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07 - Chapter 2 PDF
07 - Chapter 2 PDF
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
Cheung and Luyben (1979) have studied the liquid level control
system with P-only and PI feedback controllers. They adopted a tuning
procedure of the Proportional-Lag (PL) controller with a design chart using
specifications for the maximum level deviation and maximum rate of change
of the manipulated flow to achieve optimal filtering for inlet flow step
changes. It is concluded that PL controller does not offer much of an
improvement compared to a standard PI Controller.
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process considered for this experiment shows highly nonlinear behaviour due
to equal percentage pneumatic control valve. National Instruments
based hardware and software tools (LabVIEW) were used for precise
and accurate acquisition, measurement and control. The real time
implementation of the Fuzzy PI + Fuzzy PD controller was carried out in two
configurations namely, feedback and cascade. In cascade control
configuration, Fuzzy PI + Fuzzy PD controller was implemented in the
primary loop. The secondary loop was tuned using the conventional PI
controller and the results illustrate that that fuzzy controller perform better in
comparison with conventional controller in both the feedback and cascade
control configurations. Limitation is that the tuning of controllers becomes a
difficult task when fuzzy logic controllers are combined with PI and PD
controllers.
the armature current with noises. The output of the system is the estimated
speed. Kalman filter was used to estimate the speed without noise
interference. The result from the estimated speed was compared with the
reference speed and the speed error will be used by the controller to control
the linear amplifier. The final output was the constant speed of the DC motor.
Even though the load of the DC motor changed, the speed of the DC motor
remains constant under the control. The results illustrate that the Kalman filter
can reject the noise from the system and estimate the speed of the DC motor
with a high accuracy. The estimated speed will be feedback to control the
system for constant speed. Sampling rate is a major limitation while
converting continuous signal to discrete signal.
control (gain factors for inputs only). To achieve better performance and less
utilization of available hardware resources, the work had been built to reduce
the total number of used rules and to eliminate those which are not effective
on the system. From experience, accurate results can be achieved if the
relationship between the FLC & conventional control parameters were
computed. Limitation is that the system software was more complex.
Kuhn and Tucker (1951) have developed the first technique for the
generation of non inferior solutions for multiobjective optimization. The main
strength of this method is its efficiency and its suitability to generate a
strongly non dominated solution that can be used as an initial solution for
other techniques. Its main weakness is the difficulty to determine the
appropriate weights that can appropriately scale the objectives when enough
information about the problem is not available, particularly if it is considered
that any optimal point obtained will be a function of such weights. Still more
important is the fact that this approach does not generate proper Pareto
optimal solutions in the presence of non-convex search spaces regardless of
the weights used.
Srinivas and Deb (1995) have proposed the Non dominated Sorting
Genetic Algorithm (NSGA) based on several layers of classifications of the
individuals. Before selection is performed, the population is ranked on the
basis of non domination and all non dominated individuals are classified into
one category with a dummy fitness value, which is proportional to the
population size, to provide an equal reproductive potential for these
individuals. To maintain the diversity of the population, these classified
individuals are shared with their dummy fitness values. This group of
classified individuals is ignored and another layer of non-dominated
individuals is considered. The process continues until all individuals in the
population are classified. A stochastic remainder proportionate selection was
used for this approach. Since individuals in the first front have the maximum
fitness value, they always get more copies than the rest of the population. This
allows searching for non dominated regions, and results in quick convergence
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of the population toward such regions. The efficiency of NSGA lies in the
way in which multiple objectives are reduced to a dummy fitness function
using a non dominated sorting procedure. Both maximization and
minimization problems can be handled using this approach. High
computational complexity, non elitism approach and the need for specifying a
sharing parameter was the major limitation.
The results indicate that this approach is highly competitive with current
evolutionary multiobjective optimization techniques as NSGA-II and other
techniques.
2.5 SUMMARY