ALGEBRA FOR BEGINNERS .

WIT H N U M E RO U S EX A M PLE S .

D HU N T E R, M A
A T QA . .
,
FR S
. . .

NE W ED ITION .

fl o nh o n
M A CMILLAN A ND 00 .

fl o r o nt o
C O PP, CLA R K A ND 00 .

1 87 5 .

[ A l l Righ ts r ee er v ed j
 PR E FA C E .

TH E pre e n t work h a b e e
s dertak e a t the req e s n un n u st

of m y te a hers i or d er to b e pl a c e d i the h a ds of
an c , n n n

be gi ers a d to er e as a i tro d c tio to the l arger

nn ,
n s v n n u n

t re ati e p bl i she d by the

s u thor ; it i a cc ordi gly base d au s n

o n the e arl ier h pter f th at tre tise b t i o f m ore

c a s o a ,
u s a

el eme t ary ch ra ter G re t p i s h ave b ee t k en to

n a c . a a n n a

ren d er the work i tell igibl e to y o g st de t s by the se

n un u n ,
u

o f im p l e l a g
s ge d b y opi ous e pl
n ua tio s an c x an a n .

I nd eterm i i g the bje t s to b e i cl d e d

n n d th e su c n u an

s p ac e to b e as i g e d to e c h the a thor h s b ee n gui de d

s n a ,
u a

by the p per gi e a t the v rio s e m i tio s in l e

s v n a a u xa na n e

me t ry A l geb r whi h a e o w carrie d o i thi s c o t y

n a a c r n n n un r .

Th e b ook m y b e ai d to c o si s t o f three p art s

a s The first n .

p rt c o t i the el em e t ary operatio s i i tegr l a d

a n a ns n n n n a n

fra ctio l e pres io ; it o c pie eightee ch pter Th e

na x s ns c u s n a s .

s e c o d p rt c o t i
n a the ol tio of e q tio s a d pro
n a ns s u n ua n n

h l e ms ; it o c pie s twe l e h pter s The s bje c ts c o t ai n e d

cu v c a . u n

i th e s e two p rt c o tit te e rl y the whol e o f every e

n a s ns u n a x

am i n atio p per whi ch w s c o s l te d a d a c or d gl y they i

n a a n u ,
n c n

a e tre te d with am p l e d et i l o f i ll
r a tratio a d e er i se a us n n x c .

The third p art form t h rem ai der o f the b ook ; it c o s e n n

i ts o f v a i o s bjects whi h e i tro d c e d b t rarely

s s r us u c ar n u u

i to the e m i atio p per an d whi ch a e therefore m ore

n xa n n a s, r

briefl y di c ed s u ss .

Th e s bje t s a e rr a ge d i wh at ppe r s to b e t he
u c r a n n a a

mo t n t r l or d er B t m a y te chers fi d it a d an
s a u a . u n a n v

tageon s to i tro d c e e a y e q tio s a d probl e m s t a ery

n u s ua n n a v

e arl y t age a d ac c ordi gl y provi sio n h s b ee m ade for

s ,
n n a n
 PR E FA C E .

pre e n t work h a b een der t k e a t the req e t

TH E s s un a n u s

o f m a y te hers i or der to b e pl a c e d i the h a d f

n ac ,
n n n s o

b e gi ernn d to er e as a i tro d c tio to the l arger

s, an s v n n u n

tre ati e p bl i she d by the thor ; it i a cc ordi gly b ase d

s u au s n

o n the e ar l ier h pters of th t tre atise b u t i o f a m ore

c a a ,
s

el eme t ry h r ter G re t p ai s h a e b ee t ke to
n a c a ac . a n v n a n

re der the work i tel l igibl e to y o g st de t s by the se

n n un u n ,
u

o f impl e l
s g ge d b y opi ous e pl
an ua tio s an c x an a n .

In d eterm i i g the s bje c t s to b e i l de d a d th e

n n u nc u n

s p ac e to b e i g e d to e h the a thor h s b ee n gui ded

a ss n ac ,
u a

by the p per gi e a t the v ario

s e mi tio s in l e
v n a us xa na n e

men ta ry A l geb r whi h a e o w carrie d o i thi s c o t y

a c r n n n un r .

Th e b ook m y b e ai d to c o i s t o f three p rt
a The firs t
s ns a s .

p rt o t i s the el em e t ary op eratio s i i tegr l d

a c n a n n n n n a an

fr tio l e pre io ; it o cc pie ei ghtee ch pter Th e

ac na x ss ns u s n a s .

s e c o d p rt c o t i
n the s ol tion of e q tio s a d pro
a n a ns u ua n n

bl e m ; it o cc pie twe l e h pter s Th e s bje cts c o t ai n e d

s u s v c a . u n

i the e two p rt c o tit te e rl y the whol e o f every e

n s a s ns u n a x

am i ation p per whi c h wa c o s l te d d a c or d gl y they i

n a s n u ,
an c n

a e tre te d with am p l e d et i l o f i l l
r a tratio a d e er i e a us n n x c s .

The third p art forms t h e rem i der f the b ook ; it c o a n o n

si ts o f
s ario s bje c t s whi h a e i tro d e d b t r arel y
v u su c r n uc u

i to the e m i tio p aper an d whi ch a e therefore more

n xa na n s, r

briefl y di c s e d s u s .

Th e bje t s ar e arr a ge d in wh at ppe r s to b e the

su c n a a

mo st at r l or d er B t m a y te hers fi d it a d an
n u a . u n ac n v

tage o us to i tro d c e e y e q tio s

n d probl e m
u t a ery as ua n an s a v

e arl y st age a d acc or di gl y provi sio n h a b ee made for

,
n n s n
vi PR E FA CE .

su c h a c o ur s e . It wi ll
th at Ch ap ters X IX a d be fo un d . n

X X I m ay b e t ake n
. s oo a s a s tu de n t h as pro c eed e d as
as n

f a s l geb r i c al m l tipl i atio

ar a a u c n .

I acc or d c e with the re c o m me dat io n of te acher s the

n an n
,

e ampl e for e erci s e a e very n mero

x s x S o m e o f the e r u us . s

h a e b een s el e cte d from the Coll eg e a d U iversity e ami

v n n x

n atio p per a d om e fro m the works of S au derso an d

n a s, n s n n

S im p o ; m a y however r e o i gi al a d ar e c o struc te d
s n n a r n , n n

with refere c e to poi t s whi ch h ave b een shewn to b e im

n n

por ta t by the author s e perien ce as a te acher an d an

n
’
x

e mi er
xa n .

Th e a thor h as t o ack owl e dg e the ki n d e ss o f ma y

u n n n

di ti gui he d te acher s who h ave e ami e d the sheet s o f hi

s n s x n s

work a d h ave gi e h im v al bl e gge tio

n A y e
v n ua su s ns . n r

mark s o the work d e spe ci all y the i di catio of di di

n ,
an n n

c l t ies either i
u the te t or the e ampl es will b e m o t
n x x ,
s

th kf l ly re c ei e d
an u v .

I TO D HUNTER
. .

LL G
A /
CO
’
S T J O HN S E E,
!
P
_

J u ly 1 86 3 .

Four h apters h a e b ee adde d to the pres e n t e di

n ew C v n

tio d l so
n , an c o ll e tio of M i c el l
a eo E ampl es whic h
a c n s an us x

a e a rr
r ge d i e ts
an e ach e t c on t i i g t e ampl es
n s ,
s a n n en x .

The e ad ditio
s h e bee m ade at the req e st o f s o me
ns av n u

e m in e t te achers in or der t o i c re as e the u tilit of the

n ,
n y

work .
 C O N T E NT S .

PA G E

1 Th e P ri ip l Sig
nc a ns

II . Fac tor Coeffi i t

. o r c en . P we . T e ms r
II I . R e m ai n i g S ig
n Br k t n s. ac e s

IV . Ch an ge of the ord r of T rm e e s. Lik e T rm e s

V . A ddi i to n
’

G en e r l R l t i M l tipli tio
a e su s n u ca n

F tr
ac o s

G r t t Comm o M
e a es n e as ur e

L e ast C mm o M ltipl o n u e

Fr ti o
ac ns

R d ti
e uc f F ti
on o r ac ons

A ddit i or S btr tio of Fr tio

on u ac n ac ns

M l tip li tio
u f F r ti
ca n o ac o ns

D i i i
v s on f Fr tio o ac ns

S im p l E q ti
e ua ons

S im pl E q tio
e o ti d ua n s, c n n ue

Pr bl m
o e s

Pr bl m
o o ti d
e s, c n n ue

S im l t u o E q ti
an e f th fir t d gr
us ua on s o e s e ee

w ith t w k o w q titi o un n n u an es

X X IV . S im l t u o E q tio of t h fi t d gr
an e us ua ns e rs e ee

w ith m r th two k ow o e an un n n

XXV . Probl m whi h l d t

e s im l t o q c ea o s u an e us e ua

ti f t h fir t d gr
ons with m r th
o e s e ee o e an

onek ow q un tity n n u an
 vi PR E FA CE .

su c h a co urs e . It wi ll
th at Ch ap ters X IX an d be fo un d .
:

X X I may b e t ake n as s oo a s a s tu de n t h as pro cee de d as

. n

far as algeb rai c l m l tip l i atio n a u c .

I n ac c or d c e with the re c o mmen dat io n of te acher s the

an
,

e xam pl e for e erci e a e very n mero

s x S o m e o f the e
s r u us . s

h ave b een s el e cte d from the Coll eg e a d U iversity e ami n n x

n atio papers a d s om e from the works o f Saun derso a d

n ,
n n n

S i mp s o ; ma y however a e ori g i al an d ar e c on truc te d

n n r n ,
s

with refere ce to poi t s whi ch h ave b ee n she w t o b e im

n n n

porta t by the a thor s e perien ce as a t e acher an d an

n u
’
x

e ami er
x n .

Th e a thor h as t o ack n owl e dg e the ki n dn e ss o f m a y

u n

di s ti g i he d te ac her s who h ave e ami e d the sheet s o f his

n u s x n

work an d h a e gi e h im val abl e s ggestio s A y e

v v n u u n . n r

mark s o the work a d e pe ci al ly the i di ca tion o f di th

n ,
n s n

c l t ie s either in the t e t or the e ampl e s wi l l b e m os t

u x x ,

th kf l ly rec ei e d
an u v .

