Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Jardini1997 SELECCION DEL TRANSFORMADOR DE DISTRIBUCION POR CRITERIO ECONÓMICO PDF
Jardini1997 SELECCION DEL TRANSFORMADOR DE DISTRIBUCION POR CRITERIO ECONÓMICO PDF
from measurement.
0.0 J
0 3 6 9 12 15 JB 21
LOSS OF LIFE CALCULATION HOW
ClRED 97,2-5 June 1997, Conference Publication No. 438, 0 IEE, 1997
6.14.2
25
20
B J5
10
(3temp - standard deviation
51
0 9 I 9 le 15 18 21 24
Hour '0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Hour
0.5 -
0.0 -4
0 3 6 0 12 15 18 21 I
Hour
Other experiments in the calculation were made like: of the transfornier by another in a different size, when
considering the set of load curves tninkated at +20; or the transformer load is above normal.
considering in the calculation all the measured daily This criterion and methodology were established a long
load curves. All these alternatives led to close results time ago and are being re-examined, and new
within a 10% accuracy. calculation procedures are being considered.
So calculations with the set of I1 load curves and tlie This new procedure considers the loss of life
temperature mean curve will froin now on be applied calculation as presented in the previous section which
and its results are simply named “statistical loss of results are shown on Figure 5.
life”. To understand the new procedure, first it should be
To makc the calculation easier, the loss of life results noted froin Figure 5 that, if for instance it is desired a
are represented by an equation, function of ratings life expectancy of 150 year for a transformer, then the
obtained through linear regression of calculated points. rating should be 1.78 PU. Table 1 shows how the
The chosen fitting curve is the exponential with ratings change as function of the life expectancy
polynomial exponent of 7th order. A correlation index criteria.
of 0.999 and an average standard error of 0.03% was Back to Figure 3, the pe‘ak demand of tlie mean curve is
obtained. 2.08 PU. and the peak demand with 90% probability of
not being exceeded is 2.8 PU. If this last value is t.akei1
TRANSFORMER LOAD MANAGEMENT as the KVAS value, the transformer rztiiig should
2.8/1.5=1.87 PU., by using the existing criterion. If the
The procedure used in Brazil for already installed
KVAS value is adopted at 97.5%, then KVAS=3.2 and
distribution transformer loading management is based
the rating reaches 2.2 PU. From figure 5, the above
on the expected loss of life calculation, and on
ratings 1.87 PU and 2.2 PU, represent lives of 400 and
statistical approach to determine the KVAS
3500 years respectively. The criterion is then strongly
function(statistica1 LVA). In order to develop the
dependent on the probability of the KVAS figure, as
KVAS function, samples of transformers in operation
can be observed in Table I.
are selected to be measured. The n~onthlyenergy (kWh)
in each transformer is calculated by adding the energy TABLE 1 - Transformer rated power as function of life
consumption of all customers connected to it. criterion.
Measurements of the peak load (kVA) in the Life criterion Rating
transformers are taken by iiiskilling electronic recorders
over 2 day-period. The peak power measured for each 3 I .45
transformer of the sample is the average power within 30 1.62
15 minute-intervals. The set of pairs kWh x kVA is 1so I .78
used to determine a correlation curve (exponential or 300 I 1.82
straight line), based on the least square fitting. 3.000 2.18
The KVAS function is the result of this very curve
fitting by considering a criterion of 90% probability of It is reconmended that the transformer loading
the curve not being exceeded. management be based on life criterion as follows:
Now, if the energy through a certain transformer in the TABLE 2 - Recommended transformer loading
area not included in the sample is known, the KVAS management criteria
fimction provides its expected pe‘ak demand. Then the
expected loss of life is assessed by taking into account
> 300 year underloaded
the average yearly temperature, and considering that
30 to 300 year normally loaded
the load profile is a two power step-curve.
