Adam $. Bolton ‘May 1, 2002 bolton@mit.edu MIT 8.02 Spring 2002 Assignment #9 Solutions Problem 9.1 Wavelength of radio waves. (Giancoli 32-37.) Channel 2: ¢ _3.00x10°_ d= f= Seo xi = 555m Channel 69: . Dep = £- = 2:00 x 10" =o 372m foo 806 x 10° Problem 9.2 Traveling electromagnetic waves. The given electric field is in all three cases of the form E(e,t) = Esin(kr tut+a) , with Ey perpendicular to the direction of propagation (the x-direction) and a = 0 or 1/2 (recall that sin(@ + 7/2) = cos). For such a wave, the propagation direction is +é if the argument is (kx — wt +a) and —@ if the argument is (kx + wt +a). k is the wavenumber, = 2n/k is the wavelength, f = w/2n is the frequency in Hertz, v = w/k is the speed, and ‘/v is the index of refraction. From the given expressions and these definitions, we can read off the answers to (a) (e): prop. direct. | \(m) [k(m—") | f (Hz) | vm/a) |» ease (1) i 400 [1.57 | 7.50 x 107 | 3.00 x 10° | 1.0 case (2) +i 2.00 | 3.14 | 1.50 x 10% | 3.00 x 108 | 1.0 case (3) -i 1.00 6.28 | 2.13 x 108 | 2.13 10°] 14 (£) In order to construct the corresponding equations for B, we must remember two features of a traveling EM plane wave: (i) B is in phase with B, and (ii) B is perpendicular to both B and the propagation direction such that E x B points in the direction of propagation If the vector k indicates the direction of propagation, then our three cases must have the following orientations:MIT 8.02 Spring 2002 ~ Assignment #9 Solutions 2 qd) (2) GB) As for magnitudes: B = E/v = nE/c. The full expressions for the magnetic fields of our three cases are thus (with B in Tesla) case (1): By = (-8.33 x 10°*)sin(1.57¢ + 4.71 x 101), B, = B. case (2): B, = (1.67 x 10-7) cos(3.14x - 9.42 x 10°), B, = B, =0 case (3): By (L87 x 1077) cos(6.28¢ + 1.34 x 10°), Be=B,=0 (g) The instantaneous Poynting vector for case (3) is (Giancoli Equation (32-18), p. 801): s = +@xp)=-4 Ho Ho _ 4OV(L87 x 107) (4x x 10-7) = (-6.0) cos*(6.28r + 1.34 x 10%)@ . ‘The time average of cos*(A+ Bt) is } for any A and B, so the time-averaged Poynting vector for all positions (including the two specified) is E,Byt 108" (6.280 + 1.34 x 101) 5 = (-3.0)# (units: Joules per square meter per second) Thus we find that this traveling electromagnetic wave transmits energy in the —# direction through space. Problem 9.3 EM waves ~ Maxwell's equations and the “speed of light”. We want to apply Faraday’s law to the given plane surface (area A,) and the rectangular loop that bounds it. For def- initeness, we'll take the normal to the surface to be in the | ! +i direction, To calculate &p, we divide the surface up into many strips of thickness dz as shown in the diagram. Each strip will make a differential contribution to the flux of Bq = BydA = Bocos(kz —wt)Idz .MIT 8.02 Spring 2002 ~ Assignment #9 Solutions 3 The total flux will then be given by Ala Bol n= f dy = Bol f° cos(ke — wt) de = SO fsin(ka/4 — wt) ~sin(—wt)] Since k/4 = k(2x/k)/4 = m/2, this becomes C5 Pat tcos(ut) +sinut)] > - at 7 ei sin(.st) — cos(wt)] Now to calculate fB-dl. Our choice of +9 (as opposed to —f) for the normal to our surface dictates that our line integral be taken counterclockwise when viewed as in the diagram. Since E is purely in the @ direction, E dl = 0 along the top and bottom edges of the integration curve. This leaves us with fEed = f Ble= NA drt f° Ble = 0,1) de ‘ = Eysin(ut) [ det Bocos(ut) f° de f h = Eallsin(wt) — cos(wt)] - Faraday’s law asserts that § E- dl = —d®,/dt. For the case under consideration, this gives Eqllsin(wt) — cos(wt)] = Bale Isin(wt) — cos(wt)] ‘This will be satisfied for all time only if Ey = Bow/k. Given that c = w/k is the wave speed, we have the result By = Ko/c as a consequence of Faraday’s law. Combining this with By = cock as obtained in lecture from Ampére’s law, we conclude that ¢ = 1//éyo is the speed of light in vacuum. Problem 9.4 A standing electromagnetic wave. (a) Any standing wave of the form cos(kz) cos(.wt) has a wavelength of 2x/k and a frequency in Hertz of w/2n. For our wave, k = 2/3em™! and w = 7.0 x 10! rad/s, so A=18ldem, f =1.114x 10H (b) The index of refraction of the medium is c_¢ ___(8.00x10cm/s) ___ 4g vo w/k (7.0x 10s) /2V3em—")— (c) To find B, we picture our E-field as the linear superposition of two traveling waves, one traveling in the +3 direction and one in the —2 direction. Using the trigonometric identity 2eosercos f = cos(a +8) +e0s(a— 8) ,