In computer science, register transfer language (RTL) is a kind of intermediate representation

(IR) that is very close to assembly language, such as that which is used in a compiler. It is used
to describe data flow at the register-transfer level of an architecture.

Micro-programmed control unit can be classified into two types based on the type of Control
Word stored in the Control Memory, viz., Horizontal micro-programmed control unit and Vertical
micro-programmed control unit.

In Horizontal micro-programmed control unit, the control signals are represented in the decoded
binary format, i.e., 1 bit/CS. Here ‘n’ control signals require n bit encoding. On the other hand.
In Vertical micro-programmed control unit, the control signals are represented in the encoded
binary format. Here ‘n’ control signals require log2n bit encoding.

The main difference is: JMP performs a jump to a location, without doing anything else. CALL
pushes the current instruction pointer on the stack (rather: one after the current instruction), and
then JMPs to the location. With a RET you can get back to where you were.

processor activities:
The main function of CPU is to execute a program which is nothing but a set of instructions and
data. A CPU gets the instruction as part of the response from memory.

Every memory location has an address. At this address, the instruction is located which gets as
a response from memory. Sometimes the response is a data or operand.

Two major instruction processing phase of CPU is

FETCH
EXECUTE
CPU Phases
CPU Phases
During the execute phase, the data is fetched and operation is carried out on the data or
operand. This major phase is known as Instruction Cycle.

The whole cycle is FETCH – DECODE – EXECUTE.

assembler:
An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts them into a
pattern of bits that the computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations. Some
people call these instructions assembler language and others use the term assembly language.

overflow and underflow:

Underflow is when the absolute value of the number is too close to zero for the computer to
represent it. You can get overflow with both integers and floating point numbers. You can only
get underflow with floating point numbers. To get an overflow, repeatedly multiply a number by
ten.

cache coherence:
In computer architecture, cache coherence is the uniformity of shared resource data that ends
up stored in multiple local caches. When clients in a system maintain caches of a common
memory resource, problems may arise with incoherent data, which is particularly the case with
CPUs in a multiprocessing system.

locality of reference:
In computer science, locality of reference, also known as the principle of locality, is the tendency
of a processor to access the same set of memory locations repetitively over a short period of
time. There are two basic types of reference locality – temporal and spatial locality.