PTEG411 8/10/2018

PTEG 411

Offshore Drilling and

Production Operations

S Banerjee
Petroleum Engineering & Earth Sciences
sbanerjee@ddn.upes.ac.in
7906120886
(sms or whatsapp, call only in emergency)

PTEG 411

Course Syllabus
 Lesson 1: Sea states and Weather
 Oceanography, Seabed condition, Wave Characterization, Meteorology,
Buoyancy & Stability
 Lesson 2: Offshore Rig types
 Fixed Platforms: Types, descriptions and operations
 Mobile Units: Types, descriptions, installation, Station keeping, mooring,
dynamic positioning
 Lesson 3: Drilling Process
 Key issues when drilling in above Rig types. Conductor and Riser. Deep
Sea drilling, Well Control
 Lesson 4: Well Completion
 Platform, Sub-sea completion
 Lesson 5: Production operations
 Processing Platform, Water Injection, Storage, SPM & SBM, Transportation
& utilities

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Resources
 Offshore Learning Center http://www.offshore-mag.com/learning-center.html
 Exxon Mobil Floater School
 Offshore Mag
 OnePetro (SPE, OTC) for Technical Papers

Offshore

INTRODUCTION

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Total US Energy consumption

and projections EIA

 Energy consumption varies minimally in all scenarios

US Energy consumption
breakdown
By By
sector Fuel

 Natural Gas increases at the expense of Coal

 Renewables keep making progress

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Natural Gas & Renewables

 Natural gas accounts for the largest share of Total Energy

production

Global Crude oil production

 Almost 70-30 ratio till 2015

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 After 2016 downturn, not much data available

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Shelf, Deepwater,
Ultra-deepwater

Analysis done by Infield

 Deepwater becoming increasingly larger share but after 2015 market shock..
 The world has produced/consumed about 1 Trillion barrels of crude oil in10 the
last 150 years. 800 billion onshore, 200 billion offshore

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 Global offshore oil production (including lease condensate and

hydrocarbon gas liquids) in 2015 was at the highest level since
2010, and accounted for nearly 30% of total global oil production.
Offshore oil production increased in both 2014 and 2015, reversing
consecutive annual declines from 2010 to 2013. Production from
onshore tight oil plays has increased faster over the past several
years and accounts for an increasing amount of total oil production.
 More than 27 million barrels of oil were produced offshore in 2015 in
more than 50 different countries. Global oil production dropped in
2016 and is slowly picking up again A significant amount of global
offshore production is concentrated in a few countries. In 2015, five
countries provided 43% of total offshore oil production: Saudi
Arabia, Brazil, Mexico, Norway, and the United States.

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Offshore crude production

and water depths

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IEA Projection for 2017

 Notice the ratio change of onshore versus offshore

 Notice the role of Deepwater 13

 2015 saw the oil market crash and that has changed things

Top 10 countries offshore

production in 2017

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Global Offshore regions

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Top 5 Country wise production

