested by the Kelkar Committee.
especially in urban areas, will create very large
• India has a huge trade deficit with China, which
multiplier effects in the economy. Investment
is not made up by foreign investment from
in physical infrastructure will address long-
China. A concerted and focused policy effort,
standing deficiencies faced by the economy.
with time bound targets, is needed to attract
Sector-specific measures are mentioned in
FDI from China and from other countries as
corresponding chapters.
well.
• The government has taken significant measures
2. Macroeconomic stability through prudent
to attract foreign direct investment by easing
fiscal and monetary policies
caps on the extent of permissible stake holding
and the norms of approval. By 2022-23, the • Sustained high growth requires macroeconomic
government may consider making all sectors, stability, which must be achieved through a
except those deemed to be of strategic combination of prudent fiscal and monetary
importance, open to 100 per cent FDI through policies.
the automatic route. Domestic savings can be • The government has rightly targeted a gradual
complemented by attracting foreign investment lowering of the government debt-to-GDP ratio.
in bonds and government securities. Regulatory It will help reduce the relatively high interest
limits can be relaxed for rupee denominated cost burden on the government budget, bring
debt. At the same time, there can be continued the size of India’s government debt closer to
tighter regulation on foreign currency that of other emerging market economies,
denominated debt. and improve the availability of credit for the
• The government should commit to exiting all private sector in the financial markets. It has
central public sector enterprises (CPSEs) that are also correctly committed to fiscal consolidation
not strategic in nature by 2022-23. Inefficient because excessive government spending
CPSEs surviving on government support distort crowds out more efficient private investment by
entire sectors as they operate without any real both cornering available resources and raising
budget constraints. The government’s exit will the cost of those resources.
attract private investment and contribute to the • But even as lowering of debt and limiting fiscal
exchequer, enabling higher public investment. deficit are important. The government should
For larger CPSEs, the goal should be to create be flexible in its approach towards setting
widely held companies by offloading stake to annual targets based on prevailing economic
the public to create entities where no single conditions. This approach is enshrined in
promoter has control. This will both improve the existing Fiscal Responsibility and Budget
management efficiency and allow government Management (FRBM) architecture that has built
to monetize its holdings with substantial in flexibility in the form of adequately defined
contribution to public finances. “escape and buoyancy” clauses. Targets should
• Private investment needs be encouraged in take cognizance of the stage of the business
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cycle and fiscal deficit and borrowing targets 3. Efficient financial intermediation
should not be set in isolation.
• Efficient functioning of the financial markets is
• Revenue deficit should be brought down to crucial to maintain high growth in the economy.
zero as rapidly as possible. Capital expenditure There is a need to deepen financial markets
incurred for the health and education sectors, with easier availability of capital, greater use
which in effect builds human capital, should of financial markets to channel savings and
be excluded from estimates of revenue an improved risk-assessment framework for
expenditure. This will remove any ambiguities lending to avoid a situation of large-scale non-
in estimating the revenue deficit. Related to performing assets in the banking sector.
this, government savings should be increased
• Governance reforms in public sector banks
ensuring that they move from negative to
require, apart from the establishment of
positive. This will also help finance greater
independent and commercially driven bank
government investments without increasing
boards, performance assessment of executives
borrowings.
and increased flexibility in human resources
• One of the major institutional reforms of recent policy.
years has been to statutely mandate the RBI
• There is a need to begin the process of strategic
to maintain “... price stability while keeping
disinvestment of public sector banks (PSBs). The
in mind the objective of growth”. Inflation
smaller and more troubled public sector banks
needs to be contained within the stated target
can be considered first. This will help in reducing
range of 2 per cent to 6 per cent. However, it
the moral hazard of banking losses being
should be noted that in a country with many
funded through public money. In line with the
supply bottlenecks, particularly in the food and
Narasimham Committee report, the government
agricultural sector, interest rates may not always
may aim for reducing its ownership in PSBs to
be the most effective tool to counter inflation,
33 per cent or consider the option of setting up
especially when it is driven by food inflation.
financial holding companies. The government
Inflation targeting provides a reasonably flexible
should retain ownership of only two or three
policy framework which is in line with global
large banks.
best practices and can respond appropriately to
supply shocks. • The Gujarat International Finance and Tech
City (GIFT) should be leveraged to push the
• Few countries, barring those rich in mineral
envelope on financial sector liberalization. It
resources, have grown rapidly with a strong
is an opportunity to onshore trading in rupees
exchange rate. In fact, the high achievers
and other derivatives, which currently happens
of East Asia, including China, grew on the
outside India for regulatory reasons. If GIFT
back of undervalued exchange rates. Policy
succeeds, liberalization can be extended to the
efforts should be to prevent any sustained
rest of the country.
overevaluation of the rupee and promote
productivity enhancing reforms especially in • Enable alternative (to banks) sources of credit
labour intensive, export oriented sectors. for India’s long-term investment needs.
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The bond market needs deepening through Union but through competition among states.
liberalization of regulations and continued fiscal
• A focused effort on further cutting red tape not
consolidation.
just in the parameters of Ease of Doing Business
4. Focus on exports and manufacturing but also in the logistics sector is needed. This is
especially true of state governments.
• While there are separate chapters in this volume
that deal with how to overcome constraints • Power tariff structures may be rationalized
in these two sectors, it is important to point to ensure global competitiveness of Indian
out that India remains globally uncompetitive, industries.
particularly in the production and exports of
5. Employment generation
manufactured, including processed agricultural,
goods. The following overarching reforms are • The necessary condition for employment
necessary: generation is economic growth. Achieving
the growth targets by implementing the
• It is necessary to reform the land and labour
development strategy outlined in this document
markets that are not conducive to the needs of
can generate sufficient jobs for new entrants
large-scale manufacturing. A realistic approach
into the labour force, as well as those migrating
to moving forward on these is through the
out of agriculture. A large part of jobs would
initiatives of state governments, which are
hopefully be generated in labour-intensive
constitutionally mandated to enact laws in
manufacturing sectors, construction and
these areas. A handful of states have already
services. In addition, the employability of labour
amended labour laws and changed laws to
needs to be enhanced by improving health,
enable land leasing and land pooling. This
education and skilling outcomes and a massive
process needs to be continued and extended
expansion of the apprenticeship scheme.
to other states not through any diktat from the
________________________________________
1
Source: RBI
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Figure 2.1: Share of workforce employed in agriculture
50% 49%
Share of Workforce Employed in
45%
40%
35%
Agriculture (%)
29%
30%
25%
20%
14.50%
15%
10%
4.60%
5%
0%
India China Brazil South Africa
number of labour laws. These measures include to credit and addressing sector specific constraints.
moving licensing and compliance processes The government also made the EPFO premium
online, simplifying procedures and permitting portable so that workers can change jobs without
self-certification in larger number of areas. One of fear of losing their provident fund benefits.
the government’s key initiatives is to rationalize 38
The government has recently made publicly
central labour laws into four codes, namely wages,
available the data on employment collected by the
safety and working conditions, industrial relations,
Employment Provident Fund Organization (EPFO),
and social security and welfare. Of the four codes,
Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC)
the one on wages has been introduced in the Lok
and National Pension Scheme (NPS). With MOSPI
Sabha and is under examination. The other three
collecting employment data through its enterprises
codes are at the pre-legislative consultation stage
and household surveys – particularly the Periodic
and should be completed urgently.
Labour Force Survey – and the focus on improving
The government has put in place several schemes payroll data, the effort is to vastly improve
to help generate employment. These include the availability of reliable employment data and release
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment it on a regular basis.
Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), MUDRA Yojana,
Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Constraints
Programme and Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan
• Productivity across all sectors. A large
Yojana. Additional initiatives aid job creation
share of India’s workforce is employed in
through providing skill development, easing access
low productivity activities with low levels of
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5. Ease industrial relations to encourage • Enforce the payment of wages through cheque
formalization or Aadhaar-enabled payments for all.
• Increase severance pay, in line with global best 7. Working conditions and social security
practices.
• Enact a comprehensive occupational health and
• Overhaul the labour dispute resolution system safety legislation based on risk assessment,
to resolve disputes quickly, efficiently, fairly and employer-worker co-operation, and effective
at low cost. educational, remedial and sanctioning.
• Strengthen labour courts/tribunals for timely • Enhance occupational safety and health (OSH)
dispute resolution and set a time frame for in the informal sector through capacity building
different disputes. and targeted programmes.
6. Wages • Ensure compulsory registration of all
establishments to ensure better monitoring of
• Make compliance with the national floor level
occupational safety as well as recreation and
minimum wage mandatory.
sanitation facilities.
• Expand the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, to
cover all jobs.
________________________________________
1
2017 OECD Economic Survey of India; NSSO
2
Sectoral Contribution to GVA calculated using data from MOSPI’s Second Advance Estimates. Industry consists of manufacturing,
mining and quarrying and electricity, gas, water supply& other utility services. The services sector consists of trade, hotels, transport,
communication and services related to broadcasting; construction; financial, real estate and professional services; and public admin-
istration, defence and other services.
3
OECD India Policy Brief, Education and Skills. Accessed May 15, 2018.
https://www.oecd.org/policy-briefs/India-Improving-Quality-of-Education-and-Skills-Development.pdf
4
NSSO 68th Round (2011-12). Female labour force participation rate calculated using usual principal status, covering both urban and
rural areas.
5
World Development Indicators database, World Bank. Accessed May 16, 2018.
6
Data from Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) and NSS, cited in the Annual Economic Survey, 2015-16
http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2015-16/echapvol1-10.pdf. Accessed May 15, 2018.
7
Ministry of Labour and Employment, India
http://labour.nic.in/about-ministry. Accessed May 15, 2018.
8
India Skill Report 2018
15
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
1971
Department of Science and
Technology established.
Promotes basic research
via:
• Research funding schemes
through Science and
Engineering Research 2003
Board (SERB) and other Science and
in-house programmes Technology 2016
• Autonomous Institutions Policy brought Atal Innovation
(AIs) under DST were set together Science Mission
up and Technology launched
2000 2013
National Science,
Innovation Technology and
Foundation was Innovation (STI)
set up to fund Policy formulated.
grassroots
innovations
Various schemes have been launched to attract, 16 nurture and retain young researchers and women
scientists in the field of scientific research. Some important achievements in the field of science and
technology are enumerated below: DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
• First, India has become a major destination for • Last but not the least, India is now the third
outsourced R&D activities. We currently have largest country in terms of the number of
more than 1,100 R&D centres set up by multi- start-ups. This number is expected to rise
national companies (MNCs) such as IBM, Google, exponentially in the coming years. The
Microsoft, Intel, Lupin, Wockhardt, etc. These government has set up the Atal Innovation
R&D centres cover areas including information Mission (AIM) to transform radically the
and communication technologies, biotechnology, innovation, entrepreneurship and start-up
and aerospace, automotive, chemicals and ecosystem of the country.
materials technology. India’s relatively strong
While India showed improvements in most areas
intellectual property regime will facilitate its
of technology, it is also necessary to recognize the
emergemce as a major R&D centre.
challenges that we need to overcome to become an
• Second, recent contributions by Indian scientists innovation led society.
to frontier research and technology have been
encouraging. For example, 37 Indian scientists Constraints
from nine Indian institutions played a key role
• Low R&D expenditure, especially from the private
in the discovery of gravitational waves that
sector, is a key challenge facing the innovation
received the Physics Nobel prize in 2017. Indian
ecosystem in India. The latest R&D Statistics2
scientists also contributed to the discovery of
released by the National Science and Technology
a neutron star merger at Laser Interferometer
Management Information System (NSTMIS) of
Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), USA.
the Department of Science and Technology (DST)
• Third, a computer simulation result by the Indian show that while R&D expenditure in India tripled
Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) shows the in the period from 2004-05 to 2014-15, its size
possibility of using atmospheric signatures to get as a percentage of GDP remained at 0.7 per cent.
advance warning of an approaching Tsunami. This is very low compared to the 2 per cent and
1.2 per cent spent by China (for 2015) and Brazil
• Fourth, the development of Brahmos, advanced (for 2014) respectively.3 Countries like Israel
air defence supersonic interceptor missiles, spend as much as 4.3 per cent of their GDP on
diverse missiles and rocket systems, remotely R&D. Furthermore, while the share of the private
piloted vehicles, light combat aircraft, etc., sector in R&D investment in most technologically
are brilliant examples of India’s progress in advanced countries is as high as 65 to 75 per
strategic and defence technologies. cent, it is only about 30 per cent in India.
• Fifth, India now ranks amongst a handful • The number of scientific R&D professionals
of nations that have credible capabilities in in India at 218 per million population is
the field of space technology. The gradual distressingly low compared to China’s 1,113
upgrading from SLV to ASLV and PSLV to GSLV, and USA’s 4,019.
the first moon orbiter project Chandrayan-1,
Mars Orbiter Mission and the recent • The link between research, higher education
simultaneous launch of 104 satellites are India’s and industry is weak and nascent. It needs to
brilliant achievements. be strengthened and put on a firm platform.
17
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
• Our education system has so far not focused and scientific research as well as co-ordinating
on cultivating a scientific temperament at and guiding various science initiatives. The
an early age. Even at the later stages of an proposed NSTIF will help in pursuing inter-
aspiring scientist’s career, the lack of career ministerial, inter-disciplinary research besides
opportunities in basic sciences leads to the breaking silos among various scientific
diversion of potential researchers to other departments/agencies.
rewarding sectors.
• The major weaknesses of public funded
• Renowned public funded institutions like the R&D and technology institutions like CSIR,
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research DRDO, BARC, ICMR and ISRO are their poor
(CSIR), Defence Research and Development marketing skills and information dissemination.
Organization (DRDO), Bhabha Atomic Research Some measures for enhancing technology
Centre (BARC), Indian Council of Medical commercialization by public funded institutions
Research (ICMR), Indian Council of Agricultural are provided below:
Research (ICAR) etc., along with prominent
universities across the country, have developed o Value addition centres may be set up in
many technologies. However, the rate of transfer each of these institutions for (i) up-scaling
of these technologies to industry and for societal technologies, (ii) improving technologies
benefits is low. “Lab to Land” time is too long. from Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 4
to TRL 6/7, (iii) demonstrating industrial
• The adoption of indigenous innovations by
scale pilot production, (iv) co-ordinating
Indian industry is not very encouraging.
with investors to incubate entrepreneurs,
Frequent violation of Preferential Market Access
(v) bridging the gap between industry
(PMA) is an issue leading to large-scale imports
and technology development teams, (vi)
of foreign products and services.
enabling formal technology transfer, (vii)
• The public procurement system is heavily enabling commercialization and marketing
biased in favour of experienced and established and (viii) providing technology support
products and technologies. This strongly during production.
discourages new and innovative technologies
o DST should create a National Technology
offered by start-ups, who do not get much-
Data Bank in co-ordination with all publicly
needed support from government procurement.
funded R&D institutions. This will provide
• There has been poor progress in the a central database for technologies
development and deployment of affordable that are ready for deployment or under
technologies for rural areas, particularly in development.
agriculture, agro-processing, micro irrigation, etc.
o Public funded research institutions
should consider shifting their focus to the
The Way Forward development and deployment of socially
• An empowered body is needed to steer relevant technologies in areas such as
holistically the management of science in the clean drinking water, sanitation, energy,
country. Its scope will include science education affordable healthcare, organic farming, etc.
18
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
These technologies have large potential for • AIM has already launched Atal New India
commercialization. Challenges in partnership with five ministries
to create products from technologies and
• Measures related to government procurement
prototypes in areas of national importance
include the following:
such as solid waste management, water and
o In all government procurements, wastewater management as well as road and
international competitive bidding for both rail transport. These, along with Atal Incubation
products and services should be resorted Centres (AICs) will also provide the platform
to only when Indian manufacturers are for promoting frugal innovation. More such
unable to supply products/services of challenges will be launched in partnership with
comparable international quality. This will ministries and support will be provided to these
promote the Make in India initiative. ministries to adopt the resultant innovations.
o Quarterly workshops may be organised for • AIM has set up over 1000 Atal Tinkering Labs
creating awareness among procurement (ATLs) around the country covering over 625
managers of various ministries/ districts. It is aimed to take this number to
departments/state governments/CPSUs, at least 5,000 by 2019 and 10,000 by 2020.
about the DIPP’s Public Procurement Order Further expansion will be considered based on
2017 (which aims to promote Make in the outcomes of the first phase.
India products/services).
• To promote entrepreneurship and startups, AIM
o To adopt innovative technologies,
is supporting AICs across the country including
experts/scientific practitioners should be
at Tier II/III locations. These include existing
mandatorily included on board/committees
and new incubation centres. It is expected that
related to government procurement. All
more than 100 world-class incubation centres
RFP/RFQ documents should include a
will be up and running by 2020.
suitable clause in this regard.
• Foreign collaborators, consultants, visiting
o In order to promote procurement of goods/
faculty, adjunct scientists, etc., need to be
services developed by Indian start-ups,
involved in pursuing R&D in the emerging areas
10 per cent extra marks in the technical
of basic sciences such as nano-technology,
evaluation could be provided to them.
stem cell research, astronomy, genetics, next
• To bring vibrancy to frugal innovations, a generation genomics, drug discovery, etc. DST, in
non-lapsable “District Innovation Fund” with collaboration with Indian Missions abroad, may
a corpus of about INR 2 crore in each district identify discipline wise foreign experts who can
may be created and used to promote grass root collaborate with Indian scientists to take basic
innovations. research in these areas to the next level.
________________________________________
1
Published by World Intellectual Property Organization jointly with Cornell University and INSEAD
2
Source: http://www.nstmis-dst.org/Statistics-Glance-2017-18.pdf. Accessed April 20, 2018.
3
World Bank Statistics
19
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
4. Exports
Objective The Foreign Trade Policy 2015-20 identifies
measures for boosting both merchandise and
Double India’s non-oil goods and services exports
services exports. Recognizing the need to enhance
from USD 407 billion in 2016-171 to USD 800 billion
logistics and trade facilitation, the Ministry of
in 2022-23, implying a compound annual growth
Commerce has also set up a Logistics Division for
rate of about 12 per cent over this period.
the integrated development of India’s logistics
sector (Further details on measures to promote
Current Situation logistics are given in the Logistics chapter).
India accounts for 2.1 per cent of world goods and
services exports. There is therefore considerable Constraints
room to expand exports, even if overall global
• There have been some issues with respect
trade grows moderately. In several labour intensive
to GST. While some measures have been
sectors, as wages rise in China, global investors are
taken recently, the system needs to be further
looking to produce in lower wage countries. India is
streamlined
placed well to capture this displaced production.
Figure 4.1: India’s non-oil goods exports and imports, 1990-91 to 2016-17
20
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Figure 4.2: India’s services exports, 2000-01 to 2017-18
140
-2.4%
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
35%
31%
30% 30%
Exports Share of GDP (%)
25%
25%
20%
21%
15% 18%
10%
5%
0%
21
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
22
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
• Resolve exporters’ issues with respect to the • Improve connectivity by completing announced
GST. In the long term, GST will help reduce infrastructure projects. Enhancing physical
internal barriers to trade, potentially shifting connectivity will help reduce delivery times and
patterns of sourcing inputs for India’s exports. improve global connectivity and the reach of
our exporters. By 2022-23, we should complete
o The following issues need to be addressed
projects that are already underway such as the
urgently for exporters: provisions related to
Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) and
input tax credits, time delays in the payment
dedicated freight corridors.
of the integrated goods and services
tax (IGST) refunds, the duty exemption/ • Work with states to ease labour and land
remission scheme, export promotion capital regulations. In particular, we should introduce
goods scheme (EPCG) and deemed exports. flexibility in labour provisions across sectors. All
state governments should speedily implement
o In addition, inverted GST rates for certain
fixed term employment (FTE) that has now been
products need to be rationalized. For
extended to cover all sectors.
example, the GST rate for man-made fibre
and apparel is inverted, with higher GST • Ensure that the nominal exchange rate is
on inputs (fibre) than on outputs (apparel). sufficiently flexible to maintain stability of the
While man-made fibre or fabric producers real effective exchange rate specially vis-à-vis
can claim refunds on the input taxes paid, our competitors. This policy stance could be
the cost of production still includes the announced for the future to provide a degree of
initial higher payments. This increases certainty to exporters.
working capital requirements.
• The government has recently established
• Rationalize tariffs on goods a dedicated fund of INR 5,000 crore for
enhancing 12 “Champion Services Sectors”.
o High tariffs, which protect indigenous
Among others, these include IT & ITeS, tourism,
industries but at the expense of
medical value travel and audio visual services.
productivity and the ability to compete
Given the significant role of services exports in
globally, must always come with a well-
maintaining India’s balance of payments, the
defined sunset clause.
government should continue to focus on these
o We should urgently rationalize tariffs for sectors.
value chains with inverted tariff structures
• Strengthen the governance and technical
(e.g., man-made fibre, apparel and
capabilities of Export Promotion Councils
electronics).
(EPCs) by subjecting them to a well-defined,
o Reduce duties on raw materials/ performance-based evaluation. This should be
intermediate inputs for key sectors, such implemented urgently. Performance evaluations
as electronics, apparel, leather and other of EPCs could be based on increasing the share
labour intensive sectors to facilitate of Indian exports in product markets covered
participation in global value chains (GVCs). by these EPCs. Those EPCs unable to achieve
23
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
mutually agreed upon targets for increasing Technical and Economic Co-operation (BIMSTEC)
market shares could be closed down or re- frameworks.
structured.
o Building the physical infrastructure and
• Explore closer economic integration within putting in place measures to facilitate
South Asia and the emerging economies of seamless cross-border movement of
South East Asia particularly Cambodia, Laos, goods in the Northeast region would
Myanmar and Vietnam, using the existing help accelerate integration and promote
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN) and exports.
the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral
________________________________________
1
This figure does not include oil exports.
24
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
5. Industry
Objectives The Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion
(DIPP) has been engaging with states/UTs to
• Double the current growth rate of the manufac-
enhance the ease of doing business. Following
turing sector by 2022
concerted efforts of the government, the World
• Target a rank of 50 in the World Bank’s Ease of Bank ranked India 100th among 190 countries
Doing Business Index by 2022 in the Ease of Doing Business (EODB) in 2018.
• Promote in a planned manner the adoption of This was a jump of 34 positions since 2014.
the latest technology advancements, referred to While these indices are useful for comparison,
as ‘Industry 4.0’, that will have a defining role actual improvement in EODB will come only with
in shaping the manufacturing sector in 2022 greater co-ordination between the centre and
states.
Current Situation The foreign direct investment (FDI) regime has been
India is the fifth largest manufacturer in the world substantially liberalized, significantly improving
with a gross value added (GVA) of INR 21,531.47 India’s rank in terms of annual FDI inflows from 14
billion in 2017-18 (2nd advance estimate for in 2010 to 9 in 2017. However, India receives only
2017-18 at 2011-12 prices). The sector registered 25 per cent of the FDI that China gets and only 10
a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around per cent of what the USA receives. FDI inflows into
7.7 per cent between 2012-13 and 2017-18.1 the manufacturing sector reached about 35 per cent
of total FDI.4
The government has taken several initiatives to
promote manufacturing. Among these are the Despite favourable conditions and government
Make in India Action Plan aimed at increasing focus, manufacturing as a percentage of the gross
the manufacturing sector’s contribution to domestic product has remained largely stagnant
25 per cent of GDP by 2020,2 the Start-up at about 16 per cent over the years. However,
India initiative to promote entrepreneurship improvements are evident in recent quarters,
and nurture innovation, and the Micro Units where manufacturing growth at 6.9 per cent and
Development and Refinance Agency (MUDRA) 8.1 per cent in Q2 and Q3 2017-18 (year-on-year
and Stand-up India to facilitate access to credit. as compared to 2016-17) outpaced GDP growth.
It has also undertaken massive recapitalisation of Figure 5.1 shows the trend in manufacturing as a
public sector banks3 to ease availability of credit percentage of GVA from 2011-12 until 2017-18.
to micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs).
Besides, it has undertaken major infrastructure
projects, such as the setting up of industrial
corridors, to boost manufacturing.
25
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
17%
16.8%
17% 16.7%
16.6%
17%
Share of GDP (%)
16%
16%
16%
15%
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
(2nd AE)
Source: MoSPI
26
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
late domestic manufacturing activities provided tion channel through an e-commerce platform.
the projects are suitably structured and demand A Cluster Administration Office should be given
is aggregated strategically. This should be the responsibility to award factory permissions
accompanied by simplification of the regulatory and compliances.
process. The Madhepura Electric Locomotive
• For India to become the world’s workshop, we
Project, a joint venture between the Indian
should encourage further FDI in manufacturing,
Railways and the French multinational Alstom,
particularly when it is supported with buybacks
provides a good example of how mega projects
and export orders.
can be leveraged to boost domestic production.
The project enabled effective transfer of tech- • Streamline discretionary powers vested at
nology and the availability of state-of-the-art different levels of governance by adopting
locomotives for the railways. The Madhepura digitized processes and making all approvals
model is replicable in the defence, aerospace, electronic in a transparent, time bound manner.
railways and shipping sectors. • Disruptive technology, while leading to job
• Set up a portal to monitor projects beyond a losses in traditional areas, also presents new
given threshold so that any roadblocks are job opportunities. A greater connect between
identified and addressed on a real time basis. government-industry-academia is required to
State governments should be encouraged or identify the changing requirements in manufac-
incentivized to contribute data to this portal. turing and prepare an employable workforce. In
NITI Aayog’s Development Monitoring and Eval- the context of employability of engineers, there
uation Office (DMEO) can help set up the portal. is a need for thorough review of standards of
An inter-ministerial body with representatives engineering education and its linkages with
of state governments and project promoters (as industry.
special invitees) may be constituted. • E-commerce can be the driver of overall eco-
• Efforts should be made to develop self-sufficient nomic growth over the next decade through
clusters of manufacturing competence, with its impact on generating demand, expanding
Cluster Administrative Authorities empowered manufacturing, employment generation and
to provide single window clearances to en- greater transparency. A Committee, chaired
trepreneurs and investors. Industrial corridors by CEO, NITI Aayog examined issues related
should address the lack of infrastructure and to the e-commerce industry5. It made recom-
logistics. Logistics will need to be supplemented mendations for the sector’s growth including
with warehousing and other elements of the increasing internet access, digitizing payments,
manufacturing supply chain. further improving transportation infrastructure,
logistics and distributed warehousing support.
• NITI Aayog could work with states to prepare
These may be examined for implementation at
manufacturing clusters and develop export
the earliest.
strategies based on their sector competitive-
ness and resource strengths. A cluster should • Harmonize Indian quality standards with global
have supporting industries and infrastructure. It standards in many sectors. Lack of harmoniza-
should also develop a local brand and distribu- tion has affected Indian exports and prevented
27
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
the leveraging of trade agreements adequately. products, value chains and business models. It
For e.g., the medical device industry would will significantly impact sectors like automobile,
benefit greatly from conformity to standards pharmaceuticals, chemicals and financial ser-
that are essential for new products to be vices and will result in operational efficiencies,
acceptable to doctors and patients abroad. The cost control and revenue growth. Experts feel
issues of regulations and standards setting are that emerging markets like India could benefit
also intertwined. Two initiatives are required in tremendously from the adoption of Industry 4.0
this regard: practices.
o Task the Bureau of Indian Standards and • In his 2018 Budget Speech, the Finance Minis-
Quality Council of India with assessing the ter mandated NITI Aayog to initiate a national
improvements in standards and productivi- programme directing India’s efforts on Artifi-
ty required to achieve global standards cial Intelligence6. On a similar note, NITI Aayog
could organize a discussion on “Industry 4.0,”
• Address the following issues in respect of MS-
inviting leading manufacturing companies
MEs:
from various sectors including automobile/auto
o Setting up of mega textile/leather/gems components, electrical and electronics, chemi-
and jewellery parks and manufacturing cals, cement/steel, etc., along with concerned
clusters with common facilities to reduce ministries to discuss plans for adopting Indus-
costs and improve quality. It is also recom- try 4.0.
mended that state governments should set
• The Indian Institute of Science, a few select In-
up plug and play parks (flatted factories) to
dian Institutes of Technology (IITs), National In-
ensure international productivity standards.
stitutes of Technology (NITs) and other premier
o Workers of industrial units in the new engineering colleges should create specialized
mega parks should have decent accommo- training programmes on ‘Smart Manufacturing’
dation within reasonable proximity of the to address the shortage of high-tech human
work place. resources.
o An expert committee should examine • The Department of Heavy Industry (DHI) should
sector-specific pain points and make its develop the Central Manufacturing Technology
recommendations within three months. Institute (CMTI), Bangalore, as a Centre of Excel-
o The Department of Public Enterprises lence for pursuing R&D in Industry 4.0 technol-
(DPE) should ensure registration of all ogies and systems. The Department of Science
public sector units (PSUs) on the Trade & Technology should spearhead industry-aca-
Receivables Discounting System (TREDS) demia R&D projects on cyber physical systems.
portal. • The development of industries that produce
Industry 4.0 the key building blocks forming the basis of
Industry 4.0 could be incentivized. Incentives
• Launch a major initiative to push industry to
could be focused on MSMEs that manufacture
adopt Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 is characterized
products including sensors, actuators, drives,
by increasing digitization and interconnection of
28
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
synchronous motors, communication systems, • For geographical planning and ease of envi-
computer displays, and auxiliary electromechan- ronmental clearances, adopt the system of
ical systems. Similarly, industries adopting In- using Geographic Information System (GIS)
dustry 4.0 standards could be provided support based maps at all levels to create pre-approved
for a fixed period of time. land banks for manufacturing facilities. This is
already being practiced in some states. In such
• Reliability, stability and integrity of smart man-
designated land banks, standards can be clearly
ufacturing systems can be increased by creating
laid down in advance relating to (i) environmen-
Indian standards for the systems and sub-sys-
tal requirements (ii) building bye-laws, and (iii)
tems for adoption by manufacturers.
safety and other norms.
Ease of doing business
• Replicate in other states the Gujarat Pollution
• Introduce a “single window” system in all states Control Board (GPCB) Environmental Audit
that provides a single point of contact between Scheme based on third party certification.
investor and government and facilitates all
• To strengthen third party certification systems,
required licences and approvals. It should be
develop suitable accreditation agencies.
based on stakeholder consultation.
• Ensure the seamless integration of the Shram
• For efficient approval/inspection process, devel-
Suvidha portal and state agencies’ portals.
op a system of accountability for major stake-
holders like inspection bodies, testing labs, etc.
________________________________________
1
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation data Accessed April 30, 2018.
2
Make in India website. Accessed April 30, 2018. http://www.makeinindia.com/about
3
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=171900. Accessed April 30, 2018.
4
http://dipp.nic.in/sites/default/files/FDI_FactSheet_21February2018.pdf. Accessed April 29, 2018.
5
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=169011. Accessed April 27, 2018.
6
http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/bs/bs.pdf. Accessed April 27, 2018.
29
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
30
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Constraints Way Forward
1. Use of outdated and inappropriate technology Productivity and efficiency
is the main reason for low productivity of crops
Increasing area under irrigation: Irrigation
and livestock.
coverage needs to be increased to 53 per cent of
2. Given the pre-dominance of small and margin- gross cropped area (GCA) by 2022-23.3 The focus
al farmers in Indian agriculture, affordability should be on increasing coverage through micro-
becomes a significant constraint on technology irrigation.
adoption by farmers.
Increasing adoption of hybrid and improved seeds:
3. Much of the technology developed in public States should take the lead through the following
sector labs does not flow to farmers either due measures:
to weak extension or due to irrelevance.
• Dynamic seed development plans are required.
4. Public sector research in the country is con- These may be based on crop wise area (each
strained by resource inadequacy while scientists season separately), seed rate per hectare used,
and the private sector are deterred by regulations desired/targeted seed replacement rate and
and Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) issues. crop wise seed requirement. Crop wise require-
5. Multiple private and public sources supplying ment should be worked out based on histor-
different information to farmers create confu- ical trends, introduction of new varieties and
sion. replacement of poor yielding varieties.
6. A huge gap exists between the demand for and • States should aim to increase the seed replace-
supply of skills in agriculture, hindering diver- ment rate (SRR) to 33 per cent for self-pollinated
sification, adoption of precision agriculture and crops and 50 per cent for cross-pollinated crops
on farm post-harvest value addition. in alternative years.
7. Policy initiatives have paid little attention to Increase Variety Replacement Ratio (VRR): Phase out
the upgradation of technology to global stan- old varieties of seeds and replace them with hybrid
dards, on-ground absorption of technology, and improved seeds to enhance productivity. The
market intelligence, skills and extension, and Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) along
modernizing trade and commerce in agricul- with State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) should
ture. Traditional practices like flood irriga- develop climate resilient varieties of crops suitable
tion and broadcasting of fertilizer dominate for the 128 agro-climatic zones of the country,
production practices, leading to high levels of through farmer participatory plant breeding and
inefficiency. adopting farm varietal trials from the third year of
the development of the seed.
8. Both production and marketing suffer due to
the absence of adequate capital. Strengthen seed testing facilities: Seed testing
facilities need upgradation in terms of both
9. Low scale is a serious constraint on the adop-
personnel and technical expertise. Regular
tion of improved practices and in the input and
performance monitoring is required to maintain the
output market.
quality of test results.
31
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
Custom hiring centres: Madhya Pradesh has Value added extension: Prioritise value added
had demonstrable success with their custom extension services to enable a reduction in post-
hiring centre model to hasten the pace of farm harvest losses by converting raw agricultural
mechanization. This model should be replicated produce to processed products. This allows for
nationwide by employing rural youth and increased price realization and contributes towards
promoting entrepreneurship. increasing farmers’ income.
Subsidies on liquid fertilizers: Targeted subsidy District level skill mapping: ICAR and SAUs should
should be provided on liquid fertilizers to encourage map the demand for and supply of skills in
fertigation with micro-irrigation. agriculture at the district level and co-ordinate with
skill development missions to impart the required
Investment subsidies for micro-irrigation: Rather skills to farmers and agricultural labour.
than power and water subsidies, investment
subsidies for micro-irrigation can be provided Replicate dealer training programme in state
through the DBT mode. agricultural universities: The National Institute of
32
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Agricultural Extension Management’s (MANAGE) and promote new technologies. This mission must
dealer training programme should be replicated work in synergy with various agricultural research
in SAUs, with diploma holders granted licences to institutions in the country.
conduct extension activities.
Strengthen market for organic products: Targeted
Diversification: promotion of high value efforts to create a market for niche products is
recommended. Spices unique to a state can be
crops (HVCs) and livestock
branded by the Spice Board to encourage the
High value crops (HVCs) production of organic spices.
Encourage diversification to HVCs: Design an Livestock and fisheries
incentive mechanism to wean farmers away from
Breeding of indigenous cattle with exotic breeds:
cereal crops to HVCs. The area under fruits and
Breeding of indigenous cattle with exotic breeds
vegetables needs to increase by 5 per cent every
needs to be encouraged to arrest the issue of
year.5
inbreeding. This will enable greater gene coverage,
Establish regional production belts: As in the reduced diseases and greater resilience to climate
cluster-based approach, regional production belts change.7
for HVCs need to be identified and supported
Promote and develop bull mother farms:
through the Mission on Integrated Development of
Employing multiple ovulation and embryo transfer
Horticulture (MIDH). Make SHCs mandatory in these
technologies, these farms can significantly enhance
belts.
milk productivity through the supply of cattle with
Use of hybrid technology in vegetables: Shift to enhanced milk potential to farmers.
using hybrid varieties for vegetables. At present, Village level procurement systems: Installing of bulk
10 per cent of the cropped area under vegetables is milk chillers and facilities for high value conversion
under hybrids. Shifting to hybrids has the potential of milk are needed to promote dairy in states. The
to increase yields by 1.5 to 3 times and provide a private sector should be incentivized to create a
significant increase in income.6 value chain for HVCs and dairy products at the
Rootstocks for production of fruits: Rootstock village level.
technology has shown the capacity to double Convergence of schemes in fisheries sector:
production and be resilient to climate stress. Integrate the Blue Revolution scheme with
Measures should be taken to standardize and MGNREGA. Ponds created through MGNREGA
promote usage of rootstocks to produce fruits. should be used to promote aquaculture and can be
used to create potential clusters as well.
Smart horticulture: There have been pockets of
success spread throughout the country, using Capacity building for fish breeders and farmers:
techniques such as high-density plantation, Establish fish co-operative organisations and
protected cultivation and organic production. These run village level schemes in co-ordination with
methods need to be documented and replicated at panchayats to disseminate best practices and
the national level. It is recommended that a mission research.
on smart horticulture may be setup to identify
33
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
________________________________________
1
Chand, Ramesh (2017), Doubling Farmers’ Income: Rationale, Strategy, Prospects & Action Plan, NITI Aayog Policy Paper, NITI Aayog.
New Delhi
2
Committee on Doubling Farmers’ Income, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (2018). Vol. II: Status of Farmers’ Income:
Strategies for Accelerated Growth, Doubling Farmers’ Income. New Delhi
3
Chand, Ramesh (2017), Doubling Farmers’ Income: Rationale, Strategy, Prospects & Action Plan, NITI Aayog Policy Paper, NITI Aayog.
New Delhi
4
Committee on Doubling Farmers’ Income, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (2017). Vol. XI: Empowering the Farmers
through Extension. New Delhi
5
Chand, Ramesh (2017), Doubling Farmers’ Income: Rationale, Strategy, Prospects & Action Plan, NITI Aayog Policy Paper, NITI Aayog.