3 to 30 year overloaded
The continuous through power equivalent to the two < 3 year critically loaded
step-curve is obtained froin the standards tables (3) and
used in the rating evaluation (kVAN). This factor is If a 150 year-life is t<aken as a basis for classification
t‘aken as F=1.5, for the Silo Paul0 area and was (loo%), then iinderloaded, normal, overloadcd,‘critical
determined by visual inspection of some typical load represent loads of: bellow 0.95; 0.95-1.10; 1.10-1.23;
profiles in some transformers. The ratio over 1.23; respectively, above base power, values
R=KVAS/( 1.5,kVAN) is used to attribute to the deducted from Table 1. The ranges are though
transformer one of the following classifications: narrower than the ranges of today’s criterion.
underloaded, normally loaded, overloaded, or critically It should be remembered that this criteria can be used
loaded (ratio R ranges are: bellow 0.75, 0.75-1.25, for transformer loading management, since no
1.25-1.5, and above 1.5, respectively). An appropriate econoniic criteria is considered.
action is kaken, like relocation of loads or substitution
6.14.4
ECONOMIC CRITERIA
In order to select the trarlsfornler by economic criteria, where: PCV= copper losses for rated power (PU).
the following cost aspects should be considered: To calculate the energy lost in the copper all curves in
Figure 3 must be used with their probabilities. For the
0 Transformer rating cost.
mean curve “p” the losses in a day shall be :
Iron losses, and copper losses costs.
0 Installation cost and eventually removal cost.
0 Residual transformer cost at the renioval date.
Transformer Cost
In the first year the transformer purchase cost (CTO)is where:
given by: At = is the time interval in hours (lSmid60min).
CTO”CTRPN n = the number of 15min. intervals in a day.
being : Cm = Cost per kVA in the initial year Pn = are the power values in the mean cuwe in PU of
PN = Rated Power (kVA) the base power Phase.
The annual cost, payment in installments (CAT)), in N For the other curves like (a, a’) one above and the other
years of loan that covers the cost (CT,)witli a discount below the mean, equidistant of the mean of (k..o), the
rate “ d and an inflation rate “i”, in the year “J” is: copper losses are.
AP, = B.C ( P, +
-
AP,. = B.C ( P, kaon)*
Removal and Installation Cost APa + AP,. = 2.B.C ( Pn2-t k:n:)
The removal cost at the date of the removal (CRJ)in For example: a maybe the 60% and a’ the 40% curves.
relation to the cost (C,) in the initial year shall be:
For is done in Figure 3 with 10% of probability, except
cRJ=cR( 1 + i ) ’ the extremes that have S%, results.
In similar manner the installation cost at the removal r -I
date, in relation to the cost (C,) in the initial year is: ~Pn2+0.2~~~,2(k,2+~2+k,2+k,,2+0.5~k2e)
~ ~ ~ = ~ ~ ( l + i ) ~
Transformer Losses Cost
Transformer the losses cost is made up of two parts: The total annual cost of copper losses (peak and
one due to the iron losses; and the other to the copper energy) C ~ Cof
J the transformers is then:
losses.
The annual iron loss cost ( C p ~ ~is) evaluated
considering the related peak and the energy value as:
j (Cd +8766.Ce). Pfe. PN . ( 1 + i)’
C p ~= Transformer Residual Cost at Removal Date.
where: Cd = pe<akcost $/kW in the initial year The transformer operating with rated temperature (95’)
Ce = cost of energy $/kWh in the initial year have a life duration of N years (say 30 years).
Pfe = the iron loss in pu of rating PN. When loaded above the rated temperature, the loss of
life rate (DVJ)is higher. The additional loss of life
The copper losses depend on the transformer daily load
&VI), a relative value is then:
curve. This cost is also evaluated considering the pe‘ak
and the energy values and unit prices. DDVI= ( Dvr -1 )
To calculate the transformer annual pe,ak demand of This value of additional loss of life can be converted
the copper losses, the transformer peak delnand (Pp) into cost in the year “J” having it multiplied by the
must be used. From Figure 3, it can be adopted for transformer annual cost (CATJ).
instance CVJ= DDVICATJ
P,, = 3.4 Phase (value at 2 CT ) Note: When the relative loss of life comes to 1 PU(al1
life), in a certain year, a high value for the annual cost
where: Ph,is the base power (kW).
of life is allocated in the formulae above.
