Primary Loads - Force driven, cause catastrophic

failure.
W (Weight) , WNC (Weight No Contents)
WW (Water-filled Weight)
P (Pressure), HP (Hydrotest Pressure)
T (Temperature), D (Displacement)
er Pr.toads), F (Concentrated Loads)
OPE - Operating
SUS - Sustained
EXP - Expansion
Operating case contains all loads in the system.
L 1 = W+Pl +Tl +H (OPE) this is called a basic load
case
Sustained Case contains only primary loads.
L2 = W+Pl +H (SUS) another basic load case
Expansion Case is the difference between the
operating and sustained cases.
L3 = L1-L2 (EXP) this Is called a combination load
case
Used to add or subtract results from previously
defined primitive load cases.
1'9.ce.ssary for proper EXP and occ code stress
Why not simply use L3 =Tl (EXP)?
Because the restraint configuration may result In
an Incorrect solutton.
ms.tralnts drive the restraint
Stiffness of Restraint changes depending on
position of pipe or forces on restraint.
Examples:
L2 =W+Pl
If we subtract the displacements of the SUS case
from OPE we get:
Total Displacement for L1-L2 =2 x Gap
In a Rnear system Tl (EXP) = L1 - L2 (EXP)
For most piping codes (not the offshore codes):
Set up an OPE case that Includes the occasional
load
Assume we have a uniform load representing a
seismic load, U1.
Ll = W+Pl+Tl (OPE) standard operating
(SUS)
(OPE) operating with
Algebraic:
Used for subtracting two load cases.
Takes the displacements from the referenced
cases and subtracts them.
Then computes forces, moments, and resultant
s1ress from these displacements.
Don't use algebraic for adding two load cases.
You can't take credit for occasional loads acting
~~~to operating loads.

ng two cases.
Displacement
Usually reported only for basic load cases
Force
W +P1 ( SUS) W+P1+T1 ( OPE)

Force is zero
Suppress the HGR cases and the segregated
occasional load cases.
Report cfasplacement, force for all primitive load
g~s
It is required to use the cold modulus of elasticity
for stress computation.
You can reduce restraint loads by use of the hot
~uJus of elasticity.
Friction Multiplier acts on the Mu value entered
on each restraint in the model.