Minor Project Report

On

“FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION”

Submitted by:
Altamash
A1607113064 Under Guidance of:
Dr.Arun Kumar
Akshat Kamboj and Mr.VK Sharma
A1607113032
Ayush Kumar
A1607113079
Semester – 7th
Session-2013-17
Submitted To:

AMITY INSTITUTE OF TELECOM ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT

AMITY UNIVERSITY, UTTAR PRADESH
 DECLARATION

Date: 14/12/2016

We, student of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Telecommunication of Amity Institute

of Telecom Engineering & Management, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, hereby declare that
We have completed the Minor project Report on the topic ‘FOOT STEP POWER
GENERATION’ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Telecommunication.

We hereby, declare that it is an original work and has not been submitted so far in part or in full,
for award of any other degree or diploma of any University or Institution.

Altamash

Enrolment No. – A1607113064

Akshat Kamboj

Enrolment No. – A1607113032

Ayush Kumar

Enrolment No. – A1607113079

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We’re using this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout
the course of this Major project. I am thankful for their aspiring guidance, invaluably
constructive criticism and friendly advice during the project work. I am sincerely grateful to
them for sharing their truthful and illuminating views on a number of issues related to the
project.

We also express our deep sense of gratitude to our respected and learned guides Dr.Arun Kumar
and Mr. VK Sharma ,for their valuable help and guidance, we are thankful to them for the
encouragement they have given us in completing the project. We are also grateful to respected
Mr.RK Kapoor- HOD (Telecom) for permitting us to utilize all the necessary facilities of the
institution. We are also thankful to all the other faculty & staff members of our department for
their kind co-operation and help.

Lastly, we would like to express our deep apperception towards our classmates and our parents
for providing us the moral support and encouragement.

Altamash

Enrolment No. – A1607113064

Akshat

Enrolment No. – A1607113032

Ayush Kumar

Enrolment No. – A1607113079

 ABSTRACT

In the present era, wireless data transmission techniques are commonly used in electronic
devices. For powering them connection needs to be made to the power supply through wires else
power may be supplied from batteries. Batteries require charging, replacement and other
maintenance efforts. For example, in the applications such as villages, border areas, forests, hilly
areas, where generally remote controlled devices are used, continuous charging of the microcells
is not possible by conventional charging methods. So, some alternative methods need to be
developed to keep the batteries full time charged and to avoid the need of any consumable
external energy source to charge the batteries. To resolve such problems, Energy harvesting
technique is proposed as the best alternative. There exists variety of energy harvesting techniques
but mechanical energy harvesting happens to be the most prominent. This technique utilizes
piezoelectric components where deformations produced by different means are directly
converted to electrical charge via piezoelectric effect. Subsequently the electrical energy can be
regulated or stored for further use. The proposed work in this research recommends
Piezoelectricity as an alternate energy source. The motive is to obtain a pollution-free energy
source and to utilize and optimize the energy being wasted.
In this project, we are going to design a setup that contains few piezoelectric sensors that will be
able to generate sufficient amount of voltage by the application of strain on them. In this project,
we will use the piezo crystal in the devices which go through vibrations during their functioning.
The project will be designed such that its application will be user friendly, flexible and can be
used in many applications accordingly. Also, the output current generated will be of sufficient
magnitude in order to work efficiently.
 CONTENT

S.NO TOPIC PAGE NO.

INTRODUCTION 1-3
1
LITERATURE SURVEY 4
2
METHODOLOGY 5
3
BLOCK DIAGRAM 6
4
WORKING 7-8
5
MERITS & DEMERITS 9
6
APPLICATION 10
7
DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 11
8
FUTURE SCOPE 12
9
CONCLUSION 13
10
REFERENCES 14
11
 INTRODUCTION