New Delhi
6
Committee on Doubling Farmers’ Income, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare (2018). Vol. VIII-C. Horticulture and Sericul-
ture: Production Enhancement through Productivity Gains. New Delhi
7
Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare (2018). National Conference on Agriculture. Background Paper on Promotion of Live-
stock, Dairy, Poultry and Fisheries as Engines of Growth. New Delhi
34
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
7. Doubling Farmers’ Income II:
Policy & Governance
Objectives An unsupportive policy structure has ensured that
corporate investment in agricultural infrastructure
To double farmers’ income by:
has not exceeded 2 per cent. The policy structure
• Creating a policy environment that enables a focuses on production and productivity aspects
paradigm shift from food security to income with little consolidation and convergence on
security for farmers other aspects of agriculture including on-ground
• Encouraging the participation of the private absorption of technology, price determination
sector in agricultural development to transition benefits, market intelligence, skills and extension,
from agriculture to robust agri-business systems and market delivery systems. In short, to achieve
the target of doubling farmers’ income by 2022-23
• Promoting through government policies the
requires shifting our focus from agriculture to agri-
emergence of ‘agripreneurs’ so that even small
business.
and marginal farmers can capture a higher
share of value addition from ‘farmgate to fork’ Important steps have been taken by the current
government in shifting the policy focus from food
Current Situation security to income security for farmers. Introduction
of the Model Agricultural Produce and Livestock
The mismatch between the contribution of
Marketing Act (2017), Model Contract Farming
agriculture to national income and share in
Act, new guidelines for agro-forestry are some key
employment has remained large and has widened.
policy initiatives taken over the past few years. Crop
The manufacturing and service sectors have failed
insurance has been revamped through the Pradhan
to absorb the excessive workforce in agriculture.
Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY).
Consequently, value addition per worker in
agriculture grew slowly and income per farmer
never crossed one-third of the income of a non-
Constraints
agriculture worker since the 1980s. The country 1 Fragmented land holdings
took 22 years to double farmers’ income at an Agriculture is characterised by an extremely
annual growth rate of 3.31per cent during 1993- fragmented landholding structure with an
1994 to 2015-16; doubling farmers’ income average farm size of 1.15 hectares and the
between 2015-16 and 2022-23 will require an predominance of small and marginal farmers,
annual growth rate of 10.4 per cent in farmers’
real income. This is an aspirational, but achievable,
target.
35
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
Figure 7.1: Price spread between farm harvest prices and retail prices for select
agricultural commodities, 2015-16
70%
63%
58%
60%
48%
50% 46%
40% 37%
Gap (%)
30%
20%
10%
0%
Arahar (Tur) Gram (Whole) Maize Rice (Coarse) Wheat (Desi)
Source: NITI Aayog Calculations & Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
with those holding less than 2 hectares farmers as well as among the landless.
(accounting for 85 per cent of agricultural
4 Agricultural credit
households).1 This makes it difficult for them
to access credit or new technology, severely Despite an allocation of more than INR 11
affecting farm productivity and hence, farmers’ lakh crore of commercial credit, access to
incomes. institutional credit remains a constraint,
especially in the case of tenant farmers.
2 Low price realization
5 Agricultural trade
There exists a large gap between farm harvest
prices (FHP) and retail prices (see Figure 7.1).2 Exporters of agro-commodities are not
Prices also tend to fall below the minimum successful in raising their share in global
support prices in a good production year, markets because of uncertainty in the foreign
leading to agrarian distress. Mechanisms need trading regime.
to be developed to ensure remunerative prices
to farmers, in both ‘good’ and ‘bad’ monsoon Way Forward
years. • Marketing reforms
3 Non-farm employment Many of the constraints in marketing can be
addressed by adopting the Model Agricultural
Lack of non-farm employment opportunities has
Produce and Livestock Marketing Act (APLM),
resulted in excessive dependence on agriculture
2017,3 which provides for progressive
for livelihood among both small and marginal
agricultural marketing reforms, including the
36
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
setting up of markets in the private sector, available products; and (iii) for products
allowing direct sales to exporters/processors that are in deficit both domestically and
and customers, farmer-consumer markets, globally
e-trading, single point levy of market fee,
o Examine options for including private
a unified single trading licence in a state,
traders operating in markets to
declaring warehouses/silos/cold storage
complement the minimum support price
as market sub-yards and the launch of the
regime through a system of incentives and
National Market for Agriculture. APLM should
commission payments.
be adopted by all states as expeditiously as
possible. Raising MSP or prices can only be a
partial solution to the problem of assuring
• Amend Essential Commodities Act
remunerative returns to farmers. A long-term
The Essential Commodities Act, which has solution lies in the creation of a competitive,
proven a disincentive to large investment in stable and unified national market to enable
agricultural technology and infrastructure, better price discovery, and a long-term trade
should be replaced with a modern statute regime favourable to exports.
that balances the interests of farmers and
Agriculture advisory service: An effective and
consumers.
technology driven Agriculture Advisory Service
• Stable export policy may be considered on the lines of those of the
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
In consultation with all stakeholders, the
and the European Union (EU). The mandate
Government of India should come up with a
would be to ensure that farmers adopt an
coherent and stable agricultural export policy,
optimal cropping pattern that maximizes their
ideally with a five to ten-year time horizon
income.
and a built-in provision for a mid-term review.
Efforts should be made to achieve this urgently. Futures trade: Futures trade should be
encouraged. Removal of entry barriers to
• Price realization increase market depth should be considered.
The government should consider replacing Crop insurance: PMFBY needs to be modified to
the Commission on Agricultural Costs & Prices
o Promote weather-based insurance
(CACP) by an agriculture tribunal in line with the
provisions of Article 323 B of the Constitution. o Increase non-loanee farmers’ insurance
NITI Aayog should set up a group to examine coverage.
the following:
o Allow for mixed cropping and increase the
o Replacing the minimum support price number of crops notified
(MSP) by a minimum reserve price (MRP),
• Contract farming
which could be the starting point for
auctions at mandis Encourage states to adopt the Model Contract
Farming Act, 2018: Contract farming can be
o Separating the criteria for MSPs for (i)
thought of as a form of price futures. The
surplus produce; (ii) for deficit but globally
37
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
38
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
• Research & development providing notable increases in farmers’
net income by sharply reducing costs of
o Focus on precision agriculture: Support
production and improving incomes by
research on energy friendly irrigation
raising yields and improving the quality of
pumps, micro irrigation, climate smart
agricultural produce.
technologies, internet of things (IoT), and
use of technology in animal husbandry o Two, there are patented herbal inputs
to monitor animal behaviour, health and that improve soil quality and make plants
production to prepare for future challenges. more pest resistant. These herbal inputs,
for which actual performance data is now
o Raise research spending: Research
available for a few thousand farmers, need
spending, currently at 0.3 per cent, needs
to be applied across the country.
to be increased to at least 1 per cent of
agricultural GDP. o Three, rapid progress has also been made
in organic farming techniques, which have
o Create a knowledge hub to disseminate
also helped improve incomes of cultivators
best practices: It is essential that new
and dairy farmers. These should be
technology be adopted at the farm
carefully examined for possible application
level. The performance of Krishi Vigyan
across the country.
Kendras (KVKs) should be regularly
reviewed by external agencies and well • Non-farm income
performing KVKs must be strengthened
o Moving labour out of agriculture into
to disseminate best practices at the field
manufacturing will go a long way towards
level.
the goal of doubling farmers’ income.
o Develop models of integrated farming: According to estimates prepared by
Research so far has focused on practices Chand, Srivastava & Singh (2017), nearly
for individual crops or enterprises. The two-thirds of rural income is generated
Indian Council of Agricultural Research in non-agricultural activities. Another
(ICAR) and State Agriculture Universities avenue is shifting cultivators into blue-
(SAUs) should focus on providing collar jobs in and around agriculture.5
recommendations across the farming For example, there exists a considerable
value chain, covering production, post- shortage of skilled workers in agricultural
production, processing and other value- extension. Reorienting the curricula in
addition activities. agricultural universities to a more agri-
business approach, along with a holistic
• Innovation
skill development programme, should
Several breakthroughs have the clear potential bridge the skills gap. Encouraging
for quickly doubling farmers’ income. entrepreneurship in food processing and
o One is the recorded success of zero budget extension services has the potential to
natural farming by Suhash Palekar. It is create new employment opportunities for
now being adopted across the country and rural youth.
39
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
o Exploring the Chinese experience is from agriculture. This will result in higher
instructional in this case. According to productivity and income for farmers.
Athukorala & Wei (2015),6 on average
• Gross Value Added (GVA) in agriculture and
approximately 8 million workers per year
allied sectors
migrated out of rural China into urban
China between 1990 and 2012. In 2004, Target 6.5 per cent average GVA growth
the Chinese Government recognized the between 2018-19 and 2022-23: With the
role migration played in increasing farmers’ policy interventions discussed in this chapter,
incomes and introduced measures to along with interventions in productivity and
further incentivize migration. infrastructure, the target growth rate for
agriculture and allied GVA should be an average
o India will also have to accelerate growth
of 6.5 per cent for the five years between 2018-
in the manufacturing, services and
19 and 2022-23.
exports sectors to wean labour away
________________________________________
1
Agriculture Census 2010-11
2
Latest data on FHP is available only for 2015-16. Where state weighted average was not available or FHP was not available, the
FHP for 2014-15 was increased by an amount equal to the MSP increase between 2014-15 and 2015-16. The annual retail price has
been derived by taking a simple average of monthly prices across states
3
Committee on Doubling Farmers’ Income, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare (2017). Volume XIII: Structural Reforms and
Governance Framework. New Delhi
4
Committee on Doubling Farmers’ Income, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare (2017). Volume XIII: Structural Reforms and
Governance Framework. New Delhi
5
Chand, Srivastava & Singh (2017), Changing Structure of Rural Economy of India Implications for Employment and Growth, NITI
Aayog Discussion Paper, NITI Aayog. New Delhi
6
Athukorala and Wei (2015). Economic Transition and Labour Market Dynamics in China: An Interpretative Survey of the ‘Turning
Point’ Debate. Australian National University Working Paper No. 2015/06
40
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
8. Doubling Farmers’ Income III:
Value Chain & Rural Infrastructure
Objectives • Creating occupational diversification and quality
employment opportunities for doubling farmers’
To double farmers’ income by
income by 2022-23
• Transforming the rural economy through the
creation of modern rural infrastructure and an Current Situation
integrated value chain system
Despite rapid progress, rural India suffers from
• Leveraging the value chain to boost India’s an infrastructure deficit. The present government
exports of food products has done an admirable job in achieving full
41
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
village electrification and accelerating the pace of Perishables account for the bulk of post-harvest
connecting habitations through the Pradhan Mantri losses. Moreover, as a recent report indicates,2
Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY). Similarly, household most existing cold storages are single commodity
electrification has been given a significant push storages, resulting in their capacities lying idle
under the SAUBHAGYA scheme. Agriculture for up to six months a year. The cold-chain
infrastructure, such as rural markets, warehouses, infrastructure is also unevenly distributed among
cold chain, farm machinery hubs and public states.
irrigation need upgradation.
Inadequate cold-chain infrastructure hampers
Based on the recommendations of the Dalwai India’s food exports as well. Countries across
Committee on Doubling Farmers’ Income, the the world have stringent guidelines for import
number of additional markets required comes to of agricultural and processed food products.
3,548. The recent 2018-19 budget announcement The European Union (EU) has raised more
to develop the existing 22,000 Rural Periodic notifications, issued more rejections and destroyed
Markets (RPMs) into Grameen Agriculture Markets more consignments from India as compared to
(GrAMs) will offer better market access to small and consignments from other developing countries
marginal farmers. This initiative recognises GrAMs such as Turkey, Brazil, China and Vietnam.3 India
as facilities for first stage post production activities, has huge export potential, reflected in the fact that
enabling aggregation and transport from the its domestic commodity prices were below export
village level to wholesale markets. The electronic parity prices in 72 per cent of cases.4
national agriculture market (e-NAM) was launched
in 2016 to create a unified national market. So far, Constraints
479 mandis across 14 states and UTs have been
1. Public and private investments in agriculture
integrated on the platform.
have remained low since the early 90s.
The lack of an adequate and efficient cold chain Bottlenecks in implementation and a high
infrastructure leads to massive post-harvest degree of uncertainty have further reduced
losses, estimated at INR 92,561crore annually.1 investor appetite for agricultural investments.
42
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
2. Inability to acquire land for setting up of market level, should be accorded full-fledged infrastructure
yards, resulting from the restrictions on land status to enable them to avail of the fiscal benefits
leasing and land acquisition, is another major that come with infrastructure status.
constraint.
Village level procurement centres: To benefit small
3. Even the existing marketing infrastructure and marginal farmers, government collection
suffers because of a lack of finances, centres at the village level should be set up. The
manpower and proper facilities. Sub-market budget announcement of developing Gramin
yards largely function as a location for Agricultural Markets (GrAMs) will help develop
government procurement and do not provide the agricultural marketing infrastructure and bring
opportunities for open auction. Further, they markets closer to the farm-gate.
are irregular in their operations and handle
Link production to processing: Village level
less than five per cent of the volume handled
collection centres for fruits and vegetables should
in principal yards.
be linked to larger processing units. Actively engage
4. Poor maintenance of rural roads is a major the private sector in developing processing centres
constraint as well. Linkages with local and near rural periodic markets (RPMs).
feeder roads remain sub-optimal.
Food processing: A greater focus should be placed
5. In the electricity sector, separate feeders for on the food processing industry for enhancing
supply of power to agriculture and domestic value addition in vegetable and fruit crops. The
electrification have not been carried out in many government has now shifted its attention to
states. promoting “agripreneurs”. This will result in rapid
modernization of the agriculture sector.
6. Lack of agriculture best practices hinders
India’s food exports. Interventions at the farm Rural markets: Develop private market yards.
or producer level are needed to ensure that Agro-processors and food processors that wish to
products meet export standards. However, establish backward integration to secure their raw
factors such as the lack of a traceability material should partner with the government in
mechanism from the farm to the consumer, organizing sourcing through the RPMs.
fragmented holdings and restrictions on
Upgrade wolesale markets: Upgrade wholesale
direct procurement of products from farmers
markets with facilities for temporary storage, pack-
in some states makes it virtually impossible
house operations and cold storage facilities.
to ensure that products meet export quality
standards. Warehouse upgradation: Pledge financing at
warehouses, through negotiable warehouse
Way Forward receipts (NWR), needs to be adopted and
popularized as an alternative means of financing.
Markets and value chain The Department of Agriculture and Farmers’
Infrastructure status for agriculture value chains: Welfare (DACFW) should draw up guidelines to
Warehousing, pack-houses, ripening chambers, and promote warehouse based post-harvest loans and
cold storages, including those set up at the village e-NWR trading.
43
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
Block level resource centres: Establish functional Incentivize feeder separation: All distribution
block level resource centres to create value chains, companies (DISCOMs) need to be incentivized for
targeting clusters of villages along with social rural feeder separation. Agriculture connections and
services. It will create an integrated solution for electricity supply feeders should be separated from
the farmer to access his/her requirements for domestic rural electricity supply.
agriculture and other services. It will also add
Incentivize private investment in farm implements:
to employment generation at the local level
Private entrepreneurs should be incentivized to
by engaging youth and creating village level
establish small farm implement mechanization hubs
entrepreneurs.
for every 1000 ha and big machinery hubs for every
Convergence in government initiatives: Coordination 5000 ha of cultivated area.
is needed between the initiatives of the Ministry
Export enablers
of Agriculture, Food Processing, and Commerce to
develop effective procurement linkages, processing Develop export oriented clusters: The Agricultural
facilities, retail chains and export activity. This will and Processed Food Export Development Authority
facilitate synergies between various initiatives (APEDA) has been championing the development of
such as the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) export-oriented clusters with common infrastructure
of the agriculture ministry, viability gap funding facilities. These clusters should contain a functional,
of the Ministry of Commerce for cold chains and end-to-end cold chain system along with processing
warehousing infrastructure development and facilities.
Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana of MOFPI.
Increase the number of testing laboratories:
Strengthen railway freight operations: Railway There exists a shortage of testing laboratories,
freight operations should be strengthened through essential for health certificates for exports. Private
temperature-controlled containers and loading and laboratories should be extended financial support to
unloading facilities to reduce post-harvest losses achieve international accreditation. As suggested by
and connect land-locked states to export markets. APEDA, agricultural universities should also seek to
get their labs accredited by APEDA.
Rural roads, electricity and mechanization
Augment cargo handling facilities at airports:
Maintenance of rural roads through women
APEDA has suggested augmenting the capacity of
SHGs: The maintenance of roads by women SHGs
the Ahmedabad Air Cargo Complex and Mumbai
has been experimented with by some states
Airport to handle agricultural cargo.
(Uttarakhand for example) and has been found to
be very promising. This model could be replicated Green channel clearance: Efforts must be made to
by other states. setup a green channel for perishable produce at
identified airports handling cargo.
Revisit criteria for identification of rural habitats for
road connectivity: To ensure better inclusion, the Regulatory frameworks to combat rejections in
criteria for identification of habitats for rural roads export markets: Regulatory frameworks regarding
connectivity in hill and left-wing extremism (LWE) use of pesticides, growth hormones, and antibiotics
affected districts must be revisited. for marine produce need to be developed and
44
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
implemented effectively to curb the rejection rate in and contract farming will go a long way towards
the export market. ensuring traceability of farm produce, a key export
requirement.
Ensure traceability mechanism: Promotion of farmer
producer organizations (FPOs), export-based clusters
________________________________________
1
ICAR-Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology (CIPHET)
2
Grant Thorton and ASSOCHAM (2017), Food Processing Sector: Challenges and Growth Enablers <http://www.grantthornton.in/
globalassets/1.-member-firms/india/assets/pdfs/food_processing_sector.pdf>. Accessed April 12, 2018.
3
Goyal, Mukherjee and Kapoor (2017). India’s Exports of Food Products: Food Safety Issues and Way Forward. ICRIER: New Delhi
4
Gulati and Saini (2017). Price Distortions in Indian Agriculture. ICRIER: New Delhi
45
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
9. Financial Inclusion
Objectives cent of adults had a bank account. This increased
to 80 per cent in 2017, which is now comparable
• Banking the unbanked
to China.1 Many recent independent studies have
o Bank accounts: Ensuring universal access to documented the increased ownership and active
bank accounts, which are a gateway to all use of bank accounts because of the Jan Dhan
financial services scheme.2 There has also been an increase in
o Digital payment services: Providing access to the penetration of low cost insurance schemes
digital payment services and increasing its and pension schemes. Even as the importance of
penetration financial assets is increasing for Indian households,
physical assets continue to be the predominant
• Securing the unsecured
asset class for savings for them.
o Insurance and social security: Ensuring
Awareness and use of mobile payments in India
universal coverage of insurance for life,
had been low. In 2016, the percentage of the
accidents, etc., and of pensions and other
population using mobile money services in India
retirement planning services
was only 1 per cent, compared to Bangladesh
o Asset diversification: Allowing diversification (40 per cent), Pakistan (9 per cent), Kenya (81 per
of asset portfolio of households through cent) and Tanzania (61 per cent).3 Many of these
increased participation in capital markets models in other countries have been driven by
• Better access to credit at a reasonable cost non-banking providers such as telecommunication
for those presently excluded companies, using modes of communication such
as Unstructured Supplementary Service Data
Current Situation (USSD). However, after demonetization and
the launch of the BHIM platform, penetration
The government has launched many flagship
of mobile payments has improved. Several new
schemes to promote financial inclusion to empower
initiatives such as Aadhaar-enabled payment
the poor and unbanked in the country. These
services, payment banks, etc. will boost the use of
include the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana,
mobile payments.
Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana, Stand-Up India
Scheme, Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana,
Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana, and Atal
Pension Yojana. In addition, the promotion of
Aadhaar and direct benefit transfer schemes
facilitate financial inclusion.
46
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Figure 9.1: Distribution of household savings across physical and financial assets
2016-17
2015-16
2014-15
Financial
Year
2013-14 Physical
Gold & Silver
2012-13
2011-12
Source: First Revised Estimates of National Income, Consumption Expenditure, Saving and Capital Formation for 2016-17,
Central Statistics Office, January 2018
35000 200
180
30000
Transaction amount INR. Crores)
20000 120
100
15000 80
10000 60
40
5000
20
0 0
Jan-18
Jan-17
Dec-17
Oct-17
Dec-16
Jul-17
Oct-16
Aug-17
Nov-17
Aug-16
Nov-16
Apr-17
Sep-17
Apr-18
Jun-17
Sep-16
Mar-17
May-17
Mar-18
May-18
Feb-17
Feb-18
47
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
In terms of credit access, India has considerable prospective clients. However, an inadequate
ground to make up. In 2016, the number of loan compensation structure makes correspondent
accounts per 1,000 adults was 154 in India. In banking unattractive. The issue of inadequate
comparison, the number of loan accounts per training is being addressed by the RBI which
1,000 adults was 88 in Bangladesh, 26 in Pakistan, has developed a framework for certification for
417 in South Africa, and 231 in Kenya. Similarly, both basic and advanced levels. There is also
bank credit to GDP ratio in India is 51 per cent, as a need to create better monetary incentives for
compared to 98 per cent in China in 2016.4 banking correspondents as well as to provide
them better training.
Constraints 3. Facilitating growth of online and paperless
1. Lack of financial literacy amongst low income banking
households and small informal businesses Paperless banking will reduce friction,
2. The high cost of operations of the traditional documentation proof requirements and the cost
banking model of banking services. This, in turn, will bring
a larger proportion of the population within
3. Excessive regulatory requirements on products,
the ambit of the formal financial system. The
and market entry, and conservative regulatory
following actions are required on the policy
approach to new technologies
front:
4. Lack of a co-ordinated mechanism for collection
• Ease transaction limits for e-KYC based deposit
of data and data-based evaluation of credit
and loan accounts.
risks for individuals and SMEs, which raises
credit cost • Push digital signature for loan accounts by
asking public sector banks to carry out at least
Way Forward 25% of their transactions through paperless
accounts by 2022-23.
1. Launching a new scheme for comprehensive
financial literacy • Expand digilocker services by including more
issuers of documents.
An Arthik Shiksha Abhiyan will help improve
financial literacy and may be integrated 4. Using technology to improve the assessment
in the regular school curriculum. Besides, of credit-worthiness for households and
efforts to improve financial literacy should be informal businesses
complemented by mass media campaigns to One of the main constraints in providing low-
provide information on financial products and income households and informal businesses is
their use. the lack of information available with formal
2. Assess the performance of banking creditors to determine their credit worthiness.
correspondents and give better incentives This results in high cost of credit. This constraint
can be overcome by the adoption of appropriate
Given the infeasibility of locating branches in
technology.
every nook and corner of the country, bank
correspondents are used to reach out to
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
• Create a new data-sharing framework that users. This has been the experience from the
builds on the success of Jan Dhan and Aadhaar successful scale up of payments systems in
platforms to enable easier access to credit. many African countries. In India, USSD can be
particularly useful in rural areas where some
• Digitization of land records: Existing
segments still do not have reliable access to
gaps in land records such as transfers of
the internet. Thus, the USSD channel should be
ancestral properties, conversion to free hold,
promoted for government and non-government
regularization of colonies, extension of limited
payment platforms. Further, fee on failed USSD
tenure pattas, etc., need to be filled. In
transactions should be refunded to consumers
addition, a central land holding register could
to enable greater participation.
be prepared and maintained in a digital format.
6. Overhaul the regulatory framework
In addition to greater digitization, there is also a
governing formal financial products to
need to strengthen cyber security in the country.
attract households
A common cyber security framework that leads
to information sharing between regulators, the Household acceptance of formal financial
National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), products, such as insurance, equity, etc., can
the Unique Identification Authority of India be increased if regulations governing these are
(UIDAI) and banks and other financial services simplified and made more consumer-friendly.
providers should be created.
• Instances of mis-selling of financial products to
5. Leverage payment banks and other households needs to be tackled by overhauling
platforms to scale up payments systems in the regulatory framework. Disclosure
underserved areas requirements for insurance and pension
products need to be strengthened to make it
Post offices are familiar sights in all villages.
easier for consumers to understand them.
Payment banks, including the India Post
Payment Bank, can potentially revolutionize the • Simplification and relaxation of insurance sector
payments system like telecom companies did regulations – Substantial simplification of broker
in Africa and other South Asian countries, with regulations can be made. Further, restrictions on
innovative products like mobile money. payment of incentives and bonuses to agents in
insurance can be removed.
• A flexible and proactive approach towards
regulations on payment banks, such as • Plain-vanilla insurance products need to be
regulations on minimum capital requirements, introduced.
transaction amounts, and restriction on
• KYC restrictions in the capital markets can be
investments, should be adopted to ensure that
eased and linked to other KYC information to
the payment bank model becomes commercially
enable ease of doing business and increase the
viable and scalable.
participation of retail investors.
• Payments through the USSD channel have an
• The lock-in period for gold bonds should be
advantage over the internet in that it can also
reduced to make them more attractive.
cover a large proportion of non-smartphone
49
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
________________________________________
1
The Global Findex Database 2017, World Bank. Accessed June 14, 2018.
2
The Progress of Financial Inclusion in India: Insights from Multiple Waves of Survey Data”, Manuela Kristin Günther, Overseas Devel-
opment Institute, 25 May 2017; “Banking the Unbanked: What Do 255 Million New Bank Accounts Reveal about Financial Access?”,
Sumit Agarwal, Shaswat Alok, Pulak Ghosh, Soumya Ghosh, Tomasz Piskorski, Amit Seru, Columbia Business School Research Paper
No. 17-12; Georgetown McDonough School of Business Research Paper No. 2906523; HKUST Finance Symposium 2017; Indian
School of Business WP 2906523. October 2017; “Bank Accounts for the Unbanked: Evidence from a Big Bang Experiment”, Yakshup
Chopra, Nagpurnanand Prabhala, Prasanna L. Tantri, Robert H. Smith School: Research Paper No. RHS 2919091; Indian School of
Business WP 219109, May 2017.
3
IMF Statistics
4
IMF Statistics
50
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
10. Housing For All
Objectives plain areas and INR 1,30,000/- in hilly states/
integrated action plan districts/difficult areas. This
By 2022-23,
support is provided to homeless families or to
• Provide every family with a pucca house, with those who live in kutcha houses as per the Socio-
a water connection, toilet facilities, and 24x7 Economic Caste Census (SECC), 2011 data.
electricity supply and access.
PMAY-G is converged with Swachh Bharat Mission
• Build 2.95 core housing units in rural areas and (Gramin) and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
1.2 crore housing units in urban areas. Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) for the
construction of sanitary toilets and also to provide
Current Situation the unskilled wage component. These synergies
The President’s clarion call to ensure the provision provide additional resources of approximately INR
of houses to every family remains the key objective 1,50,000 for beneficiaries of the scheme.
of the ‘Housing for All’ scheme. Following this
Under PMAY-G, it was proposed to build one crore
announcement, the government has made it clear
rural houses in three years between 2016-17 and
that one of its key priorities is to ensure safe and
2018-19. The estimated financial requirement
affordable housing for all. This mandate also
for the construction of one crore houses in these
includes upgradation of slums. Recent estimates
three years is INR 81,975 crore. During 2016-17,
of the Ministry of Rural Development and Ministry
about 32.14 lakh houses were constructed. For the
of Housing and Urban Affairs indicate a housing
financial year 2017-18, the government set a target
shortage of nearly 3 crore units in rural areas and
of completing 51 lakh houses; 51.38 lakh houses
1.2 crore units in urban areas. Achieving the goal of
had been sanctioned and 44.52 lakh houses (i.e.,
‘Housing for All’ will be a big step in the realization
87.29 per cent of the target) had been completed
of New India Vision 2022 that will trigger economic
by the end of March 2018.
growth and create millions of jobs for skilled as well
as unskilled workers. Moreover, given the forward Under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban-
and backward linkages of the housing sector, PMAY-U), the mission aims to achieve the objective
the focus on affordable housing could bring rich of ‘Housing for All’ by 2022 through its four pillars
dividends for other distressed sectors such as steel – a) in-situ slum redevelopment; b) affordable
and cement. housing through a credit linked subsidy scheme; c)
affordable housing in partnership between public
Since 1985, the Government of India has been
and private agencies and d) subsidy for beneficiary-
implementing a rural housing scheme for families
living below the poverty line (BPL). A new scheme,
the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin –
PMAY-G) was launched in 2016. This scheme now
provides per unit assistance of INR 1,20,000/- in
51
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
led individual house construction or enhancement. particular locations, these delays are common
For financial year 2017-18, the PMAY (Urban) even where a single window system has
targeted the sanctioning of 25 lakh houses and reportedly been introduced.
completing the construction of at least half the
• Limited private sector participation in affordable
sanctioned strength. Against the mission target of
housing schemes in urban areas
1.2 crore, 44.36 lakh houses have been sanctioned
and 4.01 lakh houses had been completed by the • Predominance of conventional construction
end of March 2018. practices that result in delayed progress
in urban areas and the limited use of pre-
Constraints fabricated and pre-engineered materials
The ‘Housing for All’ scheme faces the following key • Limited access to suitable land banks for
constraints: affordable housing projects
Long-drawn out, multi-level approval system in urban areas in a large majority of
municipal jurisdictions • Continued rise in the number of slum dwellers
• Lack of access
toFor
finance
several from formal
categories financial
of houses or those in particular locations, these long delays are
institutions common even where a single window system has reportedly been introduced.
• Insufficient number of trained masons despite
Limited private sector participation in affordable housing schemes in urban areas
Predominance of conventional construction practices the that operation of theprogress
result in delayed Construction
in Sector Skills
• Long-drawn out,urban
multi-level approval
areas and the system
limited use of pre-fabricated and pre-engineered materials
in urban areas in a large majority of municipal Development
Limited access to suitable land banks for affordable housing projects Council since 2013
Continued rise in the number of slum dwellers
jurisdictions Unavailability of sufficient number of trained • masons Capacity
despiteconstraints in urban
the operation of the local bodies (ULBs)
Construction Sector Skills Development Council since 2013
Capacityofconstraints
• For several categories houses in or urban in bodies (ULBs) to to
thoselocal formulate
formulate and design
and design mass housing projects
mass housing
projects
WAY FORWARD
Access to
Finance
Technology
Efficient Housing for All
for
land use by 2022-23
Construction
Reducing
Costs
52
1. ACCESS TO FINANCE
DRAFT
To ensure greater access AND
for the poorCONFIDENTIAL
to institutional finance, the Department of
Financial Services should consider a sub-category under priority sector lending (PSL)
Way Forward construction systems (3). These alternate and
sustainable technologies offer safer and disaster
The strategies to overcome the constraints on
resilient affordable housing. These will also
affordable housing can be grouped into the
improve the quality of construction in a cost
following categories: 1) access to finance;
effective and environment friendly manner
2) technology for construction; 3) reducing costs
across states/regions and achieve economies of
and 4) efficient use of land.
scale in urban areas.
1. Access to finance • A Global Housing Technology Challenge has
• To ensure greater access for the poor to been launched. It will bring internationally
institutional finance, the Department of proven construction technologies for adoption
Financial Services should consider a sub- in India, enabling us to learn from the best
category under priority sector lending (PSL) practices from similar economies around the
for affordable houses. It should also consider world.
relaxing eligibility conditions for bank loans • The success of the East Kidwai Nagar
such as raising the cap of INR 10 lakh on the redevelopment project in Delhi may be
cost of the house and raising the INR 2-lakh replicated wherever possible. The key feature is
income threshold. the replacement of old style public housing that
• The government should continue to raise suffered from grossly inefficient use of land with
funds commensurate with the ‘Housing for All’ a modern, space optimising housing design.
targets. The Union Budget 2018-19 announced • It is necessary to ensure convergence of
the setting up of an Affordable Housing Fund provisions under the National Urban Livelihood
in the National Housing Bank (NHB). It would Mission, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana,
achieve greater synergies among agencies Construction Skill Development Council of India
that are implementing government housing and MGNREGS (for rural areas) for large-scale
schemes. It would also enable the NHB to training of masons to meet construction targets.
mobilize larger funds for housing projects. The
• There is need for a major push in the form of
Budget for 2018-19 has already announced
slum development programmes in urban areas.
increased allocations for PMAY (Gramin) to INR
A National Mission for Slum Rehabilitation will
33,000 crore and to INR 25,000 crore for PMAY
bring a greater focus on making the country
(Urban) through internal and extra budgetary
slum free.
resources.
3. Reducing costs
2. Technology for construction
• Government projects should focus on the life
• Sixteen new emerging technologies have been
cycle cost (LCC) approach to the construction
identified, evaluated and promoted under
of houses rather than the cost per square foot
PMAY(U). These fall under formwork systems
approach to ensure quality of construction
(3), precast sandwich panel systems (6),
and reduce expenditure incurred on the
light gauge steel structural systems (2), steel
maintenance of houses.
structural systems (2) and precast concrete
53
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
• Fiscal support should be provided to companies horizontal growth for far too long. It should
that use recycled products made from now focus on vertical growth. The following
waste. The use of such products should be measures can be taken to accelerate vertical
standardized and adapted to shortlisted design growth:
types and pre-fabricated technologies.
o Launch a mass campaign to sensitize
• Regulatory complexities should be rationalized cities and states on the benefits of vertical
and a single window approval system adopted growth
to reduce the time taken to construct houses in
o Provide capacity building to states and
urban areas. The timeline for granting approvals
cities willing to undertake measures
should be specified and if approvals are not
towards vertical growth
accorded within the stipulated time period, it
should be treated as deemed approval. o Provide considerable rewards to cities that
relax their floor space index (FSI) norms.
• Financial engineering, like ‘rental-cum-
One of the key reasons behind India’s
ownership housing’ in which houses are initially
horizontal sprawl is stringent FSI norms.
offered on rent and ownership is transferred
The discussion on changing FSI norms
to the tenant once the cost of the unit is
considering trunk infrastructure and other
recovered, should be adopted.
social issues needs to be expedited across
4. Efficient use of land India
• The land lying idle with various sick/loss making o Provide additional central government
public sector undertakings(PSUs) of the central/ funding to cities that undertake FSI reforms
state governments may be used to resolve the under the Smart Cities Mission
issue of land availability for affordable housing
In addition to the measures outlined above, urban
projects under ‘Housing for All’.
governance reforms, such as removing the need to
• The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) obtain permission for non-agricultural use in the
should expedite release of land parcels case of land that has been earmarked for residential
available with central PSUs that have been purposes in master plans, amending rental laws
identified for affordable housing projects. and others, have the potential to alleviate the
• As suggested in the NITI Aayog’s Three-Year challenges to achieving the goal of ‘Housing for All’
Action Agenda, Indian cities have focused on by 2022-23.
54
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
11. Travel, Tourism and Hospitality
Objectives Competitiveness Index in 2017. Foreign tourist
arrivals have increased from 5.1 million in 2009 to
By 2022-23, we should aim to:
8.8 million in 2016; yet they account for less than
• Increase India’s share in global international 1 per cent of global tourist arrivals. With 35 world
tourist arrivals from 1.18 per cent to 3 per cent. heritage sites, 10 bio-geographical zones and 26
• Increase the number of foreign tourist arrivals biotic provinces, India has significant potential to
from 8.8 million to 12 million. increase the number of tourist arrivals.
• Double the number of domestic tourist visits, The sector is an important contributor to national
from 1,614 million in 2016 to 3,200 million income. In 2017-18, India’s travel and tourism
visits. sector accounted for foreign exchange earnings
of USD 22.92 billion. Hotels and tourism also
Current Situation accounted for USD 0.9 billion of foreign direct
investment (FDI) in 2016-17, making up around
There has been significant progress in the travel,
3 per cent of total FDI between April 2000 and
tourism and hospitality sector in the last decade
October 2017.1 Domestic tourism plays a key role
but there is much further room for improvement.
within the sector. In 2016, domestic tourist visits
India moved up 12 places from 52nd to 40th in
to all Indian states and union territories numbered
the World Economic Forum’s Travel and Tourism
Travel and
Tourism
Foreign Exchange Earnings
Employment (Direct and
from Tourism: USD 22.92
Indirect): 40.3 Million
Billion
Source: Ministry of Tourism, India
55
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
1614 million, an increase of about 13 per cent from • Infrastructure and connectivity: Deficiencies
the previous year. in infrastructure and inadequate connectivity
hamper tourist visits to some heritage sites.
As a highly labour-intensive sector, tourism has
the capacity to generate large-scale, good quality • Tourism segments or circuits: India has
employment. In 2016, it accounted for 25 million various tourist destinations but few circuits or
direct and more than 14 million indirect jobs. Direct segments such as the Golden Triangle (Del-
jobs in the sector made up 5.8 per cent of India’s hi-Agra-Jaipur).
total employment. Together, direct and indirect jobs • Promotion and marketing: Although it has
accounted for 9.3 per cent of total employment. The been increasing, online marketing/branding
sector has multiple forward and backward linkages remains limited and campaigns are not co-or-
with further job generating potential in sectors such dinated. Tourist information centres are poorly
as agriculture, retail, transport and financial services. managed, making it difficult for domestic and
foreign tourists to access information with ease.
Recognizing the sector’s potential to generate
income and employment, the government has • Skills: The number of adequately trained indi-
undertaken several measures to strengthen viduals for the tourism and hospitality sector is
infrastructure and facilitate tourism. India recently a key challenge to giving visitors a world-class
introduced tourist visa on arrival, enabled with experience. A limited number of multi-lingual
electronic travel authorization (ETA) (renamed as trained guides, and the limited local awareness
the “e-Tourist Visa”) for tourists from 150 countries.2 and understanding of the benefits and respon-
The Ministry of Tourism has launched a round-the- sibilities associated with tourist growth act as
clock, toll-free tourist helpline in 12 international constraints on the sector’s growth.
languages. The government has launched several
schemes to develop tourist circuits; develop our Way Forward
islands as tourist destinations; build large-scale
1 Entry/exit for tourism
convention centres in different cities; improve
connectivity and develop niche offerings such as • Increase e-visa awareness globally by
medical tourism and pilgrimage-based tourism. launching an information campaign through
our consulates abroad. It is also necessary to
Constraints launch an e-visa regime to attract clientele
from the meetings, incentives, conferences and
• Entry/exit: Despite the introduction of an e-visa
exhibitions (MICE) market. To attract repeat
facility, visitors find the process of applying for a
visitors, the validity period of e-visas may be
visa still cumbersome. Further, awareness about
increased to 10 years.
the e-visa facility remains low. In addition,
medical e-visa holders face difficulties because • Enhance the number of annual visits allowed
of the limited number of repeat visits allowed under an e-medical visa. Currently, e-medical
under the visa, the number of accompanying visa holders are allowed three repeat visits
persons permitted and cumbersome registration during their one-year visa period. This may not
processes. be sufficient for patients who require follow-up/
post-operative care.