The correspondent copper losses cost (Cpcu),valued at
Overall Economic Evaluation
peak unit cost, is then
For the overall economic evaluation, calculations of the
costs on “year per year” basis should be performed,
then all annual parcels has to be converted into
6.14.5
“present worth” and be added to reach the total cost in CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
the study period
From the analysis performed in this paper, the
So the economic evaluation is started from the load
following conclusions can be drawn:
average power at the initial year Po. In a given year “J”
the average power in considering of growth rate “r” 0 Transformers load curve can be represented by t k
(PU), is estimated by: mean and deviation being this model useful for the
J transformer loading representation and its selection.
PJ=PO(l+r)
The economic evaluation of the transformer in this year 0 To have the adequate value of loss of life a set of
is then done by calculating, using all the formulae load curve and the temperature mean curve should
presented before for power Pj, and applying all the be applied in the calculation.
standard rating transformers in the company. 0 For transformer loading management a criteria
CTAJ= CATJ+ (CPFJ+ CPCJ)+ CVJ based on life duration is recommended as a
The values (CTN) are plotted in a graphic to check refinement of the existing criteria.
which transformer has the lowest annual cost. Figure 6 0 The economical evaluation methodology here
shows an example of such costs. proposed is recommended for the use of the utilities.
In Figure 6 various alternatives (A,, A*, .. AN) were This methodology includes transformer’s cost,
established. They are shown at kqble 3. losses, loss of life and removdhstallation cost.
I I I I I
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
1. Blake J.H. and Kelly E.J, 1969 “Oil-immersed
power transformer overload calculations by
-
computer” IEEE vol.PAS-88 no 8. August.
2. Montsinger V.M., 1930 “Loading Transformers by
- -
Temperature” Transactions AIEE.
3. ANSI, 1981 “Guide for loading mineral-oi!
immersed overhead and pad-mounted distributhi
5a transformers (rated 500 kVA and less with 65OC or
-
55OC average winding rise)” ANSI (257.91.
4. “T, 1981 “Loading Power Transformers -
-
Figure 6 Cost x Time
Book”, WR-5416). Brazilian Standards
5. IEC 354, 1991 “Loading Guide for Oil Immersed
Transformers” ,IEC publication.
-
TABLE 3 Alternatives of transformers 6. Jardini J.A. et all, 1996 “Daily Load Curves-Data
PN(LVA) A, A2 A3 A4
-
Base Established on Field Measurements” CIRED
30 0-4 Argentina 96 .Buenos A ires.
45 5-12 0-12 0-12 0-12 7. Jardini J.A., et allii, 1994 “Determination of the
75 13- 19 13 19 - Typical Daily Load Curve for Residential Area
112.5 20-26 2 0 - 2 6 13 - 2 6 Based on Field Measurements” IEEE Transmission
150 26-30 2 6 - 3 0 ’ 26-30 13-30 -
and Distribution Conference Chicapo. USA.
8. Ahn S.U., 1993 “Distribution Transformer Loading
Police ” - Msc dissertation. Siio Paulo Universitu.
To understand the figures on Table 3 note that,
9. McNutt W.Jr., 1992 “Insulation Thermal Life
alternative A, consider an alternative that starts with
Consideration for Transformer Loading Guide”,
3OkVA that remains in operation from year 0 to 4, then
IEEE transation on Power Deliverv. January.
change to 45kVA from years 5 to 12, then 75kVA from
10.Lockie A.M., 1984 “Loading Distribution
years 13 to 19, etc...
Tranformcn beyond Name Plate Ratink”
For all selected alternatives, there should be calculated
Tutorial Course Application of Distribution
the present worth of the parcels in the study period and
Transforms.
then add to it the removal and new installation costs.
11.Jardini J.A , et allii, 1995 “Residential and
It should be mentioned that alternative Az was the one
Commercial Daily Load Curve Representation by
with lowest total cost, in the example of Figure 6. Statistical Function for Engineering Studies
Of course the most economic alternative to be selected
depend on the average power, in the initial year and on
-
Purposes” CIRED Conference ‘95 Brussels - -
Belgium.
the growing rate.
12. ELETROPAULO, 1993 “ND-2.005 Distribution
Transformer Loading”, Technical Guide 1993.