Piezoelectricity is the charge which accumulates in certain solid materials (notably crystals,
certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins) in response to
applied mechanical strain. The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure. It
is derived from the Greek piezo or piezein , which means to squeeze or press,
and electric or electron , which stands for amber – an ancient source of electric
charge. Piezoelectricity is the direct result of the piezoelectric effect.
The piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear electromechanical interaction between the
mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline materials with no inversion symmetry. The
piezoelectric effect is a reversible process in that materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric
effect (the internal generation of electrical charge resulting from an applied mechanical force)
also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of a mechanical force
resulting from an applied electrical field). For example, lead zirconated titanate crystals will
generate measurable piezoelectricity when their static structure is deformed to about 0.1% of the
original dimension. Conversely, lead zirconated titanate crystals will change about 0.1% of their
static dimension when an external electric field is applied to the material.
Piezoelectricity is found in useful applications such as the production and detection of sound,
generation of high voltages, electronic frequency generation, microbalances, and ultra-fine
focusing of optical assemblies. It is also the basis of a number of scientific instrumental
techniques with atomic resolution, the scanning probe microscopies such
as STM, AFM, MTA, SNOM, etc., and everyday uses such as acting as the ignition source
for cigarette lighters and push-start propane barbecues.

Battery
The battery is of 6 volts. Power of this battery is used for glowing tube light when the power
supply is off. Otherwise, the power supply keeps on charging the battery.

Transistor
The name is transistor derived from ‘transfer resistors’ indicating a solid-state Semiconductor
device. In addition to conductor and insulators, there is a third class of material that exhibits
proportion of both. Under some conditions, it acts as an insulator, and under other conditions it’s
a conductor. This phenomenon is called Semi-conducting and allows a variable control over
electron flow. So, the transistor is semiconductor device used in electronics for amplitude.
Transistor has three terminals, one is the collector, one is the base and other is the emitter, (each
lead must be connected in the circuit correctly and only then the transistor will function).
Electrons are emitted via one terminal and collected on another terminal, while the third terminal
acts as a control element. Each transistor has a number marked on its body. Every number has its
own specifications. Here we will be using NPN transistor.

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NPN Transistors:

When a positive voltage is applied to the base, the transistor begins to conduct by allowing
current to flow through the collector to emitter circuit. The relatively small current flowing
through the base circuit causes a much greater current to pass through the emitter / collector
circuit. The phenomenon is called current gain and it is measure in beta.
NPN TYPE: This is formed by joining a layer of N type germanium to a P-N Junction.

N N
P

Both types are shown in figure, with their symbols for representation. The center section is called
the base, one of the outside sections-the emitter and the other outside section-the collector. The
direction of the arrowhead gives the direction of the conventional current with the forward bias
on the emitter. The conventional flow is opposite in direction to the electron flow.

TRANSFORMER

PRINCIPLE OF THE TRANSFORMER: -

Two coils are wound over a Core such that they are magnetically coupled. The two coils are
known as the primary and secondary windings.
In a Transformer, an iron core is used. The coupling between the coils is source of making a
path for the magnetic flux to link both the coils. A core as in fig.2 is used and the coils are
wound on the limbs of the core. Because of high permeability of iron, the flux path for the flux is
only in the iron and hence the flux links both windings. Hence there is very little ‘leakage flux’.
This term leakage flux denotes the part of the flux, which does not link both the coils, i.e., when
coupling is not perfect. In the high frequency transformers, ferrite core is used. The transformers
may be step-up, step-down, frequency matching, sound output, amplifier driver etc. The basic
principles of all the transformers are same.

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DIODE

The simplest semiconductor device is made up of a sandwich of P-type semiconducting material,

with contacts provided to connect the p-and n-type layers to an external circuit. This is a junction
Diode.
If the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the p-type material (cathode) and the
negative terminal to the N-type material (Anode), a large current will flow. This is called
forward current or forward biased.
If the connections are reversed, a very little current will flow. This is because under this
condition, the p-type material will accept the electrons from the negative terminal of the battery
and the N-type material will give up its free electrons to the battery, resulting in the state of
electrical equilibrium since the N-type material has no more electrons. Thus, there will be a
small current to flow and the diode is called Reverse biased.
Thus, the Diode allows direct current to pass only in one direction while blocking it in the other
direction. Power diodes are used in concerting AC into DC. In this, current will flow freely
during the first half cycle (forward biased) and practically not at all during the other half cycle
(reverse biased). This makes the diode an effective rectifier, which convert ac into pulsating dc.
Signal diodes are used in radio circuits for detection. Zener diodes are used in the circuit to
control the voltage.