56
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
o Simplify the process of registering online be converted into efficient and seamless transit
with the Foreigner Regional Registration hubs.
Offices (FRRO). Establishing FRRO help-
3 Building tourist circuits or segments
desks at major Indian airports and hospi-
tals will provide visitors with the informa- • Develop the marine leisure industry by issuing
tion to complete the process online. national boating guidelines to regulate the
industry in terms of safety, security, marina
o Increase the number of accompanying
development, nautical infrastructure for safe
persons with e-medical visa holders from
access to water, cruising and charters, crewing
two to up to four under the same visa, as
(skill training), rescue and rationalization of
has been done in countries like Malaysia.
import duties and local taxes to encourage the
2 Infrastructure and connectivity growth of local boat building. This segment will
also help attract additional FDI into the sector.
• Tourism infrastructure projects, viz., hotels,
resorts, equipment, parks etc., having a project • Promote river cruise tourism by making the
cost more than INR 1 crore should be notified entire stretch of National Waterway No. 1, the
as ‘infrastructure’ to enable promoters to avail River Ganga, from Allahabad to the Farakkah
loans on a priority basis. Barrage, fully navigable.
• Conservation and development of all heritage • Build deep-water marinas in the coastal areas
sites should be undertaken and completed of India including in the Andaman and Nicobar
through either government funding or Islands and in Mumbai. Create enabling policies
through PPPs/NGOs/CSR activities. The that permit scuba diving or other activities
Ministry of Tourism’s Swadesh Darshan and requiring boat travel.
National Mission on Pilgrimage Rejuvenation • Promote India’s Buddhist circuit by increasing
and Spiritual Heritage Augmentation Drive co-ordination among all stakeholders and
(PRASHAD) schemes are already undertaking improving connectivity. Tourism to the Buddhist
the development or maintenance of heritage circuit can be greatly enhanced by increasing
sites.3,4 The number of projects sanctioned promotion, building wayside amenities and
under this scheme should be increased and connecting lesser-known sites to core circuits.
their implementation accelerated. We should also fully utilize the Swadesh
• Increase domestic tourist traffic by upgrading Darshan and existing schemes to promote this
existing infrastructure and leasing out the main- circuit.
tenance of such infrastructure to private players. • Develop 100 “Smart Tourist Destination Sites”
New destinations can be developed around the showcasing theme-based museums and heri-
metros using the PPP model. tage sites.
• Improve flight connectivity to tourist destina- • Develop 100 “Model Swachh Tourist Destina-
tions through the timely implementation of the tions” by undertaking a special clean-up initia-
Ministry of Civil Aviation’s Regional Connectiv- tive focused on 100 iconic heritage, spiritual
ity Scheme – UDAN (RCS-UDAN). Larger cities and cultural places in the country.
like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai should
57
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
• Develop at least five “Beach Destinations” as • Support private sector institutes in tourism
exclusive tourism zones. regulated by government to create the required
talent pool. This can be done by expanding the
• Develop at least five “World Class Museums”
number of private sector institutes or bodies
drawing from world class museums such as
recognized as implementing agencies for deliv-
Bilbao or the Asian Civilization Museum in Sin-
ering the Ministry of Tourism’s Hunar Se Rozgar
gapore. Further, ease the process of accepting
Tak initiative to create employable skills.
gifts by museums in India.
• Create Centres of Excellence for leadership in
• Plan and develop five globally competitive and
the tourism sector as a fulcrum of professional
world-class national circuits from entry to exit.
education, research and advocacy to create
4 Skill development managers and entrepreneurs in tourism. Addi-
• Connect local communities to tourism by en- tionally, ensure that tourism management and
couraging them to set up small enterprises to leadership is included as a distinct course in top
supply the tourism industry (accommodation, management institutes in India.
food and material). Employment opportunities • Enable access to markets for traditional hand-
can be expanded by ensuring that investors and icrafts producers by linking them with global
operators in the organized sector are encour- markets. The government should also encour-
aged to hire staff locally. age the export of tribal handicrafts.
• Local craftspersons, masons, carpenters and la- 5 Promotion and marketing, especially with
bourers should be engaged for heritage conser- respect to cultural sites
vation and restoration activities to create jobs.
• Launch targeted promotional campaigns in
• Create a database of artisans based on the dif- Asian countries such as China, Thailand, Malay-
ferent craft forms they are associated with and sia, Singapore and South Korea, using digital
the areas where they live. media including TV advertisements.
• Upgrade the skills of existing workers such as • Design policies using data on consumer usage
taxi drivers, boat operators, guides, and restau- to target marketing efforts and segments of the
rant and dhaba workers through state tourism population.
departments in association with local tourism
• Reconsider differential pricing for heritage sites
and hospitality institutes and industry.
as the higher ticket price for non-Indians leads
o Expertise available with heritage hotels to losing out on a large segment of youth trav-
may also be used for skill development in ellers.
the sector.
• Consider establishing cultural centres in
o Language competencies of tour guides additional countries to spread Indian culture
should be improved through a bridge worldwide.
course conducted by the sector council all
• Create an online portal of all heritage sites to
across the country.
increase awareness regarding these.
58
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
• Ticketing and access to monuments and o Create common passes to visit multiple
museums heritage sites
o An online ticket distribution system for o Provide foreign exchange counters at each
heritage sites and wild life areas should be tourist site.
developed with time slots to visit.
o Tourist information centres should be oper-
o Buying tickets at reception centres should ated by trained personnel and must have
be streamlined to avoid long queues. resources like maps, travel guides, etc.
________________________________________
1
Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
2
Ministry of Tourism Annual Report 2015-16, Government of India.
3
Ministry of Tourism, Swadesh Darshan Scheme website. Accessed May 12, 2018.
http://www.swadeshdarshan.gov.in/
4
Ministry of Tourism, Brochure for PRASAD scheme. Accessed May 11, 2018.
http://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/News/PRASAD%20Low%20Res%20-17_3_205_compressed.pdf
59
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
12. Minerals
Objectives high; India is ranked 4th to 6th among global
producers. In industrial minerals, India is a large
To unlock the potential of India’s mining sector and
producer of zinc, aluminium and steel, ranking 5th,
achieve high growth in the sector, the following
5th and 3rd respectively.
goals have to be achieved by 2022-23:1
Six major minerals producing states, viz., Rajasthan,
• Double the area explored from 10 per cent of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and
obvious geological potential (OGP) area to 20 Karnataka, account for nearly two-thirds of the
per cent. value of minerals produced in the country.3
• Accelerate the growth of the mining sector from
In addition to the above, India also has large
3 per cent in 2017-18 to 14 per cent, with an
potential to increase the production of minor
average growth of 8.5 per cent during 2018-23.
minerals. It is estimated that their share in the
• Increase the job contribution (direct, associated value of production is about 26 per cent.4 Even
and indirect) from the current 10 million (2 though minor minerals have a small share in value
million in coal and major metals and 8 million terms, their production is more labour intensive as
in minor minerals) to 15 million in 2022-23. compared to major minerals. Thus, they can be a
source of large-scale employment generation.
Current Situation
The sector has been affected by court judgements.
India has huge mineral potential, as its prospective For example, the recent judgments of the Hon’ble
geology is broadly similar to that of Western Supreme Court in its judgement dated August 2,
Australia, especially in relation to iron ore, bauxite, 2017,5 will result in a massive financial burden on
coal, diamonds, and heavy minerals sand. India mining lease holders.
has identified 5.71 lakh sq. km as the obvious
geological potential (OGP) area, but only 10 per In 2015, the government amended the Mines and
cent of it has been explored and 1.5 per cent is Minerals (Development and Regulation) (MMDR)
being mined. Act to mandate auctions for the allocation of
exploration and mining rights for minerals under
This is one of the reasons why India’s imports its purview. The results have been encouraging; 33
of minerals, estimated at INR 3,73,662 crore, far blocks have been successfully auctioned out of the
outstripped, more than seven times, the value of 88 offered.
domestic production of minerals (excluding coal,
atomic and fuel minerals) of INR 47,432 crore in the
financial year 2016-17.2 India’s share in the global
production of metallic minerals, such as bauxite,
chromite, iron ore and manganese ore is relatively
60
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Figure 12.1: India’s share in world production, 2015
61
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
should be allocated through the auction route exploration and mining of minerals. Further,
after the development of reserves. a provision for the issue of deemed approval
letters by a competent authority should be
• For other areas not being explored by state
incorporated in cases where delay beyond the
agencies, reintroduce the first-come-first
specified period has occurred.
serve basis “large area prospecting licence”.
There should be seamless transition from a • Local forest officers may be empowered to
reconnaissance permit (onshore/offshore) to grant permission under the FC Act, 1980 for
a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease that exploration in forest areas.
provides for the assignment, sub-letting,
• State PSUs and the private sector should
mortgaging, merger and acquisition, and
also be allowed to undertake compensatory
transfer of concealed, deep seated or deep
afforestation on degraded government
located deposits. Such mines should be
forestland like central PSUs.
required to pay a 30 per cent royalty to the
District Mineral Fund. 3 Boosting minor minerals through a relaxed
licensing regime
• It is desirable for public sector units (PSUs)
and private sector companies to have a • Landowners/farmers/tribals need to be given
level-playing field with respect to mining mining rights for minor minerals on their land,
concessions. to enable them to mine either on their own or
by outsourcing it, without auction or payment
• An exclusive subset of rules to facilitate the
of an additional 30 per cent of the royalty to the
exploration of rare earth minerals through
DMF.
private sector participation should be framed.
• If the landowner does not intend to undertake
• Mining companies should be allowed the
mining of minor minerals on her land, these
freedom to co-mine other minerals found in the
mining leases can be allocated through the
same mining area.
auction route.
• Exploration and mining activities could be
treated on par with start-ups and provided tax 4 Data repository, regulation and reporting
holidays, incentives etc. • A National Mineral Regulatory Authority, with
2 Single window and time-bound environment subordinate state authorities, may be created
and forest clearances to regulate the minerals sector to operate
transparently with internationally recognized
• The Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF)
technical standards.
should declare upfront inviolate forest areas,
specifying whether underground mining or • A National Data Repository (NDR) of Mineral
open cast mining can be done or not in these Resources should be created and uploaded
areas. online.
• All statutory approvals should mandatorily • Introduce a robust and transparent public
be granted within 180 days of application for reporting mechanism for exploration firms,
62
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
which is compliant with the Joint Ore Resources • Mining engineering colleges should be
Committee (JORC) code or an equivalent code in developed as centres for mineral exploration.
the statute.
• Encourage technological upgradation by
• The huge mineral bearing areas reserved for reducing import duty, initially for a period of
state agencies that have not been utilized for five to ten years, on equipment/cutting edge
more than 2 years should be de-reserved and technology to boost safety, limit environmental
allocated to the end user industry/ auctioned. damage, improve productivity and increase
growth.
• Instead of field inspections, a system of self-
approval/self-certification with GIS based • To enhance the resource base and ensure
monitoring should be adopted for enforcing mineral security, India should create an
the provisions of the MMDR Act. This should organization for strategic acquisitions of mines
be accompanied with a provision for heavy in other countries and to sign diplomatic and
monetary penalties for each violation. trade agreements.
________________________________________
1
This chapter includes all minerals, except for oil and gas resources
2
Annual Report 2017-18, Ministry of Mines (import figures for gold taken from Ministry of Commerce)
3
Ibid
4
Ibid (major minerals include coal also)
5
In August 2017, Supreme Court imposed a monetary penalty worth 100% of the value of minerals extracted by miners in Odisha
that were deemed to be illegal by the Court, on account of lack of forest and environment clearances, mining outside lease/permitted
area and for encroachment beyond the mining area
63
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
INFRASTRUCTURE
67
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
• State power utilities are not able to invest in • There are supply chain issues in biomass power
system improvements due to their poor financial generation.
health.
• The proposed high safeguard duty on solar
• High industrial/commercial tariff and the equipment may make the sector temporarily
cross-subsidy regime have affected the uncompetitive until globally competitive
competitiveness of the industrial and commercial capacities are established in the country as is
sectors. the goal.
68
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
6. Energy efficiency Way Forward
• Limited technical capabilities, high initial capital 1. Overall energy
expenditure, limited market and policy issues
• Oil, natural gas, electricity and coal may be
have adversely affected efforts to achieve
brought under GST to enable input tax credit.
energy efficiency.
• Have the same GST rate for all forms of energy
• High transaction costs (which involves
to enable a level playing field.
appointing suitable consultants and vendors for
execution) relative to project size, especially in • All form of subsidies should be provided as
the micro, small-scale and medium enterprises functional subsidies to end-consumers to
(MSME) sector, makes energy efficiency empower them to choose the energy form most
investments unattractive for investors. suitable and economical to them.
2. Power
• The non-availability of sufficient credit facilities
and difficulties in obtaining required finances • Promote smart grid and smart meters.
for energy saving projects are strong deterrents • All PPAs including those with state generation
to investments in energy efficiency in India. companies (GENCOs) should be based on
competitive bidding.
Renewable
Power
Energy
69
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
• Actively promote cross-border electricity trade • The government should provide viability gap
to utilize existing/upcoming generation assets. funding/financial assistance for 2G ethanol
project developers/technology partners.
• Introduce time-of-day tariff to promote the use
of renewable energy. • Declare regasified liquefied natural gas (R-LNG)
as transportation fuel and promote PNG in rural
• Introduce performance-based incentives in the
areas.
tariff structure.
• Create strategic reserves through various policy
• To manage the demand for power, it is
options.
necessary to introduce 100 per cent metering,
net metering, smart meters, and metering of 4. Coal
electricity supplied to agriculture. • Expeditiously complete detailed exploration
70
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
through exploration-cum-mining leases based There is a need to ensure greater participation
on production/revenue sharing model. of energy service companies (ESCOs) using
appropriate financing models with a risk sharing
• Put the onus on concerned state governments
mechanism, particularly by public sector banks.
to make the land required for mining available.
• States should adopt the second version of the
• Expeditiously operationalize commercial coal
Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)
mining.
in their building by-laws and ensure faster
5. Renewable energy implementation.
• Provide a mechanism for cost-effective power • Promote the mandatory use of LED and the
grid balancing (gas-based, hydro or storage). replacement of old appliances in government
• Renewable purchase obligations (RPO) should buildings with five-star appliances. Focus the
be strictly enforced and inter-state sale of UJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All)
renewable energy should be facilitated. programme on lower-income households and
small commercial establishments. The number
• It is necessary to have national level markets
of appliances covered under the Standards and
and regulations for balancing of power. Central
Labelling (S&L) programme should be increased.
level agencies like Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission or National Load Despatch Centre • Widen and deepen the perform, achieve and
should socialize the costs of balancing inter- trade (PAT) programme; make Energy Saving
state transmission systems (ISTS) connected Certificate (ESCert) trading under the PAT
power plants, over the entire system, on the scheme effective by ensuring strict penalties
lines of the point of connection (PoC) or a against defaulters.
similar mechanism. • For the MSME sector, BEE should develop
• Decentralized renewable energy in rural areas cluster-specific programmes for energy
in conjunction with the discoms’ grid can offer intensive industries to introduce energy efficient
reliability. technologies.
• Hybrid renewable energy systems such as solar • The Forum of Regulators and State Electricity
PV + biomass should be explored. Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) should provide
for lower heat rate requirements for new power
• Commercial biogas needs to be promoted by
stations. Old and inefficient plants consuming
providing subsidy to consumers.
more than the threshold energy should be
6. Energy efficiency retired in a phased manner.
• The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) should • Promote the use of the public transport system.
come out with a white paper on its 5-year Public transport systems may be converted to
strategy on energy efficiency in various sectors electric in a time bound manner. Expand the
and specify energy consumption norms. corporate average fuel efficiency standards
• State designated agencies (SDAs) need to be (CAFÉ) beyond passenger cars to other vehicle
more empowered and provided with adequate segments.
resources to implement EE related programmes.
71
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
160
140
120
11% CAGR
100
80
58.9 Million
60
40
20
0
2001-02 2012-13
Source: TERI, 2015-16
72
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Current Situation about 40 per cent of the funds required. This is
one of the main reasons for the inability to take
The road sector in India accounts for the largest
up timely maintenance interventions.
share in the movement of both passengers and
freight. Driven by a rapidly growing economy, 3. Accidents and safety concerns: Road safety
access to vehicle finance and improved road is a major issue in the country with nearly 400
connectivity, the demand for mobility on roads has road related deaths being recorded daily. In
risen continuously, leading to a sharp rise in the 2013, India had an accident death rate of 18.9
number of road transport vehicles. The total number for every 100,000 people, higher than other
of registered vehicles in India increased from 58.9 South Asian countries such as Bangladesh
million in 2001-02 to 182.4 million in 2012-13,4 a (11.6), Mauritius (12.2) and Sri Lanka (13.7).9
CAGR of almost 11 per cent during this period. At least a part of the fatalities is because of the
poor quality of roads.
However, access to and quality of public
transportation need continuous improvement. 4. Cost escalation for roads: Delays in acquiring
In urban areas, the increasing use of personal land can affect project costs as the average cost
vehicular transport leads to road congestion, longer of land has escalated from Rs. 0.80 crore per
journey times and higher levels of air and noise hectare during 2012-13 to Rs. 3.20 crore per
pollution. Expansion of the public transport fleets hectare during 2017-18.
has been hampered by the short supply of vehicles
– the total demand for buses was approximately Way Forward
3.40 lakh in FY 2017, while the availability/supply 1. Increase connectivity by expanding the road
was only about 1 lakh. network
73
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
74
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
6. Increase the capacity and reach of public • Streamline the ‘FASTag’ charging system.
transport
• Engage with stakeholders and concessionaires
• Transform state road transport undertakings (for PPP toll plazas) to ensure that all toll plazas
(SRTUs) and promote public transport, rural have the requisite infrastructure for ETC.
transport and last mile connectivity.
8. Complete targets for rural connectivity
• Additional funding for public transportation
• Phase-I of PMGSY should be completed by
and the creation of interoperable systems will
March 2019. The total length under the LWE
help expand the reach and capacity of public
(Left Wing Extremism) programme of 5400 km
transport.
must be completed by March 2020.
• The central government will work with states
• Beyond 2020, we should focus on building last
to develop bus ports and provide support on
mile connectivity.
technologies/software such as VAHAN (for
vehicle registration) and Saarthi (for driving 9. Increase technology adoption and seamless
licences) movement between different modes of
transport
7. Expand the reach of the electronic toll
collection (ETC) system • Urban mobility must move towards multimodal
solutions by ensuring seamless movement
• Complete the setup of ‘FASTag’, which employs
between different modes.
radio-frequency identification, for ETC in all
lanes for the 418 toll plazas with the National • Identify and develop multimodal logistics
Highway Authority of India (NHAI) by March 31, parks (MMLP) to ensure seamless movement of
2019. ETC should be interoperable across toll freight.
plazas on all national and state highways. • Encourage the road freight industry to adopt
innovative technologies through incentives.
________________________________________
1
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Press Information Bureau. Accessed April 24, 2018.
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=17193
2
Ibid
3
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=142444. Accessed April 25, 2018.
4
TERI Energy & Environment Data Diary and Yearbook (TEDDY) 2015-16
5
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
6
Ibid
7
Ibid
8
These include national highway stretches not covered under any programme or of completed stretches where no liability devolves on
the contractor to maintain these
9
World Health Organization “Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015”
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Press Information Bureau Archive. Accessed May 11, 2018.
10
http://pibarchive.nic.in/ndagov/Comprehensive-Materials/compr5.pdf
11
Ibid
75
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
15. Railways
Objectives Current Situation
By 2022-23, India should have a rail network that The Indian Railways (IR) is the fourth largest
is not only efficient, reliable and safe, but is also network in the world in terms of route km (67,368
cost-effective and accessible, both with respect to km in FY17).7 It is also the largest passenger
the movement of people and goods. This requires (1,150 billion-passenger km in FY17)8 and fourth
achieving the following objectives: largest freight (620 billion net-tonne km in FY17)9
transporting railway system globally. In FY17,
• Augment the capacity of existing railway
13,32910 passenger trains carried over 22.24
infrastructure
million11 passengers daily, i.e., almost equivalent
• Increase the speed of infrastructure creation to Australia’s population, while the freight
from the present 7km/day to 19km/day by transported was 1.1 billion tonnes.12 During FY07-
2022-231 FY17, railways’ revenue increased at a CAGR of
• Achieve “optimal”2 electrification of broad 5.7 per cent to USD 25.1 billion13 in FY17, led by
gauge track by 2022-23 from the 40 per cent strong demand, increasing urbanization and rising
level in 2016-17 incomes.
• Increase the average speed of freight and mail/ Despite its extensive reach and the substantial
express trains to 50 km/hr (from about 24 km/hr growth in freight load, the modal share of railways
in 2016-17) and 80 km/hr (from about 60 km/ in the transportation of surface freight has declined
hr), respectively3 from 86.2 per cent in 1950-5114 to 33 per cent in
• Improve the safety of the railways, achieving 2015, in part due to a shortfall in carrying capacity
zero fatalities from the 2016-17 level of 238 and lack of price competitiveness. IR’s golden
fatalities and reducing the number of accidents quadrilateral and its diagonals make up only 15
from the 73 recorded in 2017-184 per cent of the total route of the railways but it
transports 52 per cent of passenger traffic and
• Enhance service delivery, achieving 95 per cent
58 per cent of total freight load.15 This highlights
on-time arrivals by 2022-235
the high saturation and over-utilized capacity on
• By 2022-23, the railways should have a freight popular routes. Since passenger and freight traffic
load of 1.9 billion tonnes and an improved move on the same tracks in India, we have not been
modal share of 40 per cent of freight movement able to increase speed or capacity in a significant
from the current level of 33 per cent6 manner relative to global benchmarks.
• Increase the share of non-fare revenues in total
revenue to 20 per cent
76
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Figure 15.1: Growth of Indian Railways, 1950-51 to 2013-14
23% 65,806
11,58,742
53,596
1950-51 1950-51
2013-14 2013-14
1642%
66,517
Route km Passenger km (million)
Source: ‘Indian Railways: Lifeline of the nation (A White Paper)’ February 2015
The expenditure on the railways as a percentage reduction in average speed of passenger and
of transport expenditure declined from 56 per freight trains
cent in 1985-90 (7th plan) to 30 per cent in 2007-
2. Organizational structure: Delays in decision-
12 (11th plan).16 Despite its contribution to the
making, inadequate market orientation
overall economy, under-investment in the sector
and long project approval durations lead
has crippled operations and hampered capacity
to slow turnover times and delays in the
augmentation. From 1950-51 to 2013-14, the
implementation of railways projects
route km increased by only 23 per cent against the
growth in freight and passenger km of 1,344 per 3. Internal generation of resources: Negligible
cent and 1,642 per cent respectively.17 non-fare revenues and high freight tariffs have
led to a sub-optimal freight share. The lower
The government has recognized the need for relative cost of transporting freight by road has
additional investment in rail infrastructure and led to a decline in the share of the railways.
scaled up investment by almost three times, from Low and static prices for the passenger segment
INR 53,989 crore in 2013-14 to INR 1.47 lakh have also contributed to low internal generation
crore18 in 2018-19 (BE). of resources.
4. Safety and poor quality of service
Constraints
delivery: There have been a number of
1. Congested networks: Over-stretched accidents and safety issues in the IR in recent
infrastructure with 60 per cent plus routes being years. Poor cleanliness of trains and stations,
more than 100 per cent utilized, leading to a delays in train departures/arrivals, quality of
77
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
food and difficulties in booking tickets are • Consider transferring coach and locomotive
key issues. manufacturing and repairs to private players.
However, since human safety is involved in the
5. Efficiency of terminals: Poor terminal facilities
case of coaches and wagons, IR should continue
lengthen loading and unloading times. Eighty
to have regulatory and technical control over their
per cent of railway loads come from terminals.
manufacture and maintenance to ensure the safety
The functioning of terminals needs to be
of users in compliance with the General Rules of IR.
strengthened to improve rail freight.
• Separate suburban passenger transport from
6. Economies of scale: The lack of scale
the rest of the network and put a light rail
economies especially impact management
network in place in all major urban areas under
quality and system accountability.
local governments.
Way Forward 3. Rationalize fare structures and subsidies,
1. Better utilization of existing infrastructure to and monetize assets to generate revenues:
address congestion: • Revisit IR’s pricing model to make the
• Prioritize ongoing projects to improve capacity passenger and freight segments sustainable.
utilization. Timely completion of these projects Freight tariffs should be competitive with the
will generate more revenue. At the same time, cost of road transportation.
we need to maintain and upgrade the existing • Expedite the process of establishing the
network to ensure that supply keeps up with Rail Development Authority (RDA), already
demand. approved by the government19. DA must advise/
• Ensure that the dedicated freight corridors make informed decisions on an integrated,
(DFCs) and the Mumbai-Ahmedabad High transparent and dynamic pricing mechanism
Speed Rail (MAHSR) are completed on to determine rail fares and rebalance the
schedule, particularly by timely completion passenger and freight categories to improve
of land acquisition for DFCs. DFCs should efficiency and rebalance the modal mix of
be fully commissioned by FY20; feeder goods transport. (See also para F below)
routes to the DFCs should be developed • Monetize land resources with the railways,
simultaneously. particularly through developing non-railway
2. Ease organizational rigidity through revenues such as through retail or other activities.
structural reforms: • Increase retail revenues from railway stations by
• Consider opening up the ownership and investing in facilities, modernizing stations and
operations of freight terminals and ownership contracting space to private players.
of locomotives and rolling stock to the private 4. Enhance safety of trains to reduce accidents
sector under a transparent, neutral (non- and modernize stations:
railway) and fair regulatory mechanism. This
will improve performance and attract private • Eliminate level crossings and cattle crossings
players and investments. and fence railway tracks in areas with high
levels of activity to prevent accidents.
78
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
• Increase the use of proven, advanced • Complete by 2022-23 the commissioning of the
technologies such as automatic train protection, remaining 55 of the 100 new freight terminals
fog safety devices, end of train telemetry announced in the Rail Budget of 2016-17 under
devices and on-board/online condition ‘Mission Hundred’.21
monitoring systems.
• Improve terminal efficiency by promoting the
• Implement the 22 unimplemented concept of ‘engine-on-load’ system, developing
recommendations of the High-Level Safety proper terminal layouts, adopting efficient
Review Committee chaired by Dr. Kakodkar20. operational practices, operating trains end-
to-end, and using proper handling methods/
• Upgrade and ensure the smooth functioning of
systems for loading and unloading operations.22
by-pass crossings and grade separations.
• Redevelop 100 out of 400 identified railway 6. Set up an independent regulator for the
stations by 2022. Indian Railways:
________________________________________
1
Indian Railways, July 2017. “Reform, Perform and Transform.”
http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Reform-Perform-Transform%202022_v10%20(2).pdf. Accessed April 30, 2018.
2
Budget Speech 2018-19
79
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
3
Rail Budget Speech 2016-17
https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/a-multitrack-approach-to-railway-reform/article9937255.ece. Accessed April 30,
2018.
4
http://indianexpress.com/article/india/only-73-accidents-in-2017-18-first-time-in-35-years-fewer-than-100-railway-acci-
dents-5119024/. Accessed April 25, 2018.
5
India: Three-year Action Agenda 2017-18 to 2019-20 by NITI Aayog http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/coop/India_ActionAgenda.
pdf. Accessed April 25, 2018.
6
http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Reform-Perform-Transform%202022_v10%20(2).pdf. Accessed April 26, 2018.
7
Ibid
8
Ibid
9
Indian Railways http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/MTHSTAT/2017/Freight_March_2017.
pdf. Accessed April 26, 2018.
10
Ministry of Railways
11
Ibid
12
Report on Railways by IBEF, September 2017 https://www.ibef.org/download/Railways-September-2017.pdf. Accessed April 27,
2018.
13
Ibid
14
India: Three Year Action Agenda 2017-18 to 2019-20 by NITI Aayog http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/coop/India_ActionAgenda.
pdf. Accessed April 28, 2018.
15
http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1514320. Accessed April 28, 2018.
16
‘Indian Railways: Lifeline of the nation (A White Paper)’ February 2015 http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/direc-
torate/finance_budget/Budget_2015-16/White_Paper-_English.pdf. Accessed April 30, 2018.
17
‘Indian Railways: Lifeline of the nation (A White Paper)’ February 2015 http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/direc-
torate/finance_budget/Budget_2015-16/White_Paper-_English.pdf. Accessed April 30, 2018.
18
Ministry of Railways
19
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=176324. Accessed April 28, 2018.
20
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=175038. Accessed April 29, 2018.
21
Ibid
22
‘Terminals on Indian Railways’ by S. B. Ghosh Dastidar, The Asian Journal (2009), http://www.aitd.net.in/pdf/AsianJournals/24%20
-%20Rail%20Terminal%20Facilities.pdf. Accessed April 30, 2018.
23
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=176324. Accessed May 10, 2018.
80
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
16. Civil Aviation
Objectives unserved airports and 31 unserved helipads
through the Regional Connectivity Scheme –
By 2022-23, achieve the following goals:
Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik (RCS-UDAN).
• Enhance the affordability of flying to enable an
• Ensure that airport tariffs, taxes on fuel, landing
increase in domestic ticket sales from 103.75
charges, passenger services, cargo and other
million in 2016-171 to 300 million by 2022.2
charges are determined in an efficient, fair and
• Double air cargo handled from about 3.3 million transparent manner.
tonnes in 2017-18 to about 6.5 million tonnes.
• Expand the maintenance, repair and overhaul Current Situation
(MRO) industry from USD 1.8 billion in 2017 to The civil aviation sector contributed USD8.9 billion
USD 2.3 billion. to India’s GDP in 2014 and supported 1.31 million
• Expand airport capacity more than five times to direct, indirect and induced aviation jobs.3 In 2016,
handle one billion trips a year. the demand for domestic air travel was twice that in
China.4 India’s domestic air traffic made up 69 per
• Enhance availability and affordability of
cent of total airline traffic in South Asia.5 A World
regional air connectivity and revive/upgrade 56
Economic Forum survey ranks India’s air transport
180
158.4
160
134.9
140
Number of Passengers (Million)
115.8
120 103.7
98.9 97.9
100 88.9
77.4
80 71.6 68.4
60
40
20
0
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
81
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
3.50
2.98
3.00 2.70
Frieght Transported by Air (Million MT)
2.53
2.50 2.36 2.30 2.28
2.19
1.96
2.00 1.86
1.71 1.70 1.66
1.50 1.49 1.54
1.41 1.44
1.50 1.27
1.15 1.15 1.12
0.99 1.05
1.00 0.86 0.81 0.78 0.84
0.69
0.57 0.55
0.50
0.00
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
infrastructure quality 12th out of 25 countries in the same period.8 Between 2014-15 and 2016-17 in
Asia Pacific region and 52nd globally. India ranks particular, traffic growth in the domestic passenger
3rd in terms of cost competitiveness in the Asia segment was 48 per cent and 20 per cent in the
Pacific region. international segment.9 India is also catching up
with other leading aviation markets in terms of
The Airport Authority of India (AAI) aims to bring
market penetration.
around 250 airports under operation across the
country by 2020.6 The Ministry of Civil Aviation’s There has been an increase in air cargo, both
regional connectivity scheme, UDAN, is a 10-year domestically and internationally, in 2016-17. IATA
scheme, which will promote balanced regional has forecast that India will cross over into the top
growth and make flying affordable for the 10 air freight markets in 2018-19.
population. It will help enhance connectivity to the
country’s unserved and underserved airports. Constraints
India’s civil aviation sector has been growing • Capacity and infrastructure: Due to the
steadily; the number of passengers was 158 million rapid expansion of India’s civil aviation sector,
in 2016-17.7 Domestic passenger traffic increased airspace, parking bays and runway slots will
at a CAGR of almost 10 per cent between 2007- become increasingly scarce over the next few
08 and 2016-17 and international passenger years, especially at metro airports. Mumbai and
traffic grew at a CAGR of 8.07 per cent during the Chennai airports are already close to saturation.
82
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Capacity and infrastructure constraints could o Taxes on aviation turbine fuel (ATF):
decrease efficiency and safety and have Due to high taxes and lack of competition
negative economic effects. Inadequate hangar among providers, ATF is relatively
space and unavailability of land to expand expensive in India. Since it remains
airports at their current sites, particularly in outside the GST network, there are also
major cities, are two of the major constraints regional disparities in its price. The price
that face the sector. While this may be less of aviation fuel in India may be up to
binding in metro cities where the number of 60 per cent per cent higher than prices
passengers is large enough to support more in ASEAN and the Middle East countries
than one airport, building more than one airport because of high central and state taxes.10
is not feasible in non-metro cities because of Fuel cost as a percentage of operating
low passenger volume. charges amounts to 45 per cent11 in India
as compared to the global average of 30
• Skilled workers: According to a study
per cent
conducted by the Ministry of Civil Aviation,
Indian aviation could directly support 1.0 to 1.2 o Incidence of GST on Aircraft Leases and
million jobs by 2035. This implies that about Spare Parts: GST of 5 per cent is applied on
0.25 million persons will need to be skilled over aircraft lease rentals; GST ranges between
the next 10 years. 5 per cent and 28 per cent on aircraft
engines and spare parts. This also raises
o Shortage and gaps in availability of
costs for the sector
industry-recognised skills – from airline
pilots and crew to maintenance and • Aviation safety: Although, the number of
ground handling personnel – could aviation safety violations in 2017 (337) has
constrain the growth of different segments declined in comparison to 2016 (442), the
of the sector. absolute number still remains high.
o Aviation Gasoline (AvGas) is used as fuel
by almost all training aircraft. This fuel is Way Forward
imported, its supply is not assured and it 1. Enhance aviation infrastructure
attracts a tax of 18 per cent (earlier 28 per
• Complete the planned airports under the UDAN
cent) under GST. Coupled with a shortage
initiative in a time-bound manner. Revival of
of instructors, this makes flying training an
50 unserved and underserved airports/airstrips
expensive and time-consuming exercise.
should be completed by December 2018.
• High cost to passengers and of air cargo:
• In addition to completing two new airports for
o Tariff determination: The Ministry of Delhi and Mumbai by 2022, the infrastructure
Civil Aviation has mandated that all capacity in the 10 biggest airports (in terms of
airports move from a single to a hybrid till traffic) should be significantly augmented.
structure. Although this is beneficial as it
• Include provisions for domestic hub
incentivizes infrastructure investment, it
development while auctioning traffic rights.
raises costs for airlines and passengers
83
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
2. Increase investment in the sector through followed by the launch of those in Chennai and
financial and infrastructure support Mumbai.
• Reduce taxes on MRO services and consider • Develop an integrated digital supply chain or
granting infrastructure status for MRO. e-cargo gateway based on the National Air
Cargo Community System (NACCS) platform.
• Increase aircraft parking infrastructure and
The modular development may include the
facilities at metro airports.
following digital business enablers as plug-ins:
• Create additional parking hubs at suitable
• e-contracting/booking of cargo – with access to
locations, accessible through short haul flights,
financial payment gateways
to accommodate additional aircraft.
• e-transportation multimodality (road-air first/last
• Monetize vacant real estate near AAI airports
mile connectivity)
in all major centres of traffic to increase non-
aeronautical revenues. • e-compliances (initially online clearances by six
participating governmental agencies; rest to
3. Address shortage of skilled manpower
follow)
• Promote collaboration between original
• Cargo Sewa – a grievance redressal module
equipment manufacturers (OEMs), industry
linked to Air Sewa
and educational institutes to teach the latest
concepts in the aviation industry including 5. Ease the regulatory environment for airports
management principles, IT in aviation, etc. • Deregulate further and open up the aviation
• Formulate long-term plans for advanced market to help increase passenger and freight
research in aviation technologies to create a traffic in India.
manufacturing ecosystem in the country. • Adopt a consistent model for tariff
• Expedite commencement of courses by determination so that it reduces passenger cost
the National Aviation University after due • Align taxation and pricing structure to global
consultation with stakeholders. benchmarks by considering bringing aviation
• Facilitate greater involvement of the private turbine fuel (ATF) under the rubric of GST.
sector in sponsoring aviation institutions, • Amend the AAI Act to allow commercial usage
industrial training and R&D projects. of land with airports by liberalising end-use
• A further reduction in GST rates on Avgas will restrictions for existing and future airports.
allow flying training organizations to make • Strengthen regulatory capacity with respect
training more affordable. to public private partnerships and streamline
the judicial review process to ensure timely
4. Promote air cargo growth
implementation of DGCA’s decisions.
• Promote “Fly-from-India” through the creation
• Ensure that the DGCA acts as a truly
of transhipment hubs. The transhipment hub in
independent regulator, with the Ministry of Civil
Delhi is scheduled to be launched in May 2018
Aviation focusing on policies.
84
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
• Meet the regulatory and security • DGCA should be given autonomy for an
requirements prescribed by the International effective aviation safety oversight system.
