See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/324438941

Temperature Dependent Viscosity of Cobalt Ferrite / Ethylene Glycol Ferrofluids

Conference Paper  in  AIP Conference Proceedings · April 2018

DOI: 10.1063/1.5028675

CITATIONS READS
5 5,254

6 authors, including:

Prashant B. Kharat Sandeep B. Somvanshi

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University
23 PUBLICATIONS   63 CITATIONS    11 PUBLICATIONS   8 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Jitendra S. Kounsalye s.s. Deshmukh

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Deogiri College
17 PUBLICATIONS   48 CITATIONS    4 PUBLICATIONS   24 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Role of Zn substitution in production of the ferrites with tailor made magnetic properties View project

ultrasonic investigation View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Prashant B. Kharat on 11 April 2018.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Temperature dependent viscosity of cobalt ferrite / ethylene glycol ferrofluids
Prashant B. Kharat, Sandeep B. Somvanshi, Jitendra S. Kounsalye, Suraj S. Deshmukh, Pankaj P. Khirade, and
K. M. Jadhav

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1942, 050044 (2018); doi: 10.1063/1.5028675

View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5028675
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/1942/1
Published by the American Institute of Physics
 Temperature Dependent Viscosity of Cobalt Ferrite /
Ethylene Glycol Ferrofluids
Prashant B. Kharat1, Sandeep B. Somvanshi1, Jitendra S. Kounsalye1, Suraj S.
Deshmukh2, Pankaj P. Khirade1, K. M. Jadhav1a
1
Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad (M.S.), India
2
Department of Physics, Deogiri College, Aurangabad (M.S.), India
a
Corresponding author: pbk9403750321@gmail.com

Abstract. In the present work, cobalt ferrite / ethylene glycol ferrofluid is prepared in 0 to 1 (in the step of 0.2) volume
fraction of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation method. The XRD results confirmed the formation
of single phase spinel structure. The Raman spectra have been deconvoluted into individual Lorentzian peaks. Cobalt
ferrite has cubic spinel structure with Fd3m space group. FT-IR spectra consist of two major absorption bands, first at
about 586 cm-1 (υ1) and second at about 392 cm-1 (υ2). These absorption bands confirm the formation of spinel-structured
cobalt ferrite. Brookfield DV-III viscometer and programmable temperature-controlled bath was used to study the
relationship between viscosity and temperature. Viscosity behavior with respect to temperature has been studied and it is
revealed that the viscosity of cobalt ferrite / ethylene glycol ferrofluids increases with an increase in volume fraction of
cobalt ferrite. The viscosity of the present ferrofluid was found to decrease with increase in temperature.

INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, in many industrial technologies, ultra high-performance cooling is one of the most crucial need.
However, fundamentally low thermal conductivity is a primary limitation in developing energy-efficient heat
transfer fluids that are required for ultra high-performance cooling. Modern nanotechnology can produce metallic or
nonmetallic particles of nanometer dimensions. Nanofluids are engineered by suspending nanoparticles with average
sizes below 100 nm in traditional heat transfer fluids such as water, oil, and ethylene glycol. A very small amount of
guest nanoparticles, when dispersed uniformly and suspended stably in host fluids, can provide dramatic
improvements in the thermal properties of host fluids. Nanofluids (nanoparticle fluid suspensions) is the term
reported by Choi (1995) to describe this new class of nanotechnology-based heat transfer fluids that exhibit thermal
properties superior to those of their host fluids or conventional particle fluid suspensions [1].
Ferrofluids have been a topic of intense research during the last few decades due to their potential applications in
mechanical, biomedical and optical industries. Ferrofluids are a stable colloidal dispersion of nanosized particles of
ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic particles in a carrier liquid. Magnetic particles are important in ferrofluidics,
magnetic refrigeration, information storage, magnetic drug delivery, and as contrast enhancement agents in imaging
and fundamental applications [2]. These approaches can be adapted very well for spinel ferrites, MFe2O4 (M = Mg,
Co, Mn, Ni, Zn, etc.). With suitable protection, the particles can be redispersed in liquid media.
The knowledge of thermal conductivity, density and viscosity are required before designing an effective thermal
system. Viscosity is one of the important properties of fluid which demonstrates the resistance of the fluid and
influences the convection heat transfer. In the literature, many reports are available on the analysis of viscosity of
nanofluids for various purposes [3-6]. The influence of temperature, the volume fraction of nanoparticles, particle
size and shape on the viscosity of ferrofluids is of much interest. Therefore, an attempt is made to study the viscosity
of cobalt ferrite/ethylene glycol ferrofluid under the influence of temperature and volume fraction and results are
presented in this work.