I TO D HUNTE R
. .

LLEG l
A
CO
’
S T J O HN S E,

}; 4 ¢r l
;

J u ly 1 86 3 .

Fou r n e w Ch apters h a e bee n adde d to the prese t e di v n

tio a d l o a c oll e ctio of M i cel la eo s E ampl es whic h

n, n a s n s n u x

ar e a rr a ge d i t n e ach s e t c o tai i g t e n e ampl es

n se s, n n n x .

Thes e ad ditio s h e b ee m ad e at the req e t of s o me

'

n av n u s
“

emi e t te a her in or der t o i n cre as e the u til ity o f the

n n c s,

work .

Ju ly 1 86 7 .
 C O N T E NT S .

F a c tor . o ow r
C effi c ie n t. P e . Te m s r
R em ai n i g S ig
n Br k t n s. ac e s

Ch ge an of the ord r f T rm e o e s . Lik e T e rm s

to
A ddi i n .

S btr tio
u ac n

Br k t ac e s .

M l tip li tio
u ca n

G en e r l R l t i M ltipli tio
a e su s n u ca n

F t r
ac o s

G r t t Comm o M
e a es n e a s ur e

L east C mm o M l tipl o n u e

Fr ti ac ons

R d ti
e uc f F r tioon o ac ns

A ddit i or S btr tio of Fr tio

on u ac n ac ns

M l tipli ti
u f Fr tio
ca on o ac ns

D i i i
v s on f Fr tio o ac ns

S im p l E q ti e ua ons

S im pl E q tio e o ti d ua n s, c n n ue

Pr bl m o e s

P bl m
ro o ti d
e s, c n n ue

S im l t o E q ti
u an e f t h fir t d gr
us ua on s o e s e ee

with t w k o w q titi o un n n u an es a “

X X IV . S im l t u E q tio
an e o u sf th fi r t d gr ua ns o e s e ee

w ith m or th two k w e an un no n

Prob l m whi h l d to im l t
e s o q c ea s u an e us e ua

t i of th fir t d gr with m r th
ons e s e ee o e an

k ow
one
q tity
un n n u an
 X X VI .
Qua dra ti c E qu ati o n s
X X VI I . t
E qu a io n s w h ic h m ay b e s ol ve d l ik e Qu ad
r a t ic s 1 71
X X V III . r
P o bl e ms whi c h l e a d to Qua d r ti E q ti
a c ua ons 1 76

X X IX . S im u l t o an e us t
E qu a io n s in v ol i g Q
v n u ad

X XX . Prob l e m s whi h l c ead to Q ua d a r tic E qu a i to ns

with mo r the an o n e u n k n o wn q u an i y tt
I n v o l u io n t

P ropo tio r n

V ri tio
a a n

A rith m ti l P ogr e i ca r e ss o n

G o m tri l Pr gr
e e i ca o e ss o n

H r mo i l Pr gr i
a n ca o ess o n

P m t ti
er u a d C m bi t i
o n s an o na o ns

B i omi l T h or m
n a e e

S l f N ot ti
ca es o a on

I t r t
n e es

M i ll o E m pl
sc e an e us xa es

AN S WER S
 ALGEBRA FOR BEGINNERS .

I . Th e Pr in c ip a l S ign s .

1 LGE B RA i the s ie c e i whi h we reaso b ou t

. A s c n n c n a
n umb er s wit h the id o f l etter to d e ote the
,
m b er a s n nu s,
an d f c ert i
o ig to de ote the Oper tio perform e d
a n s ns n a ns
on the n m ber d the relations of the m be to each
u s , an nn rs
other .

2 N mb er m ay b either k o w n mb er s
. u s m e n n u ,
or nu
b er s whi h h e to b fo d d whi h
c av therefore e un ,
an c ar e
ca ll e d k ow unm b er It i us l to repre e t k o w
n n nu s . s ua s n n n
n m b er
u by the fir t l etter O f the lph ab et
s b & s s a , a, e, c. ,
k ow mber b y the l t l etter y z ; thi i
,

an d un n n nu s as s x, , s s
ho we er t v e e ry r l e d
no ee d t b tri tly
a n c ss a u , an so n no e s c
obeye d N mb er m y b either whol e o fr tio l The
. u s a e r ac na .

word q t ity is O fte ua n e d with the m e m e i g as n us sa an n

n u mb r The word i n teger is often us e d i tead o f wh o le
e . ns
n u m ber .

3 . e i er h as t o acc tom him sel f t o the u se O f

Th e b g n n us
l etters for repre e ti g mb er d to l e r the m e i g
s n n nu s, an a n an n
o f the ig ; we h ll b egi by e pl i i g the m o t im
s ns s a n x a n n s
port t ig s a d ill trati g their e We sh ll s m e
an s n n us n us . a as u
th t the t de t h a k owl e dge Of the el em e t O f A rith
a s u n as n n s
m eti c d th t he dm it the tr th o f the o mm o
,
an a otio s
a s u c n n n

req ired i all p rt f m them ati cs s h a if q ls be

u n a s o a ,
uc s, e ua
ad d e d t o equ a ls th e wh ol e r e e q a l a d the l ik e s a u ,
n .

4 Th e ig + pl a e d b efore a n um b er d e ote th t the

. s n c n s a
n umb er is to b d d ed Th a b d e otes th t the m
e a . us n a nu
ber repre e te d by b is t o be adde d to the n um b er p
s n re re

l
2 TH E PR I N CI PA L S I G N S .

e te d by a If a repre e t 9 an d b repres e t 3 then b

s n s n n ,
a
repres e ts 1 2 The ig i ca ll e d the p l us s ig
.

n . d s n s n, an

+ b i re d th
“ ”
a s a p l us b a us .

5 Th e ig — pl e d b efore a n mber d e ote th t the

. s n ac u n s a

n mbu er i to b b t t d s Th — b d e ote s th t the

e su r ac e . us a n a

nu mb er repre e te d by b i to b b tr te d fro m the

s n s e su ac

nu m b er repre e te d b y a If repre e t 9 a d b p
s n . a s n n re re

e t 3 the
s n b repre e t 6 The ig is ll ed the
n a s n s . s n ca
d — b is re d thus a m i
,
”
mi ig
n us s n , an b a a . n us .

6 Si m i l rl y + b + e d e ote s th t we a e to add b t o
a a n a r

d the d d to the re l t ; + b — c d e ote th t w

.

a an n a 0 su u n s a e
to dd b to d the btra t from the re l t ;
,

ar e a a, an n su c 0 su
a b + d e ote th t we
-
0 to btr t b fro m a d the
n s a ar e su ac ,
an n

a dd 0 to the re lt ; —b d e ote th t we to s b
su u -
c n s a ar e u
tra t b from
c d the btr c t from the re l t
a , an n su a 0 su .

7 The ig d e ote th t the m bers betwee

. s n n s a nu n
whi h it is pl e d
c eq l Th b d e ote th t the
ac ar e ua . us u z n s a
n m b er repres e te d b y
u i e q ual to the mber p n a s nu re re
e ted by b A d + b = d e ote th t the m O f the
s n . n a e n s a su
nu mb er repre e te d b y s d b i e q al t o the n m b er
s n a an s u u
repre e te d by ; th t if a repres e t 9 d b repre e t
s n 0 so a n an s n

3 the m t repre e t 1 2 The ig i c ll ed the

,

,
n 0 us s n . s n s a
sig f q l ity
n o d eb is re d thus
ua a eq l b or, an u z a ua s
“ ”
a i s eq ua l t o b .

8 ign de otes th t the n umbers b e twee n

. Th e s x n a
wh ch t t d
i
.

to b e m l tip l ied together T h

i s an s ar e u us
b d e ote s th t the m b er repre e te d by i to b
.

a x n a nu s n a s e
m l t pl ie d b y the m b er repre e te d b y b
.

u i If r ep nu s n a re

e t 9 d b repre e t 3 the b repre s e t 2 7

.

s n ,
an Th s n n a x n s e
i c ll e d the ig
, .

Sig n x s f m l t ip l i t io
a d b i S n o u ca n, an a x s
re d th a i to b S im i l arl y
us
“
b 0 d e o t es the pro
a n .
”
a x x n ~

d c t of the
u m b ers repre s e te d b y a b an d c
nu n , , .

9 Th e s ign of m l tipl i tio i however oft

. omitte d u ca n s en
for the k of bre ity ; thus b i e d i te d f b
sa e v a s us ns a o a x ,

a d h
n the m e m e i g ;
as l o be i sased i tead o f an n so a s a s u ns
a x b c a d h the m e m e i g
x
,
n as sa an n .

Th e ig f m l tipl i tio m t s n t b e o m itte d whe n

o u ca n us no
n m b er
u e pre e d i the ordi ry w y by fi g re
s ar e x ss n na a u s
Th 4 5 can ot be us e d to repre se n t the pro d c t O f 4 an d
us n u
 TH E PR I N CI PA L S I G N S . 3

e e differe t m ea i g h as alre dy b ee appro

5 , b ca us a n n n a n

p r iat e d to 4 5 m ely f o ty fi e We m t therefore e

,
na ,
r -
n . us r
pre e t the prod t O f 4 d 5 i a other w y a d 4 5
s n uc an n n a ,
n x

13 the w y whi h i dopte d S om etim es howe er a

a c s a .
, v

p oi t i e d i tead of the sig th i us e d ih

,
n s us ns n x us s
s te d O f 4
a 5 To pre e t y c o f io b etwee the
x . v n an n us n n
poi t th n ed us usig o f m l tipli t io d the poi t
as a s n u ca n , an n
us ed i the otation for d e cimal fra tio it is ad i abl e
n n c n s, vs
to plac e the poin t i the l atter c as e h igher p ; th n u us
5
4 5 may b e kept to d en ote 4 + B t i fac t the poin t is u n
175
not e d i te d O f the ig e ept i ca s where there
us ns a s n x xc n se
ca n be mbi g ity
no a Fo e m p l e m y b p t for
u . r xa , a e u
1 x2 3 4 b e ca s e the poi t here will n o t b e t ake
x x u for n s n
d e c im l poin ts a .

Th e poi t i ometimes plac e d in te d f the ign

n s s s a o s x

b etwee two l etter ; o th t

n bi e d i te d of a b s s a a . s us ns a x .