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) at all It should also be authorized to impose fines
times. Additional skilling of personnel may and penalties depending upon the nature of
be required for this and the DGCA should violations.
adequately build the capabilities of its staff to
• DGCA should continue ensuring real time safety
ensure compliance.
tracking and prompt incident reporting.
6. Prioritize aviation safety12 • DGCA should create a single-window system
• Shift focus to pre-empting and preventing for all aviation related transactions, queries and
accidents/incidents. complaints.
________________________________________
1
Hand Book on Civil Aviation Statistics 2016-17’ http://dgca.nic.in/pub/Handbook_2016-17.pdf. Accessed April 25, 2018.
2
National Civil Aviation Policy 2016
http://www.civilaviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final_NCAP_2016_15-06-2016-2_1.pdf. Accessed April 25, 2018.
3
IATA and Oxford Economics, “The Importance of Air Travel to India”
http://www.iata.org/publications/economics/Reports/voa-country-reports/2016/ap-india-2017.pdf. Accessed April 25, 2018.
4
Invest India, Aviation Sector Overview https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/aviation. Accessed April 25, 2018.
5
Ibid
6
https://www.ibef.org/download/Aviation_Report_Feb_20183.pdf. Accessed April 26, 2018.
7
‘Hand Book on Civil Aviation Statistics 2016-17’ http://dgca.nic.in/pub/Handbook_2016-17.pdf. Accessed April 26, 2018.
8
Ibid
9
Ibid
10
“Aviation Sector: Status Check and Roadmap.” Accessed April 27, 2018.
http://www.advayalegal.com/articles/article-october,-2014-(edition-of-infrastructure-today-magazine).pdf
11
Hindu Business Line, April 14, 2014. “Indian Aviation grounded by High Taxes.” Accessed April 27, 2018.
https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/India-aviation-grounded-by-high-taxes-IATA-chief/article20727740.ece
National Civil Aviation Policy, 2016. Ministry of Civil Aviation. Accessed April 27, 2018.
12
http://www.civilaviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final_NCAP_2016_15-06-2016-2_1.pdf
85
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
2.5
Rs./Tonne Km
2
1.5
1.5
0.5 0.3
0.15
0
Road Rail Waterways Pipelines
86
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Around 90 per cent of India’s external trade by to reduce the logistics costs for foreign and
volume and 70 per cent by value are handled by domestic trade, leading to an overall cost savings
ports.4 Twelve major ports and 205 non-major ports of INR 35,000 to INR 40,000 crore annually by
operate on India’s coast. Yet, roads and railways 2025. It also aims to double the share of water
continue to be the dominant mode for cargo transportation in the modal mix.
movement. Despite being the most cost-effective
The government has set up the Sagarmala
(Figure 17.1) and efficient mode, water transport
Development Company Limited (SDCL) to provide
accounted for 6 per cent of freight transport in India
funding support to special purpose vehicles (SPVs)
in 2016-17.
set up to implement projects and the Indian Port
The total cargo handling capacity at major and non- Rail Corporation Limited (IPRCL) to undertake port-
major ports stands at 2161.85MMT5 as on March rail connectivity projects under Sagarmala.
3l, 2017. Total capacity utilization across all ports
2. Inland waterways
was 52.44 per cent. During 20l6-17, the total cargo
throughput through major and non-major ports Inland Water Transport (IWT) carries less than 2
was1133.69 MMT. per cent of India’s organized freight traffic and
negligible passenger traffic. The annual freight
The Ministry of Shipping’s Sagarmala programme
volumes carried on inland waterways using
focuses on modernizing and developing ports,
National Waterways (NW-1, NW-2, and NW-3)
enhancing port connectivity, supporting coastal
and Goa Waterways was 21.91 MMT in 2016-
communities and stimulating port-linked
17. Additionally, Maharashtra Waterways alone
industrialization (Figure 17.2). Sagarmala aims
transported more than 33.29 MMT.
2. Inland Waterways
Source: Ministry of Shipping
Inland Water Transport (IWT) carries less than 2 per cent of India's organized freight traffic and negligible
passenger traffic. The annual freight volumes carried on inland waterways using National Waterways
(NW-1, NW-2, and NW-3) and Goa Waterways was 21.91 MMT in 2016-17. Additionally, Maharashtra
Waterways alone transported more than 33.29 MMT. 87
The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is 3. Connectivity to ports: Weak hinterland
mandated to develop and maintain infrastructure connectivity between production centres and
for fairway, navigational aids and terminals. The gateway ports often leads to higher costs and
IWAI also provides an enabling environment for delays because of sub-optimal mode choices.
private investment in cargo vessels and operational
4. Transhipment port: A large percentage of
services. Until 2015, there were only five NWs in
containers in India are currently transhipped
the country. In April 20l6, 106 more waterways
through other ports, such as Colombo (just
spread over 24 states were declared as NWs. The
south of India), Singapore (East), Dubai
ministry is augmenting the capacity of NW-l under
and Salalah (West) due to the absence of a
the Jal Marg Vikas project. The project will enable
transhipment port in the country. This has led
the movement of larger vessels of 1,500-2,000
to additional costs and delays due to the feeder
tonnes on inland waterways. The government is
voyage from India to the hub port.
also proposing to fund NWs through the Central
Road Fund (CRF). The Ministry of Finance has 5. Charges by the shipping lines: The business
amended the Central Road Fund Act, 2000, as part practices of shipping lines have played a key
of the Finance Bill 2018 to include a list of projects role in the present negative perception of sea
and infrastructure sub-sectors, including inland transport. A long pending concern has been the
waterways, for which the CRF could be used. The high rate and multiplicity of charges imposed by
CRF has since been renamed the Central Road and shipping lines.
Infrastructure Fund. 6. Capital for inland vessels: At present, the cost
of capital is very high and makes IWT freight
Constraints uncompetitive. It is difficult to attract capital
1. Modal mix: Roads (54 per cent) continue to for building inland vessels as it is a significant
be the dominant mode of transporting cargo, investment.
followed by rail (33 per cent). Transportation of 7. Technical issues in inland waterways:
cargo through waterways – shipping and inland The varying and limited depths due to the
water – accounts for a minuscule modal share meandering and braiding of alluvial rivers and
(6 per cent) despite it being the most cost- the erosion of their banks causing excessive
effective and efficient mode. siltation, lack of cargo earmarked for IWT,
2. Draught levels: Most Indian container handling non-mechanized navigation lock systems and
ports lack the capability to handle large insufficient unloading facility at terminals hinder
container vessels due to inadequate depth; a the use of IWT by shippers.
minimum draft depth of 18 metres is needed 8. Regulatory issues for inland waterways:
to enable mother vessels to dock at ports. With States’ Ferries Acts from various years
international trade leaning towards the more govern cross ferry movement and this may
economically viable mother vessels, shallow present a barrier to inland navigation, as the
draft adversely affects a port’s potential to regulations may not take into account safety
become a hub port. considerations.
88
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Way Forward 3. Ease the business environment around
shipping and ports
1. Open up India’s dredging market
• The Government of India needs to take a fresh
• The government needs to open up the
look at its policy of imports on a ‘’Free on
dredging market to attract more players,
Board” basis (FoB policy) as it needs to balance
particularly international players, in dredging
risk between the importer and exporter.
activities to increase and maintain draft depth
at ports to attract large vessels and enable • Enhance technology use in ports and, wherever
them to become hub ports. At present, the feasible, draw lessons from successful global
Dredging Corporation of India (DCI) and ports such as Rotterdam, Felixstowe and
a limited set of private vendors serve the Singapore to improve efficiency.
Indian dredging market, limiting competition. 4. Transhipment ports and shipping lines
Foreign players will be attracted to the market
if the government takes measures such as • Transhipment via Cochin ICCT (already
consolidating dredging contracts across cohorts commissioned), the upcoming Vizhinjam Port
of ports and withdrawing, at least temporarily, and the Enayam Port at Colachel will create a
the right to first refusal given to Indian vendors. transhipment cluster similar to the clusters in
Malaysian and Singaporean ports. The cluster
• To enable major ports to handle larger vessels, should be completed within the targeted
an action plan to increase the draft depth of timelines and a business plan should be drawn
ports has been prepared. Most major ports have up to make it a success.
already achieved a draft of 14 metres or more
except Kolkata Port, where deeper draft has • The new Merchant Shipping Bill to replace the
not been feasible because of the riverine nature Merchant Shipping Act, 1958, needs to be enacted
of the port. Some major ports are striving to at the earliest to promote the ease of doing
achieve deeper drafts up to18 metres. The outer business, transparency and effective delivery of
harbour in Visakhapatnam has very deep draft services. Opening up of the sector will improve the
of more than 18 metres. Work is in progress availability of ships and help reduce costs.
to create a draft of more than 18 metres in 5. Enhance last mile connectivity to inland
Mormugao and Kamarajar Port. waterways
2. Expedite the implementation of Sagarmala • IWT should be integrated to multimodal/
• Expedite the completion of various projects under intermodal connectivity. Inland terminals
Sagarmala, especially those aimed at improving with proper road and/or rail connectivity and
port connectivity, setting up coastal economic seamless transfer of goods from one mode to
zones (CEZs) and establishing new ports. the other are important for an efficient logistics
supply chain.
• The setting up of a single window facility
for cargo clearance and putting in place fully • Procure floating terminals and cranes and
mechanized cargo handling infrastructure will place them suitably so that access to roads is
be critical to increase throughput. possible.
89
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
6. Facilitate access to capital for inland vessels 7. Address technical and regulatory constraints
in inland waterways to ease movement of
• Financing for inland vessels could be made part
inland vessels
of priority sector lending by banks.
• CCEA, chaired by the Hon’ble PM. approved the
• Categorizing inland vessels as infrastructure
implementation of the Jal Marg Vikas project
equipment will further ease access to capital
(JMVP) to augment the capacity of National
issues for a sector where capital investments
Waterway-1 (NW-1) with technical assistance
and operational costs are high.
and investment support from the World Bank at
• Initially, viability gap funding needs to be given a cost of INR 5369.18 crore. We must ensure
at least for l0 years until the infrastructure is that the project is completed by March 2023.6
fully developed, so that inland water transport
• From a regulatory standpoint, detention of a
is competitive.
vessel without a valid reason should not be
• We should consider waiving waterway charges allowed.
and lock charges until operable infrastructure is
• A clear directive needs to be issued for security
made available.
of inland vessels, crew and cargo.
• Revive the shipbuilding finance scheme in line
• Strengthen existing Inland Water Transport
with the subsidy scheme that was in force
Directorates or Maritime Boards or set them up
during 2002-2007, which led to high growth
in states where they do not exist to ease the
rates in the shipping sector and full order books
IWT business and to ensure efficient regulation
for Indian shipyards.
and facilitation of IWT for cargo movement.
________________________________________
1
Financial Express, September 19, 2016. Accessed May 8, 2018.
https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/narendra-modi-govt-does-well-with-its-inland-waterway-move-but-infrastructure-is-a-
challenge/381439/.
2
In 2016, the government announced that INR 1 lakh crore would be dedicated to increasing India’s port handling capacity to 3,000
MMT by 2025.
3
Press Information Bureau, Government of India. April 12, 2017. “Major Ports Register 6.79 per cent Growth in Traffic over last year,
Outperform Private Ports for Second Consecutive Year.” Accessed May 8, 2018.
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=160949.
4
Press Information Bureau, Government of India. December 20, 2017. “Ministry of Shipping – 2017 Consolidation.” Accessed May 8,
2018.
http://pib.nic.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1513281
5
Port capacity of major ports rerated on berthing policy as per international norms
6
Press Information Bureau, Government of India. January 3, 2018. “Cabinet approves Jal Marg Vikas Project for enhanced navigation
on the Haldia-Varanasi stretch of National Waterway-1.” Accessed May 8, 2018.
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=175208.
90
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
18. Logistics
Objectives subsector. This will ease access to credit and
simplify the approvals process for building
By 2022-23, our objective is to:
infrastructure in the sector. The government
• Achieve multi-modal movement of cargo on has also created a new Logistics Division in the
par with global logistics standards. Ministry of Commerce and Industry that will focus
on the integrated development of the logistics
• Reduce the logistics cost to less than 10 per
sector, improving procedures and introducing new
cent of GDP from the current level of 14 per
technologies.
cent.
• Expand the logistics market to USD215 Between 2014 and 2016, India improved its rank
billion by 2020 from the current level of in all the six components of the World Bank’s
USD160 billion.1 Logistics Performance Index (LPI) (Figure 18.1).
India is ranked 35 out of 160 economies in the LPI
• Improve logistics skilling and increase jobs
in 2016, a 19-place jump since 2014. Despite this
in the sector to 40 million by 2022-23 from
improvement – highlighted by the jump in the LPI
about 22 million in 2016.
rank from 54 in 2014 to 35 in 2016 – India lagged
• Reduce border compliance time to 24 hours behind both China and South Africa, ranked 27 and
for exports and to 48 hours for imports by 20 respectively in 2016.4
2020.
Infrastructure or transport quality is a particular area
of concern for the logistics sector. About 35 per cent
Current Situation
of export-import cargo originates in or is destined
The Indian logistics industry employs more than for hinterland locations. The World Economic
22 million people (as of 2016). Between 2011-12 Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) ranked
and 2015-16, the logistics sector’s value has grown India 66th out of 137 countries in infrastructure
at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.8 in 2017-18. The World Bank’s Ease of Doing
per cent. However, existing logistics costs in India Business ranks India 146 out of 190 countries in
are high relative to other countries. Logistics costs ‘trading across borders.’ India’s performance along
have been estimated at 14 per cent of India’s GDP this indicator is worse than competitor nations
relative to 9 per cent of GDP in the United States, like China (96), Vietnam (93), Sri Lanka (90) and
11 per cent in Japan, 12 per cent in Korea and Indonesia (108).
14.9 per cent in China.2 A 10 per cent decrease in
indirect logistics cost has the potential to increase
exports by 5-8 per cent.3
91
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
11 per cent in Japan, 12 per11 cent
perincent
Koreain Japan,
and 14.9
12 per
per cent in Korea iiand
in China. 14.9
A 10 perper cent
cent in ii A
in China.
decrease
indirect logistics cost has the indirect
potentiallogistics
to increase
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has the by
potential increase exports by 5-8 per cent.iii
5-8 pertocent.iii
Recognizing
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2016 and introducing new
92
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
manual loading, unloading and handling in the worse than competitor nations like China (96),
case of many commodities. Vietnam (93), Sri Lanka (90) and Indonesia
(108).
4. Seamless movement of goods across modes
and high dwell time: In addition to lack of
interoperable technology, the movement of Way Forward
goods across modes suffers from the absence 1. Rationalize tariffs and determine prices in
of last mile connectivity and infrastructure. an efficient manner across different modes:
For example, poor road and rail connectivity Tariff policies need to be rationalized. The
to most non-major ports leads to delays in Railways chapter provides details on rail freight
travel time. The share of cargo moving through while the Civil Aviation chapter highlights
coastal shipping is small, primarily due to the the need to determine air cargo tariffs in a
lack of infrastructure and connectivity for feeder consistent manner across airports.
ships that operate between smaller container
2. Create an overarching body that maintains a
ports.
repository of all transport data: Such a body
5. Competition and underutilized capacity: or institute will be responsible for acquiring,
There is no level playing field as the public managing and disseminating data to internal
sector is provided benefits that are not stakeholders. The proposed institute can also
available to private players such as container conduct robust analysis of the data, which it
train operators or foreign vessel owners, should make publicly available. This body can
leading to limited competition, capacity be a part of the logistics portal that is under
underutilization and other inefficiencies. development.
6. Interoperable technology across modes: 3. Enhance efficiency of warehouses and
The lack of interoperability of software systems their operation, especially to optimize food
used by the authorities governing different storage:
modes of transport leads to inefficiencies as it
• Create vertical silos for food storage and
increases transit time and the need for manual
transport food grains by specialized wagons.
intervention when switching modes.
We could operate smaller silos at the mandi
7. Border compliance and document level connected to mother silos that have
processing time: India’s average border bulk handling and rail connectivity. Further,
compliance time (including customs regulations specialized wagons with top loading and
and mandatory inspections) for exports bottom discharge functions should be made
is 85 hours and for imports 305 hours. available for handling grains. These measures
India’s document processing time (including will help reduce food losses.
documentary compliance for various agencies
• Optimize existing warehouse space. Existing
including regulators) is an average of 58 hours
warehouses can be converted into multi-
for exports and 65 hours for imports. As a
storeyed ones to store multiple commodities
result, India’s rank in the World Bank’s Trading
at the same time. This will greatly increase
Across Borders indicator is 146 (down from
warehousing space.
143 in the previous year) and significantly
93
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
4. Increase emphasis on multimodal solutions. will reduce delays and enhance efficiency.
Setting up multimodal logistics parks will help The integrated IT platform should be a single
address issues related to underdeveloped window for all logistics related matters. The
infrastructure, an unfavourable modal mix portal should be linked to the IT systems of
and connectivity. The government has all transport modes, and customs and state
already approved 24 logistics parks under the transport authorities. It should act as a logistics
Bharatmala programme and seven have been marketplace.
identified under the Sagarmala programme.
• Create an institutional mechanism for
These may be completed by 2022-23. They
technology adoption in transport. India needs
should reflect best practices from global
to create an office, similar to the Office of the
logistics parks with respect to comprehensive
Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology
development and synergies across modes of
(OST-R) in the USA, under the Commerce
transport.
Ministry’s newly created Logistics Division
5. Allow private players to operate in CONCOR to advance the use of innovation, develop
and port terminals. There is no level playing technology and create a skilled interdisciplinary
field for private container train operators (CTOs) transportation workforce.
vis-à-vis the Container Corporation of India
7. Shift towards international standards for
(CONCOR). Providing shared space at CONCOR
transport equipment and software. To
terminals to private CTOs will help utilize the
increase efficiency and ensure compatibility, we
infrastructure better. Similarly, opening up
should gradually adopt international standards,
port terminals to private players at a fee will
especially in operations, and adopt global
enhance capacity utilization.
benchmarking on unit load devices such as
6. Increase technology use to enhance logistics containers and pallets. While this will require
changes in the overall infrastructure of ships,
• Integrate technologies across modes of
ports and railways, it will help realize savings in
transport by developing an integrated
cost, time and accounting. Associated handling
information technology (IT) platform. Increasing
equipment such as forklifts, cranes, tractors,
the interoperability of technology across modes
scanning and inspection technologies, and
by implementing container tracking systems,
flatbed rail wagons should be standardized and
radio frequency identification (RFID), etc.,
become ubiquitous.
________________________________________
1
Annual Economic Survey 2018-19. Ministry of Finance
2
National Transport Development Policy Committee (NTDPC). “India Transport Report: Moving India to 2032”, 2014. Data for China
are from the National Development Reform Commission, 2016.
3
Annual Economic Survey 2018-19. Ministry of Finance
4
World Bank, Logistics Performance Index, Global Rankings https://lpi.worldbank.org/international/global. Accessed April 20, 2018.
5
Annual Economic Survey 2017-18
94
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
19. Digital Connectivity
Objectives Current Situation
Given the relevance of digital connectivity to According to the Internet Trends 2017 report,1 27
economic growth and the need to eliminate the per cent of India’s population (355 million users)
digital divide by 2022-23, India should aim to uses the internet. While this represents exponential
achieve: growth compared to the 4 per cent penetration
in 2009 (see Figure 19.1 below), data from the
• Physical digital connectivity across all states,
World Bank2 suggests that we still lag behind
districts and gram panchayats (GPs)
countries like South Korea where 93 per cent of the
• Delivery of government services digitally by population uses the internet. The United States and
2022-23 China boast of 76 per cent and 53 per cent internet
• Hundred per cent basic digital literacy across penetration respectively.
the country to be able to leverage the benefits The Digital India scheme launched in 2015
of digitization brought the topic of digitization to the forefront
400 30%
350
25%
300
Online Penetration (%)
Internet Users (million)
20%
250
200 15%
150
10%
100
5%
50
0 0%
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016E
95
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
96
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
3. Content in Indian languages broadband connectivity to all GPs. The service
delivery mechanism, by providing last mile
• Currently, most digital content is in English.
connectivity through Wi-Fi or any other suitable
However, a KPMG12 report suggested that “9
broadband technology to all GPs, has been
out of every 10 new internet users in India over
made an integral part of the project. The project
the next 5 years are likely to be Indian language
is targeted to be implemented by March, 2019.
users”.
In addition, public Wi-Fi hotspots are being set
4. Availability of e-services up by BSNL at its 25,000 telephone exchanges
• A large number of e-services are not available in rural areas and Wi-Fi choupals are being set
on the digital platform and there is wide up in 5,000 GPs by CSC-SPV under the Ministry
variation across states in the availability of of Electronics and Information Technology
citizen e-services. Currently, citizens have to (MeitY).
physically visit government offices to access • The provision of universal broadband
most government-to-citizen (G2C) services, as coverage at 50 Mbps to every citizen and
municipalities and other government bodies the enabling of 100 Mbps broadband on
have been slow to digitize their processes. demand to all key development institutions,
including educational institutions, are under
5. Cyber security
consideration in the new National Digital
• The regulatory framework for cyber security is Communications Policy, 2018.
inadequate.
• As the sector regulator, TRAI should consider
• Hacking and denial-of-service attacks have putting in place a credible system to track call
led to disruption of services, both in the drops, weak signals and outages to ensure
government and the private sector – banks the quality and reliability of telecom services.
and governments increasingly face security The results may be put in the public domain.
breaches. Government should also put in place telecom
ombudsman for complaint redressal.
Way Forward
Quality of service
Broadband connectivity
• Adequate spectrum availability is critical to
• A modified strategy for expediting the pace ensure service quality. Efficient spectrum
of implementation of the BharatNet project allocation in large contiguous blocks should be
was approved on July 19, 2017. As part of the explored. We should also explore migration to
modified strategy, the remaining 1.50,000 GPs new technologies which would resolve some of
are to be connected in Phase-II through a state- the bandwidth challenges.
led model (8 states), private sector model (2
Access and digital literacy
states) and CPSU model (10 states) by using an
optimal mix of media (OFC, radio and satellite). • Digital literacy needs special focus at the
Further, about 5298 GPs located in remote and school/college levels. The National Digital
hilly locations with poor connectivity are being Literacy Mission should focus on introducing
connected on satellite media, so as to provide digital literacy at the primary school level in
97
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
________________________________________
1
http://www.kpcb.com/internet-trends. Accessed May 08, 2018.
2
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=US-CN-KR. Accessed May 08, 2018.
3
http://www.kpcb.com/internet-trends. Accessed May 07, 2018.
4
http://www.kpcb.com/internet-trends. Accessed May 07, 2018.
5
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=76838. Accessed May 06, 2018.
98
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
6
http://www.bbnl.nic.in/index1.aspx?lsid=570&lev=2&lid=467&langid=1. Accessed May 06, 2018.
7
http://www.digitalindia.gov.in/content/national-information-infrastructure-nii. Accessed May 06, 2018.
8
http://www.digitalindia.gov.in/content/public-internet-access-programme. Accessed May 07, 2018.
9
http://www.digitalindia.gov.in/content/universal-access-mobile-connectivity. Accessed May 07, 2018.
10
http://tec.gov.in/pdf/Studypaper/Study%20paper%20on%20BB%20Definition.pdf. Accessed May 07, 2018.
11
https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/in/Documents/technology-media-telecommunications/in-tmt-digital-india-un-
lock-opportunity-noexp.pdf. Accessed May 09, 2018.
12
https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/in/pdf/2017/04/Indian-languages-Defining-Indias-Internet.pdf. Accessed May 02, 2018.
99
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
100
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Figure 20.1: Four paradigms to leverage Smart Cities Mission
Engagement
Leveraging Economy
Environment
SCM
Equity
101
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
• Achieving desired service delivery levels: Funds becomes greater than the sum of its parts once
for the provisioning of basic services and the information that flows in the “systems of
infrastructure are accessed from complementary systems” is captured.
missions, such as the Atal Mission for
• Additionally, the digital transformation roadmap
Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
would also build on the considerable work
(AMRUT), Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), and
done in cities on geographic information
Housing for All (HFA). There is a need for a
systems (GIS) and apply these for geo-locating,
framework that mandates measurable outputs
mapping and publishing public assets in the
and outcomes for all capital investments in
city such as parks, playgrounds, public toilets,
infrastructure and services in cities. These
bus stops, streetlights, manholes, water and
outputs and outcomes should be predefined
sewerage lines, storm water drains, power
and measured at quarterly intervals. The
lines, etc., and linking these to grievance
present liveability assessment underway will
redressal, participatory budgeting, transparent
provide the baseline for measurement on 73
works management, and contractor payments.
indicators.
Municipal acts need to provide for a digital
• Digital transformation roadmap: Conventionally, transformation roadmap for ULBs as a
cities have been using information technology mandatory policy document, like spatial plans.
and communication (ICT) in three ways: (1) This will also help build data observatories for
use a single application to address burning multiple uses, including citizen engagement.
problems, say, waste collection, and then
Equity
add more applications as per the needs and
priorities of the city; (2) build infrastructure and • Inclusive development: Cities must ensure that
add services, and (3) experiment with a number the urban poor and slum dwellers including
of applications without having a long-term or recent migrants can avail of city services and
definitive vision in place. subsidies and are financially included through
the Jan Dhan Yojana. A dedicated benchmark
The conventional ways ignore the value hidden
could be considered to measure if benefits
in human interactions – among citizens, with
reach the targeted poor. Cities should dedicate
the city’s infrastructure (e.g. roads, bridges,
a single-window facility for the urban poor
parks) and the environment. These interactions
to access basic services such as water supply,
contain data and information and digital
drainage and sewerage, and affordable
technology has the potential to recognize and
housing in the form of dormitory and rental
capture the hidden value in their interactions.
housing. Urban poor communities and slums,
To harness internet connectivity and its
benefitted by area-based development (ABD)
various applications in governance and service
or pan city proposal (PCP) solutions, should be
delivery, cities need to put in place a digital
mapped in conjunction with improvements in
transformation roadmap across both hard
parameters such as access to public assets and
infrastructure and software applications. A
reducing service deficit including in the areas of
digital transformation roadmap would recognize
education and health.
and capture these interactions and the whole
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Environment six of these centres have been completed in
Vishakhapatnam, Kakinada, Surat, Nagpur,
• Resilient cities: It is strongly recommended that
Vadodara and Ahmedabad, with nearly all of
India should mainstream the resilient cities
them using open-source codes. There is need to
approach and integrate it with service levels
use the information available in these centres
as indicated in the chapter on Approach to
to develop urban data observatories with a
Sustainability in our National Building Code
flexible architecture and continue open source
2016. The resilient cities approach should
accessibility. The purpose of such observatories
also be in line with the 11th Sustainable
is to serve as a decision support mechanism
Development Goal (SDG), which emphasizes
for policy makers and to engage citizens. The
the sustainable development of cities and
MoHUA guidelines should institutionalize the
communities. Environment sustainability
need for regulation around data observatories
should be recognized as a distinct goal and be
and make them open source in nature (by
measured as part of service levels. The Ministry
limiting private ownership of such data), while
of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) can
at the same time protecting the privacy of
issue model guidelines in this regard.
citizens. The data observatory incubated by
Engagement the National Institute of Urban Affairs offers
• Data observatories in partnership with civil one such model. Institutionally, there is need to
society: More than 20 smart command and leverage information to achieve better inter-
control centres are under implementation and agency co-ordination within ULBs and
an equal number are under tendering. About with SPVs.
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
4. Augmenting the capacity of local bodies According to Census 2011, only 32.7 per cent of
rural households had access to toilet facilities.
5. Creating an enabling environment for private
Only 39 per cent of households had access to
sector participation
toilets before the launch of the Mission. Under the
6. Eradicating manual scavenging Mission, from October 2, 2014 to March 2018,
about 6.95 crore individual household toilets have
Current Situation been constructed. The rapid pace of construction
of toilets is due to mass mobilization of resources
The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched
and extensive behaviour change campaigns under
on October 2, 2014, to make India open defecation
the mission. It has helped the country achieve
free by 2019. It has two sub missions –1) Swachh
sanitation coverage of 81 per cent in rural India by
Bharat Mission (Gramin) for rural areas under the
March 2018. About 3.50 lakh villages, 371 districts
Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS)
and 13 states and 3 union territories have declared
and 2) Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) for urban
themselves ODF.
areas under the Ministry of Housing and Urban
Affairs. Given the cross cutting impact of SBM, the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban)
Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation is the
As of March 2018, 47.04 lakh household toilets
nodal ministry for SBM with several other ministries
and 3.18 lakh seats of community/public toilets
being actively involved in achieving its goals.
SBM has the potential to address wide-ranging
issues. For instance, water and sanitation related
diseases continue to remain among the major
causes of death among children under five years
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Figure 21.1: Improvement in Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) coverage
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
Coverage (%)
40.00
20.00
0.00
GUJARAT
ODISHA
KARNATAKA
BIHAR
KERALA
ANDHRA PRADESH
ASSAM
MANIPUR
MEGHALAYA
MIZORAM
PUDUCHERRY
TELANGANA
UTTARAKHAND
WEST BENGAL
JHARKHAND
NAGALAND
PUNJAB
ALL INDIA
CHANDIGARH
RAJASTHAN
CHHATTISGARH
D & N HAVELI
GOA
SIKKIM
DAMAN & DIU
HARYANA
MADHYA PRADESH
TRIPURA
UTTAR PRADESH
MAHARASHTRA
A & N ISLANDS
ARUNACHAL PRADESH
HIMACHAL PRADESH
TAMIL NADU
Coverage as on 02.10.2014 Coverage as on 31.03.18
have been constructed against the mission targets 2. Issues regarding the operation and maintenance
of 66.42 lakh and 5.08 lakh respectively. Hundred of community toilets
per cent door-to-door collection of solid waste has 3. Non-availability of water
been achieved in 62,436 out of 84,049 wards and
4. Non-segregation of waste
2,648 cities have declared themselves ODF. Waste-
to-energy production has reached 88.4 megawatts 5. Sustaining the change in behaviour patterns
and new plants that can produce 415 megawatts among people
are under construction. The waste-to-compost 6. Continued unwillingness of urban local bodies
functional production capacity has reached 62.3 (ULBs) to levy user charges
lakh metric tonnes and new plants with capacity of 7. Inadequate infrastructure for collection,
33.48 lakh metric tonnes are under construction. transportation and processing of segregated
waste
Constraints
8. The continuing practice of decentralized
The constraints faced by the mission are largely treatment of waste
related to implementation challenges in meeting the
9. Lack of on-site treatment of waste by bulk
2019 targets. Some of these are as follows:
generators
1. Lack of availability of space for construction of
10. Insufficient number of dustbins, particularly in
household toilets in slum areas
urban and peri-urban areas
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
11. Lack of credit from financial institutions for solid workers for segregating waste. This will help
and liquid waste management projects waste-to-energy plants as well as projects
related to dry waste management and help
12. Discharge of untreated effluent into rivers
reduce the burden on landfills.
13. Tackling the problem of lagging states – of
7. The scope of SBM may be expanded to cover
the 2.86 crore household toilets yet to be
initiatives for landfills and plastic waste.
constructed in rural areas, 1.77 crore are to be
constructed in two states, namely Uttar Pradesh Inducing behavioural change
and Bihar.
1. Plan intensive behaviour change communication
(BCC) and inter-personal communication (IPC)
Way Forward campaigns beyond the SBM target year of
The strategies to tackle the challenges faced by 2019.
SBM have been categorized under four broad 2. Draw up a clear and concerted behaviour
heads – expanding the scope of SBM, inducing change communication campaign specifically
behavioural change, expediting construction and aimed at panchayats and cities that have shown
leveraging technology, and changing governance slow progress towards ODF status.
and practices. These are detailed below.
3. Teach them young – Children should be made
Expanding the scope of SBM aware of sustainable waste management
1. The concept of Swachhata needs to be practices through suitable changes in the
integrated into hospitals, government offices school syllabus; engage college campuses and
and other public establishments. teachers to spread awareness of these practices.
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
2. A special strategy should be adopted to 2. Draft and implement a 5-year action plan to
expedite the construction of household toilets in integrate SBM and faecal sludge management
the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. (FSM) at the ward level in cities.
3. Adopt the wider use of twin-pit toilets. It is a 3. Waste-to-energy projects are not bankable in
low-cost technology that decomposes waste the absence of tariff orders by the appropriate
into bio-fertilizer. authority. Companies that want to establish
waste-to-energy plants should have tripartite
4. Promote the use of modular wet waste disposal
agreements in which one party is the producer
machines or other such devices for the disposal
of energy from waste; the other two should be
of bio-waste at the household level itself.
the concerned municipal body and electricity
5. The cement and construction sectors should distributing company.
be encouraged to consume material made of
4. ULBs should be nudged to charge adequate
recycled construction and demolition (C&D)
user charges for collection and disposal of
waste. Similarly, the fertilizer sector should
waste and maintenance of toilets. The user
procure compost produced out of organic
charges for these activities are as important as
waste.
user charges for electricity and water.
6. Ensure the availability of adequate numbers of
5. Solid and liquid waste management projects
dustbins in public spaces in urban and peri-
should be covered under priority sector lending.
urban areas.
6. To maintain the ODF status of villages and
Changing governance and practices
cities, the government should continue to
1. Expenditure on bio-toilets/bio-digesters may monitor and undertake corrective measures for
be considered for concession from the goods areas that might be slipping back from ODF
and services tax (GST) to encourage large-scale status.
adoption.
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Current Situation to maintain “Aviral” and “Nirmal Dhara” and ensure
its ecological and geological integrity. Data for the
Annual precipitation in India, including snowfall,
period 2015-17 indicates improvement in water
which is the main source of water, is about 4000
quality in terms of dissolved oxygen and coliform
bcm. About 53.3 per cent of the total precipitation
bacteria. However, a lot needs to be done in terms
is lost due to evapo-transpiration, which leaves a
of meeting the targets of sewage treatment plans
balance of 1869 bcm water in the country. Of this,
(STP) and of controlling household and industrial
the available utilizable water resource potential is
waste. Besides, a scheme for groundwater
1137 bcm, comprising 690 bcm of surface water
development and management to prepare aquifer
and 447 bcm of ground water.
management plans and facilitate sustainable
According to the Water and Related Statistics management of groundwater has been launched.
published by the Central Water Commission, per
capita annual water availability in the country has Constraints
decreased from 1816 cubic metres (cu m) in 2001 1. There is a huge gap between the irrigation
to 1544 cu m in 2011. As per the Falkenmark Index, potential created (112.5 million ha in 2012) and
one of the most commonly used measures of water the irrigation potential utilized (89.3 million ha
scarcity, if the amount of renewable water in a in 2012). Apart from the underutilization of the
country is below 1,700 cu m per person per year, potential, the efficiency of the irrigation systems
the country is said to be experiencing water stress; is low at 30 to 38 per cent for surface water
below 1000 cu m it is said to be experiencing water and 55 per cent for ground water.
scarcity. The National Commission for Integrated
2. Despite clear evidence of rising water
Water Resources Development (NCIWRD) has
stress, water is still used inefficiently and
projected the total demand for water at 1,180 bcm
indiscriminately, particularly in agriculture. Poor
for a high demand scenario.
implementation and maintenance of projects,
Water resources are facing pressure due to absence of participatory irrigation management,
population explosion, urbanization, rising demand non-alignment of cropping patterns to the agro-
for water from the agriculture, energy, and industry climatic zones, and absence of field channels
sectors, pollution, inefficient use, poor management (CAD works) are some of the challenges.
and poor institutional mechanisms. Several regions 3. The Easement Act, 1882, which grants
experience water scarcity due to the uneven groundwater ownership rights to the landowner
distribution of water resources over space and time. is one of the reasons for water over-use and
The government has specific programmes for depletion of groundwater levels.
various aspects of water resources. The scheme, 4. The subsidized pricing of water in various states
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), has resulted in non-revenue water and a sharp
which is an umbrella scheme for irrigation has decline in groundwater levels in all states.
prioritized 99 major and medium irrigation projects
5. As per 2011 Census, only 30.8 per cent of the
for completion by December 2019. The government
total rural households and 70.6 per cent of the
also launched the “Namami Gange” scheme in
total urban households get piped water supply.
2014-15 to clean and rejuvenate the River Ganga
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
6. The sustainability of the source and growing • As per the fourth Minor Irrigation (MI) Census,
contamination of ground water in newer areas there are about 5 lakh water bodies/tanks with
are constraints in ensuring safe drinking water an irrigation potential of 5.89 million ha. For
supply in rural and urban areas. these, the MoWR’s programme to revitalize,
renovate and repair water bodies should be
Way Forward significantly expanded and adequately funded.
1. On-going programmes 3. Recycle of waste water
• By 2022-23, the water storage capacity needs • With the country generating 140 bcm of
to be increased from the current level of 253 wastewater annually, a pilot scheme to irrigate
bcm to 304 bcm by completing on-going 10 lakh ha with treated waste water by 2020
projects on time may initially be taken up.
• A co-ordination mechanism at the field level • Industries should be encouraged to meet a
may be set up for PMKSY to find the reasons major share of their demand through recycled
for delays in the completion of projects and water. Besides, programmes for smart water
corrective measures undertaken project wise to meters and tradable permits for use of recycled
ensure speedy implementation. water may be launched.