 Saudi Arabia – Saudi Aramco  Mexico – PEMEX

 Brazil – Petrobras  Norway – Statoil & Hydro 16
 USA – Exxon, SHELL, TOTAL, BP

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 Saudi Arabia. The world’s largest offshore producer has several large offshore oil fields including the
Safaniya oil field, which produces between 1.1 and 1.5 million barrels per day and is the highest-producing
offshore field in the world. Saudi Arabia is responsible for 13% of the world’s total offshore production.
 Brazil. Offshore production grew by 58% between 2005 and 2015, making Brazil the second-largest offshore
producer in 2015. This growth was driven predominately by the expansion of deepwater pre-salt projects,
which should support small production increases in 2016 and 2017. Santos oil field
 Mexico. The third-largest offshore producer has seen increasingly smaller yields from offshore assets, with
production falling by 31% from 2005 to 2015. Mexico, however, still produced nearly 2 million barrels per day
in 2015, accounting for 7% of global offshore production.
 Norway. Although offshore production declined 28% from 2005 to 2010, it has remained steady since 2010,
with 7% of global offshore production originating from Norwegian fields. Norwegian output is forecast to rise
slightly in 2016 and to fall slightly in 2017.
 United States. Recent strong production in the Gulf of Mexico has increased offshore production. From 2005
to 2015, total offshore production grew by 6.5%. With several large projects coming online in 2016 and 2017,
the Gulf of Mexico is expected to see production climb by about 0.1 million barrels per day (b/d) in 2016 and
by an additional 0.2 million b/d in 2017. By contrast, U.S. onshore production is expected to fall by 0.8 million
b/d in 2016 and by an additional 0.3 million b/d in 2017.
 Most offshore production is in shallow waters, which are cheaper and less technically challenging, but there
has also been a move toward deepwater projects. Exploratory drilling in deeper water is more costly and
complex for companies, but technology advancements and the exhaustion of shallower prospects have led
companies to explore increasingly deeper waters, particularly in Brazil and in the Gulf of Mexico.
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India offshore
regions
 Bombay High
 Panna-Mukta
 Bassein
 Heera
 Neelam
 Krishna-
Godavari

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Bombay High
 The first oil discovery in this
basin was made in the
Miocene limestone reservoir
of Mumbai High field in
February 1974
 Subsequent several
significant discoveries
including oil and gas fields like
Heera, Panna, Bassein,
Neelam, Mukta, Ratna, Soth
Tapti, Mid Tapti etc.
 Lithology is mostly Carbonate
Reef 19

Krishna Godavari
 Extensive
Deltaic plain
 Offshore
fields are
GS8
 Reliance,
ONGC,
GSPC are
operators

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Offshore Operational challenges

 Wind speeds, Wave heights, currents, Station Keeping
 Sea water corrosion
 Strict Environmental regulations
 Under water construction & maintenance
 Limitations of weight, space, personnel
 Helicopter and Ferry, crew management
 High costs, Emergency Management
 Riser, Subsea BOP stack, Wave motion compensation

Offshore operations in Gulf of Mexico, North Sea, South East Asia have
been traditionally used for testing newer technologies before they become
standard in the rest of the world 21

Offshore Technology
 Started in 1950 as offshore barges
 First Deepwater* drillship in 1956 (in early days deep-
water meant 800 ft of water)
 First Semi submersible in 1964
 Today Deep water is 1500+ft of water
 Ultradeep is 7000+ ft of water
 Today the deepest Deepwater is Raya-1, offshore
Uruguay in a water depth of 3,400 meters (11,156 feet).
Drilled by the Maersk Venturer drillship for a consortium
involving Total SA and ExxonMobil.
 Dhirubhai Ambani KG1 from Transocean set record at
3017m (9898 ft) water depth in 2011 22

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So where will this end?

 Having the technology to go to ultra-deep water does not mean
one can go to any water depth to explore. In most parts of the
world, 12,000 ft of water is touching the edge of the continental
shelf, beyond which no sedimentary rocks can be expected.
 The global prospects are very unique to Geological settings and
perhaps a lot is yet to be known. The regions more explored
have been the shallow US gulf of Mexico, North Sea, Persian
Gulf, and Australasia; The least explored are West Africa,
Mexico, China, Caspian, and Russia/Arctic
 Competing technologies like Shale Gas and unconventionals
 Environmental concerns and move to Renewables
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Deepwater challenges
 Metrological Waves data
(http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20170510-terrifying-20m-tall-rogue-waves-are-actually-real )

 Station Keeping
 Well design
 Rig Top side
 Reservoir are low pressure, high viscosity
 Flow assurance

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External forces that act to

overturn floating vessel
 Wind
 Waves
 Current
 Mooring tension
 Crane loads
 Thruster reaction
 Riser tension
The wind load is typically the largest of these
external forces, and is the only force
explicitly calculated by the vessel designer Stability is the ability
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for the purpose of analyzing vessel stability. to resist these forces

Technology advances
 Seismic Data acquisition and processing
(Wide Azimuth Seismic)
 Floating Platforms like TLP and FPSO
 Sub Sea facilities and processing
 Multi phase Flow assurance

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