B t the poi t i here

u perfl o b ecaus e
n s we h e su u us , ,
as av
s aid b i u s e d i te d o f
,
a s b N o i the poi t o t h e
ns a a x . r s n ,
n r
s ig n n ec e
x ry b etwee a m b er e pre ed i the o
s sa n nu x ss n u

di a y w y by a fi g re a d a
n r a m b er repre e te d by u n nu s n a
l ett r ;e th t for e m pl e 3 is us e d i ste ad of 3
so a ,
xa ,
a n x a
,
a d h as the s m e m e an i g
n a n .

Th e i g d e ot s h at the mb er wh h pre
i
10 . s n n e
nu c ~

c e de t is to b e d i ide d b y the
s i m b er whi h fo ll ow it v nu c s .

Th b d e ote th t the n m b er repre e te d b y i to

us a + n s a u s n a s

b d i i de d b y the
e v m be r repre e te d b y b I f ep nu s n . a r re

e t 8 a d b repres e t 4 the u b repre e ts 2 The

s n n n ,
n + s n .

o z b is re ad
,
s ig n i ll e d the si g
s caf di i i n a d a —
— n o v s ,
n
th us by b
“
a .
”

There is al o an other way of d e oti g th t o n e n um

s n n a
h e r i to be di i d e d by a other ; the di i d e d is p l c e d
s v n v n a

over the divis or with l i e b etween them Thus is a n .

us e d in te d O f a — s z—b n d h as the am e m e a i
a g a s n n .
,

11 Th e l etter s of the lph bet a d the i gn s whi h

“

. a a n s c
w h ve l re dy e pl in e d t gether with tho e whi c h m y
,
.

e a a a x a ,
o s a
o cc r hereafter a e c ll e d l gebr i l y m bols b ec e
u ,
r a a a ca s a us
they e us ed to repre e t the mb ers ab o t whi h we
,
ar s n nu u c
m y be re as onin g the O peratio ns performe d o n the m an d
a
,
4 E X A M PLE S . I .

their rel tio s to e ach other An y c oll e ction o f A lg ebr ical

a n . a

s ymb o l i c lled n
s lg br a ica l e p e i o
s a or briefly an
a a e x r ss n,

12 We s h all
i e o e exampl e as a e erci e
n ow gv s m s n x s
i the use f the o whi h h e b ee e pl i e d ;
.

n o s ym b l s c av n x a n
the e e mpl e o i t i fi di g t h e um eri cal v l es f
s xa s c ns s n n n n a u o

c ertai alge b r i c l e pre io

n a a x ss ns .

S ppo e a = 1 b = 2 c = 3 d é 5
u s ,
Then , ,
-

7a +3 b

2 a b + 8 bc

4 m: l Obe de 12 1 20 30
+ 4 — 1 0= 14 10 4 .

b cd ac 2 15 3

4c + 5c 12 + 3o
d -
b 5 —2 3

EX AMPLE S . I .

If a = 1 , b = 2, c :
3, d 4, e : 5,f :
0, fi n d the n um eri
c al va l u s o f e the foll o wi ng e pre io
x ss ns .

1 . 9a + 2b + 3 c — 2j f 2 . 4 e —3 a -
3 b+ 5 e .

3 . 7a e 3 bc 9d a f . 4 . S a ba bcd + 9 cde dry:

54
5 . a bcd a bce a bd e a cd e bo de . 6 .
4a 9
9 80
b e d e

4ao . 8 b0 5 cd 1 20 Gb 2 00
“

+ + '
b d e be 7
c t de
c de 5 bc d (Sa de
ab
10 °
76 4—
d
ae be

2a + 5 b 3 b + 2e a + b+ c + d
+
c d 2c
 6 FA CT OR COE FFI CI E N T P 0 . . WE R . TE R M S .

16 power is m ore briefl y de oted thus i ste d o f

. A n : n a
e pres i g ll the e q l fa ctor we e pre the fac tor o c e
x s n a ua s, x ss n ,

a d pl
n e o er it the mb er which i di t e s how oft e it
ac v nu n ca n
is to b repe te d e Th i e d to d e o te
a ;.is us a
2
s us n a x a a
3

us e d t d e ote is ed to de ote a a ; 4
o a ; n a x x a a us n a x x x a

an d so n A d o m y b e s e d to d e ote the fir t power

. n a
1
a u n s

of th t is a itsel f ; o th at a h as th e m e m ea i g as a
a, a s
1
sa n n .

17 A m b er p l c e d o er other to i dic te how

nu a v an n a

m y ti m e the l tter o cc r a fac tor i a power is

.

an s a u s as n ,

c all e d i d of th e p o w
an nor e p o e t f th e p o wer ;
ex er ,
an x n n o

o b riefl y
r, i de o e po e t
,
an n x, r x n n .

Th for e ampl e in a the e pon e t is 3 ; in a the

us , x ,
s
x n
"

e po en t is n
x n .

1 8 Th e s tu de t mus t di ti gu i h very caref ll y b etwee

. n s n s u n
a c efi c ie t
o d n e p o e t Th s 3 0 m e
n an th e e t im
a x n n . u an s r es c
here 3 i a fi i t B t 0 m e ns 0 t im es 0 tim es 0 ;
s coe c en . u 3 a
here 3 is an e p o en t Th t is x n . a

19 Th e e c o d power o f
. th at is is ofte ll e d the
s n a, a
2
, n ca
s q ua re of a a q a r e d ; a d the third power o f
,
or s u th at i n a, s
a 3, is often c ll e d the c be o f oa a be d There u a, r cu . ar e n o
suc h word e for the hi gher power ; i re d th us 4
i s n us s a s a
th p ower o r b riefl y
“ ”
a t o th e f o ur a t th e f th ,
. o o ur .

20 .If a e pre io c o tai n n p ts c o ecte d by the

x ss n n no ar nn

s ig s n a d it is c ll ed a imp le e pre io If a
n a s x ss n . n
e pre io c o tai p rts c o e te d by the ig s
x ss n n n d a nn c s n an
it is c all e d o mp o d e pre io a c d t p rt c o un x ss n , an he a s n

n e c t e d b y th e s i gn s an d ar e cal l e d ter ms o f the e x

pre ion ss .

T h u s a x 4 bc a d 5 a e s imp l e e pre s io s ;
, ,
n +b
2 2
a c r x s n a
3 ’
c
‘

i s a c o mpo un d e xp e s o b a d c a e i ts ter m ” " “

a d r s1 n , n a , ,
n r s .

21 .Whe an e pre s ion c on i ts o f two te rms it i

n x s s s s

c al l e d a bi o m ia l e pre io n whe it c o si ts o f three x ss n : n n s

terms it is call e d a tr in om ial e pre io ; a y e pre io x ss n n x ss n

co ns i sti g o f s ever l term may b e call e d a m ul tin o m ial

n a s

e xp r essi o n o r a p o ly n o m ial e pre ss io n

,
x .
 FA axo n COE FFI CIE N T . . E0 WE B . TE R M S . 7

h i o i e pre ion ; a —2b + 5 c i

T us 2a + 3 b is a b n m al x ss s a
tri o i e pre io
n m al x ss n ; an d a e m ay b e
b+ c d al l e d -
c a.
t o i e pre o
mul in m al x po o i e pre sion
ss i n o r a l yn m al x s .

22 . E ac of l h
the etter whi h o r
s c ccu ter
in a m is
e
cal l d a d im e n s i n o f o the ter the
m , an d er the
n u mb of
letter s is c al l d e the degr ee o f the ter mh 7 3
T us a b c o r .
-

a x a x b x b x b x c is s a d i to be of i e io
s ix d m n s ns or of

the i s x d gth e ree A n um eri oeffi ie t

ca l c .c n o te
is n o t c un d ;
th us 9 a b
3 4
an d a b ar e o f
3 4
the e i e io
sam e
d m n s n s , n am l y
e e
s v n dim n s e io
ns Th the wor
us o refer to
d d im e n s i n s
. s
the n um b er e ri
o f a lg b a ca l m u l tip i tio i o e
l ca ns the
n v l v d in

ter m; a th t the
is , d eg r ee o f a ter the
m, o r n u m be r of i ts
d im en s i n s , is o the o
s u m of th e e xp n e n t s of i ts a lg ebr a ica l

f a c tor s, pro i e we re e er th t if
v d d m mb a e po e t
no x n n be
e pre
x ss d e the e po e
x t r oo
n n t 1 mus b e u n d e s t i te
d, as n di ca d
in Ar t 1 6 . .

23 . e pre s ion is i d t o b e h om ogen eo s whe all its

An x s sa u n
term s a e o f the m e d im e io
r Th 7 + 3 b 4 a bc
sa ns n s. us a
3
a
2

i ho m o ge eo
s for each term is of three d im e io s
n us , ns n .

W h ll o w give om e m ore e m pl es o f fin d i g the

e s a n s xa n
n um eri cal v al e o f l geb r i cal e pre
u o s s a a x ssi n .

S ppo e
u l b = 2 c= 3 d
s 4 a z Then
, , ,
:
,

b 2=
4, b = 8,
3 4
b = 16
,
b5 z 32 .

2 3
35 1 2, 56 : 5 x 8 : 4 0, 2 88 .

b
e = 5 2 = 25 , e =
°
5 3 = 1 25 .

a
2
b =l3
x 8 :
8, 3b 0 = 3
2 2
x 4 x 9 : 1 08 .

3 2
d +0

30 — 40 — 10
2
27 — 1 2 — 1 0 5
0
3 — 23 2 7 — 1 8 + l 5 —2 3 1

c
3 — a3 27 — 1
e +d c—a 3 —1

2l -
l3=8 .
8 E X A l lI PLE S . II .

EX AMPLE S . II .

Ha : I, b = 2 , c = 3 , d = 4 , fin d
val es of
u th e ll w n g xfo o i ss e pre io ns :

e3 — d3 + c 3 —b" + a 3
2 z 2 3
a bc + bc d d ea +f

0
3 — 2c z+ 4 c 13 .

e +
4
6e 2 2
b +b — "”
—
4 e b 4 eb
3
‘

2 2
b0 de 32
+ " "
4a b b

2e + 2 3c— 9 e
‘
—1
+ +
e— 3 e —2 e+ 3
°

a
” -
l
~ b 2
0
2 —
4 53

e b

8a + 3 b 2 2
4c + 6b 2 2
b u d?
2 ” 2
a + b 0

4
cz +
g
b z
+ c
a
d z—
C V—b2 ‘
a +e
‘
— d2 '

" i 2 4
b
‘

a + 4a b 1 6a b
- - -
1
-

3 2 3
a 3ab b
 R E JIA I N I N G S I G N S B R A OKE TS 9
’
.