• The Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) may 4. Groundwater management
draw up an action plan to complete CAD works in • As on date, development of groundwater, i.e.,
317 identified projects to reduce the gap between utilization of groundwater resources vis-à-vis
the irrigation potential created and utilized. replenishable quantity, is 62 per cent. There is a
• Other notable programmes that need to be need to develop recharging zones at identified
completed include the Ken-Betwa River linking places to make groundwater resources
project, the Pancheshwar project, the Rajasthan sustainable using check dam, farm ponds, tanks
feeder and Sirhind feeders (Punjab &Rajasthan) and injection wells.
and the Siang project in North-East India. • Participatory aquifer management initiated in
• The National Mission for Clean Ganga needs the 12th Plan National Aquifer Management
to co-ordinate with the Ministry of Drinking (NAQUIM) under PMKSY should be
Water, Supply and Sanitation for solid and liquid strengthened through a network of partnerships
waste management in 1600 gram panchayats to control unbridled, competitive extraction
(covering 4464 villages situated on the banks of of groundwater since it is virtually impossible
the Ganga in five states). Corrective measures to police more than 30 million groundwater
need to be taken to expedite the completion of structures through licences and permits.
the projects. • The participatory approach to encourage
2. Water efficiency behavioural changes and community
engagement in ground water management at
• Incentivize the wider adoption of sprinkler and
the gram panchayat level as envisaged in the
drip irrigation by diverting resources otherwise
Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY) should be adopted
used to subsidize power and surface irrigation.
and extended to other regions.
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• Promote the use of solar pumps to improve • Introduce public-private partnerships in
the utilisation of groundwater in Eastern India the water sector, initially to develop micro-
where utilisation is hampered by the lack of irrigation-based CAD works based on a hybrid
power. In Western India, solar pumps with a annuity model. This should be accompanied
buyback guarantee for surplus solar power can by a revision in water tariffs to recover at least
offer reliable daytime energy for irrigation and operation and maintenance costs.
stable cash income as well act as an incentive
6. Suggested reforms
to conserve power and water.
• To mitigate conflicts and achieve equitable
• PMKSY – Har Khet Ko Pani – envisaging
distribution of water, an integrated river basin
enhancement of food production more than
management approach needs to be adopted.
two-fold in 96 prioritized most ‘deprived
The setting up of river basin organisations for
irrigation districts’ in 12 states by creating
major basins may be expedited.
irrigation facilities through tube wells, dug wells,
bore wells and dug-cum-bore wells, should be • NITI Aayog has developed a concept note
expedited. This will facilitate assured irrigation in on Revitalization of Rivers, which may be
tribal and backward areas that traditionally have implemented on a pilot basis before being
been deprived of canal irrigation. expanded across major states.
• Special focus should be placed on the quality • To ensure Aviral and Nirmal Dhara in the
of rural drinking water supply in arsenic and Ganga, the river should be managed as a
fluoride affected areas by tapping multiple single system and restoration of the chemical,
sources through conjunctive use of surface physical, and biological quality of the water
water, ground water and rain water harvesting. should be achieved in a time bound manner.
All new, piped water supply schemes should • There is need for a scheme on medium term
have mandatory provisions on operation and measures for flood management. This should
maintenance involving local communities and include completion of incomplete works in the
stakeholders. states of Assam, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand
5. Watershed (check dam development) and West Bengal. Besides, long term measures
for Bihar, UP and NE states should be explored to
• The MoWR may develop specific strategies to
achieve permanent protection from floods.
tap water through watershed development
(check dams) in rain-fed areas, expand micro • A water regulatory framework should be
irrigation coverage to 80 lakh ha, and link established for water resources in all states.
ground water development to aquifer mapping. • An action plan should be drawn up to improve
• The timeline for watershed development water use efficiency (with 2017 as the base
projects needs to be shortened from seven year) by 20 per cent in all sectors by 2022.
to four years with special efforts by state • The composite water management index
governments. Funds available under MGNREGA developed by NITI Aayog may be used as a
and state plans may be used for watershed potent tool to assess and further improve the
development projects. efficiency of water resources management.
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Strategy for
New India @ 75
112
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Solid waste generation and its treatment Way Forward
is a pressing concern as well. In 2016, the
Crop residue burning
government had estimated an annual waste
generation of 62 million tonnes in the country, To eliminate the practice of burning biomass (crop
including 5.6 million tonnes of plastic waste, residue), the Ministry of Agriculture, Co-operation
0.17 million tonnes of bio-medical waste, 7.90 and Farmers’ Welfare should introduce suitable
million tonnes of hazardous waste and 1.5 modifications in their guidelines of schemes for
million tonnes of e-waste. Of this, between 22 farm mechanization to provide support to farmers
and 28 per cent was processed and treated.1 to purchase equipment to collect, transport and
sell biomass to processing sites for economic
Constraints benefits.
1. A major contributor to air pollution is the The Task Force on Biomass Management,
practice of burning crop residue, particularly in constituted by NITI Aayog under the ‘Cleaner
North India. Convincing farmers to discontinue Air, Better Life’ initiative, has made the following
the practice by providing alternative methods of key recommendations in its report titled “Action
disposal through economically productive use of Plan for Biomass Management” that need to be
crop residues is a key challenge. implemented by the central and state governments
2. Lack of awareness of the ill effects of pollution expeditiously:
impedes efforts to control pollution. This makes • Extend financial support to farmers in the short-
it difficult to bring about the behavioural term for in-situ treatment of paddy-straw/non-
change that is critical to fighting pollution. burning of crop residue
3. ‘Polluters should pay for the pollution’ principle • Create a “Clean Air Impact Fund” to provide
is not effectively implemented. viability gap funding (VGF) for projects with
4. Agro-forestry is hampered by regulatory long gestation periods and low returns on
restrictions. Besides, biodiversity conservation investment such as bio-power or bio-ethanol
and maintenance of healthy habitats for wild projects
life have to be aligned with sustainability goals.
Limit Crop Reduce Air, Water Solid Waste Forest Climate Change
Residue Burning & Noise Pollution Management Management Mitigation
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Strategy for
New India @ 75
• Upscale technologies for crop harvesting and • It is necessary to ensure the remediation
utilization of farm residue of contaminated sites, safe disposal of
hazardous substances, protection and
o Support service-based shared infrastructure
restoration of ecosystems through stringent
o Provide process-based incentives for enforcement of relevant Acts, implementation
entrepreneurs of specific schemes, generation of awareness,
o Allow accelerated depreciation for farm stakeholders’ participation and application of
implements best practices. Action plans for remediation of
contaminated sites should be prepared and
• Reward and monitoring at the local level
implemented.
o Institute a reward scheme for village
• The air pollution issue will require continued
panchayats with zero burning
efforts on the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana.
o Put in place a mechanism to monitor farm The scheme has already met with resounding
fires success and it is recommended that continued
• Provide regulatory support for business models efforts be made to prevent any slippage back
for crop residue utilization to cooking using solid bio mass. Initially, the
scheme aimed to distribute 50 million LPG
o Re-assess the fuel quality criteria for
connections to BPL households by 2019;
briquettes/pellets made out of crop residue
however, the target has been increased to
o Issue directives to power plants to procure 80 million households. As of 19 March 2018,
paddy-straw briquette/pellet about 35 million connections had been
o Remove the size limitation for bio-power released.
captive generation • A task force should be set up to study and
• Create awareness amongst farmers for better implement measures to control pollution from
soil management practices brick kilns. The focus of this task force should
be on the technological upgradation of kilns to
o Plan awareness campaigns for farmers
control pollution.
o Recognize farmers following non-burning
• Emission and effluent standards for industries
practices
need to be revised and effectively implemented.
o Design information tools for in-situ mulching
• Sewage treatment plants of adequate capacity
and on-farm management
should be installed at suitable locations to make
Solid waste management and air, water and soil rivers pollution free.
pollution
• Wastewater discharge from industrial units
• Effective implementation of Solid Waste into rivers and other water bodies should be
Management Rules, 2016, which has reduced to zero.
significantly expanded the scope of efficient solid
• The use of bio-digester toilets, a technology
waste management in the country, will help
licensed by the Defence Research and
achieve environmental sustainability by 2022-23.
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Development Organisation (DRDO), may geo tagging should be used to verify the origin
be expeditiously considered for nationwide of wood and wood-based products to identify
implementation. It can be a complete game species extracted from farm forestry.
changer as, if successful, it can do away with
• The new National Forest Policy, after
the need to have sewers and sewage treatment
incorporating the comments of states,
plants.
concerned central ministries/departments and
• Revised waste management rules including other stakeholders, should be expeditiously
Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) implemented.
Rules, Bio-Medical Waste (Management and
• The boundaries of national parks and wildlife
Handling) Rules, E-Waste (Management) Rules,
sanctuaries, which cover more than 5 per cent
Hazardous and other Wastes (Management
of the country’s geographical area, need to be
and Trans-boundary Movement) Rules and
protected and habitats for wildlife kept healthy.
Construction & Demolition Waste Management
Rules should be effectively implemented. Climate change
115
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Strategy for
New India @ 75
________________________________________
1
‘Solid Waste Management Rules Revised After 16 Years; Rules Now Extend to Urban and Industrial Areas’: Javadekar, Press Informa-
tion Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, April 5, 2016
116
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
INCLUSION
Figure 24.1: Gross and net enrolment ratios for elementary, secondary and
senior secondary
100
90
80
Enrolment Ratios (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
GER NER GER NER GER NER
Elementary Secondary Senior Secondary
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
• Strengthening support for children as part of The learning outcomes of those enrolled in the
the school curriculum to improve child mental schooling system need improvement. The previous
health NAS conducted by National Council for Educational
Research and Training (NCERT) reports that over 60
Current Situation per cent of Grade V students scored below 50 per
cent across subjects. Findings by an independent
The enrolment ratios for the elementary level
ASER household level survey (2016) in rural areas
are close to 100 per cent. In addition, the gross
shows that among Grade V children, only 47.8 per
enrolment ratios (GER) for secondary education have
cent could read Grade II level text and only 26 per
also increased, even though the net enrolment ratio
cent could do Grade V level arithmetic.
(NER) is still low. Moreover, data shows enrolment is
largely similar across gender and castes. Despite increasing access, enrolment in government
primary schools declined by 2.31 crores in absolute
The ASER surveys estimate that national attendance
numbers from 2007-08 to 2015-16 while enrolment
in primary and upper primary schools is 71.4
in private primary schools increased by 1.45 crores
per cent and 73.2 per cent respectively, with
over the same period. The reasons for the move
considerable differences across states.1 The
from public to private schools is the perception
retention rates in elementary school are 70.7 per
of better quality of education provided by private
cent. The retention rates amongst scheduled tribes
schools amongst parents (which is also borne out
(STs) is 50.1 per cent.
Figure 24.2: Learning outcomes from ASER survey 2016 for rural areas
120%
100%
Proportion of Students (%)
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Class
Proportion of children not able to do standard 2 para reading
Proportion of children not able to do division (three to one)
120
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
from data by ASER over the years), and growth in • Inadequate support and counselling given to
private schools having affordable fees. children in schools
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
Source: Geeta Gandhi Kingdon, “Put the onus on teachers”, Indian Express
have also increased, especially for girls.2 Rajasthan’s in the subsequent grade’s exam. This may be
experience could be a good model to replicate. implemented with or without the ‘no detention
policy’.
Right to learning and measurement of
remediation Individualized tracking
• Given the amendment to Rule 23(2) of the An electronic national educational registry may be
RTE, states should codify the expected learning conceptualised for tracking each child’s learning
outcomes for each class and put greater outcomes based on CCE and final exams through a
emphasis on continuous and comprehensive unique ID. This will help track the cohort survival
evaluation (CCE) to achieve the defined learning rate, and monitor students requiring remediation.
outcomes. It will also help prepare a list of children who drop
out after the elementary education level.
• The comprehensive national achievements
survey initiated in 2017 needs to be 4. Flexibility in education stream and
institutionalised on an annual basis. vocational education
• The remediation process should be made part • Credit system: Develop a system of awarding
of the education system and should be run credits for every subject and grade passed,
concurrently with regular classes so that no specifying the minimum credits required to
child gets left behind. appear in the final exam for any grade. This
• In addition, high-school readiness programmes/ system of credits may remain valid forever
tutorials, including bridge programmes, and be seamlessly integrated across different
should be incorporated just after class VIII or levels of education, providing an opportunity
in the early months of class IX especially for for life-long tracking of learning outcomes in
remediation. the electronic national educational registry.
This will enable bright children to amass more
• The CCE should also encompass compartmental
credits in the subjects of their interest, once the
exams to check the quality and outcomes of
system attains maturity.
remediation. Passing each subject either directly
or through subsequent CCE could be made a • Give children the option, under the guidance
necessary condition for eligibility to appear of the school and parents, of branching into
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
vocational courses from secondary school level help develop school readiness, and at the
upwards. Only children who expressly choose primary level, it would facilitate multi-level and
to continue with general education should be multi-grade teaching.
allowed to do so.
• The vocational education syllabus should be
• Develop separate track even within the general NSQF-aligned and ensure smooth transition
education stream, as has been done in certain from school education to vocational education.
advanced countries. A specially devised
• The curriculum should include summer activities
aptitude test must be conducted in the IX grade
and monthly study trips, including visits to
and re-checked in the Xth grade, based on
practitioners for practical learning.
which students should be given the option of
choosing a ‘regular’ track versus an ‘advanced’ 6. Teacher training
track. These two tracks would differ in the
• Improving the quality of teaching is an integral
difficulty level and choice of subjects. Those
aspect of improvement in school education.
pursuing the ‘regular’ track should be given
Given its importance, it is being covered
the option of completing the ‘advanced’ track
separately in another chapter.
syllabus through open schooling at a later point
in life. 7. Reducing mental stress
________________________________________
1
ASER 2016
2
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/UNICEF-report-shows-results-of-integrated-schools-in-Rajasthan/article14463872.ece.
Accessed May 03, 2018.
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Strategy for
New India @ 75
25%
20%
Enrolment Ratio (%)
15%
10%
5%
0%
Male Female SC ST India
124
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Russia (78 per cent) and China (30 per cent).2 Korea scheme seeks to improve access, equity and
has a higher education GER of over 93 per cent.3 quality in state higher education institutions
through a reforms-based approach and links
In addition, regional and social disparities continue
funding to performance.5 The continuation of
to exist in higher education: GER varies from
RUSA was recently approved until March 2020
5.5 per cent in Daman & Diu to 56.1 per cent in
with an almost three-fold increase in allocation
Chandigarh. Figure 25.1 indicates GER in terms of
compared to that in its first phase (2013-17).
gender and social groups. GER is 26.0 per cent for
The second phase of RUSA puts a premium on
males and 24.5 per cent for females, with females
quality enhancement and addresses concerns
constituting 46.8 per cent of the total enrolment of
of access and equity in the aspirational districts
35.7 million. While the GERs for scheduled castes
identified by the NITI Aayog.
(SCs), scheduled tribes (STs), other backward castes
(OBCs) and minorities have been increasing, these • National assessment and accreditation reforms:
are still below the overall average in most cases. While making accreditation of higher education
institutions mandatory, the reforms move
Quality is a challenge in higher education in India.
away from an intrusive system to a more
Few Indian institutions feature in the top 200 in
enabling, mixed method of assessment and
world rankings. In comparison, China has seven
accreditation. The process of accreditation has
universities in the top 150 (3 in top 50) of the
been fast-tracked and made more transparent.
Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) world rankings. These
The emphasis is more on self-assessment,
rankings did rank three IITs and the IISc amongst
data capture, validation by third party
the top 20 BRICS universities in 2018.
evaluation and objective peer review. This is a
Another issue is the employability of graduates. paradigm shift from the subjective assessment
Recent reports4 reveal that only 10 per cent of our parameters adopted earlier. Ongoing reforms
general graduates and 25 per cent of engineers could lead to the empanelment of multiple
and MBAs are employable. Relatively low overall accreditation agencies.
placement rate, due to a mismatch between
• Regulations for graded autonomy to
education and employer requirements, need to be
universities and autonomous colleges: A three-
raised.
tiered graded autonomy regulatory system
Recognising the need to improve access, equity and has been initiated, with the categorization of
excellence in higher education in the country, the institutions as per their accreditation score by
government has taken significant steps, including the National Assessment and Accreditation
the following: Council (NAAC) or other empanelled
accreditation agencies, or by their presence
• Implementation and continuation of the
in reputed world rankings. Category I and
centrally sponsored scheme, Rashtriya
Category II universities will have significant
Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA): This
autonomy as shown in Figure 25.2. Similarly,
125
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
Category I:
•Open constituent units/off-campus centres within its geographical jurisdiction
•Open research parks, incubation centres, university society linkage centre
•Academic collaboration with top foreign institutions
•Exemption from section 12B inspections & annual monitoring of off-campus
centres/study centres of private universities
•Start a new course/dept/school/centre
•Start NSQF-aligned skill courses
•Hire foreign faculty
•Merit-based incentives for faculty to attract talent
•Admit upto 20% of foreign students on merit with freedom to fix fees
•Offer courses in open & distance learning mode
Category II:
•Start a new course/programme/department/school/centre
•Start NSQF-aligned skill courses
•Hire foreign faculty
•Merit-based incentives to faculty to attract talent
•Admit upto 20% of foreign students on merit, with freedom
to fix fees
•Offer courses in open and distance learning mode
Source: UGC
the University Grants Commission (UGC) has requirements, dampens students’ creativity and
also issued new regulations for granting hampers the development of their analytical
autonomy based on accreditation scores for abilities.
colleges. These colleges will have the freedom
• Quality assurance or accreditation mechanisms
to conduct examinations, prescribe evaluation
are inadequate
systems and even announce results but are not
allowed to grant degrees. • There is no policy framework for participation
of foreign universities in higher education
Constraints • There is no overarching funding body to
• Outdated and multiple regulatory mechanisms promote and encourage research and
limit innovation and progressive change innovation
• Outdated curriculum results in a mismatch • Public funding in the sector remains inadequate
between education and job market • There are a large number of faculty
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
posts lying vacant, for example in central • Diverse post-secondary career options should
universities, nearly 33 per cent of teacher be provided through skills/vocational training
posts were vacant in March 2018;6 faculty that should be integrated seamlessly with
training is inadequate. higher education and the skilling mission.
127
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
faced by these central universities, and they • Enable and encourage the recruitment of
should be asked to develop strategic plans for practitioners with distinguished experience
getting into the top 500 of global universities from professional bodies/industry as faculty.
rankings in the next 10 years. This can be achieved through the creation
of a separate parallel track, on which the
• Going forward, funding to these institutions
mandatory Ph.D qualification for faculty may
should be linked to performance and outcomes
be relaxed.
through the Ministry of Human Resource
Development and the newly constituted Higher • Introduce pre-service faculty training (3-6
Education Funding Agency. months), including faculty exposure to the
latest tools/techniques of quality teaching
• RUSA may be continued beyond March 2020, and research. Continuous faculty training and
subject to a credible third-party evaluation. updating process should be introduced and
This reforms-based scheme has already made made mandatory.
significant headway in getting state public
• Develop a system of outcome-based faculty
education institutions into the mainstream.
evaluation in higher education, which is flexible
Continued support, linked to performance,
across different categories of institutions.
will go a long way in pushing some of India’s
leading state public universities up the ranking • Conduct regular quality checks of journals,
ladder. especially those that are used for evaluating
faculty on academic performance indicators
6. Development of teacher resources
(APIs).
• Develop stringent norms for faculty recruitment
7. Distance and online education
in universities and colleges. A rigorous and
transparent process of identifying the best • There is a need to broaden the scope of
talent for the higher education sector should be Massive Open Online Course (MOOCs) and
put in place. An ecosystem should be created Open and Distance Learning (ODL) and tap
where the most deserving talent is hired and their potential to provide access to quality
retained. This should include eligibility tests education beyond geographical boundaries.
of a high standard, such as existing UGC- Universities with high accreditation scores
recognised NET, as a minimum eligibility may be permitted to offer online education
criterion for faculty recruitment, to ensure programmes. In regular courses, technology
recruitment of candidates with academic and/ could be leveraged to overcome faculty
or research aptitude. shortages.
________________________________________
1
AISHE 2016-17
2
UNESCO, 2013
3
World Bank
4
EY, FICCI (2015)
5
ww.rusa.nic.in. Accessed May 10, 2018.
6
Ministry of Human Resource Development
128
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
26. Teacher Education and Training
Objectives The block resource centres (BRCs) and cluster
resource centres (CRCs) form the lowest rung
There cannot be quality education system without
of institutions providing in-service training to
quality teachers. Therefore, a thorough revamp of
schoolteachers.
the entire ecosystem of teacher education both at
the school and college level is necessary. In this As per the Right to Education (RTE) Act, a teacher
context, the objectives for 2022-23 include: appointed in schools should have passed the
teacher eligibility test (TET) conducted by the
• Enforcing minimum teacher standards through
relevant government body. In institutions of higher
rigorous teacher eligibility tests and criteria for
education, passing the National Eligibility Test
the induction of teachers
(NET)/State Level Eligibility test (SLET) has been the
• Improving in-service teacher training system minimum eligibility criterion for teaching.
• Increasing teacher accountability for learning While teacher education institutes churn out a
outcomes of students large number of candidates with a Bachelor’s
• Addressing the problem of teacher vacancies and Master’s in education, the quality of teacher
and teacher absenteeism education has not been assured. In 2015, only
13.53 per cent candidates who sat for the Central
Current Situation Teacher Eligibility Test (CTET) qualified.2 A primary
reason for this is inadequate accreditation and
The current institutional framework for teachers
grading process followed by NCTE in the past.
training consists of the following:
In 2017, NCTE initiated the process of collecting
• The National Council for Teacher Education information from the institutes and grading them
(NCTE) is the regulator for teacher education in based on their learning outcomes. At the higher
the country. educational level, the pass percentage in the
• NCTE has recognized 23,219 teacher-training UGC-NET exams is also low, where only 6 per cent
institutes in the country. Around 90 per cent candidates qualify. Besides, the quality of PhDs in
of these are privately run, of which 1,011 severals institutions does not rise to the required
institutions1 are for training teacher-educators standard.
(M Ed). The intake of these teacher-training In-service teacher training needs upgradation.
institutes was 17.58 lakh in 2016. While only about 20 per cent of schoolteachers are
• The in-service training framework includes 592 still professionally untrained,3 only 14.9 per cent
District Institutes of Educational Training (DIETs),
112 Colleges of Teacher Education (CTEs), 35
Institutes of Advanced Studies (IASEs) and 17
Block Institutes of Teacher Education (BITEs).
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
teachers received in-service training for elementary • Teacher eligibility tests in some states may not
education in 2015-16 even though the Sarva Shiksha be adequately robust
Abhiyan (SSA) has a provision of 20 days of in-service
• There are inadequate in-service training
training for all teachers. The BRCs and CRCs are
programmes as well as lack of public funding
primarily involved in administrative work and provide
support
very little resource support to schools.
• There is no robust system for balancing the
In 2017, Section 23(2) of the RTE Act was demand for and supply of teachers at the
amended to ensure that all teachers acquire regional or state level
minimum qualifications prescribed under the Act
• There are limited accountability systems for
by March 31, 2019.
teachers
To assess the performance and progress of teachers,
the National Council of Educational Research and Way Forward
Training (NCERT) had developed performance
Strengthening the regulatory framework
indicators (PINDICS) in 2013. Fourteen states have
adopted or adapted the PINDICS and 2 more have • A committee should be set up to develop
initiated its implementation thus far. transparent/objective and rigorous criteria
to recognize institutions. NCTE may assess
Teacher vacancies are also affecting the quality institutions on these criteria and take steps to
of education. Out of the total sanctioned posts enforce them.
of 51.03 lakhs, the number of working teachers
• In addition, the accreditation system developed
is 42.03 lakhs, leading to vacancies of 9 lakh
should ensure the closure of fraudulent or
teachers in schools, of which 4.2 lakh teacher
dysfunctional teacher education institutions.
vacancies are in SSA schools. Thirty-three per cent
of schools do not meet the pupil-teacher ratio. • Five to six teacher training institutions of
Ironically, despite the overall shortage of teachers, eminence with an annual intake of 2000
there are also 2.91 lakh surplus teachers across students each need to be established.
the country because of an imbalance in regional Robust in-service teacher development
demand-supply.4
• In-service teacher professional development
Teacher attendance at schools is another issue programmes should be redesigned with the
of concern. A study shows that 25 per cent of following features: continuous progressive
teachers were absent from school, and only half development through different modes, such as
were teaching during an unannounced visit as early tenure coaching, peer-learning, resource
part of a national representative sample survey of centres, demonstration classes, sabbaticals for
government primary schools in India.5 research/advanced studies, seminars and visits
to other institutions.
Constraints • The Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya National Mission
• There is insufficient regulatory monitoring of for Teachers & Teaching, which seeks to “build
teacher education institutions a strong professional cadre of teachers by
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
setting performance standards and creating top • States should test teachers tri-annually on the
class institutional facilities for the professional same test designed for the children they are
development of teachers”6, should be taken up teaching. It will ensure competency of teachers
in mission mode. in the subjects being taught by them.
________________________________________
1
http://www.teindia.nic.in. Accessed April 20, 2018
2
Gohaini, M. Record 14 per cent of aspirants clear central teachers test. TNN, Chennai. Times of India e-Newspaper. April 3, 2015
3
UDISE (2015-16)
4
AWP&B and PAB minutes 2017-18
5
AWP&B and PAB minutes 2017-18
6
Mission Statement for Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya National Mission for Teachers & Teaching
131
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
132
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Figure 27.1: Workforce that has undergone formal skill training
100% 96.0%
90%
Workers with formal skill training (%)
80.0%
80% 75.0%
68.0%
70%
60%
52.0%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10% 5.4%
0%
India USA UK Germany Japan South Korea
2017, 2.5 crore candidates have been skilled under The major challenges to skill development are the
the ministry’s programmes since its inception.5 following:
This includes 40.5 lakh candidates trained under
• Mapping skill requirements sector-wise and
the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY),
geographically
and 74 lakh candidates under fee based training
programmes run by National Skill Development • Making vocational training an aspirational
Corporation (NSDC).6 choice
• Involving industry for improved quality and
Constraints relevance – scaling up the apprenticeship
The National Skill Development Policy7 estimates programme
that only 5.4 per cent of the workforce in India has • Integrating the informal sector into the skill
undergone formal skill training as compared to 68 development ecosystem
per cent in the UK, 75 per cent in Germany and 96
• Putting in place an effective, internationally
per cent in South Korea.
recognized assessment and certification system
The India Skill Report 2018 states that only 47 per
cent of those coming out of higher educational Way Forward
institutions are employable.8 Given that 83 per cent
Mapping skill requirements for a demand driven
of the workforce is engaged in the unorganized
skill development ecosystem
sector with limited training facilities, upgrading of
skills, both in manufacturing and services sectors • Skill development plans and strategies should
remains a challenge. be developed by geography and sector by
133
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
mapping the availability of infrastructure and on This can be done by developing a skills/trade
the basis of assessing skill requirements both at matrix; and highlighting the overlap of skills
the national and state levels. Talukas/districts across different trades, such as information and
should be required to provide the information communication technology (ICT), knowledge of
required for such mapping. languages, etc. The most common transferable
skills across the board should be made part of
• Industry stakeholders must be incentivized to
the basic skill development curriculum.
provide data on their skill requirements on an
ongoing basis, which could be used as input Vocational education in secondary schools
for the skill requirement assessment made at
• As recommended by the Sub-Group of Chief
different levels.
Ministers on Skill Development,9 vocational
• Regular labour market studies should be education may be initiated from class VIII. The
conducted and published by the MSDE report pointed out that lessons could be drawn
in collaboration with the SSCs. These from the “The Himachal Pradesh Payment of
studies should capture changes in industry Skill Development Allowance to Educated
requirements to assess the skill sets required Unemployed Persons Scheme, 2013.” This has
and introduce changes in training curricula. provided for an allowance starting from INR
• Create vocational training innovation centres for 1,000 per month for students who have at least
systematic research and conducting longitudinal passed VIII standard.10 This will help children
studies on improving vocational education. get acquainted with formal vocational courses
and apprenticeship training. Provisions for
Improving training delivery and quality credit transfers into higher education could also
• Capacities of teacher training institutes need be considered.
to be upgraded to ensure the availability of • Participation by private schools should be
qualified trainers. It is also important to provide incentivized with lower interest rates on loans
for cross learning by teachers and industry to expand training facilities.
experts through industry-institute linkages.
Apprenticeship programmes
• A single regulatory body with branches in all
states should be set up to lay down minimum • Active advocacy is needed to create awareness
standards for all players in the skilling system about recent amendments in the Apprenticeship
like training providers, assessors, etc., and to Act, 1961, and about the National
issue NSQF aligned certificates. Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS)
among different stakeholders.
• To address the requirement of skilled workers
in the unorganized sector, scaling up RPL • The claim process for reimbursement, through
is required under the PMKVY, using bridge which companies get appropriate refund for
training, apprenticeship, dual training, work- funds spent on stipends under the NAPS, needs
based learning and advanced courses. to be streamlined.
• In addition to scaling RPL, there should be a • Facilitate the integration of the micro, small
focus on the identification of transferable skills. & medium enterprises (MSME) sector into the
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
apprenticeship system by linking it to MUDRA & Construction Workers’ Cess, Members of
scheme. Parliament Local Area Development (MPLAD)
Fund, Mahatama Gandhi National Rural
• Double the government contribution to
Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA),
apprentice stipend from INR 2,500 to INR 5,000
etc., should be tapped to expand the skill
per month.
programme and contribute to national skill
Making skills aspirational development fund.
• Mainstreaming skill development with Strengthening SSCs
education through a system for academic
• SSCs should be clustered and based on
equivalence to ITI’s qualifications. This would
occupations/functions with respect to
provide ITI candidates option to attain academic
job standards/QPs across domains. New
qualification as well.
technologies could also be considered as a
• An Overseas Employment Promotion Agency criterion for clustering. This would ensure
should be set up at the national level under convergence in efforts of different SSCs.
the Ministry of External Affairs. Apart from
• It is recommended that job roles of SSCs having
working with the MSDE to train and certify
horizontal applicability across sectors should
Indian workers keen on overseas employment,
be integrated and customized to a sector’s
in line with international standards, it could
requirements.11
also support pre-departure orientation training
(PDOT), including language and soft skills Monitoring and evaluation
training modules. This agency could help in
• Since skilling is dynamic, it is necessary to
identifying potential partners and streamlining
monitor programmes regularly. Hence, it is
efforts of India international skill centers.
necessary to develop state level indicators,
• Publicize role models/micro entrepreneurs who such as placement rates, which help
have benefitted from vocational training courses. monitoring whether demand requirements are
being addressed, and the impact of various
Funding
government schemes.
• Alternative financial sources such as Corporate
• NSDC may get into partnerships with private
Social Responsibility (CSR) funds, Compensatory
jobs counseling agencies for helping newly
Afforestation Fund Management and
skilled persons with soft skills and adapting to
Planning Authority (CAMPA) funds, Building
local conditions.
________________________________________
1
National Skill Development Policy, 2015 – Page 55
2
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=IN&view=chart. Accessed May 03, 2018.
3
http://www.msde.gov.in/assets/images/Skill%20India/policy%20booklet-%20Final.pdf. Accessed May 03, 2018.
4
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=123296. Accessed May 03, 2018.
5
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=175282. Accessed May 06, 2018.
135
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
6
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=175282. Accessed May 03, 2018.
7
National Skill Development Policy 2015 – framework document
8
India Skill Report 2018
9
http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Final%20report%20%20of%20Sub-Group%20Report%20on%20Skill%20Development.pdf.
Accessed May 03, 2018.
10
http://himachal.nic.in/showfile.php?lang=1&dpt_id=14&level=2&lid=4282&sublinkid=14849. Accessed May 07, 2018.
11
One such example is Management and Entrepreneurship and Professional Skills Council (MEPSC).
136
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
28. Public Health Management
and Action
Objectives lower respiratory and other common infectious
diseases.2 At the same time, non-communicable
To revamp radically the public and preventive health
diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular
system in the nation through the following strategic
conditions, chronic obstructive respiratory diseases,
interventions:
diabetes, mental health conditions and cancers
• Mobilize public health action through an are now the leading cause of health loss, with
integrated, inter-sectoral and pan-stakeholder 55 per cent morbidity and premature mortality
approach, targeted at communities and attributable to these conditions. The range of health
individuals as well as grassroots organizations, loss3 across states is wide. Kerala and Goa have
aimed at creating an unprecedented people-led the lowest rates (still 7 per cent higher than China)
movement for health and wellness. while Assam, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh have
the highest rates (approximately 60 per cent higher
• Operationalize vital enablers - a) public
than China).4
health and management cadre, b) public
health agency with capacitated supporting Public health action and management is a scientific
institutions (c) municipalities and panchayati raj and professional endeavour which should not be
institutions. left to untrained employees relying on common
sense alone.
Current Situation
A suboptimal public health system:
Public health, i.e., the science of keeping
communities healthy through the prevention of • Makes it challenging to tackle NCDs, which, in
disease and promotion of health and wellness, the first place, is all about prevention and early
has historically been a low priority in India. Of the detection.
total current expenditure on health classified by • Causes us to resort to high-cost secondary and
healthcare functions, preventive care accounts for tertiary health care in many cases
6.7 per cent. The money spent on curing people on
• Diminishes our preparedness for new and
the other hand is 51 per cent of the expenditure1
emerging threats such as bioterrorism
with the remaining money being spent on
pharmaceuticals, other medical goods and patient • Compromises our ability to harness the
transportation. demographic dividend
137
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
Figure 28.1: Preventable risk factors are the biggest contributors to the disease
burden, 2016
0.9%
Other Environmental Causes 1.0%
Unsafe Sex 1.1%
Impaired Kidney Function 2.8%
Occupational Risks 3.0%
Burden (%)
Source: India: Health of the Nation’s States, 20175 ; Disease burden measured in terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years
138
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
limited public health training, which includes o Co-locate AYUSH services in at least 50per
an understanding of the causes and linkages cent of primary health centres, 70 per cent
between risk factors and diseases as well of community health centres and 100 per
as disciplines including epidemiology, cent of district hospitals by 2022-23.6
biostatistics, social and behavioural sciences
• Strengthen the Village Health Sanitation and
and management of health services. Likewise,
Nutrition Day platform to cover a broader set of
hospitals are run by clinicians with little
health issues across various population groups
expertise in managing health facilities.
instead of only focusing on child health.
3. The following preventable risk factors are • Activate multiple channels (schools, colleges,
causes for a major proportion of diseases in the women’s groups, traditional events like fairs,
country: maternal and child malnutrition, air social media platforms, National Cadet Corps
pollution, unhealthy diets, high blood pressure, etc.) and prepare communication materials for
high blood glucose, tobacco consumption, catalysing behavioural change towards greater
unsafe water, and poor sanitary practices; recognition of preventive health care.
of these, nutrition, environment, water and
• Make nutrition, water and sanitation part of the
sanitation are outside the purview of the health
core functions of panchayati raj institutions and
ministry. Therefore, accountability for ensuring
municipalities.
vital public health actions is spread thin.
2. Institute a public health and management
4. There is no single authority responsible for
cadre in states
public health that is legally empowered
to enforce compliance from other public Incentivize state governments to invest in creating
authorities and citizens, even though several a dedicated cadre for public health at the state,
factors may require inter-sectoral action to district and block levels:
achieve a measurable impact on population
• Characteristics of the cadre
health.
o Train officials in public health related
Way Forward disciplines including epidemiology,
biostatistics, demography and social and
1. Mobilize public health action at multiple
behavioural sciences.
levels
o Provide training in hospital management
• Create an environment, through appropriate
to suitably equip personnel responsible for
policy measures, that encourages healthy
managing large facilities.
choices and behaviours:
o Create a career pathway up to the highest
o Make the practice of yoga a regular activity levels within the state health departments
in all schools through certified instructors for those trained in public health, as well
o Increase taxes on tobacco, alcohol and as for those with clinical specialties.
unhealthy foods such as soda and sugar o Allow mid-level providers responsible for
sweetened beverages managing health and wellness centres
139
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
________________________________________
1
National Health Accounts 2014-15, MoHFW
2
Global Burden of Disease 2016, Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation
3
Health loss is measured in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). One DALY represents the loss of one year lived in full health
4
Indian Council of Medical Research, Public Health Foundation of India, and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. GBD India
Compare Data Visualization. New Delhi: ICMR, PHFI, and IHME; 2017. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/
india. Accessed November 19, 2017.
5
Published by the Indian Council of Medical Research, Public Health Foundation of India and the Institute for Health Metrics and
Evaluation
6
The NITI Aayog’s three-year Action Agenda had recommended that the co-location AYUSH services should be ensured in 50 per cent
of primary health centres (PHCs), 60 per cent of community health centres (CHCs) and 100 per cent of district hospitals by 2020. Until
the end of the 12th Five-Year Plan period, AYUSH facilities had been co-located in 37 per cent of PHCs, 50 per cent of CHCs and 63
per cent of district hospitals.
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
29. Comprehensive Primary Health Care
Objectives system that ensures that chronic diseases are not
only detected early, but also that preventive action
Under Ayushman Bharat, scale-up a new vision
is taken to ensure improved lifestyles.
for comprehensive primary health care across
the country, built on the platform of health and The National Health Policy (NHP), 2017, envisages
wellness centres (HWCs), to comprehensive primary health care delivered
through HWCs. The policy also commits that
• Provide quality ambulatory services for an
two-thirds or more of government spending
inclusive package of diagnostic, curative,
will be targeted at primary care. Additionally,
rehabilitative and palliative care, close to the
the announcement of Ayushman Bharat by the
people
government is a game changer.
• Deliver preventive and promotion services, and
action on the ground to tackle determinants of Constraints
ill health locally
1. The existing primary health care model in the
• Create a mass movement for Healthy India country is limited in scope. Even where there
(Swasth Bharat Jan Andolan) is a well-functioning public primary health
centre, only services related to pregnancy care,
Current Situation limited childcare and certain services related
Primary health care is a key enabler for higher life to national health programmes are provided,
expectancy, better health outcomes and lower costs which represent only 15 per cent of all
for the nation. Primary health interventions help morbidities for which people seek care.2
detect diseases early, well before complications set 2. The conversion of 150,000 sub centres into
in, thus pre-empting the need for secondary and HWCs was announced in the budget speech
tertiary care. in 2017 and was enshrined in the NHP, 2017.
