The Rise ofAnthropological Theory + A History of Theories of Culture Thomas Y. Crowell Company | arrears Marvin Harris COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY SWS SOSCopyright © 1968 by Thomas ¥. Crowell Company, Inc All Rights Reserved. Except for use in a review, the reproduction of ttilization of this work in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, for other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying land recording, and in. any information storage’ and retrieval system is forbidden without the written permission of the publisher LG, Card 68-27392 ISBN 0690-70522'8 (Text) 04690703336 (Trade) Designed by Judith Woracek Barry. Manufactured in the United States of America, Furst Printing, May, 1968 Second Printing, May, 1969 ‘Third Printing, August, 2972 Fourth Printing, Aps, 1972 Acknowledgments are gratefully made to the following authors and publishers ‘who have granted permission to use selections from copyrighted pub Tications oss, ¥, Race, Language and Culture (New York: ‘The Macmillan Company, ‘940)- Capynght © ogo by Franz Boas. uno, ert, to Selected Baer in Antvoplogy (Bele: Univenty of alfa Pes, 296) aouuiens, £5 The Elementay Forms of Religious Life, tans, J.W. Swain {uendon: Ceorge Alen & Unwin Ltd, 1985). puneneis, &, The Rules of Sociological Method, tans. S. Solovay and J. Mueller (Glencoe, Il: The Free Press, 1938). Copyright © 1938 by Geosge Catlin, ronvs, €.9, Habitat, Economy and Society (London: Methuen & Company, Ltds New Yor: F.P. Dutton, Inc, 1934) ocun, A, The Nature of Culture (Chicago: ‘The University of Chicago Press, 1952). Copyright © 1952 by The University of Chicago Pres. évestaauss, C Totemism, trans, R. Needham (Boston: Beacon Press, 1963) Copyright @ 1962 by Presses Universitaires de France; translation copy right © 1963 by Beacon Press sowie, x, History of Ethnologieal Theory (New York: Faster and Rinchart, 1937) aaunbock, €, Social Structure (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1949) Copytight © 1949 by The Macmillan Company, vise, x, With Heart and Mind (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Win. B. Eecdmans Pub- lishing Company, 1962) nanctirre-aRows, AR, Structure and Function in Primitive Society (London: Cohen and West Ltd; New York: The Macmillan Company, 1952). sarin, &, “Resiew of W. H.R, Rivets ‘Instinct and the Unconscious: A Contrib tion to a Biological Theory of Psycho Neurosis" ed. D. Mandebaum, Selected Writings of Edward Sapir (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1949) stewan, J, "The Economic and Social Bass of Primitive Bands,” ed. R. Lowic, Bisays in Antinopology Presented to A.L. Kroeber (Berkeley: Univer sity of California Press, 1936) srewanp, J., and ¥. seivzeR, “Function and Configuration in Archaeology ‘American Antiquity, IV_(1938), 4-20. sonunes, WG, and Ac. KELLER, The Setence of Society (New Haven: Yale Uni versity Pres, 1927) ruton, #3, Primitive Culture (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1938)Acknowledgments ‘When an author has completed his book, it would seem a simple task to thank those who have helped him in its preparation. In actuality the task is not an easy one at all. Apart from all the advice and assis. ance received from colleagues, I am indebted in many ways to those men and women whose ideas and conclusions are the subject of this book. It was their writings and rescarch that helped shape and define the discipline of anthropology; and though I disagree with many of their formulations, this book is in a sense a result of these disagree ments, It is not possible to name all those who have helped in the prepara tion of this volume, but I would like to single out those who made specific suggestions for the improvement of the manuscript. I bene fited especially from the contributions of Elman Service, Robert Cameito, Morton Fried, Harvey Pitkin, Eric R. Wolf, Robert Cum- ming, Victor Bamouw, Abraham Rosman, Robert Murphy, Nan Pendrell, Alexander Alland, Michael Harmer, William Willis, Alexan- der Lesser, and Barbara Price. T should also like to thank my students and associates for their help and encouragement, especially Rolf Knight, Richard Davis, and Adrian DeWind for their invaluable assistance in all matters pertain ing to references and the bibliography, and to Amelia Hess and Esther Modell for their general patience and fortitude,