Counter
A 0-99 counter is used to show the number of counts.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY
Earlier developments in the piezo electric circuitry involved concentration on small vibrations
and hence small strains. Also, few of them required external voltage supply and there were
number of losses in the system which amounts to low voltage output.
In December 1929, scientists in U.S Navy performed various researches on piezoelectric
crystals. Their focus was primary on the dimensions of crystals. This research proved that by
changing the dimension and orientation of crystal the output is considerably changed. They
designed the crystal named ‘Curie cut’ or ‘Zero Cut’ based on the changes made in the angles of
the crystal. Thus, this proves that the crystals designed with such dimensions are effective in
controlling oscillations of a 50watt vacuum tube. So, they act as a voltage controlling device too.
In 1985, the concept of using handwriting dynamics for electronic identification was performed
in Sandia Laboratories. A piezoelectric sensor pen for obtaining the pen point dynamics during
writing was studied. Design equations were derived and details of an operating device were
studied. Typical output waveforms obtained from the operation of the pen and showed the
dissimilarities between dynamics of a genuine signature and an attempted forgery. So, this also
shows high sensitivity of Piezo material towards marginal pressure change.
In 2000, various applications of piezoelectric in wireless sensing was studied and experimented.
Numerous industrial and military applications require remote sensing of various machine and
equipment operating parameters in locations where traditional power sources may not be
available and long periods of unattended operation are required. Quite often, however, some
source of Vibrating energy may be present in operation of the machine in question. Hence a
piezoelectric source is efficiently utilized to generate power for the operation of a
microcontroller and radio transmitter to acquire sampled machine data. Various techniques for
the efficient conversion, use and storage of piezoelectric power are discovered and used in a
general energy harvesting data transmitter design.

In 2005, United States Defense Advance Research Project Agency (DARPA) initiated an
innovative project on Energy harvesting which attempts to power battlefield equipment by
piezoelectric generators embedded in soldiers' boots. However, these energy harvesting sources
put an impact on the body. DARPA's effort to harness 1-2 watts from continuous shoe impact
while walking was abandoned due to the discomfort from the additional energy expended by a
person wearing the shoes.
In this project the concentration is mainly on use of the piezoelectric crystals and films in high
vibration system with efficient arrangement to get higher efficiency. Moreover, the amplification
level designed will be such that the output rating of system will be considerably higher than
previous systems.

4
 METHODOLOGY

In this Electrical Power Generation Using Foot Steps Project, we are generating electrical power
as non-conventional method by simply walking or running on the footstep. For this purpose,
piezoelectric sensor is used in order to measure force, pressure and acceleration by its change
into electric signals. A piezoelectric sensor is an electric device which is used to measure
acceleration, pressure, or force to convert them to an electric signal. These sensors are mainly
used for process control, quality assurance, research and development in various industries. The
applications of this sensor involve, aerospace, medical, instrumentation, and as a pressure sensor
it is used in the touch pad of mobile phones. In the automotive industry, these sensors are used to
monitor ignition when developing internal burning engines.

5
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The complete diagram of the foot step power generation is given below. Only one step is
inclined in certain small angle which is used to generate the power. The pushing power is
converted into electrical energy by proper driving arrangement. The rack & pinion, spring
arrangement is fixed at the inclined step. The spring issued to return the inclined step in same
position by releasing the load. The pinion shaft is connected to the supporter by end bearings as
shown in fig. The larger sprocket also coupled with the pinion shaft, so that it is running the
same speed of pinion. The larger sprocket is coupled to the small cycle sprocket with the help
of chain (cycle). This larger sprocket is used to transfer the rotation force to the smaller
sprocket.The smaller sprocket is running same direction for the forward and reversedirection of
rotational movement of the larger sprocket. This action locks like a cycle pedaling action. The
fly wheel and gear wheel is also coupled to the smaller sprocket shaft. The flywheel is used to
increase the rpm of the smaller sprocket shaft. The gear wheel is coupled to the generator shaft
with the help of another gear wheel. The generator is used here, is permanent magnet D.C
generator. The generated voltage is 12Volt D.C.This D.C voltage is stored to the Lead-acid 12
Volt battery. The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the 12Volt
D.C to the 230 Volt A.C. This working principle is already explained the above chapter. This
230 Volt A.C voltage is used to activate the light, fan and etc.
By increasing the capacity of battery and inverter circuit, the power rating is increased. This
arrangement is fitted in shopping complex, college and wherever the large people walking on the
footsteps simultaneously.