Developed nations such as the UK, Australia, Although less than 4000 such centres were
Canada, Netherlands and Sweden spend a large sanctioned in 2017-18, the government
share of their federal healthcare budgets on primary is committed to accelerating the pace of
care.1 In India, primary care infrastructure exists as a sanctioning and putting up HWCs to meet the
network of sub-centres, primary health centres and target in good time.
community health centres. However, the focus of
services has remained narrow – largely prioritized
around reproductive, maternal and child healthcare,
and some communicable diseases (notably,
malaria). The battle against non-communicable
diseases can only be won through a primary health
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Source: Based on the ‘Report of the Task Force on Comprehensive Primary Health Care’, MoHFW 2016
3. Supply side deficiencies, poor management 8. There is a shortage of adequately trained and
skills and lack of appropriate training and motivated personnel.
supportive supervision for health workers
prevent delivery of the desired quality of health Way Forward
services.
1. Accelerate the establishment of a network of
4. A primary health care model for the growing 150,000 HWCs
urban population has not been conceptualized, • Operationalize a network of 150,000 HWCs on
notwithstanding a few assorted initiatives by priority by 2022-23 in order to ensure sufficient
some states. coverage of affordable primary care and lower
5. Although the National Health Mission focuses the burden on secondary and tertiary care.
on engaging communities through village
• HWCs should provide services such as
health, nutrition and sanitation societies, health
screening and management of non-
has not yet become a people’s movement.
communicable diseases; screening and basic
6. Funding for health is inadequate, leading to management of mental health ailments; care
low spending on primary care. for common ophthalmic and ENT problems;
7. Citizens have to incur high out-of-pocket basic dental health care; geriatric and palliative
expenditure on primary health care, of which health care, and trauma care and emergency
the largest expenditure is on drugs. care.
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
• These are in addition to the existing o Planning of health facility distribution in
requirement for primary care services related districts to ensure that a continuum of care
to reproductive and child health, adolescent is available on the principles of ‘time to
health, and selected communicable diseases care’ through a strong referral linkage
covered by national health programmes.
o Digitization of family records and
• The key features of New India’s primary health information from the community to the
care system will be: facility level
o Use of real-time data to guide public health
o A primary health care nucleus comprising
action and implementation monitoring
five to six upgraded sub-centres coupled
with a primary health centre, and o The HWCs would act as the ‘gateway’ for
Use of real-time data to guide public health action and implementation
population outreach monitoring access to secondary and tertiary health
The HWCs would act as the ‘gateway’ for access to secondary and tertiary
services
o A team led by a mid-level health service
health services
provider,3 auxiliary nurse midwives (ANMs), 2. Co-ordinate action for disease prevention and
accredited
2. social health activists
Co-ordinate action (ASHAs)
for disease preventionpublic health promotion
and public and to address
health promotion and tosocial
address social determinants
and a male health worker responsible for of health determinants of health
Provide preventive services to improve healthy behaviours for family health and
comprehensive primary health care services
• and
control the incidence of communicable Provide preventive services
non-communicable to among
diseases improvethehealthy
for a population of about 5,000
population covered by HWCs. behaviours for family health and control
Facilitate partnerships between HWC teams and other frontline development teams
(nutrition, education, Swachh Bharat etc.) to engage with communities to address
Figure 29.2: Revamped
the socio-cultural primary health
and environmental system
determinants for New
of ill health India
at the local level.
the incidence of communicable and non- • Under Ayushman Bharat, put in place the
communicable diseases among the population necessary institutional mechanisms with a
covered by HWCs. focus on health and wellness at the central
and state levels for effective, timely and robust
• Facilitate partnerships between HWC teams and
system level implementation as well as strong
other frontline development teams (nutrition,
engagement with departments/directorates of
education, Swachh Bharat etc.) to engage with
health in the states.
communities to address the socio-cultural and
environmental determinants of ill health at the • Establish special national and state level task
local level. forces and ‘command centres’.
3. Catalyse people’s participation for healthy • Create mechanisms for rapid scaling up of
India: Swasth Bharat Jan Andolan training.
• Mandate and motivate HWC teams to work • Develop empowered governance mechanisms
closely with village health, sanitation and for efficient decision-making, co-ordination,
nutrition societies, panchayati raj institutions funds flow, procurement, contracting,
as well as all other constituents of civil society recruitment, construction and implementation.
in rural and urban spaces. This is vital because 5. Emphasise concurrent learning, operations
people are not just targets of health services research and innovation
but partners and multipliers of health-related
• Undertake a well-funded research programme
activities.
to find the best pathways for effective and
4. Enable mechanisms for rapid scale up context-specific scaling up of primary health
• Put in place the following work streams to care. This is critical because it is well-known
create 150,000 well-functioning HWCs across that a single model of primary health care
the country – infrastructure; human resources may not work for all districts/states in the
(mid-level professional recruitment, training and country.
deployment; deployment and orientation of ANMs
• Conduct research to assess the population-level
and male health workers); an Information and
health impact of the programme and effects on
Communication Technology (ICT) system; supply
out-of-pocket expenses.
chain for drugs and disposables; clinical and
public health protocols and tools; managerial/ • Develop urban adaptations of comprehensive
supervisory processes, and monitoring, evaluation primary care.
and accountability systems.
________________________________________
1
Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare: Report of the Task Force on Comprehensive Primary Health Care Rollout,
2016
2
Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare: Report of the Task Force on Comprehensive Primary Health Care Rollout,
2016
3
With a degree in nursing, AYUSH or community health, and with required training in public health and primary care
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
30. Human Resources for Health
Objectives there is a significant shortage of skilled nurses in
the country.
• Achieve a doctor-population ratio of at least
1:1400 (WHO norm 1:1000) and nurse- Moreover, the distribution of doctors and nurses
population ratio of at least 1:500 (WHO norm across the country is uneven. Urban areas have four
1:400) by 2022-23. times as many doctors and three times as many
nurses as compared to rural areas. Medical and
• Ensure availability of paramedics and doctors
nursing colleges are concentrated in a few states,
as per Indian Public Health Standard (IPHS)
e.g., Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
norms in high priority districts by 2020
Kerala, Gujarat and Maharashtra.
(National Health Policy, 2017).
There are also severe shortages in the category
• Deploy mid-level providers (MLPs) to manage
of allied health professionals (AHPs) including
the primary healthcare system.
medical lab technicians, optometrists and
• Generate at least 1.5 million jobs in the radiologists. For instance, as of March 31, 2016,
public health sector by 2022-23, a large there was a shortfall2 of 13,659 lab technicians
number of which will employ women. at primary health centres (PHCs) and community
health centres (CHCs) across India. Similarly, there
Current Situation was a shortfall of 3645 radiographers at CHCs. The
absence of a central regulatory authority for AHPs
India’s health workforce is characterised by a
has resulted in the mushrooming of institutes/
diversity of providers delivering services in allopathy
colleges without affiliation or recognition, giving
and alternative systems of medicine like ayurveda,
rise to quality issues for this category of health
homeopathy, unani and siddha.
professionals as well.
As of March 2017, there were 10.23 lakh
As far as specialists are concerned, a large number
allopathic doctors registered with the Medical
of posts are vacant all over the country. According
Council of India or state medical councils.
to estimates, India needs close to 0.5 million
Assuming 80 per cent availability, it is estimated
additional specialists. Ayushman Bharat has
that around 8.18 lakh doctors may actually be
triggered the need for even more human resources
available for active service. This gives a doctor-
for health (HRH). There is also an acute shortage of
population ratio of 1:1613.
medical faculty. Of the 1,830 faculty posts across
The current nurse-population ratio is 1:588.1 Due
to the suboptimal quality of training offered by
several institutions that have mushroomed over
the years, limited career prospects and poor
working conditions, especially in the private sector,
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80.1
80
78
76.3 76.7
76
74
72
Surgeons Obstetricians & Physicians Paediatricians Total
Gynaecologists
2015 2016
Source: Rural Health Statistics, 2016
50
40
30
20
10
0
Surgeons Obstetricians & Physicians Paediatricians Total
Gynaecologists
2015 2016
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
six All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), levels are extremely poor. Fair compensation
approximately 583 (31 per cent) had been filled up in the private sector, e.g., for nurses, is also a
until July 2017. challenge.
The government has made several efforts to address • There is paucity of data on HRH in the country.
the shortage and quality of HRH in the country.
These include the passage of the National Medical Way Forward
Commission (NMC) Bill, 2017 by the Union Cabinet, 1. Reform the governance of medical, nursing,
addition of 15,364 undergraduate and 9,855 dentistry and pharmacy education in the
postgraduate seats in medical colleges as well as country
increasing the superannuation age of doctors to 65
• Enact the NMC Bill, 2017 by mid-2018.
years in the Central Health Service, among other
measures. • Revamp the AYUSH, nursing, dentistry and
pharmacy councils along the lines of the NMC
Constraints Bill, 2017. Some of these Bills are ready and
should be placed in Parliament.
• The regulatory system (Medical Council
of India, Nursing Council of India) and • Establish a Council for Allied Health
government have failed to ensure adequate Professionals to ensure standardization of
availability and quality of health professionals. education and putting in place quality control
mechanisms for educational institutions,
• There is inadequate capacity to train doctors,
teaching methods, clinical protocols and
especially specialists and super-specialists.
workforce management.
• Private practice by medial faculty in teaching
• Put in place an updated curriculum for medical
institutions is rampant in several states,
and allied professions that keeps pace with the
compromising on the commitment to teaching
changing dynamics of public health, policy and
and institutional clinical work.
demographics.
• Many state and private medical/nursing/dental
• Establish a nursing school in every large district
colleges have poor infrastructure.
or cluster of districts with a population of
• There is no comprehensive and consistent HRH 20-30 lakhs as per the National Health Policy,
policy. 2017.
• Workforce shortages and uneven distribution • Take steps to revamp the regulatory system of
of doctors, nurses, specialists and allied health nursing education, ensure quality training in
professionals plague the sector. nursing schools, develop specialties in nursing,
• The quality of health professional training develop centres of excellence in nursing and
and adherence to standards is sub-optimal, enhance the stature of government nurses.
including in the private sector. • Take steps to stop private practice by faculty of
• Health professionals in the public sector are government teaching institutions by providing
inadequately compensated and motivation attractive salaries and incentives.
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
6. Engage private sector for skilling and • Partner with private hospitals/private medical
training HRH practitioners to skill technicians, nursing
and para-nursing as well as para-medical
• Establish partnerships with medical device
staff under the National Skill Development
manufacturers as part of the Skill India and
Corporation’s Healthcare Sector Skill Council.
Make in India programmes to identify skill gaps
and design appropriate curricula for training
programmes.
________________________________________
1
Nursing Council of India
2
Rural Health Statistics, 2016
3
NITI Aayog 3-year Action Agenda states that up to 20 per cent of district hospitals must be linked with medical colleges by 2020
4
Global strategy on human resources for health: Workforce 2030, World Health Organization
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
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Public health infrastructure in the country expanded The decision to launch PMRSSM under Ayushman
considerably following the launch of the National Bharat is a path breaking step towards Universal
Health Mission in 2005; however, there continues to Health Coverage. It aims to cover 10.74 crore
be a shortfall in several areas. In 2015, the number of families at the bottom two quintiles with INR 5
sub-centres (SCs) fell short of requirements by 20 per lakh cover each year for secondary and tertiary care
cent, of primary health centres (PHCs) by 22 per cent hospitalization. The PMRSSM will be implemented
and of community health centres (CHCs) by 32 per in alliance with state government schemes.
cent in rural India. The quality of public sector health As per the NSSO 71st Round, out of the total OOPE,
facilities has also suffered because of shortage of 63.5 per cent is on outpatient care. Of this, the
personnel and lack of necessary supplies.
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
largest expenditure (71 per cent) is on medicines. 3. Since outpatient care, drugs and diagnostics
It is paradoxical that although India is one of the are not covered under several government
largest suppliers of generic drugs to the world, a insurance schemes, people often delay seeking
significant proportion of the country’s population care until they are severely ill.
lacks access to essential medicines.
4. The coverage ceiling of RSBY is inadequate.
During the last four years, however, the government 5. There is an acute shortage of motivated human
has taken significant steps to enhance access resources for health, attributable at least
to medicines especially for the poor and middle partly to the poor incentives for government
classes. The prices 958 drugs have been capped providers.
along with the prices of cardiac stents and knee
6. Access to drugs and medical devices at
implants. The Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi
affordable prices is an essential ingredient
Pariyojana has been expanded from 99 functional
of Universal Health Coverage. According to
stores in May, 2014 to 3,623 in May, 2018.
estimates by the Central Drugs and Standards
Control Organization, around 84 per cent of
Constraints
the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)
1. There has been inadequate focus on for drugs manufactured in India are imported.
comprehensive preventive care and primary This dependence on import of APIs has gone up
care in the past. more than fourfold between 2004 and 2013.
2. The multiplicity of government-sponsored 7. While the notification of medical devices
insurance schemes has resulted in the rules is an important step, a clearly defined
fragmentation of the risk pool. A sizeable risk and comprehensive regulatory framework is
pool comprising low- and high-risk individuals required. Additionally, approximately 75 per
is imperative to ensure the viability and cent of the current demand for devices is met
sustainability of insurance. through imports.
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8. The prices of diagnostic tests can vary widely • Monitoring, evaluation and research
across the country. For example, a lipid profile
o Put in place data analytics systems to guide
test can cost Rs. 90 in some cities, going up to
strategic purchasing2 of health services,
Rs. 7,110 in others.
forecasting and generating policy inputs.
• Put in place mechanisms for fraud prevention, • Institutionalize ranking of district hospitals
detection and control as well as for grievance based on their performance on health indicators
redressal. to foster competition and nudge them towards
quality improvement.
• Design a comprehensive media and outreach
strategy to increase awareness of the scheme • Introduce appropriate gate-keeping
among intended beneficiaries and other mechanisms for adoption by the proposed
stakeholders. health and wellness centres.
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
3. Ensure access to affordable drugs and devices are regulated separately from
medical devices pharmaceuticals.
• Institute a new Drug Price Control Order • Formulate an appropriate pricing policy for
(DPCO), which ensures rational drug prices by medical devices and re-examine it periodically
reducing trade margins. to ensure access to affordable devices for the
population while also ensuring a sufficient
• Include consumables, in addition to drugs, in
return on investment.
the DPCO to control undue profiteering.
• Develop the National List of Essential Medical
• Finalize the national pharmaceutical policy to
Devices along the lines of the National List of
enable access to affordable medicines, promote
Essential Medicines to improve patient care,
the use of generic drugs, clamp down on
increase the affordability of tests, improve the
unfair marketing practices and give a boost to
regulation and quality of diagnostic tests, and
local manufacturing to reduce dependence on
promote the rational use of diagnostics.
imports.
4. Strengthen health research capacity
• Formulate and implement the e-pharmacy
policy to facilitate online access to quality • Set up research consortia for diseases of high
medicines in a cost-effective and timely manner. priority including neglected tropical diseases
and emerging infections along the lines of
• Review and iron out the challenges with the
the India TB Research and Development
business model of Jan Aushadhi stores to
Corporation.
ensure that they can function as self-sustaining
entities and scale up rapidly across the country. • Identify at least 20 academic or research
institutions at the regional level to act as hubs
• Find the best pathways for scaling up and
capable of training a minimum of 500 doctors
adapting the process of bulk procurement of
every year.
drugs adopted in states like Tamil Nadu and
Rajasthan. • Ensure the presence of at least one model rural
health research unit in every state.
• Boost domestic production of APIs by setting
up six large API intermediate clusters as per the • Cover the entire country with a network of viral
recommendations of the Katoch Committee. research and diagnostic laboratories with a
testing capacity of more than 15 lakh samples
• Streamline regulatory processes including
per year.
providing a single window clearance
mechanism to manufacturers. • Identify key research areas in traditional
medicine and facilitate collaborative research
• Introduce a separate Act for medical devices
with modern systems of medicine.
as per global best practises, so that medical
________________________________________
1
It is proposed that the achievement of this target be advanced to 2022 instead of 2025 as stated in the National Health Policy, 2017
2
Strategic purchasing means active, evidence-based engagement in defining the service-mix and volume and selecting the provid-
er-mix in order to maximize societal objectives
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Strategy for
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32. Nutrition
Objectives Current Situation
Under POSHAN Abhiyaan, achieve the following Under-nutrition is the prime risk factor in over 40
outcomes by 2022-23, compared to the baseline of per cent of under-five child deaths. Children with
2015-16 (National Family Health Survey-4): under-nutrition, anaemia and iodine deficiency
will have low IQ scores and productivity as adults.
• Reduce the prevalence of stunting among
A World Bank estimate1 indicates that reducing
children to 25 per cent or less
stunting can raise India’s GDP by 4-11 per cent. The
• Reduce the prevalence of underweight in prevalence of stunting declines by an estimated 3.2
children (0-6 years) to 25 per cent or less per cent for every 10 per cent increase in income
• Reduce the prevalence of anaemia among young per capita. Similarly, a 10 per cent rise in income per
children (6-59 months) to 43 per cent or less capita translates into a 7.4 per cent fall in wasting.
Thus, increasing per capita incomes through rapid
• Reduce the prevalence of anaemia among
and equitable economic growth is a necessary
adolescent girls and women (15-49 years) to 38
condition for improving nutrition outcomes.
per cent or less
50 42.5
38.4 35.7
40
30
20
10
0
Stunting Underweight Children (6-59 All women (15-49
months) who are years) who are
anaemic anaemic
NFHS-3 NFHS-4
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Although progress has been made, according to factors like low levels of female literacy, lack of
National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4), 2015-16, access to clean drinking water and sanitation.
over one-third of all under-five children are stunted
• At a more proximate level, nearly half of
(low height-for-age), every fifth child is wasted (low
childhood under-nutrition is attributable to
weight-for-height), and more than 50 per cent of
illnesses (in particular, diarrhoea, pneumonia
the children are anaemic.
and measles) and foetal growth restriction
Other emerging economies such as Brazil (stunting that results in low birth weight due to
– 6.1 per cent, wasting – 1.6 per cent), China maternal nutrition, maternal health, pregnancy
(stunting – 6.8 per cent, wasting – 2.1 per cent) complications and epigenetic factors.
and Mexico (stunting – 13.6 per cent, wasting –
2. Design limitations of the Integrated Child
1.6 per cent) fare far better on nutrition indicators
Development Services (ICDS)
compared to India.
• The design of the ICDS programme has an
Ironically, at the same time, India is also grappling
important limitation – its focus on the first 1000
with the rising menace of ‘over-nutrition’. Nearly
days of the child’s life is inadequate. Over 80
one fifth of India’s adults are either obese or
per cent of brain growth occurs during the first
overweight as per NFHS-4 data, leading to an
1000 days of a child’s life. This has a significant
increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular
bearing on work capacity, productivity and IQ
disorders.
in adulthood. Hence, nutrition programmes in
India can leverage its demographic dividend only if the country must accord the highest priority
its citizens attain optimum levels of health, nutrition to this critical period of life. However, the
and cognition. ICDS programme’s most prominent activities
Recognising this, the government launched the are focused on the delivery of pre-school
POSHAN Abhiyaan in March, 2018 to provide police education and hot cooked meals as well as
and programmatic guidance to high burden states growth monitoring at anganwadi centres for
and districts, facilitate multisectoral planning, children between 3 and 6 years. Only 10% of
catalyse resource mobilisation and develop a children between 6 and 13 months received an
surveillance system for nutrition. adequate diet in 2015-16 (NFHS 4).
3. ICDS programme implementation
Constraints
• The ICDS programme is beset with persistent
1. Multidimensional determinants of under- challenges such as shortage of staff and field
nutrition are inadequately reflected in workers, poor monitoring, instances of food
policymaking pilferage and poor quality of services.
• Inadequate and poor-quality food is an • Given the complex nature of the challenge,
important, but not the only, cause of under- a multi-dimensional approach is a must. NITI
nutrition. Aayog has already detailed a possible action
• The underlying causes of malnutrition are agenda in its National Nutrition Strategy,2
multifaceted and rooted in economic and social which needs to be urgently implemented.
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Fortification • Test approaches to prevent childhood and adult
obesity at the population level.
• Consider mandatory fortification of staples
produced in the organized sector and provide 5. Scale-up nutrition MIS and strengthen
incentives to the industry to do so. monitoring mechanisms
• Incorporate fortified food grains and double • Establish an IT-based real time monitoring
fortified salt within government programmes mechanism by rolling out the Common
such as ICDS, mid-day meal scheme, and PDS. Application Software (CAS) developed by the
• Explore approaches to bio-fortification of grains Ministry of Women and Child Development on
for micronutrient deficiencies. a countrywide basis.
________________________________________
1
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/06/29/india-investing-in-a-childs-early-years-for-a-stronger-economy. Accessed
April 15, 2018.
2
http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/Nutrition_Strategy_Booklet.pdf. Accessed April 10, 2018.
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
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33. Gender
Objective have improved over time. On seven of them, the
improvement is at least on par with countries at
To create an enabling environment, sans
similar levels of development as India.
institutional and structural barriers, to enhance the
All Indiarate
female labour force participation Average: 25,944
to at least 30 However, a declining female labour force
per cent by 2022-23. participation rate (LFPR) despite increasing levels of
education and declining fertility rates has emerged
Current Situation as a worrying trend. The current female LFPR is
23.7 per cent (26.7 per cent in rural areas and 16.2
As highlighted in the Economic Survey 2018,
per cent in urban areas).1 The declining trend is
a number of indicators that reflect the position
particularly strong in rural areas, where it has gone
of women in Indian society have moved in the
down from 49.7 per cent in 2004-05 to 26.7 per
right direction. Out of 17 indicators pertaining
cent in 2015-162.
to women’s agency, attitudes and outcomes, 14
68.4
70
53 55.1
60 47.4
Number of women (%)
50
35.5
40 26.8
30 22.9
15.1
20
10
0
Women aged 20- Women having a Women whose Women who are
24 years married bank or savings Body Mass Index literate
before 18 years account that they is below normal
use themselves
2005-06 2015-16
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Figure 33.2: Female labour force participation
600
Female Labour Force Participation
400 378
Rate (per 1000)
364 358
300
238 246 267
205
200
180 162
194
100
0
1993-1994 1999-2000 2004-2005 2009-2010 2011-2012 2015-2016
Rural Urban
At the all India level, women are confined mainly deter innumerable women from participating in
to the large, informal sector. It is estimated that economic activities.
if women did as much formal work as men, India
• The absence of opportunities for part-time
would experience an additional 1.4 per cent GDP
work and challenges surrounding re-entry
growth.3 On average, 66 per cent of women’s work
into the workforce further worsen the
in India is unpaid, compared to 12 per cent of men’s.
situation.
The government has taken some important • Poor access to credit for women
initiatives to promote gender equality and welfare. entrepreneurs, self-help groups and women’s
These include the Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao co-operatives is another challenge. The rate
campaign, the Maternity Benefit (Amendment) of rejection of loans for women is roughly 2.5
Act, 2017, Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana, times higher than that for men.4
POSHAN Abhiyaan and the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala
• Despite working for longer hours, women’s
Yojana.
work comprises mostly invisible/unpaid work.
Constraints
Way Forward
• Women’s ability to participate in the economy
1. Ensure gender-sensitive thinking for
is limited by concerns of mobility, safety and
legislation and policies keeping in view the
security.
challenges faced by women including
• Constraints of workplace distance, inflexibility
• different life stages (single women, married
in working hours, absence of maternity leave
women, young mothers and women re-entering
and benefits, lack of availability of crèches, etc.,
the workforce after a break)
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
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• levels of education (illiterate, school educated, o Persuade the private sector, autonomous
vocationally trained, college graduates, organizations and others to voluntarily
professionals) inscribe a statement in job advertisements
to the effect: ‘We are an equal opportunity
• geographic inequities (rural, urban, towns,
organization and are fully committed
peri-urban areas, remote locations) and
to women’s inclusion in our workforce’,
marginalization (SC/ST, OBCs etc.)
pending a formal policy. This can be
• special need groups such as single mothers, accomplished in partnership with
widows, homeless women and women with organisations like the Confederation of
disabilities, among others. Indian Industry that have developed equal
2. Strengthen legal frameworks to eliminate opportunity guidelines.
discrimination against women and promote • Reward villages/districts with the largest
gender equity percentage of ‘daughter only’ families through
• Finalize and implement the Draft National Policy information, education, and communication
for Women, 2017. (ICT) campaigns.
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Figure 33.3: Examples of indicators that could be used for developing the
gender-based index and ranking states
Percentage of
Female Labour
Percentage of Girls Completing Maternal
Child Sex Ratio Force
Anaemic Women Secondary Mortality Rate
Participation Rate
Schooling
• Improve data systems to generate gender- 5. Improve asset ownership and economic
disaggregated data through the use of security
technology, geo locating information and
• Prioritize groups of women farmers seeking to
generating maps in real time.
lease land, water bodies, etc., at the village
• Rank states on a set of reliable and comparable panchayat level.
indicators that reflect changes in the status of
• Encourage joint registration with spouses/
women at the national and sub-national levels
sole registration of land in the name of the
over time.
woman through registration fee and stamp duty
4. Encourage women’s participation in industry concessions through special drives/awareness
and enterprise campaigns.
• Develop sector/industry specific targets for • Recognize and secure women’s rights over
women’s employment and incentivize their common property resources like irrigation
implementation by firms. systems, fishing grounds, forests and water.
• Create policies and guidelines, on priority, 6. Create enabling conditions for women
to enhance access to credit by women engaged in agriculture
entrepreneurs; provide facilitated credit access
• Ensure 50 per cent membership of women
pathways for single women, women’s self-
farmers in Farmer Producer Organizations
help groups/guilds/co-operatives, handicapped
(FPOs).
women, and SC/ST women.
• Consider creating a separate budget to bear the
• Consider incentivizing sectors/companies that
registration/processing fee for the registration of
have over 30 per cent women workers by
women FPOs.
providing tax benefits.
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Strategy for
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• Specially focus on skill development among purposes and (iii) to establish linkages with
women, particularly for activities such as corporates, markets and consumers.
soil conservation, social forestry, dairy
8. Ensure mobility, security and safety for all
development, horticulture, organic farming, and
women
livestock rearing (including animal husbandry,
poultry, fisheries). • Provide affordable housing, residential hostels
and gender friendly facilities in upcoming towns
• Target agricultural extension services to women
and big cities.
farmers as well, not just males.
• Improve rural connectivity and public transport
7. Enhance women’s skills and leveraging
systems.
ability
• Ensure gender-sensitive, rights-based and
• Provide relatively higher financial incentives for
time-bound trials as well as disposal of cases
girls’ education until Class XII to curb the higher
pertaining to violence against women.
dropout rate among girls and raise the average
age at marriage by keeping girls in schools. • Strengthen the standard operating protocols for
tackling crimes against women, including new
• Promote skill development among women
forms of violence such as cybercrimes.
in non-traditional work such as electronic
technicians, electricians, plumbers, taxi drivers • Introduce training (including refresher training)
etc. on women-specific issues and laws for all ranks
and categories of police personnel, health
• Organize women into professional groups/
practitioners, protection officers, legal service
guilds to improve their bargaining power.
authorities, judicial authorities as well as other
• Use platforms like Digital India (i) to create apps stakeholders who interact with survivors of
for the guilds (ii) for marketing and branding violence, especially in remote areas.
________________________________________
1
http://labourbureaunew.gov.in/UserContent/EUS_5th_1.pdf. Accessed April 15, 2018.
2
NSSO Survey, Various Rounds
3
McKinsey, 2015
4
Goldman Sachs (2014)
162
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
34. Senior Citizens, Persons with
Disability and Transgender Persons
SENIOR CITIZENS Constraints
Objective • Poverty and lack of income security makes it
difficult to meet even basic needs like food,
To ensure a life of dignity, social security and
housing, healthcare, etc., for a large number of
safety for senior citizens, enabling them to actively
senior citizens.
participate in economic development and the nation
building process. • There has been a rapid emergence of nuclear
families and ageing parents living away from
Current Situation their children.
As per Census 2011,1 India had 10.38 crore senior • There is a shortage of well-trained personnel
citizens (60 years and above). Of this, 3.8 crore for delivering care giving and other services for
were above the age of 80 years. The share of the senior citizens.
elderly in the population increased from 5.6 per
cent in 1961 to 8.6 per cent in 2011. It is expected Way Forward
to increase to 20 per cent of the population by • Given the changing demographics and socio-
2050. economic needs, revise the National Policy
for Older Persons. The policy should cover
Senior citizens face several challenges. They
housing, income security, pension, and access
are prone to chronic illness. However, access to
to healthcare. It should also emphasize the
institutional support and specialized medical care is
concept of ‘ageing in place’ or ‘ageing in own
skewed, with most of these concentrated in urban
home’.
areas and out of reach for the large number of the
elderly who live in rural areas. • Bring schemes pertaining to senior citizens
under the restructured Department of
The government has taken steps to provide various Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities and
tax benefits to senior citizens including raising the Senior Citizens. An integrated implementation
basic exemption limit from INR 2.5 lakh to INR. 3 and monitoring plan should be developed in
lakh, increasing the deduction for health insurance consultation with stakeholders and the plan
from INR 15,000 to INR 50,000 as well as raising
the deduction for bank interest from INR 10,000
to INR 50,000. The Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana
Yojana has also been launched to provide a
maximum pension of INR 10,000 per month with an
investment of INR 15 lakh.
163
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
Figure 34.1: School attendance of children with disabilities between 5-19 years
164
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Figure 34.2: Literacy status of PwDs
120%
100%
Literacy Levels of PwDs (%)
80% 45%
55%
62%
60% Literate
Illiterate
40%
55%
20% 45%
38%
0%
Men Women Total
500
400 375.29
337.96
crore)
100
0
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
165
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
disabled population in the 15-59 years category • Feed data collected into an electronic database
was working. for PwDs at the national level and link with the
Unique Disability Identity Card.
They also tend to be stigmatized and discriminated
against and lag behind others with respect to 2. Bolster the institutional architecture and
access to basic infrastructure and opportunities for policy framework
economic participation. • Reorient the DEPwD to focus on data collection,
identifying gaps and evaluating the impact of
The Department of Empowerment of Persons with
various schemes, instead of focusing on the
Disabilities (DEPwDs) has the overall responsibility
implementation of a large number of schemes
for implementing several schemes; however,
with small budget allocations.
utilization of funds has been a challenge.
• Bring programmes focused on improving
Constraints specific issues related to PwDs under the
purview of the relevant line ministries.
• Accurate identification of the disabled
population in India has been a major problem. • Earmark at least 5 per cent of the total budget
People tend to hide their disability to avoid of social sector ministries for schemes for PwDs.
facing social stigma. 3. Education
• Beyond Census statistics, there is a lack of • Include courses in disability etiquette and
appropriately disaggregated data for PwDs success stories on PwDs in the mainstream
generated at regular intervals.4 In India, the curriculum to change attitudes towards PwDs.
last survey on disability was carried out by the
National Sample Survey Organisation in 2002. • Provide special education training in teacher
training courses.
• Disability related issues require multi-sectoral
action, which has been difficult to achieve in • Enhance scholarships/fellowships to students
practice. with disabilities.
• The National Institutes (NIs), Composite • Make schools more inclusive by addressing the
Regional Centres (CRCs), District Disability barriers related to the physical environment
Rehabilitation Centres (DDRCs) and the (e.g. accessible toilets), admission procedures
Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI) need as well as curriculum design.
special attention to ensure adequacy of • Ensure that schools have at least one section
resources and infrastructure as well as effective of every class accessible under the Universal
monitoring of schemes. Design Guidelines.
• Foster partnerships between the Ministry of
Way Forward Human Resource Development and MoSJE to
1. Generate data on PwDs promote synergies among inclusive and special
• Disaggregate data by sex, age and socio- schools in the government and private sectors.
economic status in order to identify reliable and • Develop indicators for rating schools on
regular trends for informed policymaking. inclusivity.
166
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
• Include disabled friendly sports, cultural and • Conduct awareness programmes in
technical programmes in schools and colleges. collaborations with DDRCs, CRCs and Vocational
Rehabilitation Centres (VRCs).
4. Healthcare
• Incorporate universal design and accessibility
• Provide aids and assistive devices to at least 3
standards in engineering, architecture and
lakh beneficiaries every year.
computer science studies.
• Conduct cochlear implant and corrective
• Introduce the requirement of an accessibility
surgeries for 5000 children annually.
certificate for all future commercial enterprises
• Establish 20 state spinal injury centres. above a specified size in order to be awarded a
• Set up early diagnostic and intervention completion certificate.
centres at the district level to screen children • Extend the DDRC schemes to all districts.
and identify special needs or requirements for
• Construct residential homes for disabled adults
assistive devices at an early age.
whose parents are no longer alive.
5. Employment and income generation • Adopt a life-cycle approach for community-
• Integrate the skill development scheme with based rehabilitation in mission mode.
schemes of the National Trust (e.g., Disha), to
address the needs of the intellectually disabled. TRANSGENDER PERSONS
• Establish dedicated training centres for PwDs to Objective
meet the requirements of the private sector.
To ensure a life of dignity, social security and safety
• Integrate initiatives of various ministries for transgender persons, enabling them to actively
to provide skill training, soft loans and participate in economic development and the nation
entrepreneurship opportunities to PwDs. building process.
6. Institutional strengthening
Current Situation
• Upgrade NIs into centres of excellence.
As per Census 2011, India had 4.87 lakh
• Establish 50 CRCs in states having a population transgender persons. The transgender community
of more than 6 crore. is among one of the most marginalized
• Provide comprehensive rehabilitation services to communities in the country. Extreme social
50 lakh PwDs through the NIs and CRCs. exclusion diminishes their self-esteem and is
a violation of their human rights. An Expert
• Enrol 17,000 rehabilitation personnel in various
Committee constituted under the direction of the
long-term courses offered by NIs and CRCs
Honourable Supreme Court recommended several
every year.
measures to ameliorate their problems. Following
7. Accessibility and inclusivity that, the “Scheme for Transgender Persons” was
launched.
• Make the Accessible India Campaign a mass
movement with the involvement of citizens and
civil society.
167
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
________________________________________
1
Elderly in India, 2016, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India
2
As of 2017, the programme was being implemented in 281 districts across 27 states and 6 union territories
3
Disabled Persons in India, A Statistical Profile 2016, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India
4
Disabled Persons in India, A Statistical Profile 2016, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India
168
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
35. Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes
(STs), Other Backward Classes (OBCs), Other Tribal
Groups and Minorities
SCs, STs, OBCs, De-Notified Tribes Among the weaker sections, safari karmacharis
constitute one of the most deprived groups. Other
(DNTs), Nomadic Tribes (NTs) and
groups that require special attention include the
Semi-Nomadic Tribes (SNTs) Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) among
Objective the STs as well as performing artists and those
engaged in begging among the DNTs, NTs and
To accelerate the socio-economic development
SNTs.
of SCs, STs, OBCs, safai karamcharis as well as
DNTs, NTs and SNTs through focused affirmative Research1 on SCs and STs suggests that historical
action so as to bring them on par with the rest of inequities among the different segments of India’s
the population as far as key human development workforce have diminished over the last three
indicators are concerned decades. The gaps have narrowed most markedly
for the youngest cohorts in the workforce, especially
Current Situation in the domain of education. However, there is still
a long way to go before the inequities are bridged
High incidence of poverty and low educational
completely.
attainment are the two major challenges faced by
weaker sections in India. Other challenges include
high levels of malnutrition and limited opportunities
for meaningful economic engagement.
169
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
• Resources are distributed thinly among a • Earmark funds under all developmental
large number of schemes, especially under the programmes for DNTs, SNTs and NTs.
scheduled caste sub-plan (SCSP) and tribal sub- • Put in place mechanisms to regularly monitor
plan (TSP), instead of among a few targeted the implementation of legislations like the
schemes. Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act
• There is limited awareness about the schemes and Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006.
resulting in leakages and denial of benefits. • Set up a permanent commission for NTs,
• Mainstreaming these groups has also been DNTs and SNTs along the lines of the
hampered by the inability to incorporate specific National Commission for SCs and STs.
cultural and social requirements of SC/ST groups 2. Education
while designing interventions.
• Establish residential schools in uncovered
blocks/districts with facilities for vocational
Way Forward
training.
1. Institutional and programmatic strengthening
• Define and ensure adherence to quality
• Undertake a baseline survey and parameters for existing and new residential
target remote and tribal habitations for schools.
implementation of various development
• Increase the number of scholarships
programmes.
provided under the pre-matric, post-matric,
170
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
National Fellowship and National Overseas be useful for assessing the socio-economic
Scholarship schemes for SCs, STs and OBCs. disparities between PVTGs and other social
groups and designing policy interventions
3. Economic empowerment
accordingly.
• Expand the Stand-Up India scheme to include
• Extend habitat rights to PVTGs within the
uncovered social groups like OBCs, DNTs, NTs
FRA framework, as has been done for the
and SNTs.
Baiga Tribe of Dindori District, Madhya
• Extend venture capital funds and credit Pradesh.
guarantee schemes for covering STs, OBCs,
• Provide project-based funding under special
DNTs, NTs and SNTs.
central assistance (SCA) to SCSP and to TSP,
• Cover a larger number of beneficiaries under especially in gram panchayats/blocks where
various finance and development schemes the population of SCs/STs is more than 25 per
with an annual increase of 10 per cent every cent.
year.
• Prioritize vulnerable groups like tribal
• Provide concessional loans for promoting children under the National Nutrition Mission
entrepreneurship among OBCs by doubling through tag-tracking and additional home
the number of beneficiaries covered under visits for underweight children conducted by
the National Backward Classes Finance & frontline workers.