I II . R e m a in i n g S ign s . B r a cke ts:

24 . ere ce o f two n mb ers is om etim e s d

Th e diff n u s e
n ote d by the i g th u b d e otes the di ffere e f
s n s a ~
n nc o
the m bers repres e te d by a a d b ; d is e q l to a — b
nu n n an ua ,

or b c ord i g
a, a c a is gre ter th b o l e s th
n b: b t
as a an ,
r s an u
thi ymbol i very r rely req ire d
s s s a u .

25 Th e i g
. de ote s i gr e te r th
s n a d th e n s a an , n
s i gn d e ote i l e th n ; thus > b de ote s th t the
s s ss an a n a
nu mb er repre s e te d b y a i gre ter th the n m b er
n s a an u
repre e te d by b d b < de ote th t the mb er r e
s n ,
an a n s a nu
pre e ted by b is l ess th the m b r repre e ted by a
s n an nu e s n .

Th i b oth c e the ope i g of the a gl e is t rn e d

us n as s n n n u
toward the gre ter mb er
s a nu .

26 Th e si g
. d e ote s th e o th e ef or e ; the sign
n n n r r
d e ote
n i ce o r b a use
s s n ec .

27 Th e q a r e oo t o f a y a i g e d n mb er is th t
. s u r n ss n u a
n m b er whi h h
u the ig e d mb er f it q e or
c as as s n nu or s s ua r
e
s co n d p wer The c be ot o f y ig e d m ber is
o . u r o an ass n nu
th t mb er whi h h the ig e d m b er f it s be o r
a nu c as a ss n nu or cu
t h i r d p wer Th fo th o t o f y a ig e d mb er is
. e o ur r o an ss n nu
th t mb er whi h h s the a sig e d n mb er for its four th
a nu c a s n u
power A d o o . n s n.

Thus s i c e the q are root of 4 9 i 7 ; an d so if

n s u s
a= b
’
the q re root of i b I lik e m er si c e
, s ua a s . n an n , n
the b e root o f 1 2 5 is 5 ; d so if = o the c be
cu an a 3
,
u
roo t o f a is c .

Th e s q are roo t o f a m a y b e d e o t e d th s Ua ;
~

28 . u n u

b t ge er ll y it is d e ote d i m pl y thus J a
u n a The c b e rootn s . u

of a i de ote d th 2/ The fo rth root o f a is de ote d

s n us a . u n

thus i/ A d so o a . n n.

Th us J 9 = 3
3

i gn J is s i d
Th e s a t o be a. c orr ptionu of the in itial
le tter of the word r a d i x.
10 R E MA I N I N G S I G N S . B R A CKE r s .

29 . When t wo
ore mb ers e t o b e treate d as or m nu ar
form i g e n mb er the y
n one cl o ed withi b ack t
u ar e n s n r e s .

Th ppo e we h e to d e ote th t the s m of a d b

us , s u s av n a u an

is to b e m l tip l ie d b y c ; we d e ote it th
u o n us r

{ + b} c or i m pl y (
a xb) {
,
b} 0 ; here we m e
s th t a c or a an a
the wh ole of + b i to be m l tipl ie d by 0 N w if we om it
a s u . o
the b r k ets we h e a + b d this d e ote s th t b o l y
ac av c, a n n a n

i t b m l tipl ie d b y c
s o e d the re l t dd e d t o a
u S im i an su a .

la ly ( + b
r ) d d e ote th t the re l t e pre ed by
,
a — c n s a su x ss

a + b— i to b e m l tipl ie d by d
c s th t the wh l e of u ,
or a o

a + b— i to b m l tip l ie d b y d ; b t if we o mit the

c s e u u

b r ket we h e + b — c d
ac s d thi d e otes th at 0 o l y
av a ,
an s n n

i to b e mul tipl ie d by d
s d the re l t s b tr t e d fro m an su u ac

a + b .

So al s o
e ote th t
( a —b+ cre t e ) x (d d n e s ) a th e s ul x
pre se d by — b + c i to
s tip ie
a the re t s b e m ul l d by su l ex
pre ed by d + e Thi
ss o e ote i p th us
. s m a y al s b e d n d s m ly
(a j ta horte e i o us s a x b is s n d nt ab .

So l o d e ote s th t we a e to ob ta i the
a s n a r n
re s l t e pre e d by a b + an d then take the square ro o t
u x ss 0,
o f thi s re s l t u .

So al o ( b) d e ote b a b ; a d (a b) d en o te s ab ab ab
s a
?
n sa n
s
x .

S o al o ( b — ) ( d e) d e ote th t the re l t e
s a c n s a su x
e d b y a + b —c i to b di i d e d by the r es l t e pre e d
ps
er s s e v u x ss
Iy i e .

o etim e i tead o f us i g b rackets a li e

30 . S m s ns n n 18
drawn over the m b er whi h e to b e tre te d form i g
nu s c ar a as n

one mb er nuTh us b+ d+ i . e d wi th the sa m e a — c x e s us

m e i g s ( — b + c) ( d + e)
an n A li e
a e d for thi p
a x . n us s ur

po e call e d a i l m S l o ( + b — )
s 1s rm yn cu u . o a s a c a

+ b— c
b e d e ote d th us
a
n ; a d here t h e li e b etwee n n n
d+
l m
e
a + b— a d d e i re all y a
c i n us e d in a p art i cul ar s c n cu u
s e se n .

31 We h ve w e pl i d ll the sig whi h r e

. a no x a nc a ns c a
us e d i al geb ra We m y ob er e th t i om e ca e the
n . a s v a n s s s
word ig i ppl ie d pe ci lly to the two sig
s n s a a d s a ns n

th s in the R ul e for Subtrac tion we sh all spe ak of ch a n g i g

u n
 E X A M PLE S III . 11

th e s ig n s , the ig me an in g
d a d i m l tipl i s ns an n n u ca

tio a d di i io we h ll pe k f the R l f S ig m e
n n v s n s a s a o u e o n s, an
i g/a r l e rel ti g to the sig s an d
n u a n n

32 We h l l o w gi e o m e m ore e m pl e s o f fi di
. s a n v s xa n n g
the m eri c al al e of e pre s io
nu v u s x s ns .

S ppo e a = 1 b = 2 = 3 d = 5 e = 8
u s Then , ,
c , ,
.

«4 +
f/(4 C
eJ ( 2 b + 4 c —
) (2 d — 2b = 8
) x 4 —8 x

J{( e —b ) ( 20 J { (8 J (6 X

{ (e -

(d
f/( c
3
3c b ’
3 cb 2
b 3
) + ( a
2
bz 2a b)
J( 1 + 4

E XAM PLES . I II .

If a = 1, b = 2, c= 3, d= 5 , e= 8, fin d the n um ri cale
e
v al u s o f the fo owi ll ng e p re io
x ss ns :

1 . a (b c ) . 2 . b(c d) . 3 . c c ( d)

2 ’ 2 z 2 2
b (a 6 5 . c e ( b c
i
) . 6 .

252;
9 61 3 6

2
. 8 .
J(3 bc e ) . 9 .
J(2 b 4d 5 e) .

( a + 2 b + 3 c + 5 e — 4 d ) (6 e — 5 d — 4 c — 3 b + 2 a ) .

2 “
3 " 2
( a
2 2
b + d 12 .
(3 d 7d )
J (d
2
J(d 3 c)
2
e 3 c) d .

—4
6 £7 6 ) ) o

”
f/(a
2 3 2 2 3
J ( a 2 ab b) x 3a b 3 ab b) .

9 — "' z 2 b
fj(c 3 c a 2 ’
J( +
3
3 ca a ) b c c ) .
12 UIIA N G E O F TH E O R D E R O F TE RflI S .

IV . Ch a n ge of th e o r de r o f Ter ms . Like Te r ms .

33 . When
the term s o f an e pre sio a e c o ec te d
al l x s n r nn
by the i g it is i differe t i wh t o de they r e
s n n n n a r r a
plac e d ; th d gi e the sam e re s l t
us m el y an v u na ,

d o l o +b d b + gi e the m e re s l t m el y
,

12 ; an s a s a an a v sa u na ,

t h e s m o f the m b er whi h repre e te d by a an d b

,

u nu s c ar e s n
We m y e pre ss this fa t lgebr i cally th us
.

a x c a a ,

a + b= b + a
S i mil arl y,

34 . When
e pre sio c ons i ts o f s ome te rms pre
an x s n s
c e d e d b y the ig d om e term s pre e de d by the
s n an s c
si g n we m y wri te the form er term fir t i a y or d er s s n an
w pl e e a d the l tter term
e as , fter them i y order we
n a s a n an
pl e e Thi i ob ious fro m the c omm o n otio ns o f arith
as . s s v n
meti c Th .for e mpl e us , xa ,

7+s 2 — 3 = s + 7 —2 — 3 = 7 + s — 3
-
—3
a -

a + b — c — e = b + a —c —e = a + b — e — c = b + a — e — c .

35 om e cas e we may ch a ge the order f the

. In s s n o
term f rther b y m i i g p the term which a pr e de d
s u , x n u s re ec
b y the ig with tho e whi h
s pre e de d by the ig
n s c ar e c s n
Th s for e m pl e ppo e th t repre e ts 1 0 a d b re '
u , xa , su s a a s n n k

prese ts 6 a d 0 repre e t 5 the

,
n ,
n s n s n
,

a + b —c = a — c + b= b -
c+a

for we arri e witho ut a y dif c l ty at 1 1 as the resul t in

v n fi u
al l the c as e s .