DAE Solid State Physics Symposium 2017

AIP Conf. Proc. 1942, 050044-1–050044-4; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5028675
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1634-5/$30.00

050044-1
 EXPERIMENTAL
Cobalt Nitrate (Co(NO3)26H2O), Ferric Nitrate (Fe(NO3)39H2O), Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Acetone
((CH3)2CO), distilled water (H2O), Oleic acid (C18H34O2), Nitric acid (HNO3) and ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) all the
chemicals were purchased from Merck of AR grade and used without any purification treatment. Oleic acid was
used as surfactant and ethylene glycol was used as the base liquid. Cobalt ferrite ferrofluids of various volume
concentrations 0 to 1 in the step of 0.2 are prepared in ethylene glycol detailed procedure is reported in our earlier
reports [7]. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the samples is obtained using an X-ray diffractometer (BRUKER) using
Cu-Kα (Wavelength-1.5406 Å) over the range of 20° to 80° diffraction angle at room temperature. Raman spectra
are measured using a LASER Raman spectrophotometer (Renishaw Reflex) equipped with a CCD camera using Ar
ion laser (514 nm) over the range of 200 - 800 cm-1. Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectra are recorded using
an FT-IR spectrometer (BRUKER ALPHA T) over the range of 350 – 1000 cm-1. The Brookfield DV-III
viscometer with a programmable temperature-controlled bath was used to measurement of the viscosity of
CoFe2O4/EG ferrofluid.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

X-ray diffraction analysis

FIGURE 1. XRD pattern of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles

The XRD pattern is shown in Fig. 1 and (222), (311), (222), (400), (422), (511), (440), (533) peaks are observed.
The x-ray patterns confirmed the prepared CoFe2O4 sample is of the spinel structure. The value of lattice constant is
found to be 8.388 Å ± 0.004 Å. The size of the particles was determined by Scherrer formula using most incense
(311) peak [8]. The average sizes of the particles were found to be around 12 nm.

Raman analysis
Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique to provide more insights on the atomic structure of nanoparticles.
The Raman spectra of the CoFe2O4 sample are presented in Fig. 2. For a more precise analysis, the recorded Raman
spectra have been deconvoluted into individual Lorentzian peaks and the positions of the bands are shown in Fig. 2
also. Cobalt ferrite has cubic spinel structure with Fd3m space group. From the group theory analysis, 39 normal
modes of vibrations are predicted for spinel structure, out of which five modes A1g (648 – 680 cm-1), Eg (278 – 293
cm-1), 3T2g (539–565, 449 – 471 and 163 – 177 cm-1) are Raman active. It is noticed from the Fig. 2 that the cobalt
ferrite sample shows four major bands at ~ 302, ~ 467, ~ 572 and ~ 693 cm-1 respectively. These bands are assigned
to five Raman active modes of vibrations (A1g +Eg + 3T2g). Besides these bands, due to quantum-size effects, a
band around ~ 618 cm-1 is also detected. Furthermore, the recorded Raman spectra confirm the spinel structure of
cobalt ferrite and rules out the existence of impurities like α-Fe2O3, which usually gives strong bands at ~ 240 and ~
300 cm-1. The use of Raman spectroscopy to reveal the degree of inversion of spinel ferrites has been highlighted by

050044-2
several authors. It is well known that the vibrational modes above 600 cm-1 are corresponding to A1g symmetry
involving symmetrical stretching vibration of the metal-oxygen bond at the tetrahedral group (AO4). Hence all the
vibrational bands and degree of inversion is confirmed the cation distribution of cobalt ferrite sample which is
similar to earlier report.

FIGURE 2. Raman spectra of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. FIGURE 3. The FTIR spectra of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles.

FT-IR analysis
The FT-IR spectrum of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles is shown in Fig. 3. The position of vibrational bands of cobalt
ferrites is also shown in Fig. 3. For spinel ferrites, the vibrational band around 600 cm-1 corresponds to the stretching
vibration of tetrahedral groups and the vibrational band around 400 cm-1 corresponds to the stretching vibration of
octahedral groups [9]. It is noticed from the Fig. 3 that the vibrational spectra consist of two major absorption bands,
first at about 586 cm-1 (υ1) and second at about 392 cm-1 (υ2). These absorption bands further confirm the formation
of spinel-structured cobalt ferrite. This further confirms the results discussed in Raman analysis.