Development Corporation by 2022-23.
• Empower marginalized communities by
• Encourage indigenous tribal medicine promoting community-owned radio stations.
alongside other systems to create additional
• Promote habitations along the lines of
livelihood opportunities.
Samasthapuram in Tamil Nadu where people
• Establish contact points with potential belonging to all communities live together.
employers along with pre-job training
sessions for youth. MINORITIES
4. Miscellaneous
Objective
• Double, by 2022-23, the coverage of tribal
To accelerate the socio-economic development of
and backward areas under relevant schemes
SCs, STs, OBCs, safai karamcharis as well as de-
to ensure access to basic amenities like
notified (DNT), nomadic (NT) and semi-nomadic
housing, electricity, drinking water, roads and
tribes(SNT) through focused affirmative action so as
sanitation.
to bring them on par with the rest of the population
• Ensure universal coverage of DNT, SNT and as far as key human development indicators are
NT populations for BPL and Aadhar cards. concerned
• Prepare a Vulnerability Index and
Current Situation
Vulnerability Intervention Index for PVTGs
based on the methodology suggested by the As per Census 2011, of the total population of 121
National Institute of Rural Development and crore, Hindus constitute 79.8 per cent, Muslims 14.2
Panchayati Raj, Hyderabad. These indices will per cent, Christians 2.3 per cent, Sikhs 1.7 per cent,
171
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
Muslims 33%
Workforce Participation Rate of
Various Religious Groups (%)
Jains 36%
Sikhs 36%
Buddhists 43%
Hindus 41%
National 40%
172
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Figure 35.2: Out of school children by religious group
5
4.58
4.43 4.34
4.5
4
Out of school children (%)
3.5 3.13
2.97 2.97 Hindus
3 2.73
2.54 Muslims
2.5
Christians
1.95
2 1.77 Others
1.52 1.33
1.5 1.26 1.06 All
1.06
1
0.5
0
All Rural Urban
Buddhists 0.7 per cent and Jains 0.4 per cent. While Constraints
improvements have been made on several fronts,
• Data on development indicators for minorities is
religious minorities lag behind on certain indicators
not generated at regular intervals.
pertaining to educational attainment, gender
equality and workforce participation. • Some minority communities are also included
under SCs, STs and OBCs, which could result in
Disaggregated data from a survey4 highlighted that
the duplication of schemes for the same set of
the highest proportion of out of schoolchildren in
beneficiaries.
the country belong to Muslim communities (4.43
per cent), followed by Hindus (2.73 per cent), • Awareness levels and demand for programmes
Christians (1.52 per cent) and others (1.26 per cent). being implemented for the benefit of minorities
are limited.
Data from the 68th Round of the National Sample
Survey revealed that the proportion of households
Way Forward
in urban India with casual labour and self-
employment as the dominant income source was 1. Institutional restructuring
the highest among Muslims at 15 per cent and 50 • Vest the primary responsibility for a number of
per cent respectively. The Workforce Participation schemes currently being implemented by the
Rate among Muslims, Sikhs and Jains was lower Ministry of Minority Affairs (MoMA) with the
than the national average according to Census relevant line ministries.
2011.
173
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
• Increase the emphasis of the MoMA on transport costs to raise enrolment rates among
data collection and analysis, identifying gap girls from vulnerable communities.
areas, online monitoring of the PM’s 15-Point
• Train at least 100,000 minority women under the
Programme, evaluating the impact of various
Nai Roshni scheme every year.
schemes and popularizing schemes in local
languages using social media. 3. Economic empowerment
• Ensure that girls who pass out from Kasturba • Achieve a 15 per cent increase per annum in
Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas can continue their loans to vulnerable sections through the use of
education after completing Class 8. alternative channels like regional rural banks.
• Provide access to public transport in the form of • Put out job advertisements in Urdu and local
buses and cycles or vouchers for meeting private language newspapers as well as through other
locally appropriate channels.
________________________________________
1
http://www.ncaer.org/uploads/photo-gallery/files/1405592467IPF%202014%20Bhattacharjee-Hnatkoyska-lahiri%20Conference.pdf.
Accessed April 29, 2018.
2
Other Backward Classes (OBCs) made its way into the lexicon of India’s social justice movement in the year 1990. Hence, comparable
Census data is not available for OBCs for all the Census years.
3
http://ssa.nic.in/pabminutes-documents/NS.pdf. Accessed April 24, 2018.
4
http://ssa.nic.in/pabminutes-documents/NS.pdf. Accessed April 24, 2018.
174
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
GOVERNANCE
177
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
1 Create a positive narrative of development A key policy question is how to prioritize among
by making development a mass movement different indicators across sectors. The ADP
assigns different weights to the indicators,
Referring to these districts as ‘aspirational’ rather
informed by a policy focus on social sectors.
than ‘backward’ highlights the programme’s
Health and nutrition, and education have been
recognition that people are the most valuable
given the highest weightage and cumulatively,
resource to improve a district’s performance.
they account for 21 of the 49 indicators. Table
Changes in people’s mind-sets and attitudes are
36.1 indicates the weights assigned to each of
critical to achieve progress.
the core dimensions.
178
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Table 36.1: Core dimensions of ADP and their weightage
Figure 36.1: Illustration of how the ADP converges stakeholders’ efforts in the
prevention of stunting
Source: Adapted from Aruna Sharma: Mainstreaming of Resource Convergence in Policymaking, Programme Design and Execution.
(December 2013)
179
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
4 Promote federalism and put in place 5 Partner with expert organizations with
institutional mechanisms to ensure demonstrated technical competence
teamwork between the central, state and
While data-based objective ranking and
district administration
competition among districts are major elements
Harnessing and creating synergies among the of the ADP’s strategy, another core component
efforts of different stakeholders is the backbone is bringing in technical expertise through public
of the ADP. While states are the main drivers private partnerships. The approach here is to
and district magistrates/collectors are the involve all, including philanthropies, the private
fulcrum of the programme, a major innovation sector under the Corporate Social Responsibility
here is the emphasis on team formation. Senior (CSR) framework and civil societies, in
Government of India officials of the rank of implementing the ADP.
180
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
37. The North East Region
Objectives • By 2022-23, the region should also be
developed for enhanced trade, particularly for
By 2022-23, the North-East Region (NER) should
the export of products made in the NER, to the
• have adequate road, rail and air connectivity, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
waterways, internet connectivity and financial region and other neighbouring countries
inclusion. This will form the platform upon (Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal).
which suitable interventions for all sectors
where the NER has a comparative advantage
Current Situation
(for e.g., tourism, hydropower generation, The NER consists of eight states, namely Arunachal
handicrafts, organic agriculture, etc.) can be Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
effectively implemented. Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. The region accounts
Figure 37.1: Per capita NSDP for north east states, 2015-16
2,50,000
2,33,954
2,00,000
1,50,000
1,23,339
INR
1,14,524
All India Average: 94,732
1,00,000
71,318
60,526 83,621 80,027
55,603
50,000
0
Arunachal Assam Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Sikkim Tripura
Pradesh
Source: MoSPI
181
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
for 3.78 per cent of India’s population and covers Per capita income in Arunachal Pradesh, which
7.98 per cent of its total geographical area. Its was below the national average in 2004-05, rose
contribution to national GDP is 2.5 per cent.1 Figure to 1.3 times the national average in 2015-16.
37.1 illustrates the per capita net state domestic Sikkim’s per capita income, which was on par with
product (NSDP) for the year 2015-16 (base year the national average, increased to 2.5 times the
2011-12) for the northeastern states. national average in 2015-16. States like Nagaland
and Tripura, which were on par with the national
The figure clearly illustrates the disparity in
average in 2004-05, have fallen behind. The
development within the region. While five out of
heterogeneity among the NE states is noteworthy
the eight states have a per capita income below the
and calls for a state specific development approach.
national average, Sikkim enjoys a per capita income
level that is 2.5 times the national average. The northeast states have performed well in different
aspects of human development. For e.g. according
A comparison of the per capita incomes in these
to the Sikkim Human Development Report 2014,3
states in 2015-16 and 2004-05 (given in Figure
Sikkim increased its social sector spending from 23
37.2) indicates that the ranking within the NER has
per cent of total expenditure in 2001 to 37 per cent
also changed over the years.
in 2012-13. The female labour force participation
Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim have shown the rate in Sikkim is 40 per cent compared to the national
most significant improvement in per capita incomes. average of 26 per cent. Furthermore, according to
Figure 37.2: Per capita NSDP for north east states, 2004-05
35,000
30,357
30,000
26,129 26,215 25,984
All India Average: 25,944
25,000
21,919
20,775
20,000
16,299
INR
15,661
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
Arunachal Assam Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Sikkim Tripura
Pradesh
182
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
the National Family Health Survey - 4,4 all states in the highest forest covers in the country. The
the NER except Assam have a lower mortality rate for total forest cover in the region is 1,71,306 sq
under-fives than the national average. Lastly, Sikkim km, which is 65.3 per cent of its geographical
was recently declared India’s first fully organic state. area, which is thrice the national average of
21.5 per cent.
This area is strategically important for India both for
its geographical location and the resources found • Hydropower potential for the NER has been
there. Some of the key strengths of the NER are estimated at 58,971 MW,8 which is 40 per cent
given below: of India’s total hydropower potential. However,
only 2.1 per cent of this vast potential of clean
• NER shares about 5,437 km of international energy has been utilized.
boundaries with Bangladesh, Bhutan, China,
Despite the region’s strengths and the government’s
Myanmar and Nepal.5
focus on developing the NER, a lot of challenges
• Total coal reserves in the NER is estimated at remain. These are highlighted below.
1,597 million tonnes.6 These were exported in
the past. Constraints
• Limestone deposits are found extensively While the NER has all the ingredients needed
throughout the NER. to become prosperous, it could not achieve the
• Petroleum, natural gas and uranium are other expected level of economic growth mainly due to
natural resources to be found in the NER. inadequate road, rail and air connectivity. A lot of
its resources remain untapped. For e.g.,
• According to the India State of Forest Report
2017,7 some of the north-eastern states have
2017
2001 Cabinet
1996 Ministry for approved
New Development continuation
Initiatives of North East of NCLPR
for North Region until March
East (MDoNER) 2020
Despite the region’s strengths and the government’s focus on developing the NER, a lot of challenges
remain. These are highlighted below. 183
• Despite abundant rainfall, the irrigation aspects of human development. The Ministry
coverage in this region is less than the national of Development of North Eastern Region
average of 46.35 per cent. (MDoNER) should document such best practices
and disseminate its findings within the region
• The NER’s natural scenic beauty and distinct
so that the learning can be implemented
ethnic heritage offers great attractions for
suitably in other states.
mountaineering, trekking and other tourist
activities. However, the tourism industry • The NER Vision 20209 noted, “responsive
remains underdeveloped. governance and planning from below require
significant augmentation of capacity”. It is
The major constraints hampering economic growth
recommended that mechanisms like project
in the NER are:
management units be considered to augment
• Inadequate infrastructure in terms of limited air, the capacities of state governments.
rail and road connectivity
• To address the issue of inadequate connectivity
• Under-utilization of available natural resources in the NER, the following measures need to be
• Safety and security related issues taken:
• Difficulties in transfer of land on lease to o As a general point, transit treaties for the
entrepreneurs NER and its neighbouring countries need
to be put in place. India could consider
Way Forward initiating a regional multi-modal transit
agreement between the NER and the four
• A targeted strategy needs to be devised, in
neighbouring countries.
consultation with representatives from all eight
NE states, to disseminate information on the o It is necessary to monitor closely on-going
various central government schemes that are transport projects with focus on projects
already in place for the development of the that boost inter-regional connectivity
NER. All central ministries and departments and help transform the region into a
should consider sharing their targets and major trade hub with South East Asia.
vision for the NER and spell out modalities for It is recommended that a high-level
spending the stipulated 10 per cent of their committee be set up in 2018 (possibly as
budget for the NER. The Ministry of Finance a sub-committee under the “NITI Forum
should formally acknowledge the availability of for North-East”) to focus on expediting
funds under the NCLPR. such projects, including the Kaladan
Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project, the
• Each state within the NER may be encouraged
India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway,
to draw up their development blueprint in
the 5-km road stretch between the border
consultation with the NITI Aayog and the North
city of Zokhawthar in Mizoram and Rih in
East Council (NEC).
Myanmar and the rail link from Imphal to
• As noted earlier in this chapter, different states Moreh and further from Moreh to Kalay (in
in the NER have achieved success in different Myanmar)
184
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
o One of the projects that will boost • A few other measures that could also be
connectivity within India and significantly considered over the next few years are:
benefit the NER is the Agartala-Akhaura rail
o Set up industrial estates/parks in the region
project. This project, 15 km in length, has
already been sanctioned and will reduce o Focus on sectors such as organic
the distance between Kolkata and Agartala agriculture, tourism, renewable energy,
by 1,200 km.10 The Ministry of Railways etc, in which the NER has competitive
needs to fast track the project. advantage.
• UDAN III may be launched. This will have three o Accelerate skill development as suitable for
components – one, to ensure connectivity the region.
between all state capitals in the NER; two, to • One of the most pressing issues hampering
connect Guwahati and some selected airports to the progress of hydropower projects in the
ASEAN cities, and three, to ensure direct flights region is rehabilitation and resettlement (R&R).
between New Delhi and all state capitals. Attractive R&R packages should be devised for
o The viability gap funding (VGF) required hydropower projects in the region.
for UDAN III should be met from the • NER is endowed with natural beauty, rich
NCLPR. In any case, it is envisaged that flora and fauna and a unique culture. Tourism,
VGF requirements would not be large and particularly eco-tourism and adventure tourism,
demand will rise in response to improved should be promoted by identifying suitable sites
air connectivity. and creating supporting infrastructure at these
• The Government of India and the NER should sites through the PPP mode.
work together to create an environment • Water management is a major issue in the NER.
to attract more private investment into the Early completion of ongoing irrigation projects,
region. On March 21, 2018, the Union Cabinet particularly Borolia, Dhansiri and Champavati
approved the North East Industrial Development in Assam, and Thoubal and Dolaithabi Barrage
Scheme (NEIDS) with a project outlay of INR in Manipur under the Accelerated Irrigation
3,000 crore up to March 2020, to incentivize Benefits Programme, should be accorded high
new industrial units in manufacturing and priority. It is expected that the establishment of
services sector in the region. Indicators of the North East Water Management Authority
development in the NER should be monitored will help address the issue.
closely and taken up in mission mode.
________________________________________
1
As of 2015-16, GSDP data for some North East states is not available beyond 2015-16 with the Central Statistics Office
2
http://www.mdoner.gov.in/sites/default/files/silo2_content/ner_vision/Vision_2020.pdf. Accessed May 02, 2018.
3
http://www.sikkim.gov.in/stateportal/Link/Sikkim%20Human%20Developent%20Report%202014.pdf. Accessed May 02, 2018.
4
http://rchiips.org/NFHS/NFHS-4Reports/India.pdf. Accessed May 03, 2018.
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Strategy for
New India @ 75
5
http://planningcommission.nic.in/sectors/NTDPC/voulme3_p2/transport_dev_v3_p2.pdf. Accessed May 05, 2018.
6
https://coal.nic.in/content/coal-reserves. Accessed February 27, 2018.
7
http://fsi.nic.in/isfr2017/isfr-forest-cover-2017.pdf. Accessed May 02, 2018.
8
The North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited (NEEPCO) http://neepco.co.in/neepco/#. Accessed February 03, 2018.
9
http://www.mdoner.gov.in/sites/default/files/silo2_content/ner_vision/Vision_2020.pdf. Accessed May 02, 2018.
10
http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/5.2_Manoj_Singh_NITI_Aayog.pdf. Accessed May 04, 2018.
11
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=177822. Accessed May 02, 2018.
186
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
38. Legal, Judicial and Police
Reforms
Objective alternative dispute resolution mechanisms been
utilized adequately. The World Bank “Doing
• To ensure the safety and security of citizens and
Business Report” 2018 ranks India at 164 in
ensure access to effective legal systems and
‘Enforcing Contracts’; though an improvement
speedy delivery of justice
of 8 positions, it is clearly not an acceptable
situation.
Current Situation
3. Police reform until recently had been stuck
Legal and judicial reforms are urgently needed to
due to various reasons. Police/law and order
address the massive pendency and capacity issues
is a state subject, falling under List II of the
in Indian courts, which impede access to justice.
Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India.
Several archaic and defunct laws have already
In a federal set up like ours, this makes policy
been repealed and many others are in the process
reform a rather sticky issue. Besides, the
of being weeded out. The recently announced
strength of the police force itself is well below
umbrella scheme on “Modernisation of Police
international norms. After accounting for vacant
Forces” to strengthen law and order and modernize
positions, there are only 137 police personnel
the police is a welcome stimulus. A part of police
per 100,000 citizens (17.3 lakh in all). The UN
reform is intrinsically linked to legal/judicial reform,
recommends 222 police personnel per 100,000
which would result in efficient criminal justice
citizens.
dispensation.
2. Ease of doing business in India is severely • The centre and state(s) need to create
constrained by the inability to enforce contracts repositories of laws, rules, regulations and
or laws, lengthy and costly litigation and government orders.
arbitration processes, and archaic legislations.
Although we have the Arbitration Law of
1996, which is in tune with global principles,
it has not yielded desired results in terms of
lessening the pressure on courts. Nor have the
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o Use of advanced technology is an essential 20 years for a property related dispute to be
pre-requisite to check these violations resolved, and that it would take 324 years just
of the law; person-to-person direct to clear the present backlog at the current rate
interface should be minimized to eliminate of disposal. The huge backlog of pending cases
corruption. is a critical logistical and efficiency issue. To
tackle the issue, the following capacity building
o If there is a resource constraint, then
and sustainable solutions should be considered
additional resources may be allocated for
in consultation with the judiciary:
this critical purpose.
• Judicial appointments need to be streamlined in
5. A time line for implementation of necessary
coordination with the judiciary.
amendments should be stipulated. Such
amendments should also have stipulated • Shift certain sections of the workload out of
and binding time limits within which reports, the regular court system to commercial courts,
such as ballistics and forensic reports, need to the commercial division and the commercial
be submitted. Review and sunset clauses in appellate division of High Courts for commercial
legislations may also be considered. disputes and the Criminal Judicial Magistrate
for criminal cases at least in metropolitan areas
6. Continuing legal education in selected areas
to decongest courts.
should be made mandatory for lawyers and
judges and rules of professional conduct and • A mechanism may be considered whereby
ethics need to be drawn up and implemented. litigants in a commercial dispute must first be
made to exhaust the remedy of pre-institution
7. Greater sensitivity on the part of government
mediation and settlement. However, it should
officials to citizens’ needs can help reduce the
be ensured that such cases do not create one
number of litigations/disputes. This will require
more stratum in litigation.
an attitudinal reorientation among government
officials through sensitization programmes. • The Arbitration and Conciliation Act,
Future prospects of employees can be made 1996, should be amended to make India a
contingent on their successfully completing such robust centre for institutional arbitration,
programmes. both domestic and international. A new
autonomous body, viz., the Arbitration Council
8. New laws should be drafted in simple,
of India, should be set up to grade arbitral
plain language. A Committee headed by the
institutions and accredit arbitrators to make
Chairman, Law Commission of India, has already
the arbitration process cost effective and
been constituted to suggest, inter-alia, standard
speedy, and to pre-empt the need for court
operating procedures to deal with legislative
intervention.
proposals and cabinet notes, and to encourage
the drafting of laws and rules in plain language. • Introduce a National Litigation Policy at the
central level and State Litigation Policy at
B. Judicial reforms the state level to facilitate outsourcing of
1. A study carried out by the Ministry of Finance administrative tasks, and e-filing of cases to
found that it takes, on an average, almost streamline processes.
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• Merge and rationalize tribunals to enhance judicial independence, the cadre should report
efficiency. Appointments to tribunals must be to the Chief Justice in each High Court.
streamlined either through a specialized agency
9. Prioritize court process automation and ICT
or under the Department of Personnel and
enablement for electronic court and case
Training (DoPT).
management, including electronic management
2. Judicial decisions need to take account of their of court schedules and migration of all courts
economic and social impact, especially in cases to the unified national court application
pertaining to contract, labour, tax, corporate software.
and constitutional issues as observed by the 10. Facilitate the availability and usage of video-
Supreme Court in a recent judicial decision. conferencing facilities to assist in speedy access
3. An all-India judicial services examination to justice and to minimize logistical issues. At
on a ranking basis can be considered to present, even the available video conferencing
maintain high standards in the judiciary. The facilities are not utilized optimally.
selection process may be entrusted to the C. Police reforms
Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) for a
With fiscal support to the states now being looked
cadre of lower judiciary judges (first induction
after under the umbrella scheme, the following
level), Indian Legal Service (both centre and
reforms maybe considered:
states), prosecutors, legal advisors, and legal
draftsmen. This will attract young and bright 1. The Model Police Act of 2015 can serve as the
law graduates and help build a new cadre that basis for legislative reform as it modernizes
can enhance accountability in the governance the mandate of the police, puts in place a
system. governance mechanism that insulates the
4. Continuing training may be introduced to ensure police from political interference and provides
development of skills, ethics, knowledge and for the measurement and tracking of police
awareness of international best practices. performance.
5. Multi-faceted training faculty for judicial 2. A task force may be created under the Ministry
academies including reputed lawyers, successful of Home Affairs (MHA) to skill personnel
NGOs and others, for holistic exposure may be and identify non-core functions that can be
considered. outsourced to save on staff.
7. Consider a performance index for judges and 4. States should be encouraged to ensure greater
a separate state wise index for ease of getting representation of women in the police force. The
justice. MHA should come up with a policy to encourage
greater participation of women to achieve a
8. Introduce an administrative cadre in the judicial
target share of 30 per cent women among new
system to streamline processes. To maintain
recruits.
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5. Launch a common nation-wide emergency 10. A separate cadre for exclusively looking into
contact number to attend to emergency security cyber-crimes, cyber threats and fraud needs to
needs of citizens. be developed.
6. Integrate the Lokpal and Prevention of 11. A web portal may be created by the Bureau
Corruption Acts into police reforms to enhance of Police Research & Development (BPR&D) for
accountability. documenting best practices in the police and
seeking suggestions from citizens. A panel of
7. Transfers/postings of police personnel should
experts in psychology, negotiation, language
be made more transparent and the involvement
proficiency and training may also be put
of police in prosecution needs to be looked at
together.
more closely.
12. A technology centre may be considered
8. It is important to consider introduction of
for benchmarking and identifying suitable
remodelled training modules, refresher courses
technologies for the police under BPR&D in
and continuing education for police personnel
collaboration with IITs. A separate National
including live-streaming of training modules
Cyber Security Division may be considered
on e-platforms. A concept of certification of
to support and coordinate initiatives of state
security personnel with identified skill sets may
governments in handling cyber-crimes. A
be considered with linkage to promotion and
separate dashboard for interface with citizens
deployment.
for reporting and redressal of cyber crimes may
9. Introduce reform of the First Information Report be considered. Besides, big data analytics may
(FIR) lodging mechanism, including introducing be utilized in a big way. The Crime and Criminal
filing e-FIRs for minor offences. Besides, police Tracking Network and Systems project may be
challans, investigation reports, etc., should be completed along with the launch of Phase 2 for
made available through the online portal of linking of crime, prosecution, court and prison
each police station. databases.
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the government. Broadly, the constraints can be • Mentorship: Upon induction, young officers
tackled through interventions in the following should be assigned mentors, preferably with an
areas: recruitment, training and evaluation, and officer having a similar functional specialization
governance. or with high-quality NGOs for values and soft-
skill mentorship.
Recruitment
• Information Technology (IT): Use of IT needs
• Improve the teeth to tail ratio: Promote an to be significantly upscaled for planning,
officer-oriented culture and focus on expanding forecasting staffing requirements and
the numbers of officers. recruitments.
• Objectivity in the recruitment and placement • Hiring policies: The upper age limit for the civil
process: Widely disseminate job descriptions services should be brought down to 27 years
and selection criterion and eliminate elements for the general category in a phased manner by
of arbitrariness. 2022-23. Service conditions for employees of
• Reduce the number of civil services: The autonomous bodies need to be regulated and
existing 60 plus separate civil services at the harmonized.
central and state level needs to be reduced • Strengthen municipal corporation cadres: The
through rationalization and harmonization number of staff at municipal corporations
of services. Recruits should be placed in a should be increased. Measures that monitor
central talent pool, which would then allocate performance along the same lines as proposed
candidates by matching their competencies and for other services, including through online
the job description of the post. Concomitantly, appraisals and biometric attendance, need to
the number of exams for civil services should be introduced.
ideally be brought down to one with all India
• Outsource service delivery: Efforts need to be
ranking. States may also be encouraged to use
made to outsource service delivery to reduce
this pool for recruitments.
dependence on the administrative machinery.
• Encourage lateral entry: Inducting specialists at Research is needed to identify possible services
higher levels of government will provide much to be outsourced; various PPP models should
needed expertise. be explored to determine the best possible
• Nurture specialization: The key to reform in the mode of outsourcing.
civil services is encouraging officers to cultivate
Training
specializations based on their education
and skills early on in their careers. Wherever • Reorient training: Alter the current system of
possible, longer tenure postings need to be training to meet job-outcome oriented goals.
made based on the officers’ expertise. However, With economic gravity shifting towards cities,
it is also necessary to ensure cross-sector training should be reoriented to focus relatively
mobility for civil servants from areas where more on managing urban areas.
they have become surplus to areas of emerging
• Introduce mid-career training modules for all
importance.
services
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
• Strengthen and leverage online avenues for • Compulsory retirement for underperforming
training officers: Develop benchmarks to assess the
performance of officers and compulsorily retire
o Introduce pre and post-training matching of
those deemed unable to meet the benchmarks.
skills to determine postings
o Digitize human resource records across states Governance
• Institute goal setting and tracking: There is an • Protection of civil servants: Introduce an
inherent need to set key responsibility/focus appropriate system of checks and balances,
areas and progressively reduce discretionary including for the process of suspension, to
aspects to evaluate civil servants. Institute the ensure that officers are given their due process
online Smart Performance Appraisal Report and are not vulnerable to vested interests and
Recording Online Window (SPARROW) template political pressures.
in all central and state cadres. • Revisit Allocation of Business Rules (AoBR)/
• Incentivization: Review existing schemes Transaction of Business Rules (ToBR): Every
and introduce new schemes of incentives for ministry/department should review their AoBR/
extraordinary performance. ToBR keeping in view present day requirements.
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
E-initiatives and Probity that enables transfer of grievances between
ministries/departments, bulk disposal of
• Ensure probity in governance: Strengthen
grievances and multiple forwarding will be
institutional mechanisms for prevention and
operational shortly.
detection of corruption and collective decision
making through: The Department of Administrative Reforms &
Public Grievances (DARPG) has analysed these
o Appointing an effective Lokpal
grievances, identified the top grievance prone
o Amending the Whistle Blower’s Protection areas and their root causes and recommended
Act systemic reforms to bring about improvements
o Amending the Prevention of Corruption Act in service delivery. These initiatives need to
be continued with greater vigour and over
o Reviewing existing vigilance operating
time; CPGRAMs should emerge as a strong
manuals and instructions to ensure probity
mechanism for efficient redressal of public
o Improving transparency in placement grievances with similar mechanisms across all
through initiatives in recruitment, placement states/UTs.
and training
• Implementation of e-Office1: Implementation
o Reviewing performance of officers based on of e-Office may be expedited in all ministries/
probity departments by December 2018; all states/UTs
• Strengthen implementation of a Centralized may also be encouraged to adopt it.
Public Grievance Redressal and Monitoring • Prompt delivery of services: Every department
System (CPGRAMs): Develop a reform should seek to simplify their processes to cut
framework for the top twenty departments administrative delays and ensure participatory
for periodic monitoring of grievance receipts. feedback mechanisms for efficient service
A revised version of CPGRAMS became delivery. IT tools need to be expanded for
operational in January 2018, which enables single window clearances and stakeholder
citizens to monitor the grievances lodged by consultations in policy.
them on a single screen. An updated version
________________________________________
1
eOffice is a mission mode project under the National e-Governance Project of the government. The product, developed by the
National Informatics Centre (NIC), brings together independent functions and systems under a single framework to enhance transpar-
ency, increase accountability and transform government work culture and ethics
195
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
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196
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Figure 40.1: Key strategies to improve urban governance by 2022-23
Decentralization Citizen
ULB Finance Participation
197
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
responsibilities is common in Indian cities. This • Guaranteed land titling may also be evaluated
leads to delays in implementation of projects to foster a transparent land market. In this
and inefficient service delivery. To achieve the regard, cities should lay out their own action
decentralization goals of 74th CAA, there is an plans to provide infrastructure and formalize
urgent need for articulating a framework for existing settlements of the underprivileged.
governance of cities that includes development
4. Strengthening finances of ULBs and civic
authorities, other parastatals, special purpose
agencies
vehicles (SPVs) and Census Towns.
• Cities require a financial sustainability roadmap
• Metropolitan governance systems are also
to be financially self-sufficient to support
needed in million-plus cities. There is a strong
high-quality infrastructure and the delivery of
case for having a two-tier governance structure
services.
where all local functions are transferred to the
ward committees and citywide services, such • This comprises fiscal decentralization, medium-
as transportation, water supply, sewerage, term fiscal plans, innovative models to improve
etc., are vested with the city council or regional revenue collection, optimizing return on assets
authorities. especially land and buildings, value capture
methods, market-oriented revenue models,
• Moreover, state governments can be
PPPs in urban infrastructure and services, and
encouraged to transfer 12th Schedule funds,
financial accountability through audited balance
functions and functionaries to the ULBs. At the
sheets and performance MIS reports.
same time, governance should be devolved
to the ward and area levels to enhance • MoHUA, in consultation with the Ministry of
downstream accountability mechanisms. Finance, may draw up model provisions for
States can learn from innovative governance consideration by states in their municipal and
frameworks involving the ULB and the state civic agency acts.
government as seen in models like the Greater
5. Capacity building by skilling for municipal
Shimla Water Supply and Sewerage Circle.
jobs and strengthening institutions
3. Spatial planning and land titling • There is huge potential for the creation of direct
• There is urgent need for a synchronous and and indirect skilled jobs in ULBs to improve the
modern national framework for the spatial quality of infrastructure and services and the
planning of cities that replaces the current management of ULBs. MoHUA will develop
Urban Development Plans Formulation and model municipal talent and in/outsourcing
Implementation (UDPFI) guidelines. This guidelines to leverage efficiencies generated by
framework should factor in plan preparation, technology and outsourcing.
implementation and enforcement at • The National Skill Development Corporation
metropolitan, municipal and ward levels. It (NSDC) should be leveraged to improve
should also include congruent endpoints, pre- understanding of municipal jobs including
defined success measures and a transparent job definitions, technical competencies and
mechanism for consultative modification. key result areas, which can be considered for
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
inclusion in recruitment rules at the state level enabled ‘Open Cities Framework’ and the use of
and for performance standards/accreditation digital tools for feedback and reporting.
for training institutes to foster a functional
• ULBs should also encourage the participation
platform for knowledge sharing. A separate
of all community associations, including
sector skill council for municipal services may be
settlements of the underprivileged and civil
considered.
society organizations. ULBs should engage
6. Citizen participation with them frequently through city watch
groups, public hearings and city consultations
• Enhanced citizen participation is needed for
to create a framework for formal partnerships.
greater trust between citizens and governments,
Rules and procedures need to be simplified
improved sustainability, better service delivery
for faster implementation of constructive
and accountability. Ward committees and area
recommendations.
sabhas should be activated with a technology-
________________________________________
1
Reforms to Accelerate the Development of India’s Smart Cities Shaping the Future of Urban Development & Services, World Economic
Forum, 2016
2
High Powered Expert Committee (HPEC) for Estimating the Investment Requirements for Urban Infrastructure Services, 2012
199
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Strategy for
New India @ 75
Ensuring that land markets function smoothly, • Consolidate fragmented plots of farmers to
through efficient allocation of land across uses, enhance efficiency and equity
provision of secure property rights and titles, • Create a digitized and integrated land records
and clear and consistent regulations around the system that is easily accessible in all states
operations, leasing and sale of land are critical for • Increase efficiency in the management of forest
India to achieve and sustain high economic growth. land
To this end, the following goals have to be achieved
• Convert waste and fallow land to productive
by 2022-23:
uses
Figure 41.1: Land use across different uses in India, 1990-91 to 2013-14
350
Agricultural, Cultivable,
Culturable & Arable
300 Land
50 Forests
67.7 69.8 71.8
0
1990-91 2000-01 2013-14
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Co-operation and Farmers’ Welfare
200
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
• Strengthen property rights, especially exception, states such as Bihar, Telangana,
community rights over forest land Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Tripura, Karnataka and Himachal Pradesh
Current Situation allow leasing out only by certain disabled
categories of landowners, such as
As measured by the land-to-population ratio, India
physically and mentally handicapped
is one of the most land scarce countries in the
persons, persons from the defence services,
world. Agriculture accounts for the bulk of land
minors, widows, etc.
use although the sector contributed only 17.45
per cent of value added to gross domestic product o Lack of ease in leasing: In other states,
(GDP) in 2015. There has been a sharp fall in the there is no explicit ban on land leasing, but
average farm size from 2.28 ha in 1970-71 to 1.15 there are restrictive clauses that discourage
ha in 2010-11.1 landowners from leasing out land.
The total recorded forestland in India is 76.4 o High informal tenancy: Due to legal
million hectares, which is about 23.3 per cent of restrictions, many landowners prefer to
the total geographical area. Although it has more keep land fallow rather than lease it out,
than one-fifth of its land under forest cover, Indian fearing they may lose their land rights for
forests contribute only 6.4 per cent of the demand illegally leasing out land. At the same time,
for wood.2 Property rights over forestlands can be as market forces drive land leasing, there is
strengthened. The passing of the Scheduled Tribes informal tenancy in several places. Informal
and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition tenants do not have either security of
of Forest Rights Act (FRA)), which provides tenure or access to institutional credit,
individual as well as community rights over forests insurance and disaster relief. As a result,
and allows local communities/gram sabhas to productivity on tenanted land suffers.
protect and manage their customary forests on a • Small sized land parcels: Landholdings in
sustainable basis, is a step forward. India are small and highly fragmented, which
not only results in diseconomies of scale, but
At the same time, there is an imperative need to
also makes the task of irrigation management
make land available to meet the needs of a fast
and land improvement difficult. Punjab,
expanding economy and rising population with a
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra have
greater thrust on vertical development.
completed their first round of consolidation, but
Constraints further sub-division and fragmentation of land
have necessitated reconsolidation. The progress
• Restrictive agricultural tenancy laws:
in other states is either nil or negligible.
Agricultural tenancy laws passed by various
state governments between the 1950s and • Productivity of forestland: There has been
1970s are highly restrictive. no systematic effort to increase the area and
productivity of forests on a sustainable basis.
o Conditions on leasing: While the states
One important reason is the lack of human
of Kerala and Jammu & Kashmir prohibit
resources. The number of forest officials for
leasing out agricultural land without any
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
management of both timber and non-timber • Bring more area under agro forestry using
forest resources is lacking relative to the size of wasteland, non-cultivable fallow lands, etc.
forests.
• Revisit the policy on tree-felling. Encourage
• Implementation of the FRA: The Forest Rights trees as a resource for farmers especially by
Act (FRA) remains largely unimplemented. easing restriction on certain species of trees.
According to some estimates, in the 10 years Current restrictions on inter-state and inter-
since its implementation, only 3 per cent of district movement of wood should also be
the minimum potential of community forest removed.
resource rights could be achieved.3
3. Updating and modernization of land record
• Absence of conclusive titling and records: systems
Deficient land records and lack of conclusive
• Beyond creating and maintaining land records,
land title result in costly litigation and adversely
efforts must be made to update and digitize
affects investment and economic growth.
these records in a user-friendly manner.
The National Land Records Modernization
Way Forward Programme (NLRMP), now Digital India Land
1. Agricultural Land Records Modernization Programme, aims to
develop a well-functioning and transparent
• States may consider the Model Land Leasing
electronic land records management system
Act, 2016. Further details on land leasing are
that will provide easy access to all available
given in the chapter on Agriculture.
and relevant information to give a fair
• Consolidate smaller plots of land through comprehensive position of any plot of land to
pooling to enhance productivity. The the landowner, concerned officers/agencies
consolidation of fragmented landholdings and interested persons/entrepreneurs. This will
is essential to exploit scale economies and improve real-time information on land, optimise
increase farm incomes. Pooling the land of use of land resources, benefit landowners and
willing farmers and organizing them into land prospectors, assist in policy and planning,
shares or joint stock companies will allow reduce land disputes and check fraudulent/
farmers to earn dividends based on their equity benami transactions.
shares. Farmers will also earn wages/salaries as
• While most states have started digitizing their
an employee based on agricultural output.
records, all states must have digitized textual
2. Increase efficiency around the management as well as spatial records so that they are
of forest land easily available and verifiable. In this area,
• Implement effectively the Forest Rights Act commendable efforts have been made by the
(FRA) in all states to strengthen the property states of Karnataka and Gujarat. It will also be
rights of forest dwellers, tribal populations and desirable to link the land record database with
local communities banks.
• Zone land on a priority basis to clearly • Other states should review their progress in
demarcate forest and revenue lands. terms of digitization and move toward complete
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and accessible up-to-date records. In due • Remove encroachments on public land to
course, states may move towards conclusive ensure that land is used efficiently.
land titling.
• Free estimated ceiling surplus land of over 1
4. Initiating Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) lakh acres that has been under litigation for
for wasteland development several years through speedy disposal of cases.