S ppo e however th a t a repre s en t s 2 b repre s e ts 6

u s ,
n ,

a d 0 repre e t 5 the
n the e pre io —c + b prese ts a
s n s ,
n x ss n a n
d iffi l ty b e
cu e we , th pp re tly re q ire d to ta k e
c au s ar e us a a n u
a gre ter amb er fro m les nu am e l y 5 fro m 2 It wi ll a s, n , .

b c o e ie t to gree th t
e nv n h e pre s io as — + b
n a a su c an x s n a c ,

when i gre ater th

0 s h ll b d er too d to m e th an a , s a e un s an e
sa m e thi g as a + b — c n A t pre s e t we h ll o t us e s c h . n s a n u
an e pre s io n as a + b
x c e cept whe n c is l e ss th an a
s b; -
x
14 LI KE TE R M S .

i e te
l k rm s ; a
i
,
5a ”
,
an d 9a 2 ar e lk i e terms ; a
“
a b, a n d b2

ar e term
u n h ke s .
,

40 A. e pre s ion whi h c o t i s like term

n x s c n a n s m ay b e
s i mp l ifie d For e m pl e o id er the e pre io
. xa ,
c ns x ss n

6 a — a + 3 b + 5 c —b + 3 c —2 a ;

by Ar t 3 5 . th is e pre io x ss n is eq i l e t to
u va n

6 a —a -
2 a + 3 b—b 5 c + 3c .

Ne w 6 a —a —2a = 3 a ;
for wh tever n um b er a m ay e a r
pre e t if we b tr ct from 6 we h e 5 l eft a d the
s n su a a a av a ,
n n
if we b t t 2 from 5 we h e 3 l eft S i m il l y
,

su ra c a a av a . ar

3 b — b = 2 b; d 5 0 + 3 = 8a Th the propo ed e pre io

an c us s x ss n

m y b e p ut i the s impl er form

a n

3a 2b 8e .

o i er
A gain ; c n s d x ss n a — 3 b —4 b T s is the e pre io hi
e to if we h e fir t to tr t fro
.

q u al a — 7b Fo r av s .su b a c 3b m
a n u mber the
a , an d n s ub ac 4b om ma n d , to tr t fr the re i er
we h o t i the
s all b an qu d sul in o n e O a n by re ire re t per tio
tr ti
s u b ac n g 7 b fro m a; is ll s r m c mm n n o th fo ow f o the o o
tio ns of Arith eti
m c T us . h
a —3b 4 b= a —7b .

41 here will b e o difli l ty o w

. T n cu n in g i vin g a m c an ~

in g to s ch a state m e t as the foll owi g

u n n ,

—3 b -
4 b= — 7 b .

We ot s btract 3 b f om n othi g a d then bt t

c an n u r n n su r ac
4 b from the re m i d er o th t the t tem e t j a n t gi e i ,
s a s a n us v n s
n o t here i te lli gib l e i it el f ep r te d from the re t o f
n n s ,
s a a s an
al gebr i l e te c e i whi ch it m y o c r b t it
a ca s n n b n a c u u c an e
e il y e pl i ed th if i the o r e f l geb r i l
,

as x a n us : n c u s o an a a ca

oper tio we h e to b tr t 3 b fro m a mb er d the

a n av su ac nu an n
to s btr t 4 6 from the rem i der we may s btr ct 7 b t
u ac a n ,
u a a
o c e i stead
n n .

A s the st de t d ce i the
u bje c t he m y b l d
n a va n s n su a e e

to c o je ct re th at it i po ibl e to gi e s om e m e i g to
n u s ss v a nn

the propo ed t te m e t by it el f th t i p rt fro m y

s s a n s ,
a s, a a an

other algebr i l oper tio a d thi c o je t re wi ll b

a ca a n, n s n c u e

foun d c orre ct when a l rger treatis e 0 1 A lgebra c b e

,
a 1 an
 XA M PLE S I V E 15 . .

c on l te d with ad a t age ; b t the e pl

su tio whi h we
v n u x an a n c
h ave given wi ll be s ffi ie t f the pre e t u c n or s n .

42 Th e s im pl ifyi g o f e pre io
. by c oll e c ti g lik en x ss ns n
term i the e e ti l p rt o f the pro e e of A dd itio a d
s s ss n a a c ss s n n

S btr tion in A l gebr

u ac we h ll s i the n e t two a , as s a ee n x

Ch pter s
a .

It m y be u ef l f a the b egi er to n oti e th t c d

s u 01 nn c a a c0 1
i g to o
n d efi itio ur the foll owi g e pre ion s m e l l
n ns n x ss a
e q i al e t to the si gl e ym b ol
u v n n s a :

a
+ a
1
, + 1 x a, + a x 1, —
1

EX AMPLE S . IV .

If a= 1 , b = 2, c= 3, d= 4, e= 5, fi nd t h e n um eri c al
v al u s e of the f oll owi ng e pre iox ss ns :

a — 3 b+ 4 o . 2 . a

4a + 3b 4c + 3d 5 d + 4e
+
b+ d a + d + a
— 2b ”
b— 2 c + 3 d — 2d +
( a 3 c) ( )
3
+ (c
“
a 4a b 3
Ga b
2 2
4 ab 3
V .

2
b 2 b0 c
2
a
“
4a 3
o 6a
2 z
c 4 a o3 0
4
'
2 2 2
2a b b b “
4b 0 3
6b 0
3
4 bc + c
“

7a — 2 b — 3 c -
4 a + 5 b + 4 0 + 2a .

— 9 b —2a b
2 ’ —
+ 3 a b 2b 2 2
5a ab 7b .

3e 3 —2 a 3 ‘
-
i 5 a + a + a + 9a 3 2 —4 a 3 — 6 a .

g 2 2
a + 2a b b b + 2 bc + c2 0 +
2
20 d + d 2

b
'

a + c + d
”
13 J OE 5 41 )
2 i
. e . 14; -
a ) .

15 . i7< 2 e2 + 7b) . 1a UQN + 8

 16 A D D I TI ON .

on V . A dd iti .

43 It is c o e ie t t o m ake three c as e s in A dditio

nv n n n,
na m el y I Whe the term ll l i k e ter m d h e th
.

n s ar e a s an av e
am e s i g ; I I Whe the terms ll lik e terms b t
.
,

s n n ar e a u
h e n o t ll the m e ig ; III Whe the te rms a e n o t
.

av a sa s n . n r

all l ike term s We sh ll take the e th ree cas es in order

. a s .

44 . I
To a dd l k. e ms i e tr whi c h h e av th e s am e ign s .

A dd th e n u m e r ica l c o efi c ie n ts , p re fix th e co mm o n s ig n ,
a n d a n n ex th e c m m o n l e tter s o .

For e x am pl e , 6a 3a 7 a = l ca ,
—2 bc 7bc 9 bc = l o.

In the first e x am pl e 6 a is e q i al e t to
u v n + 6 61 , an d 1 6a
to + 1 6a . Se e A rt 3 8 . .

45 . II lk
. To
rms a dd
c av i e te
n o t all whi h h e the
s am e i s gn A dd a l l th e p s it ive n u m e r ic al co effic ien ts
. o
o
i n t o n e s u m , a n d a l l th e n ega t i ve n u m e r i ca l c effic ie n ts o
o o
i n t a n th e r ; t a ke th e d if e r e n ce of th es e t wo s um s ,
p r efix th e s ig n of th e g r ea te r , a n d a n n ex th e co m m n o .

le tte r s .

Fo r e x am pl e ,

7a — 3 a + 1 1 a + a 5 a — 2 a = 1 9 a — 1 0a = 9 a -

2be — 7be —3 bc + 4 bc + 5 bc — 6 bc = l l bc —1 6 bc = —sbe

.

46 . I II
T o a dd r ms
.
c ar e n o t all l tte whi h ike erm s .

A dd to ge th e r th e te r m s wh ich a r e l ike t er ms b th e r ul e
y
i n th e s ec o n d c as e a n d
, p u t d wn th e th e r t e r m s o o eac h
p r ece d ed by i ts p r op er s ig n .

For e x am pl e ; add together

4 a + 5 b — 7c + 3 d 3 a
, 9 a — 2 b — c — d,
an d —a + 3 b+ 4 e -

3d + e .

I t is o e ie t to arra ge the terms i c ol m s so

c nv n n n n u n
ike terms hall s ta d in the sam e c ol m ; thus we
,
a l s n u n
th t
] 1avo
 ‘

A D D ITION : 17

4 a + 5 b —7c + 3 d
3a b + 2c + 5 d
9 a — 2b c d
— a + 3 b + 4c -
3d + e

I 5 a + 5 b — 20 + 4 d + 6

Here the terms 4 3 9 d — al l l i k e term ; a, a, a , an a ar e s

the m f the po iti e oe ffi ie t IS 1 6 there
su o s term v c c n s , 1s o n e
with eg ti e oeffi ie t m ely — f whi h the
a n a v c c n ,
na a, o c co
effi i t i 1
c en The d iffere e of 1 6 d 1 is 1 5 ;
s . th t nc an so a
we ob t i + 1 5 a f om the e l i k e term ; the ig
a n i m y s s s n a
however b e mitt d by A t 3 8 Similarly we h e
e e r av
5 b —b
. .

An d so o n .

47 . In the foll owi ng e x am pl e s the term s ar e a rra ge d

n
su it
a bl y i n c ol m : u ns

3
2
x + x
2
3x +1 a
2
+ ab + bz— c
3
4 x + 7x + 2
x —9 3a
"’ —3 a b — 7b2
3 z “ 2
2x + x ‘
9x + 8 4 a l 5 ab+ 9b - -

3x "
x
2
+ 1 0x —1 a
2 — 3 a b — 3 b2

x —l

Inthe fir t e m pl e we h e i the fi t ol m
s xa av n rs c u n
x
9
+4 —2 x —3
3 th t i 5 —5 th t i othi g ; thi
x
3 x
3
,
a s x
3
x
3
,
a s, n n s
is u sua ll y e pre e d by yi g th e t m wh i h i
x ss l e sa n er s c n eo r x
“

c a n cel e h o th r ac e .

S i mil rl y m the e o d e am pl e the term s whi c h i

a ,
s c n x ,
n
v ol e bv a el e h other ; d
ca n c l o d the term whi c h
ac an so a s o s
i ol e b
nv v
“

7x — 3 x y
’
to
” 2
3x y + 3x
—2 x 2 + 4 x y + 5 2 2 x —‘Zy
— 7x ’
+ 9x — 5 y
y g
+ 4y2 2x

2 2
1 2x Gr y 7p l 8g
18 E X A M PLE S . V

EXA MPLES . V .

A dd t o ge th e r

3 a —2b, 4 a — 5 b, 7 a — l l b, a + 9b

4x — 2
3y ,
2
2x“ 5 51 wh ”
y ,

5 a + 3 b + e, 3 a + 3 b + 3 c, a + 3 b+ 5 c .