Viscosity Measurements
Viscosity, like thermal conductivity, influences the heat transfer behavior of cooling fluids. Ferrofluids are
preferred as cooling fluids because of their improved heat removal capabilities. The viscosity of cobalt ferrite/
Ethylene glycol ferrofluids as a function of temperature for various CoFe2O4 volume fractions under no magnetic
field is depicted in Fig. 4(a). The viscosity was measured at 20 °C to 80 °C.

(a) (b)
FIGURE 4. (a-b). Relation between densities with respect to the temperature of CoFe2O4/EG ferrofluids.

050044-3
 It is evident from this Fig. 4 that the viscosity of the ferrofluids decreases exponentially with the CoFe2O4
nanoparticles volume fraction. The viscosity decreases from 29.72 mPa·s to 11.90 mPa·s as the temperature
increases from 20 °C to 80 °C at 1 volume fraction. The decrease in viscosity with respect to temperature may be
due to attenuating interparticle and intermolecular forces. The viscosity of cobalt ferrite/ Ethylene glycol ferrofluids
as a function of volume fraction of CoFe2O4 under no magnetic field for different temperatures ranging from 20 °C
to 80 °C is depicted in Fig. 4(b). It can be seen from the Fig. 4(b) that viscosity of the nanofluid increases with
increase in the nanoparticle volume fraction. However, the viscosity increases very slowly. For instance, the
viscosity increases from 3.51 mPa·s to 11.90 mPa·s by dispersing 1% volume fraction at 80 °C temperature. The
behavior of viscosity as a function of volume concentration is similar to all the temperatures under study. The slow
increase in viscosity with respect to volume fraction is due to the strengthening of internal share influenced by
nanoparticles. Our results on viscosity as a function of temperatures and volume fraction are of a similar trend with
those reported in the literature [10].

CONCLUSION
In the present study, cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by chemical co-
precipitation method. XRD analysis reveals that the cobalt ferrites crystallize in single phase spinel structure. The
Raman spectra of cobalt ferrite sample show four major bands at ~ 302, ~ 467, ~ 572 and ~ 693 cm-1. FT-IR spectra
consist of two major absorption bands, first at about 586 cm-1 (υ1) and second at about 392 cm-1 (υ2). It confirms the
formation of the spinel structure. The influence of temperature on viscosity is found to be greater than that of
volume fraction. It is revealed that the viscosity of cobalt ferrite/ethylene glycol ferrofluids increases with an
increase in volume concentrations and decreases exponentially with increasing temperature. Thus, the study
indicates that the prepared sample can be employed for ultra high-performance cooling application.

REFERENCES
1. Das, S.K., et al., Nanofluids: science and technology. 2007: John Wiley & Sons.
2. Odenbach, S., Ferrofluids: magnetically controllable fluids and their applications. Vol. 594. 2008: Springer.
3. Singh, R. and G. Thirupathi, Manganese-Zinc Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles and Ferrofluids, in Magnetic
Spinels-Synthesis, Properties and Applications. 2017, InTech.
4. Philip, J. and J.M. Laskar, Optical properties and applications of ferrofluids—a review. Journal of nanofluids,
2012. 1(1): p. 3-20.
5. Malekzadeh, A., et al., Experimental Investigations on the Viscosity of Magnetic Nanofluids under the
Influence of Temperature, Volume Fractions of Nanoparticles and External Magnetic Field. Journal of Applied
Fluid Mechanics, 2016. 9(2).
6. Prashant B. Kharat , J.S.K., Ashok V. Humbe , Shankar D. Birajdar, K. M. Jadhav, Preparation and Diverse
Properties of Cobalt Ferrite Ferrofluid. International Journal of Advanced Research in Basic and Applied
Science, 2017(Special Issue): p. 106-109.
7. Kharat, P.B., et al. Synthesis and characterization of water based NiFe2O4 ferrofluid. in AIP Conference
Proceedings. 2017. AIP Publishing.
8. Kale, G., et al., Tartaric Acid a Novel Fuel Approach: Synthesis and Characterization of CoFe2O4 Nano
Particles. BIONANO FRONTIER, 2015. 8(3): p. 146-148.
9. Kounsalye, J.S., et al., Influence of Ti4+ ion substitution on structural, electrical and dielectric properties of
Li0.5Fe2.5O4 nanoparticles. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2017.
10. Amani, M., et al., Thermal conductivity measurement of spinel-type ferrite Mn-Fe2O4 nanofluids in the
presence of a uniform magnetic field. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2017. 230: p. 121-128.

050044-4
View publication stats