• Cultural wastelands, estimated at about • Define and demarcate revenue and forestland,
12 million ha, need to be improved and including land used for shifting cultivation.
productively utilized as a potential resource. • Plan urbanization as per master plans with
• This can be done either by gram panchayats greater emphasis on vertical growth.
with financial support from states/union • Prevent land degradation and soil erosion
government or through PPPs, with clearly laid through policies that promote fertilization and
down procedures and norms. organic farming.
• Strengthen property rights, plan urbanization 5. Using land as resource to finance urban
and prevent land degradation development
• Define and identify common land, along with • Tools such as land value capture, incentive
details of ownership, control and use rights. zoning, town planning schemes, and land-
• Recognize the customary land tenure system based taxes like land value tax, vacant land tax,
including community ownership in tribal areas. land value increment tax, etc., can be used to
finance rapid and efficient urbanization.
________________________________________
1 Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Co-operation and Farmers’ Welfare “Land Use Statistics at a
Glance-State Wise” http://eands.dacnet.nic.in/LUS_1999_2004.htm. Accessed April 20, 2018.
2 State of Forest Report 2011, Forest Survey of India
3 “Ten Years of the Forest Rights Act in India” 2016 http://fra.org.in/document/Promise%20and%20Performance%20Report.pdf. Ac-
cessed April 17, 2018.
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Strategy for
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As stated by the Ministry of Statistics and • There is over-reliance on data collection through
Programme Implementation (MoS&PI),3 central surveys. These are released at a considerable
ministries/departments or state government lag, which diminishes their usefulness in
departments that are responsible for an area/ policymaking. There is a dearth of availability of
subject are usually the key agencies for collecting real time operational/administrative data.
the statistics for that domain. The usual flow of
o One challenge in this regard is that
statistical information is from states to the centre
considerable numbers of stakeholders are
except in cases where the operations are part of
involved in enabling data collection systems
centrally sponsored schemes or when the data is
that are premised on a “bottom-to-top”
collected through national sample surveys. Viewed
approach. It will be a huge challenge to
from the national level, the Indian statistical
get all these stakeholders on board for a
system at the centre is laterally decentralized
streamlined data collection and reporting
between the ministries and departments while the
mechanism as envisaged for 2022-23.
vertical represented by each ministry is vertically
decentralized between the centre and the states. • There is a problem with the usability of data
A similar decentralized structure exists at the state that is currently generated.
levels, which have lateral decentralization at the o Large volumes of data collected by
state department level and vertical decentralization different government agencies and
at the district level. In addition, statistical offices departments are not shared, even among
at the central and state levels, i.e., the Central the departments.
Statistics Office (CSO) and the Directorate of
o The data shared is often not available in
Economics and Statistics (DESs) respectively, bring
machine readable format or cannot be
together all statistics related to India and examine
integrated with data from other sources to
various aspects including quality, accuracy, and
help develop multi-dimensional insights.
timeliness.
o Enabling adoption of the latest technology
The need for evidence-based policymaking has at the grassroots level would involve
been recognised for years now. Five-year plans substantial investment along with skill
in the past have stressed the need for frequent development of local functionaries.
and robust data collection processes in various
o Furthermore, planning will be required to
contexts ranging from health to natural calamities
integrate different technologies so that
to agriculture. The Report of the Dr. Rangarajan
ground level data can be aggregated.
Commission in 2001 also acknowledges the
increased need for data in the decision-making • India does not have robust cyber security, data
process.4 protection and privacy regulations. These are
needed to safeguard citizens from misuse of
Constraints data and to protect government databases
against hacking.
The following constraints need to be overcome to
enable India’s transition to a data-led governance • Lastly, there is considerable lack of awareness
structure. regarding currently available data sources.
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206
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
be integrated in a state data repository. This 3. Role of tertiary big data
process should be followed by all states
For better governance and evidence-based
based on guidelines drawn up by the central
policymaking, it is recommended that tertiary
government.
big data collected by private third parties
Some state governments like Andhra Pradesh, should be used. For e.g., location data from
Gujarat, and Rajasthan have taken important mobile devices could be used for urban traffic
steps to leverage technology for evidence-based planning; data from satellites could be used to
policymaking. However, these steps need to be monitor crop yields; social media data could
further streamlined and adopted by all states. be used to discover popular discussion topics
This will empower the officer on the ground to among the population of a region, state or
take data led decisions. This aspect forms an district. Over time, the National Data Analytics
integral part of the Digital Transformation Index Portal aims at collecting, analysing and
being instituted by NITI Aayog. Measures to disseminating various types of tertiary data of
leverage technology for informed policymaking different levels of granularity.
will be implemented in a time bound manner
4. Skill development and restructuring
and closely monitored for desired results.
Government statistical organizations responsible
2. Data protection
for data collection and reporting need to be
The issue of confidentiality will need to be updated on new technologies. Data scientists
ensured while dealing with citizen level data. with multiple skills in the areas of statistics,
The Government of India set up a committee analytics, computer science and programming
of experts to study issues related to data are rare in the Indian government. The
protection. The committee has drafted a White MoS&PI needs to have an adequate number
Paper5 to direct the shape and form of the of data scientists to take advantage of new
data protection law in India. The deadline for technologies. Re-skilling needs to be promoted
submission of comments was December 31, across government agencies, both at the
2017. It is recommended that these comments state level and at the centre. A roadmap for
be incorporated and used to speedily formulate strengthening various government agencies
a data protection law in India. including MoS&PI needs to be formulated and
implemented in a time bound manner.
________________________________________
1
http://live.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/Big%20Data%20for%20Development%20Report_final%20version.pdf. Accessed April 20,
2018.
2
http://www.dst.gov.in/national-data-sharing-and-accessibility-policy-0. Accessed April 22, 2018.
3
http://www.mospi.gov.in/142-present-indian-statistical-system-organisation. Accessed April 25, 2018.
4
http://mospi.nic.in/11-background. Accessed April 30, 2018.
5
http://meity.gov.in/writereaddata/files/white_paper_on_data_protection_in_india_171127_final_v2.pdf. Accessed April 25, 2018.
207
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Annex 1
During the preparation of this document, the NITI Aayog consulted extensively with groups of
scientists, think tanks, voluntary organizations, industry, agriculture and labour. This Annex provides a
comprehensive list of these outside experts and organizations. Any omissions are inadvertent.
• Shri Ajay Kumar, Adviser, Merino Group • Shri Krishan Bir Chaudhary, President,
Bharatiya Krishak Samaj
• Shri Anand Kothadiya Krishiratna, Extension
Activist, Sahaydri Farmers Producer • Shri Kuldeep Singh Brar,
Organisation Farmer Representative, Punjab
• Dr. Ashwini Mahajan, Co-Convener, Swadeshi • Shri Lalit Deora, Farmer Representative,
Jagran Manch Rajasthan
• Dr. B Venkateswarlu, Vice-Chancellor, Vasantrao • Dr. PK Joshi, Director, South Asia, IFPRI
Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth • Shri Prakash Lohia, MD, Merino Industries Ltd
• Shri Balbir Singh Rajewal, President, Bharatiya • Shri Pravesh Sharma, Founder & CEO,
Kisan Union Sabziwala.com
• Ms. Chhaya Bhavsar, Senior Coordinator, ASHA • Prof. Anil Kumar Singh, Vice-Chancellor,
• Shri D. Bhuyan, Director, SFAC Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya
• Dr. Gopal Naik, Professor & Dean Faculty,
IIM- Bangalore • Shri Puneet Jhajharia, Director & Co-Founder,
Crop Connect Enterprises Pvt. Ltd.
• Dr. GV Srinivasan, Scientist, Spices Board
• Shri Raghunath Patil, Shetkari Sangathan,
• Ms. Ishira Mehta, Director & Co-Founder, Crop
Maharashtra State
Connect Enterprises Pvt. Ltd.
• Dr. Rajaram Tripathi, National Convener,
• Shri Ishwar Lal Patidar, Chairman, Rajya Krishi
All India Farmers Alliance
Aayog, Madhya Pradesh
• Shri Rajkumar Singh Hajari, Farmer
• Shri Jalees, Researcher, Navdanya
Representative, Karnataka
• Shri Joy P Joseph, Spice Farmer, Kerala
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
• Shri Ramesh Kumar Yadav, Chairman, Services Sector
Haryana Farmers Commission
• Shri Ajay Singh, CMD, Spicejet
• Shri Rampal Jat, National President,
• Shri Ajit Gulabchand, CMD, HCC Ltd
Kisan Mahapanchayat
• Shri Aroon Purie, Chairman, India Today Group
• Shri RG Agarwal, Chairman,
Dhanuka Agritech Ltd. • Shri Arun Maira, former Chairman, Boston
Consulting Group India
• Shri RS Sodhi, MD, Amul
• Shri Aseem Chauhan, Chancellor, Amity
• Dr. Sandeep Kumar, Haryana State Farmers
Education Society
Commission
• Shri Ashish Chauhan, CEO, BSE
• Dr. Shanti Swarup Khanna, Former Adviser
(Agriculture), Planning Commission • Shri Bharat Anand, Senior Partner, Khaitan & Co.
• Shri Sharad Marathe, UTS • Shri Bharat Joshi, Director, Trac1 Logistics Joshi-
Konoike Transport & Infrastructure
• Ms. Smita Bhatnagar, Senior Coordinator, ASHA
• Shri Bipin P Singh, Founder, Mobikwik
• Shri Tshering Gyatso Lepcha,
Spice Farmer, Sikkim • Shri Deep Kalra, Founder & CEO,
makemytrip.com
• Shri Tushar Jagtap, Senior Manager, Sahaydri
Farmers Producer Organisation • Shri Kamal Hingorani, SVP, Spicejet
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• Shri Ranji Dua, Chairman, Dua Associates • Shri Narasimha Hegde, Vice President, Ashok
Leyland Limited
• Shri Soumya Palchoudhuri, Yes Bank
• Ms. Nidhi Saxena, CEO, Zoctr
• Shri Sunil K Goyal, MD & Fund Manager,
Your Nest Venture Capital • Shri Om Prakash Lohia, CMD, Indorama
Synthetics
• Shri Suresh Senapaty, Wipro
• Shri Probir Das, MD, Terumo India Private
• Shri Utsav Somani, Partner, Angelist India
Limited
• Shri Vikesh Mehta, Grant Thornton
• Shri Rajesh Shah, CMD, Mukund Iron and Steel
Manufacturing Sector • Shri Ramakrishna NK, CEO, Rang De
• Shri Adesh Gupta, CEO, Liberty Group & • Shri Ramesh Ramachandran, Senior Vice
Chairman, Council For Footwear, Leather and President, Strategy & Precision Farming
Accessories (CFLA) Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.
• Shri Dilip G Shah, Secretary General, Indian • Shri Roshan Lal Tamak, Executive Director,
Pharmaceutical Alliance Sugar DCM Shriram
• Shri Dinesh Aggarwal, Joint MD, • Shri Sahil Malik, MD, Da Milano
Anchor Electricals • Shri Sanjay Modi, MD, APAC & Middle East
• Shri Eshwar K Vikas, CEO, Mukunda Foods Monster.com
• Shri Gautam Nair, MD, Matrix Clothing (P) Ltd. • Shri Shailesh Pathak, CEO, L&T Infrastructure
Development Project
• Shri G.K. Raman, Group President Corporate
Affairs, Arvind Textiles Ltd. • Shri Subrata Biswas, Director (Engineering,
Research & Development), BHEL
• Shri Harsh Mariwala, Chairman, Marico Ltd.
• Shri Vedant Jhaver, CEO, Jhaver Group
• Ms. Ishita Dey, Chief Project Manager,
Economic Times • Shri Vijay Iyer, MD, Rio Tinto India
• Shri Jagdish Khattar, Founder, Carnation Auto • Ms. Vinita Sethi, Senior Vice President, Apollo
Hospitals
• Shri Mahendra Singhi, CEO (Cement), Dalmia
Cement (Bharat) Ltd.
Civil Society Organisations
• Shri Manish Chaturvedi, MD & CEO, Indus
• Shri Aloysius P. Fernandes, Secretary, MYRADA
Strategy
• Shri Aditya Patnaik, Antodya Chetana Mandal
• Shri Manish Mishra, Chief Regulatory Affairs,
Tata Steel • Shri Akhil Dobhal, Sr. Manager, Prayas
• Shri Manish Sharma, CEO, Panasonic India • Shri Amod Kanth, General Secretary, Prayas
• Ms. Meghana Narayan, Founder, Slurrp Farm • Dr. Ashok Khosla, Chairman, Development
Alternatives
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
• Shri Ashwath Bhatt, Jt. Secretary, • Shri Santhosh Gupta, CEO, Indian Social
H. N. Wanchoo Trust Responsibility Network (ISRN)
• Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak, Founder, • Shri Shashi Bhushan, Chairman, SATHI-UP
Sulabh International
• Shri Shubham Oswal, Programme Head. Water
• Shri Harish Hande, CEO, Selco & Environment, Green Energy Foundation
• Dr. Indumathi Rao, Regional Adviser, CBR • Shri Srikanth Viswanathan, CEO, Janaagraha
Network, Bengaluru
• Shri Surendra Kulkarni, Member (Director),
• Dr. J. Paul Bhaskar, Chairman, Peace Trust Seva Bharati Purbanchal
• Dr. Lalit Kumar, Sr. Vice President, • Ms. Bhavana Luthra, Executive Director,
Sulabh International LEAD India
• Dr. Madhav Chavan, Director, Pratham • Ms. Puja Marwaha, CRY
Education Foundation
• Ms. Sandhya Venkateswaran,
• Shri Manas Satpathy, Pradan Dy. Director, BMGF
• Shri Nachiket Mor, Bill & Melinda Gate • Ms. Sharmila Oswal, President, Green Energy
Foundation (BMGF) Foundation
• Shri Neichute Duolo, CEO, Enterprises • Ms. Shatabdi Pande, Executive Member,
Associates Chhattisgarh Mahila Manch
• Shri Prabhat Pani, TATA Trust • Dr. S. Chatterjee, Executive President, Sulabh
International
• Shri Pradip Kumar Sarmah, Executive Director,
Centre for Rural Development • Dr. Vijay Mahajan, CEO, BASIX
• Shri Rajan Bahadur, MD & CEO, CARE India
Scientists and Innovators
• Dr. Rajesh Tandon, President, PRIA
• Shri Amit Mishra, GM, Piramal Water Pvt. Ltd.
• Shri Ratna Mathur. Dy. Programme Director,
CARE India • Prof. Anil Gupta, National Innovation
Foundation
• Shri Ravi Pokharna, Executive Head (Projects),
Rambhau Mhalgi Prabhodhini, Delhi • Shri Arjun P. Gupta, Founder & CEO,
(Energy Management), Smart Joules
• Shri Ravindra Gajbhiye, Activist, Sampoorna
Bamboo Kendra, Melghat, Maharahtra • Shri Chander Shekhar, SCI(G), ICMR, New Delhi
• Shri Ravindra Sathe, Executive Director, • Dr. H. Purushottam, CMD, National Research
Rambhau Mhalgi Prabhodhini, Mumbai Development Corporation
• Dr. R. C. Jha, Scientist, Sulabh International • Dr. K.D. Nayak, Former Chief Controller, R&D
(MED & MIST), DRDO
• Shri Rohit Choudhary, Regional Director
• Shri Karunakara M. Reddy, Smart India Pvt. Ltd
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• Ms. Poyni Bhatt, CEO, Sine IIT - B • Ms. Kamal Gaur, Save the Children
• Shri Pradeep Mehta, Head Finance & Legal, • Ms. Manali Shah, SEWA
Finance & Legal F/A Technology
• Ms. Nayana Mallapurkar, Tata Institute of Social
• Shri Premkumar Seshadri, HCL Info systems Sciences
• Dr. Raghunath Mashelkar, Former DG, CSIR • Ms. Neelam Chibber, Industree Foundation
• Shri Rajeev Kher, Saraplast • Dr. Nomaan Majid, ILO
• Dr. S.K. Sarin, Director, ILBS • Shri Saji Narayanan C.K., BMS
• Shri Sandeep Goenka, Zebpay • Shri Sanjay Singh, Tata Sons
• Shri Sanjeev Malhotra, CEO, IOT Centre of • Shri Sanjeev Bikhchandani, Naukri.com
Excellence, NASSCOM
• Shri Santosh Mehrotra, JNU
• Shri Shishir K. Jha. Asstt. Professor, IIT Bombay
• Prof. Shalini Bharat, Tata Institute of Social
• Shri Sudesh Menon, WaterLife Sciences
• Prof. Supriyo Mitra, Dean, IISER, Kolkata • Dr. Sher Verick, ILO
• Dr. T. Mohapatra, DG, ICAR • Dr. S K Sasikumar, VV Giri National Labour
Institute
• Shri Vignesh Subrahmanian, Lead Scientist, GE
Global Research • Ms. Sudipta Bhadra, ILO
• Dr. Vijay Bhatkar, Chancellor, Nalanda University • Shri Sunil Rana, Mercer - Global Consulting
Practice & Public Sector
• Prof. Vijay Chandru, Co-Founder,
Strand Life Sciences • Shri Yoginder Alagh, Economist
• Shri GB Gawde, Indian National Trade Union • Dr. Anshu Bharadwaj, Director, CSTEP
Congress • Shri Arghya Sengupta, Research Director, Vidhi
• Prof. Jeemol Unni, Ahmedabad University Centre for Legal Policy
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
• Ms. Bindu Ananth, Chair, IFMR • Shri Rajesh Chakraborty, Co-Founder,
Sunay Policy Advisory
• Dr. Errol D’Souza, Director-in-Charge,
IIM-Ahmedabad • Dr. Rupa Chanda, Professor, IIM-Bangalore
• Dr. Harsha Vardhana Singh, Executive Director, • Ms. Rwitwika Bhattacharya, CEO,
Brookings India Swaniti Initiative
• Shri Harshit Sehgal, Senior Director, • Dr. Sachin Chaturvedi, DG, RIS
Ananta Centre
• Shri Saket Mishra, India Foundation
• Dr. Jaydeep Mukherjee, Faculty, IIFT
• Shri Saurabh Chandra, Fellow, Takshashila
• Dr. KR Shanmugam, Director, Madras School of Institution
Economics
• Dr. Seeta Prabhu, Tata Chair Professor, TISS
• Dr. Navroz Dubash, Senior Fellow, CPR
• Dr. Shakti Sinha, Director, Nehru Memorial
• Dr.Pradeep Apte, Professor, Gokhale Institute of Museum & Library
Politics & Economics
• Dr. Shekhar Shah, DG, NCAER
• Shri Prashant Girbane, Director, Pune
• Dr. Sumeet Bhasin, Director, PPRC
International Centre
• Shri Sunjoy Joshi, Chair, ORF
• Dr. Pravarkar Sahoo, Professor, IEG
• Dr. Radhicka Kapoor, Fellow, ICRIER
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New India @ 75
Annex 2
This Annex provides a comprehensive list of outside experts and organizations consulted by the
different verticals in NITI Aayog. Any omissions are inadvertent.
• Dr. Ajit Ghose, Visiting Professor, Institute of • Ms. Poyni Bhatt, CEO, Sine IIT - B
Human Development • Shri Rajeev Kher, Saraplast
• Secretary General, Social Security Association of • Shri Sandeep Goenka, Zebpay
India
• Shri Karunakara M Reddy, Smart India Pvt Ltd
• Self-Employment Women’s Association
• Shri Sanjeev Malhotra, CEO, IOT Centre of
• Dr. Alakh N. Sharma, Professor & Director, Excellence, NASSCOM
Institute for Human Development
• Shri Premkumar Seshadri, HCL Info systems
• Dr. Jeemol Unni, Expert on Employment, IRMA
• Prof. Vijay Chandru, Co-Founder,
• President, Bhartiya Mazdoor Sangh Strand Life Sciences
• President, Indian National Trade Union • Prof. Anil Gupta, National Innovation
Congress Foundation
• Dr. S. K. Sasikumar, Senior Fellow, • Dr. H. Purushottam, CMD, National Research
V. V. Giri National Labour Institute Development Corporation
• Employment Specialist, International Labour • Dr. SK Sarin, Director, ILBS
Organisation (ILO)
• Prof. Supriyo Mitra, Dean, IISER Kolkata
• Shri Amod K. Kanth, Prayas Juvenile Aid Centre
• Dr. Vijay Bhatkar, Chancellor, Nalanda
• Dr. Prabhu P. Mohapatra, Delhi University University
• Prof. Aditya Bhattacharjea, Delhi School of • Shri Sudesh Menon, WaterLife
Economics
• Shri Pradeep Mehta, Head Finance & Legal,
Finance & Legal F/A Technology
Technology and Innovation
• Shri Amit Mishra, GM, Piramal Water Pvt. Ltd.
• Dr. Raghunath Mashelkar, Former DG, CSIR
• Shri Shishir K. Jha. Asstt. Professor, IIT Bombay
• Shri Vignesh Subrahmanian, Lead Scientist, GE
Global Research • Shri Chander Shekhar, SCI(G), ICMR, New Delhi
• Dr K. D. Nayak, Former Chief Controller, R&D • Shri Arjun P. Gupta, Founder & CEO, (Energy
(MED & MIST), DRDO Management), Smart Joules
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Industry • Dr. Sukhpal Singh, Professor, IIM, Ahmedabad
• Shri Ajay Shankar, Former Secretary, • Shri Ashish Bahuguna, Chairperson, FSSAI, FDA
Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion Bhawan, New Delhi
• Dr. Pankaj Chandra, Vice Chancellor, • Dr Gopal Krishna, Director & VC, Central
Ahmedabad University Institute for Fisheries Education, Mumbai
• Shri Nakul Anand, Executive Director, ITC • Dr. S. Shivkumar, Chief Executive of the Agri
Business Division, ITC Kolkata
• Shri Nirupam Srivastava, Vice President,
Hero Enterprise • Shri H K Bhanwala, Chairman & Managing
Director, NABARD, Mumbai
• Shri Mukhtarul Amin, Chairman, Council for
Leather Exports • Shri Satish Chander, Director General, Fertilizer
Association of India, New Delhi
• Shri M.S. Unnikrishnan, Managing Director &
CEO, Thermax India Pvt Ltd • Dr. R. S. Sodhi, Managing Director,
Gujarat Co-operative Milk Federation Ltd.
• Shri Ajay Khanna, Chief, Strategic and Public
Affairs, Jubiliant Bhartia Group • Shri Raghunath Dada Patil, President,
Maharashtra State Shetkari Sangathan, Sangli,
• Shri Ankur Kanaglekar, Director, Boeing India
Maharashtra
• Shri Anup Rai, SMCC Construction India Ltd.
• Shri Anil Kumar Sahni, Tigra Farm
• Shri Samir Advani, Rafael India
• Shri Mayank Jalan, Keventer Agro Limited
• Shri K K Gupta, Vice President, L&T Construction
• Shri Sudesh Menon, Water Life
• Shri Salhotra Bharat, Managing Director of
• Shri Sudhir Mehta, Pinnacle Industries Limited.
Alstom India Limited
• Shri Rahul Mirchandani, Aries Agro Limited.
• Shri Madhu S Nair, CMD, Cochin Shipyard Ltd
• Shri Nikhil Nanda, Escorts Ltd.
• Shri Parameshwaran Nath, Director, PayPal
Payments • Ms. Priya Nair, Hindustan Unilever
• Shri Praveen Shankar Pandya, Chairman, The • Shri Pritam Shah, Parag Milk Foods
Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council • Shri Pravesh Sharma, Former Managing
Director, Small Farmers’ Agribusiness
Doubling Farmers’ Income Consortium
• Dr. Punjab Singh, President National Academy • Dr. S K Goel, Former Additional Chief Secretary,
of Agricultural Sciences, Pusa New Delhi Agriculture, Cooperation and Marketing,
• Dr. P. K. Joshi, IFPRI-South Asia Office, Pusa, Government of Maharashtra
New Delhi • Shri Gokul Patnaik, Global Agri System,
• Dr. P. G. Chengappa, Forcer Vice-Chancellor, New Delhi
University of Agricultural Sciences
215
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
• Shri Rahul Bhatia, MD, Indigo • Director (Exploration and Production), Oil and
Natural Gas Corporation
• Ms. Aparajita Jain, Nature Morte
• Shri R.V. Shahi, Ex-Secretary, MOP
216
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
• Shri Ajay Mathur, The Energy & Resources • Chairman, Alliance for an Energy Efficient
Institute Economy (AEEE)
• Shri Tulsi Tanti, Chairman and Managing • Dr. Anurabha Ghosh, CEO, Council on Energy,
Director, Suzlon Environment and Water
• Shri Chetan S. Solanki, IIT Bombay • Ms. Priyavrat Bhati, Director, Centre for Science
and Environment
• Shri Vipul Tuli, CEO, Cemcorp Industries Limited
• Shri Shantanu Dixit, Group Coordinator, PRAYAS
• Shri Rahul Tongia, Ph.D.Fellow, Brookings India
(Energy Group)
• Shri Sumant Sinha, ReNew Power
• Group Head (Energy Management), National
• Shri Ajay Khandelwal, President, Exploration Productivity Council
and Production, Reliance Petroleum
• Chief Engineer, Smart Grid Project Gurgoan
• Shri Shantanu Dixit, PRAYAS Energy Group
• Shri A.K Asthana, Sr.Technical Expert, GIZ India
• Shri Anshu Bhardwaj, CSTEP
• Shri Puneet Dalmia, MD, Dalmiya Bharat Group
• Shri Deepak Gupta, Shakti Sustainable Energy
• Shri Arjun Gupta, Smart Joules Pvt Ltd.,
Foundation
• Shri Arindam Paul, Atom berg Technologies Pvt
• Shri Tarun Sawhney, Triveni Group
Ltd.
• Shri Anil Sardana, CEO & MD, Tata Power
• Shri Rangan Banerjee, HOD, Department of
• Shri U.C. Muktibodh, Director, Technical, NPCIL Energy Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay
• Shri Anil Kumar Chalamalasetty, MD, Greenko • Shri Manit Rastogi, Founder Partner,
• Shri Pramod Chaudhari, Chairman, Praj Morphogenesis
Industries Limited, Praj Group • Shri Shubhreet Barmer, Sr. lighting Application
• Shri Alla Ayodhya Rami Reddy, Chairman, Specialist, Philips lighting India Ltd.
Ramky Group • Shri Kaushik Sanyal, HOD-Business Service
• Head, Research Division, CRISIL Group, Tata Power Distribution Ltd
• Shri Rajan Wadhera, Mahindra and Mahindra • Shri G. Raghuram, Director, IIM Bangalore
• Dr. Rajan Rawal, CEPT University • Shri Afaq Hussain, Director, Bureau of Research
on Industry & Economic Fundamentals
217
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
• Dr. G. V. R. Shastri, Coastal India Development • Ms. Rupali Ghanekar, Economic Adviser, Indian
Council National Ship Owners Association
• Shri Anoop Kumar Sharma, Indian National Ship • Dr. Kulwant Singh, UN Habitat
Owners Association
• Shri Amitabh Verma, Ex IAS
• Capt. I. V. Solanki
• Shri Dhiraj Mathur, PWC
• Shri Umesh Grover, Secretary General,
• Shri Manish Sharma, PWC
Container Freight Station Association of India
• Shri Clay Stranger, RMI
• Capt. Ashwani Nayar, Hind Terminals Pvt. Ltd.
• Shri Kartike Karwal, Associate Director, SIAM
• Dr. Mahesh Reddy, Infrastructure Industry &
Logistics Federation of India
Smart Cities for Urban
• Shri K. Janardan Rao, MD, Indian Port Transformation and Modernizing
Association City Governance for Urban
• Shri Akshima T Ghate, Fellow, TERI Transformation
• Shri R. N. Malik, Professor, Manav Rachna • Dr. Chetan Vaidya, Former Director, School of
University Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
• Prof. Sudhir Mishra, Professor, IIT Kanpur • Shri Srikanth Vidwanathan, CEO, Janaagraha,
• Shri D.P. Gupta, Asian Institude of Transport Bangalore
Development • Dr. Jagan Shah, Director, National Institute of
• Shri Sachin Bhanushali, Director & CEO, Urban Affairs, New Delhi
GatewayRail • Dr. O. P. Agarwal, Ex-OSD, Urban Transport, WRI
• Shri Jaspal Singh, Consultant, International • Ms. Shreya Gadepalli, South Asia Director,
Association of Public Transport ) Institute for Transport and Development Policy
• Dr. Ravindra Kumar, Principal Scientist, Central • Dr. Renu Khosla, Director, Centre for Urban and
Road Research Institute Regional Excellence, New Delhi
• Shri Vinod Vasudevan, Assistant Professor, IIT • Dr. Suresh Kumar Rohilla, Centre for Science
Kanpur and Environment, New Delhi
• Shri Gopal Patil, Associate Professor, IIT Bombay • Dr. Rajesh Tandon, Founder and President,
• Shri Seema Sharma, IIT Delhi Participatory Research in India
• Dr. Sewa Ram, SPA, Delhi • Shri Parth Mukhopadhyay, Senior Fellow, Centre
for Policy Research
• Shri Sunil Sherlekar, Chairman and CEO,
Sankhyasutra, Bangalore • Prof. Shreekant Gupta, Delhi School of
Economics
• Shri Partha Mukhopadaya, Senior Fellow, Centre
for Policy Research • Dr. Debolina Kundu, National Institute of Urban
Affairs
218
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Housing for All and Swachh Bharat • A.B.Pandya, Secretary General, International
Mission Commission on Irrigation & Drainage
• Shri Ravindra Singh, IAS (Retired), Former • Dr. Arvind Kumar, India Water Foundation
Secretary to Government of India
Sustainable Environment
• Shri H.P. Prakash, Secretary & Commissioner,
RWS & SD, Government of Karnataka • Dr. P. K. Khosala,VC, Shoolini University
• Ms. Asha Kapur Mehta, Professor, IIPA, • Shri Vipin Chaudhary, DDG, ICFRE, Dehradun
New Delhi • Shri Ajay Shankar, Former Secretary to
• Shri P Sivaram, Professor & Head, CRI&CFL, Government, TERI, New Delhi
NIRDPR, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad • Shri Jaison Varghese, Programme Officer, CEE,
• Shri Munish Gupta, Member, FICCI, National New Delhi
Committee on S&T and Innovation, New Delhi • Shri Shikhar Jain, Pr. Counselor, Confederation
• Shri Chandrakant Raipat, CMD, Rameshwaram of Indian Industry, New Delhi
Projects, Pvt. Ltd., Ranchi • Shri Ram Muivah, Secretary North Eastern
• Shri Samirendra Chatterjee, Exec. President, Council, Shilong
SULABH INTERNATIONAL, New Delhi • Shri George C. Varughese, President,
• Shri Mahesh Babu, MD, IL & FS Environment, Development Alternatives
New Delhi • Prof. Manmohan yadav, Professor, IIFM, Bhopal
• Shri Ravi Shroff, Executive Director, Excel • Shri Ravi Singh, Secretary General & CEO,
Industries Ltd., Mumbai WWF-India
• Shri Kartikeya Nitin Desai, Executive Director,
ASHA Impact, New Delhi School Education
• Shri Ashok K Agarwal, CEO, ESSEL Infra Projects • Dr. Dhir Jhingran, Language and Learning
Ltd., Mumbai Foundation
• Shri Subhash Chandra Vashisth, Director - • Ms. Seema Bansal, Boston Consulting Group
SVAYAM, Jindal Saw Ltd., New Delhi • Prof. Venita Kaul, CECED
• Shri Sandip Dutt, GM, Jindal Ecopolis, • Prof. Neelam Sood, On behalf of NUEPA
New Delhi
• Shri Amit Kaushik, Australian Council for
• Shri Shreekanth Sreenivasan, Head -Business Educational Research (India)
Development, KEF Holdings, Bengaluru
• Shri Shailendra Sharma, On behalf of Pratham
• Dr. Deepak Khare, IIT Roorkee • Prof. Poonam Agrawal, On behalf of NCERT
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DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
Strategy for
New India @ 75
• Ms. Renu Seth, On behalf of Pratham Second • Ms. Sandhya Venkateswaran, BMGF
Chance • Dr. T Jacob John, (Retired) Christian Medical
• Ms. Aparna Bijapurkar, On behalf of BCG College Vellore TN Child Health FDN
• Ms. Jyotsana Jha, Centre for Budget and Policy • Shri NK Arora, The INCLEN Trust International
Studies • Ms. Shamika Ravi, Brookings India
• Shri Anjan Bose, NATHEALTH
Higher Education
• Shri Rajesh Kumar, PGIMER School of Public
• Prof. Furqan Qamar, AIU
Health Chandigarh
• Prof. Sudhanshu Bhushan, NUEPA
• Ms. Sarojini, Sarna
• Shri Pramath Raj Sinha, Ashoka University
• Shri Yogesh Jain, Jan Swasthya Sahyog Village
PO Gramyan Bilaspur CG
Teacher Education and Training
• Dr. Henk Bekedam, WHO
• Dr. Santhosh Mathew, NCTE
• Dr. Subhash Salunke, PHFI
• Prof. Hrushikesh Senapaty, NCERT
• Shri Sanjay Zodpay, PHFI
• Prof. Pranati Panda, NUEPA
• Shri Jorge Coarasa, World Bank
• Ms. Indu Prasad, On behalf of Azim Premji
University • Shri Priyanka Saksona, WHO India
220
DRAFT AND CONFIDENTIAL
• Dr. Ajay Khera, MoHFW • Ms. Rehana Riyawala, SEWA
• Ms. Manjula Singh, CIFF • Ms. Kapilaben, SEWA
• Ms. Rekha Sinha, Intemadonal Institute of Life • Prof. Pam Rajput, Women’s Resource &
Sciences Advocacy Centre
• Dr. Basanta Kumar Kar, Coalition for Food and • Dr. Ratna Sudarshan, Institute of Social Studies
Nutrition Security Trust
• Ms. Naiyya Saggi, Babychakra • Prof. Mary E John, Centre for Women’s
Development Studies
• Dr. B. Sesikaran, NIN
• Ms. Suneeta Dhar, Jagori
• Ms. Deepika Srivastava, Expert
• Prof. Ravinder Kaur, IIT Delhi
• Shri C.S. Pandav, ICC
• Ms. Ena Singh, UNFPA
• Dr. J.H. Panwal, MWCD
• Ms. Shobhana Boyle, UNFPA
• Dr. Kapil Yadav, AIIMS
• Prof. Bina Agarwal, Economist
• Dr. Anju Sinha
• Ms. Diya Nanda, UN Women
• Dr. Arun Gupta, BPNI
• Shri Amod Kanth, Prayas Social Inclusion
• Ms. Gayatri Singh, UNICEF • Justice Shri Eshwaraiah, Former Chairman
• Dr. Rasmi Avula, CGIAR National Commission for Backward Classes
• Dr. Deepika Chaudhury, World Bank • Dr. Sham Singh Shashi, Former DG
Information & Broadcasting, Visiting Professor
• Dr. Satish B. Agnihotri, IIT
Anthropology& Sociology Media and
• Shri Sameer Maheshwari, Healthkart Journalism, Hindi, IGNOU
• Ms. Esha Saraswat, IFPRI • Dr. Tanweer Fazal, Associate Professor,
• Ms. Arkalina Dwibedi, FSSAI Associate Professor Center for the Study on
Social Systems, Jawahara Lal Nehru University
• Dr. A.C. Mishra, FSSAI
• Dr. R.R. Prasad, Rtd. Professor, Centre for
• Shri Sumit Aggarwal, ICMR
exclusion & Inclusive studies, NIRD, Hyderabad
• Dr. M K Bhan, AIIMS
• Prof. G.G. Wankhede, Former Professor (TISS)
221
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Strategy for
New India @ 75
• Shri Javed Abidi, Director, National Centre for • Prof. Milindo Chakrabarti, Visiting Fellow, RIS
Promotion of Employment for Disabled People
• Shri R.S.C. Jayraj, Director, Rain Forest Renewal
(NCPEDP) & founder of the Disability Rights
Institute
Group
• Shri Nipun Malhotra, Co-founder and CEO, Legal, Judicial and Police Reforms
Nipman Foundation
• Shri Suresh Chandra, Secretary Law, Ministry of
• Dr. Aloka Guha Law & Justice
• Shri G.B. Panda, Former Senior Adviser, • Prof. S. Sivakumar, Member, Law Commission
Backward Castes Division, Planning of India
Commission
• Ms. Anupama Nilekar Chandra, Inspector
• President / Secretary, Bharatiya Adim Jati Sevak General, BPR & D
Sangh
• Shri Amod Kanth, Founder, Prayas Institute of
• Shri Ashif Shaikh, Director, Jan Sahas Social Juvenile Justice & Chairman DWSSC
Development Society
• Shri Shekhar Gupta, Founder, The Print
• Shri R.C. Durga
• Ms. Ruth Manorama Civil Services Reforms
• The Secretary, National Commission for • Shri Shyam Bang, Chairman NABCB
Scheduled Castes • Dr. Sanjeevan Bajaj, CEO FICCI Quality Forum
• The Secretary, National Commission for • Shri P. K. Tripathi, EO & Additional Secretary,
Scheduled Tribes DoPT
• The Secretary, National Commission for Safai • Ms. Vasudha Mishra, Additional Secretary,
Karmacharies DARPG
• The Secretary, National Commission for • Shri B. S. Baswan, Former Chairman UPSC
Minorities Committee on Civil Services Examinations
• The Member Secretary, National Commission • Prof. Dolly Arora, IIPA, New Delhi
for Denotified, Nomadic & Semi-Nomadic Tribes
• The Secretary, National Commission for Optimizing the Use of Land
Backward Classes Resources
• The CEO and Joint Secretary, National Trust • Shri Prabhat Kumar Sharma
222
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Strategy for
New India @ 75
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