3 x + 2y —z, 2x — 2y + 2 z,

7a — 4 b+ c Ga + 3 b — 5 c , 1 2a + 4 c
:

o ,
-
.

g x —4 a + b 3 x + 2 b, a — x —5 b .
,

a a + b — c, b+ c —a
,
c+d —b
,
a + b— e.

a + 2 b + 3 c, 2a — b —2c , b —a — c, c — a —b .

a — 2 b + se — 4 d, 3 b — 4 c + 5 d — 2a , 5 c —6d + 3 a —4 b,
7d — 4 a + 5 b —4 c .

— 4 x 2 + 5 x — 3 , 2x 3 — 7x 2 —1 4 x 4—5
,

x
4 —2x 3 + 3 x 2
,
x
3
+ x + x,
2
4x + 4
5x 3
,
2 x 2 + 3 x —4 ,
— 3 x 2 — 2x — 5 .

6 a bz
3 3 ’ “
12 . 3a
9
b 3 ab 2
b, 2 05 5a b 7b ,
a —3 2
a b + 2b
3
.

13 . x
3 —2a x 2 l—2
a x - - -
l a
3
,
x
3
+ 3 ax
’
,
2a 3 — az g — 2x 3 .

2
ma x ” 2
‘
l
2ab Ba x 2d x, 1 2a b 6a x,

— 8 ab + a x 3 — 5 e 2x .

x
2
+y +z
4
,
4x 2 —5 z3 , si .
3 —7 4
y + 1 0z
3
, 6y 4 —6 i 3
.

3x ’ —7 —5
, y + 8,
1 0x y + 8 y + 9 y , 5x
2 9 —6 x y + 3 y 2 + 7x — 7y + 11 .

x
4 — 3
4 x y i 6 x 3/ 2 — 4
4xJ + J , 4
1 -
1‘
xy
.
—3 ’ 5’
l 2i y 4 -
1 2x y 3 —4 y ‘ ,

6x y
’ 2 —1 2x y 3 + 6 y 4 , 4 x 3/ 3 —4 g4
/, y
‘
.

—x ‘
’-

J xyx —x i’
z,
—x — z — x Jz,
"
’ ’
J J
zi
x x ry z i -
- -
fi —xy z -

y zh xs
"
.
 S UB TE A o r zo z
v .
19

VI . S ubtr ac ti on .

48 ppose we h ave to t ke 7 + 3 from 1 2 ; the resul t

. Su a
ls the e s if we fir t t ke 7 fro m 1 2 d the take 3
s am a s a , an n
from the remai der ; th at is the re sul t is d en ot d by
n , e
1 2 —7 — 3 .

h us
T 12 —7 3 -
.

Here we en cl os e 7 3 i br kets i the first e pressio n ac n x n,

be caus e we a e to take the wh o l e of 7 + 3 from 1 2 ; ee
r s
A r t 29
. .

i i r
S m l a ly 20 — 5 — 4 —2 .

In l ike er ppo e we h a e to t k e b + c from a

m an n , su s v a
the re t the
su l is s am e if we fir t t ke b from a a d as s a ,
n
the t e fro the remain der ; that i the re l t is
n ak c m s, su
e ote
d n d by a b — c .

Thus a — b —e .

Here we e cl os e b c i b ra kets i the first e pres sion

n n c n x ,
be ca s e we ar e to t ak e the whol e o f b + c fro m a
u .

S imil arly a —b — c — d .

49 Ne x
. t s ppos e we h e t o take 7 — 3 from 1 2 If
u av .

we t ke 7 fro m 1 2 we o b t i
a 1 2 — 7 ; but we h ave th s a n u
t ke too much from 1 2 for we h ad to take o t 7 b t 7
a n , ,
n ,
u
dim in i he d by 3
s He c e we m t in cre se the res l t by 3 ;
. n us a u
an d th s we ob t ain 1 2
u —7+3 .

Similarl y 12 —7

In like mann er s ppo s e we h ave to tak e b —c fro m a

,
u .

I f we t ak e b from a we obt in a — b; b t we h a e th a u v us
take too m ch from a for we h d to tak e o t b but 6
n u ,
a , n ,

dim i i she d b y 0
n He e we m t i crea s e the res l t by c ;
. nc us n u
a d th s we o bt ai
n u a ( b —c = a b c
) n .

S i mil arl y a —(b + c — d ) = a —b — c + d .

50 . C on sider the e x am pl e
— b + c —d = a — b —c + d
a ( ) ;
th at is , if b c d be sub tracte d from a the re sul t is
20 TB A C TI O N .

a —b Here
we e e th t in the expre ion to b e s a , ss
s b tr ac te d there is a ter m —d
u d i the re l t there is ,
an n su

the c orre po di g term + d ; al o i the e pre io to b

s n n s n x ss n e
s b tr c te d there i
u a term + d i the re l t there i s a c , an n su s a
term — l o i the e p r e io to b btrac te d there i a
c a s n x ss n e su s
term b a d i the re l t there i a term b
,
n n su s .

From o i deri g this e mpl e d the others i the

c ns n xa ,
an n
two pre ce di g A rticl e we ob t i the foll owi g r l e for
n s a n n u
S b tr tio
u ac h ge th e ig
n : cf ll th e t m i th e e
an s ns o a er s n x

p e i
r to be s bt
ss o n c te d n d th e co l l ect th e t e r m s as in
u ra ,
a n

A d d itio n .

Fo e mpl e ; fro m 4 — 3 g + 2z
r xa btrac t 3 x y +z x su .

Ch ge the g s o f all the term s to b e

an si b tr c te d ; th us
n su a
we obtain —3 + y z ; the c ol l e ct a s in additio ; th s
x n n u

4 x — 3 y + 2 z — 3 x + g —z = x —2y + z .

From 3 x + 5 6 7x + 5 t k e 2
4
2 3
x — x
2
a x
4
x
3
+ 5 x —6 x — 7 2
.

Ch a ge the s ig s o f all the ter ms to

n n be sub trac te d
an d pro c ee d as in ddi tio ; thus we h a e a n v

3 x4 + 5 x 3 6x 2 — 7x + 5
—2x4 + 2x 3 2
5 x + 6x + 7

x +
4
x3
7 — l 1x 2 x + 12

e i er will fi d it pr den t t firs t to go thro gh

Th e b g n n n u a u
the oper tio as f ll y we h a e do e here ; b t he m y
a n u as v n u a

gr d al ly
a u c tom hi msel f to p tti g d ow the re lt
ac u s u n n su
witho t ac t all y ch a gi g all the ign s but merely p
u u n n s ,
su

posi g it d on e
n

51 We h ave seen th at
.

a —(b —c) = a —b + c .

hus c orrespo di g to the term —c i the e pres ion

T n n n x s
to s btr ted w h a e + 0 i the re l t He it i
be u ac e v n su . n ce s
no t un o m m o to fi d h an e mpl e as the foll owin g
c n n su c xa
propo e d for e erci se from s btract —c ; d the re l t
s x : a u an su
re q ired i a + c Th e b egi er m y e pl in this i the
u s . nn a x a n
m a er o f A t 4 1 b y c o sid i t as h i g a m e i g er n av n an n
itsel f b t c o e i o Witi s om e other p arts o f an
nn r .
,
n i ,

not 1 11 , u in nn x n
algeb ra i cal opera tio n .
22 B R A CKE TS .

VI I . B r a ckets .

52 o t of the e te i e us e which made o f

O n a cc un x ns v is
r et e r it IS e ce y th t the t de t sho l d
.

b ack s m A lg b a, n ss ar a s u n u
o erve very c ref ll y the r l es re pe cti g them d we
bs a u u s n ,
an
h tate them here d i ti ctly
s all s s n .

P
Vh en a n e xp r es s io n w i th in a p a ir of br a cke ts is p i e

ced ed by th e s i gn th e br a cke ts m a y be r e mo ve d .

Wh en x p an e o
r es s i n w ith in a p a ir of br a cke ts i s p r e

c ed e d bg t h e s i gn th e br a ck e ts m a y be r e m ve d if th e o
s ign of e ve r y te r m w i th i n th e br ac ke ts be c h a n ged .

T hus for e
,
x ampl

a — b + (c —b + c —d + e,
— b— c —b —c + d
a ( -
e .

e o r l e h as al ready b ee ill t te d i A t 5 0
Th e s c nd u n u s ra n r .

it f c t the l f S bt t io Th e fir t r l e might
is in a r u e or u r ac n . s u
i trated i a sim il ar m er
b e ll us n an n .

53 I p rti c l ar the s t den t m t n oti e s ch sta te

. n a u u us c u
me ts s the foll o wi g
n a n :

—d —d
) :
,

The se m t b e a me d r l e b y the st d e t whi ch

us ssu as u s u n ,
he may to om e e te t e pl i as i A r t 4 1
s x n x a n, n . .

54 E pre s io s m y o cc r with m ore th

x s n o ir of
a u an ne a
.

p
b r a k et s the e b
c : k t m y b e re m o e d i
s i ac e o by e s a v n su cc s si n
the prec e di g r l es b g i i g w ith th e i ide p a r Th us
n u e nn n ns i .
,

f0 e ampl e
1 x ,

—d
,

— c —c + d
a + { (
b ,

— b + c — d = a — b —c + d
a { } ,

— b— c — b — b + c —d
a { ( { .

i i r
S m l a l y,
a — [ b — { c — (d — b— c
[ {
a — b —c + d — e [ ] = a —b + c — d + e .

It W ll b e i s ee n in the s e e m pl e th at t o pre e t c o n xa s , v n
f io
us n b etwee various p airs o f br acke ts we us e brackets
n ,
 B RA OKE TS . 23

of if er en t sh ap es ; we migh t di ti g ish by u si g b rackets

d f s n u n

o f the sam e s h pe b t of d i ff ere t ize

a u n s s .

A vi n c l m i e q ival e t t o a brac ket ; se e Ar t 3 0

u u s u n . .

Th us for e am pl e
,
x ,

— d —e — b — d
a -

[ b ( [ (
a — [ b — {c — d + e — b c + d —e +
[ f -

]
a ~
b + c — d + e —f .

