anapeen hips. & Our offices are open as usual over the Easter break iscimer Th wor has been smite by » student TS not an example the work Pode by ou a ng Seni You can ew sas fou eotssora wo hrs oy opinions, ings, conlsionscraconmendstan xe ih marl thot fh auhor a dl at sce llc he vw of UK This experiment aims to determine the diffusion coefficient of aliquid minture, sodium chloride solution, in de-ionized wat This is done through the use of honeycomb diffusion call which consists of 127 vertical capillaries which are Smm long and ‘mm in diameter. Fick's Law of Diffusion s used in this experiment to calelte the diffusion coefficient of sodium chloride solution in de-ionized water. The change in concentration ofthe sodium chloride inthe de-ionized water is measured by using the conductivity meter, since sodium chloride dissociates in water. The calculated value of effusion coeficient was compared withthe literature value derived from Eletrochemisty textbook, andthe difference in values wll be discussed, m a the lower end ofthe diffusion jon atthe upper end of Some assumptions are being made to make the calculations much simpler. The concentrati calls assumed to be equal to 2M, whichis the molarity of the sodium chlride solution. The concent the difusion cellis taken to be effectively zero. Certain factor that affect liffusion and the caleulation of the diffusion coefcient ate also discussed to understand more about their effects on diffusion. However, tis experiment did not place emphasis on these factors, and these fact be negligible in the experiment as steps have been taken to minimise thelr presence inthis experiment sare assumed to Objective The objective ofthis experiments to determine the difsioncoetcient of 2M Sodium Chloride solation in de-onised water Principles 1. Diffusion Molecular diffusion, or simply known as difusion, i 3 spontaneous process that results inthe net transport of molecules fram a region af higher concentration to another region of lower concentration. This net transport is a result of the intrinsic thermal energy present in all melecules at temperatures above absolute zero, ‘The phenomenon of di sion can be mathematically described sing Fick’s Law (or Fick's 1st Law), which states that fora two component system consisting of “A” and", the molar flux Ni of the individual component (= A.) is defined as: o vwinere Dis the dtfuson coefficient Cis the concentration of component and is the concentration gradient in the z-direction, The negative sign indicates the flow of transport is from region of higher concentration to region of lower context of ths experiment, Fick's aw in one-dimensionisconsideree, and set-up. Therefare, Equation (1) forthe molar fu’ valid fortis experiment. centration In the 1278 fs m0 mean low of mixture inthe experimental 2. Experimental Set-up A citusion celisan instrument that sued to study the difsion of quid or gaseous mires, The difson cell used inthis ‘experiment consists of a honeycomb of 121 accurately dimensioned vertical capillaries that are Sym long and Yom wide in ciameter This isto revel the difusion toa one -dimensiona difusion, To prepare the eifusion cell for use, 2 small vlume of concentrated solution i frst placed on one side of the honeycomb, whilst the other side consists of a large volume of pure solvent (de-ionized wated. The concentration within the larger volume: wall increase gradually as diffsion of the solute occus. This change in concentration is monitored closely with a conductivity sensor and meter To ensure a uniform concentration within the larger volume, the mixture is continuously stirred with 3 magnetic steer. (Figure 1) Get help with your essay today from our professional essay writers! Visit www.ukessays.com to see how we can help you! vesnares Pe ct IAS in ate ‘The concentration atthe lower end of the tube i infact constant and is equal to the malay of the solution, The concentration atthe upper end ofthe tube is effectively zero (Figure 2), Honeycomb structure wit capilaries Concentration of solution outside tube is zero Concentration of solution inside tube is 2M NaCl ‘Therefore it can be said that 2 inere Mis the molarity ofthe solution and Ls the length of the tube. The amount of sodium chloride aiffusing per unit time from the eapilany fe approximate 3 inere dis the diameter ofthe capillay, nf the number of capilries an Lis the length of the capil, (Outside the tube, since sodium chloride i able to ssociate in water into sodium and chloride ions, the accumulation of the sodium chloride salt inthe de-ionized water can be easy calculated by the measurement of change in the conductivity kof the solution wit respec to time t. The amount of sodium chloride accumulating per nit time outside the vessel approximsteh: “ wine Viste volume of water in outer vessel and CM isthe conductivity cnange for unit molarity change and has the value of 4TIB-Ih1 forthe soltion used inthis experiment. Mass balance requires thatthe amaunt of sodium chloride gong out ofthe capillaries must be equals to the amount of sodium chloride accumulated in he de-ionized water. o Therefore, © ay rearranging Equation (6 a All the terms in equsion (7) are constants and known, excapt for. However, to determine, we can plat a graph of conductivity ‘3. function of ime ane find the gradient, which i equals to. Thus, by plotting conductivity as a function of time, the value of ‘the difusion coefficient D for the sodium chloride solution can be determined, Equipment and Materials Cone litre vessel with ell elder (Figure 3) Magnetic ster with variable speed (igure 3) Magnetic str bar (Figure 3) Diffusion cll Figure 4) Conductivity meter (Figure 5) Conductivity leads Stopwatch Figure 6) bottle af de-ionized water (Figure 7) 50 mi beaker (Figure 6) 2M sodium ehloride solution ina 100m! glass bottle (Figure 9) Experimental Procedure The one lire vessel was filled with de-ionized water up to Tem below the graduation flack) mark hips. 28snanesn hips. ‘The magnetic sine wast tothe lowest eng — Te conductivity meter was connected to the electrodes and then switched on. The reading on the conductivity meter was noted to be less than 10-4i-1 (110-1 = 1 Siemens) The citfuson cell was completely filed with 2M (molarity) sodium chloride solution (116.99 NaCl). Excess solution an top of ‘the eapilares ang onthe sides was wiped off gently with a sof tise, ‘The ditfuson cell was clamped in ts position wth the top af the capilaries lying parallal with the graduation mark on the vessel The vessel was carefully filed tothe gradvaton mark withthe provided de-ionized water bottle. The nozzle ofthe botle was aimed auay from the capillaries and towards the wal ofthe vessel, so as to minimise the turbulence caused. The timer was stated immediately when the vessel was filed tt noted down atthe ame time gradual ‘mati The reading on the conductivity was ‘Te conductity readings were nated down every 200 seconds til 2600s. [After the end of Run 1, the solution in the vessel and difusion cell was disposed. Both the vessel andthe diffusion were washed thoroughly with de-ionized water 35 (1) to (10) were repeated to get another set of readings for Run 2 Results The resus are tabulated in Table 1 Questions Plot conductivity (k) versus time (t) and determine the slope of the best fit straight line through the points. From the pl the gradient of slope ofthe bes fit staight line for Run 1 and Run 2 are 410-8 and 3x 10-0 respectively Determine the diffusion coefficient of 2M NaCl using equation (6). To use equation (6, we need the value for The value fors determined from the graph. We will tke the average ofthe gradient lof the 2 slopes we get from the graph ==35%10-8 Where, V= 1 Live = 0.001 ma = Smm = 0005 m eM = 041l0-1M- nara M=2M d= mm = 0001 m (oradient of top 5x 10-8 (0s)-1 For = 35x 10%.8 (sit, How does your value(s) compare with literature values? Comment on sources of error. ae