———_—_—_—<—< <_< — + statistics ~ Latin word status, which means “state” |. the term became popular only in the 18% century. + Its original definition was “the science dealing with {data about the condition of a state or community” + Collecting data - questionnaires and tests + Presenting data — tables and figures + Analysis of data — descriptive and inferential + Interpretation of data — implications and conclusions Statistics + The practice of statistics dates back to the early biblical times when nations or states collected data Or. Feimon A. Pimentel Bertinant inthe administration ofthe affairs ofthe sat, + The use of statics In government is vary evident these days What is statistics? + Data ~facts and figures + Information ~ data + context + Knowledge ~ information + meaning + Types of data with respect to its nature + 1. Quanthative ~ numerical + 2. Qualitative ~ descriptives + Types of data with respect to its source + 1, Primary data ~ taken directly from the source ‘+ 2. Secondary data ~ taken from existing repository of information5/4/2018 + Types of data with respect to its measure + 1. Discrete data - taken as a whole + 2. Continuous data ~ taken as part of a whole + Types of data with respect to arrangement +1 Ungrouped data = raw scores * 2 Grouped data ~ arranged in» frequency ‘dstbution Two divisions of Statistics + Descriptive statistics ~ describes the behavior of the data, Measure of central tendency (mean, median, mode); measure of variability (range, MAD, SD, coefficient of variation); measure of position (quartiles. quintles, deciles, percentiles) + Inferential statistics ~ infer the characteristics ‘of the population from the sample. Hypothesis testing, various statistical tests. Population + Population ~ refers to the complete set of all the observations, elements, or objects under consideration. + Sample ~ refers to the representative portion cof the population or the subset of the population. + Parameter ~ refers to the numerical description of a population. + ‘Statistic ~ refers to the numerical description ofa sample, ee + In statistics, data are facts or figures that Indicate a variable. + Variable ~refers to anything that varies. + Independent variable ~a variable that can stand on Its own. Dependent variable ~ a variable that relies on ‘another variable (independent variable) Extraneous variable ~ variable that Influences other variables but isnot under consideration.Level of Measurement Ratio level (numerical) 2. The numbers in the data are used to classify @ person/object into distinct, non- overlapping, and exhaustive categories; 2. The data are arranged into categories according to magnitude, 3. The data have a fixed unit of measure ‘epresenting a set size throughout the scale. 4. The data have absolute zero. x: temperature in Kelvin, daily allowance 5/4/2018 “| * Interval level (numerical) 4. The numbers in the data are used to classify '@ person/object into distinct, non- overlapping, and exhaustive categories; 2. The data are arranged into categories ‘according to magnitude. 3. The data have a fixed unit of measure representing 2 set size throughout the scale Exc temperature in Celsius, 1Q scores * Ordinal level (categorical, rankable) 41. The numbers in the data are used to classify ‘a person/object into distinct, non- ‘overlapping, and exhaustive categories; 2. The data are arranged into categories ‘according to magnitude. x: shirt size, academic rank + Nomina level (categorical) 4, The numbers in the data are used to classify a person/object into distinct, non- overlapping, and exhaustive categories. x sex, nationality Exercises + 1. postal zip code ‘+ 2performance rating as 0, VS, S, MS, NI + 3.student number + 4.Body temperature in Celsius + S.Ranking in clas (1 honor, etc) + Gannual salary +11 Data Collection + L.interview or direct method + 2. Questionnaire or indirect method ‘+ 3.Registration method + Observation = Participant obseration =Non-partcpant observation S.Experiment