55 . e i er re o e e w
Th e b g n n is o re ov
c mm n d d al ays t m e
r et
b ac k s in the or er hew d the pre e i
s n in rti e c d ng A cl ;
e re o i fir t the i er o t p ir e t the
n a m l y, by m v ng s nn m s a ,
n x in
p ir
n e r m o st a whi h re i
o f a ll c m a n , an d s o o n We m ay h o w .

e er r the or er
v va y if re o e p ir of r et
d ; bu t we m v a a b ac k s
i i other r ete e pre io withi it
n c l ud n g a n b ack d x ss nt n ,
we mus
o
m a k e n o c h a n ge i n th e s ig n s of th e in cl ude d e xp r es si n .

f t h i e e pre io o t
In a c su c a n n cl ud d x i e er
ss n c un s as a s n gl t m .

Th us for e mp l e
,
xa ,

—d ,
a + { (
b — c —(c — c+ d,
— b— d —d = a — b—c +
a ( c ) ,

a —{ b — (c — b + c — d = a —b + c — d
( ) .

a — [b — {c — (d a — b + {c — (d — e)}

= a — b + c — (d — e ) = u —b + c — d + e
'

An d in l ike man n er, a —[b —{c — (d — e

a — b + { c — (d — e — b+ c — d —e —
( f)
a —b+ c
— b + e —d + e <fl

56I t is ofte c o e ie t to p t t won m ore terms

nv n n u or
ithi r ket ; the r l e fo i tro d i g b rackets
.

W n b ac s u s r n uc n

i e te fro m tho e for rem o i g br k ets

m m dia l y s v n ac .

A y n m be r f te m i n
n u xp ess io n m a y be p
o r s tan e r u

w ith i a p a i of br a cke ts a n d th e s ig n
n r p la c d b f o r e e e

th e wh o le .

A n y n u m be r of ter m s i n a n exp r e ss io n m a y be p u t
wi th in a p a i r of br a ck e ts a n d th e s ig n p la ced bef o r e
o
th e wh l e , p r o vi de d th e s ign of e ve r y ter m with in th e
br a cke ts be ch a n ged .
 XA M PLE S VI I
E . .

T h us for e ampl e —b + c —d + e
x ,
a
— b+ c
a ( a

or = a or a — b — c + d — e)
— b —c + d — e
( ), .

I l ik e m ann er m ore th a
n e p ai r o f b rac ke ts n on may
be i tro d c e d Th
n ufo e m p l e
. us , r xa ,

a — b+ c -
d + e = a — { b —c + d — e } = a —{b (c -

EX AMPLES . VI I .

Si mplify the foll owi g e pres io n x s ns by re movi ng the

bracket s an d c oll e c ti g l ike terms :
n

3 a — b — (2 a — b) 0v —b+ c — —b — Q
1 . . 2 . a ( a
)
g1 1

—a 2 —a + a2
3 . 1 +a )
4 . a + b + ( 7a —b) —(2a — 3 b)
— b+ c — b —a + b — a
5 a ( ) (
:
.

2x — 3 —3 z — —(z —x —y ) x t3
6 .
y (x -
3

7 a — { b —c — (d a £ 4 t( 6 z
“ -

“L
.

t
s . 2a — 2 b — d —
( ) { a — b — 2c
( fi
9 . a— 2b — 3 c + 2b — a J L 1 0
{ ( )} . 2a — {b —(a — 2b)}
—b — a — L
11 3a ) (
,
L
.

12 . 7a —
[ 3 a —
{ 4 a — (5 a S
' ”
L

13 . 3 a — [b
14 . 6 a — [4 b { 4 a —(6 a l/ 1
15 . 2a — 5b
[ —6 b
) + 5 c — 2a { -
n.l t
16 . a —
3a ar e ,

17 . 16 —2 x
18 15x —5x — se
.
(
19 . 2 a — [ 2 a — { 2a — ( 2a -

i 2a
r i
20 . 1 6 —x — [ 7x —{ sx -

(9x ? “

21 2x —[ 3 y —{ 4 x — 5 — 6x
.
( y
22 2a —c — 4 c + 2a — 3 b —c E
;
) { (
L
.

— 1
a — [ 5 b —a — b — 4 b + 2a — a
m

23 { — —2b 4 “
.
( 5 c 2 c -

) ( -

24 . x
4
[ 4 x l
{6 x 2
(x 4 x
i 3
6x
3
4x b y
 M UL TI PLI CA TI O N . 25

VIII . M ul t ip l ica tion .

57 t e t
Th e s ud n is su
. ppo e to k ow th t the pro d c t
s d n a u
o f a n y n um b er f tor the
o f ac s is s am e wh te er order the
in a v
f tor
ac s m ay b e t e th
ak n ; us 2 x 3 x x 5 x 5 2; x x
an d s o o n In l ike
man n er
a bc = a cb = bca , a n d so
. 0 11 .

Th l o c (a + b) a d (a + b) c a e e qu l for e c h d e
us a s n r a , a
n ote the pro d c t f the s m e two f ctor ; o e fac tor
s u o a a s n
bei g n a d the other f c tor a
c, n b a .

I t is c o e ie t to m ke three as e s i M l tipl i c tio

'

nv n n a c n u a n,
n m el y I Th e m l tip l i c tio
a , . f si m pl e e pre io ; II The
u a n o x ss ns .

m l tipl i c tio o f
u c om po
a d e pre io by
n s i m pl e e
a un x ss n a x
press o ; I II The m l tipli tio f om poun d e pres
1 n . u ca n o c x
s io s We sh all t ke thes e three c se i order
n . a a s n .

58 I .S ppo e we h e to m l tipl y 3 a by 4 b Th e
. u s av u .

pro d ct may b writte t f l l thus 3

u e 4 b or th us n a u x a x x ,

3 4
x a b;x d it is therefore e q l to l 2 b
x an He c e we ua a . n
h e the foll owi g r l e for the m l tipli c tio of si m pl e e
av n u u a n x
pre io ; m l tip ly t geth er th e
ss ns m e ica l
u efi ie ts o n u r co c n
an d p t th l e tt u af te th is p r od u c t
e er s r .

Thus for e amp l e x ,

7a x 3 be = 2 l a be,

4a x 5 b x 3 c = 6 0a bc .

59 . Th e p wer s of th e sa m
o e n u mber a r e m ul tip l ie d
o
t ge th e r by a dd in g th e exp o n e n ts .

Fo r e x am pl e ,
su ppos e we h ave t o mul tiply a 3
by CL
2
.

By A r t 1 6, .

2=
an d a a x a ;
therefore a a a a
3 x a
'
x x x x

S im il rl y a ,

I l ike man n er the rul e may be s ee to

n n be tru e i n an y

other c se a
.
26 M UL TI PLI CA TI OM ’

60 . II . S uppos e we h ave t o mul tiply a + b by 3 We .

h ave
S i mil arl y, 7 (a b) 7a 7 b .

In the s am e man n er su ppo s e we h ave t o mul tipl y a +b

by e. We h ave
c a ( b) = cd cb .

In the sam e m a er we h ve nn a

3 (a — b) = 3 a —3 b, 7 (a b) 7a —7b, c a ( b) = ca — c b .

Thus we h e the foll owi g r l e for the m l tipl i tion

av n u u ca
of om po d e pre io by im pl e e pre io ; m l t ip ly
a c un x ss n a s x ss n u
e ch t
a m f th e c o mp o d e p e io by th e imp l e
er o un x r ss n s e x

p e s io
r s d p t th e s ig
n ,
an f th e t m b fu th e r lt ; n o er e or e es u
an d co ll ec t th e e e l t to f r m th e o mp l e te p o d t
s r su s o c r uc .

61 I II S ppo s e we h a e to m l tipl y a + b by c + d
. . u v u .

A s in the e c o d c as e we h a e s n v

(a + b)
al so

th erefore (a b)(c d) ac ad + be bd .

A gain ; m l tipl y u a —b b c
y d .

(a
o
al s

therefore
= a c + a d — bc
( a ( bc + bd ) bd .

S i mi l a rl y ; m ul tipl y a b by c d .

( a+ b) (c — d ) :
( c —d (a + b)
ca + c b cb — d a —d b .

Lastl y ; m ul tipl y a —b by c —d .

—b —d
( c— d ) a — (c — d )b
( a )( c ) :

o — = a c —a d — d b bc —bd
al s ( dc) a , (c )
:

therefore
— b c —d = a c — a d — = c c — a d — bc bd
(a )( ) (be bd ) .

Le t us n o w c ns o ider the l as t res l t u . 13y A r t 3 3 .

may write it th us ,
— d = + a c —a d + bd
(+a ) bc .
 M UL TI PLI 0A TI O N . 27

We th at c orre spo di g to the + whi ch o c r

se e n n a cu s
i the m l tipl i c d
n u d the whi h o c rs i the m l ti
an an c c c u n u
pl ier there is a term ac i the pro d c t ; c orre po di g to n u s n n
the terms + a d —d there i a term d i the prod ct ;
a n s -
a n u
c orre po di g to the ter m s — b a d +
s n n there i a term n c s
—bc i the pro d c t ; a d orre po d i
n u to the ter
n m s — bc s n n
g
a d —d there is a ter m
n bd i the pro d c t n u .

S i mil ar observ tio s m y b e m d e re spe c ti g the other

a n a a n

three re s l t ; d the s e obser tio s a e briefly ol l e te d

u s an va n r c c
i the foll owi g i mport t r l e i m l tipl i atio
n n an l ik ig u n u c n : e s ns

p o d ce
r u d l ike ig
an un Thi r l e is c ll e d the
s ns s u a
R l e f S ig
u o d w sh all ofte refer to it by thi s am e
n s, an e n n .

62 We ca n o w give the ge eral r l e for m l tipl yi g

. n n u u n

al ge b r i al e pre a c io ; m u l tip ly h te m f th e m l ti
x ss ns eac r o u

l i can d b ac h t er m f eth e m l t ip l i er ; if th e te r m h
o e u s av
p y
th e sam ig p efix th e ig
e s n r t th e p o d t if th ey s n o r uc ,

h e d ifler e t ig p r ef i th e ig th en c l l ec t th e e
’

av n s ns x s n o s

r es l t t o f o r m th e q o mp le te p r o d c t
u s u .

For e mpl e ; m l tipl y 2 a + 3 b — 4 c by 3 a —4 b Here

xa u .