6
 WORKING

In the above picture, we see piezoelectric sensors the number of piezoelectric sensors that we
will be using is 20. Piezoelectric sensors are the sensors that will be producing AC voltage so in
order to convert the AC voltage into DC we will be using general purpose diode i.e.1N4001
series. This is followed by a capacitor, which gets charged by the rectifier up to a pre-decided
voltage, at which the switch closes and the capacitor discharges through the device.
In this way, the energy can be stored in the capacitor, and can be discharged when required. But
the energy harvesting capacity of this circuit is not appreciable. Hence, a DC to DC converter is
used after bridge rectifier stage. The addition of DC-DC converter has shown an improvement in
energy harvesting by a factor of 7. It consists of a switching device in parallel with the
piezoelectric element. The device is composed of a switch and an inductor connected in series
The DC voltage will be stored in 6V battery, the number of battery used is 2 in number.

7
The circuit comprises the inverter unit. The 6V each DC of the battery is converted into AC by
power transistor T-1 (NPN). The output of the transistor is fed to the inverter transformer which
will convert 12 v to 220volt which will light up . The number of press or number of jumps on a
wooden plank is shown on the 0-99 counter.

8
 MERITS AND DEMERITS

MERITS

 Power generation is simply walking on the step

 Power also generated by running or exercising on the step.

 No need fuel input

 This is a Non-conventional system

 Battery is used to store the generated power

DEMERITS

 Only applicable for the particular place.

 Mechanical moving parts is high

 Initial cost of this arrangement is high.

 Care should be taken for batteries

9
 APPLICATIONS
Power generation using foot step can be used in most of the places such as:

 colleges,

 schools,

 cinema theatres,

 Shopping complex and

 Many other buildings.

10
 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Method Of Implementation
The "Crowd would work something like this A responsive sub-flooring system would be placed
under, say, the platform of a subway terminal. The blocks that make up the system would
depress slightly under the force of human footsteps. As the blocks slipped against each other,
they would generate power in the form of an electric current.2. The electric current could be
used, among other things, to light up signs about the energy created by the pedestrians, the
creators say. People should understand the direct relationship between their movement and the
energy produced," said co-creator Thaddeus Jusczyk.
Result Analysis
While the Crowd Farm wouldn't work in the home (a single human step generates only enough
power to light 15-watt light bulb for one second), it could really draw some power from a crowd
producing thousands of steps.

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 FUTURE SCOPE

Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and wellbeing ever
since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Due to this a lot of energy resources have
been exhausted and wasted. Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot power with
human locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly populated countries like India
and China in future.

12
 CONCLUSION

• The project Footstep Power Generation uses the footstep to produce electricity. It is one
of the best economical and affordable energy solution to the common people.

• This can be used for many application in rural areas where power availability is less or
totally absent. As India is and developing nation where energy management is big
challenge for such a huge population.

13
 REFERENCES:

1. Gautschi, G. (2002). Piezoelectric sensors. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. p. 3

2. Wali, R Paul (October 2012). "An electronic nose to differentiate aromatic flowers using
a real-time information-rich piezoelectric resonance measurement". Procedia Chemistry:
194–202
3. Becker, Robert O.; Marino, Andrew A. "Piezoelectricity". Department of Orthopedics
Surgery at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. Archived from the
original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
4. Alfredo Vázquez Carazo (January 2000). "Novel Piezoelectric Transducers for High
Voltage Measurements". Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya: 242.
5. Lakes, Roderic (July 8, 2013). "Electrical Properties of Bone - a review". University of
Wisconsin. Retrieved September 1, 2013.

6. Karki, James (September 2000). "Signal Conditioning Piezoelectric Sensors" (PDF).

Texas Instruments. Retrieved December 2, 2007.

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