( 2a + S b —4 c )( 3 a — 4 b = 3a
) ( 2a + 3 b — 4 c —4 b 2 a + 3 b — 4 c
) ( )
= 6 a2 9ab 1 2ac (8 a b 1 2b 2 1 6 bc )
= 6 a2 + 9 ab 1 2a c — 8 a b
2
1 2b + 1 6 be .

hi
T s isthe re l t whi h the r l e will give ; su c u we may
s i p if the re sul t a d re d
m l y e it to n uc

2
6a + a b 1 2a c 1 2 b7 + 1 6 bc .

We mi gh t i llustrate
the rul e by u i g it t o m l tipl y s n u

6 — 3 2 b y 7 3 — 4 ; it wil l b e fo d th t w orki g by un a on n

the rul e a d c ol l ecti g the terms the resul t is 3 0 th t is

,
n n , ,
a

5 6 as it s ho l d b e
x
,
u .

63 Th e st de t wi l l s om eti m e s fi d suc h e ampl e as

. u n n x s
the foll owi g propo e d m l tipl y 2 a by —4 b o m l tipl y
n s : u ,
r u

4 c by 3 a o m l tipl y — 4 c by — 4 b
-

, r u .

Th e r e sul ts whi c h a e req ire d ar e the foll owin g r u

,

2a x —4 b = 8 a b,
-
4c >
< 3 a = — l 2 a c,
—4 c x —4 b 1 6 bc .
 28 UL TI PLI CA TI ON M .

Th e s t de n t m y tt ch u me a i g to the s e O pe rations
a a a a n n
in the ma er we h ave l re dy e pla i e d ; s e e A rti cl e 4 1
nn a a x n

Th s the s t te m e t — 4 c >
u < —4 b = 1 6 bc m y b
a de
n a e un 1

s too d to m e a th t if —4 c o c r m o g the te rm f
n, a c u a n s o a
m l tipl i c d
u d —4 b o c r m o g the term o f
an an m l ti cu a n s a u
plier there will b e a term 1 6 bc in the pro d ct c orre spo d
,
u n
i g to the m
n .

Parti c l ar cas e s o f thes e e ampl es ar e

u x

2d x —4 : —4 —8
, 2 x —1 —2 .

i c e the s h e ampl es may b e gi en s tho e

64 . S n n uc x v a s
i the pre e di
n A t i l it b e c o m e s n e e
c n y to tak e c
1 c e, c s s ar a
g
co t o f them
un r l e ; d ac ordi gly the r l es for
in o ur u s an c n u
m l tipl i c tio m y b
u o e ie tl y pre e te d thus
a n a e c nv n n s n

To m l tipl y im pl e term ; m l tip l y togeth e r th e

u s s u n u
m e r i ca l cb efi c ie1i ts, p u t th e l e tte r s af ter th is p 1 o d uc t a n d
de te r m i n e th e s ign by th e R ul e of S ign s .

To mul ly x tip e pre o

s si n s ; m u l t ip l y eac h t er m i n o n e
o
exp r es s i n by e a c h t er m i n th e th er by th e r u le f o r m u l o
t ip l y in g si mp le t er m s , a n d c ll ec t th es e p a r t ia l p r d uc ts t o o o
o
f r m th e c mp l ete p r duc t o o .

65 . We sh all n owgv i e s o me e xa mp l e s of mul tipli ca tion

a rr an g ed i n a c o n ve m e n t form

2
a ab

“
ab b

a
e
+ 2 a b+ b2 3
x + 2x
2 —3 . v

Q 2 “
5 1t
2
3 3
a 4 a b ab 3a 4a b

cr b
i—ab
”
b3
6a
3
b 8a ? 2
b l oubi
’
‘’
‘
9a b -

1 2 a b3 15 6
‘
‘ 3 3 4
3a 1 0a b 2 2a b 3
2 20 b3 15 6
30 Ill UL TI B LI CA TI O N .

x
4 —3 x’ + 2x +1

x
3 — 2x —2

x
7 —3 x 5 -
1 2x
- 4 -
l x
-
3

—2x 5 6x 3 — 4 x 2 — 2x

— 2x 4 + 6x — 4 x
2 —2
— + 2x — 6 x — 2
7 5 3 2
x 5x + 7x

ip
M ul t l y a
2
+ b + c —a b
2
‘
3 -
bc — ca by a + b+ c .

A rra ge a cordi
n c ng to de scen di ng power s of a .

a
2 — a b —ue +b
2—
bc +e

a b c

s g 2 ” 2
a a b a c ab a bc ac
z 3 2 ’
at a bc 6 6 0 + bc

a bc ao
2 —’ ’
b c bc + c3

3
3 a bc b

hi s e ampl e
T x mg i ht als o be worke d with th e ai d of
b racket th us
s, ,

2
a

a (b + c )
a
3
+a (b —2
bc + )
c
?

— bc + c
'

Then we h ave a (b "

bc —a b
( c ) (b c)
a {b
i —bc + c2 (b
bc + c — (b
'
z—
a{b
2

—
a { b — bc + c g
” —2 bc — 3 a bc ;

T hu s, as b efore the resul t is a 3

,
b3 0
3 -
3 abo .
 III UL TI PLI CA TI O N
’
. 31

M ul tip ly together x a, x b, x c.

z—
x ex

—bx + ab

(
a b)x 2 a bx
2
cx (a b) ex a bc

— a bc

Th e t e t ho l d n oti c e th t he
s ud n s m ke t wo e e
u a c an a x r
ci e i m l tipl tio from e ery e m pl e whi h the
i
s s n u ca n v xa in c
m l tipl i
u d d m l tip l ier
c an d iffere t o m po d
an u ar e n c un ex
pre o by c h gi g the origi l m l tiplier t o the
s si n s, an n na u in

m l tipli
u d d the ori g
c an l m l tipl i
an d t o m l tipli er 1n a u c an 1n u .

Th e re l t o bt i e d ho l d b the sam e whi c h will be a

,

su a n s u e ,
te s t o f the c orre ct ess o f hi s work n .

EXAMP LES . VI II .

Mul tipl y
” 2
1 . by 4 x . 2 .
4
3 a by 4 a 5
. 3 . 2 a b by 2 a b ’

" z
3 4 2
7 x y by
2 3
4 . 3 x y z by 5 x y z . 5 .

2—
6 . 4a 2
3 b b y 3 ab . 7 . 8 a 9a b b y 3a
2
.

2 ?
8 3x
2
4g 2
5x by 2 x y .

4 4 2 g g ’
3
by
“
3
x y y z z x x y z .

3 2 z
2x y z 2 3
3x y 2 3
z 5 x yx by 2 x y z .

2x y b y 2y x .

2 x + 4 x + 8 x + 1 6 by 3 x
3 2 —6 .

3
x +x +x
2 —1 b x —l
y .
 E X A M PLE S . VI I I .

1 1 4x - - - '
1 0x 2 by 1

15 3 — 4 x ’ + 1 1x — 24 b x
2
+ 4x + 5
. x y .

16 . x
3
+ 4x + 5x
2 ~
2 4 by x
9 —4 x +11 .

17 . x
3 — 7x 2 + 5 x + 1 b y 2x — 4 x + 1 2
.

18 . x
3 2
+ 6x + 24 x + 6 0 by x3 —6 x ‘

1 2x + 1 2 .

— 2x 3 + 3x — 4
by
‘
3 3 2
19 . x 4 x + 3 x + 2x + 1 .

20 . x
4 —2x 3 + 3 x — 2x + l
2
by
2—
21 . x 3 a x by x + 3a .

‘
3 — 2
22 . a + 2 x
a x by a
2
+ 2ax + x
2

2 b3 + 3 a b — a 2 b y 7 a — 5 b
‘

23 . .

24 . a
2 — a b + b2 b v a
g
+ a b— b2 .

2—
ab + 2b by 2
25 . a

26 . 4 x 2 — 3 x y —y 2 b y 3 x — 2y .

27 —x 4 4 — 5
by
.
y + xy y x + y .

2
28 2x + 3 x y + 4 y 9
by
x
9
+ y
2—
xy + x + y
— 1 by x + y
—1 .

4 ’ 3
my by
°
3
x 2x y 4x y “
Sx y x 2g .

8 1x
‘
27x y + 9 x y + 3 x y + y by
3 9 2 3 ‘
3x —
+ y .

x + 2y —3 z b x —2 4 3
y y
-
r

2 2
a -
ax + bx + b b y a + b+ x .

a
2
+ b2
+ c
’ — bc — ca —a b b y a + b+ c .

2
35 . by a

36 a
2 — 2a b + b2 + c2 b a
2
+ 2 ab + b — c
’ ’
.
y .

Mul tiply the foll o wi ng e pre sion s toge ther

x s

’ "
x +a a s a -

x +c

— ax + a’ x
‘

x + 2m
 D I V[ S ] 0 1V . 33

IX . D i vis i on .

68 ivi io a s in A rith m eti c 1s tlie in vers e of M l ti

D s n, ,
‘

u
pli tio M l tipl i tio we d eterm i e the pro d t
.

ca I n. n u ca n n uc
a ri i g from two gi e f tor ; i D i i io we h e gi e
s n v n ac s n v s n av v n
the pro d t d uc f the f tor a d we h e to d eter
an one o ac s, n av
mi e the other f tor The fac tor to b e d et ermi e d is
n ac . n
call e d the q o t ie t u n .

The pre e t e tion therefore is l o ely o ecte d with

s n s c c s c nn
the pre e di g e tio s we h e o w i f t to d o the
c n s c n, a av n n ac un
oper tion a there perfor med I t i o e ie t t o m k e
s . s c nv n n a
three i D i i io
ca s e s m el y I The d i i io
n of o
v s n, na , . v s n ne

simpl e e pre io by other ; I I The di i io f

x ss n m an . v s n o a co
po d e pre io by a im pl e e pre io ; III Th e divisio
un x ss n s x ss n . n

o f o n e c o m po d expre io by n othe un ss n a r.

69 . I . We h ave
re dy hewn i Ar t 1 0 how to al a s n .

d e ote th t
n e pre io i to b di i d e d b y other
a one x ss n s e v an .

F e mpl e if 5 i to b e di i d e d by 2 the q otie t is

or xa ,
a s v 0 u n

i di cate d th us : 5 a + 2c o m ore s ally 2

n
5 ,
r u u
5
.

I t may h ppe th t som e o f the f ctors f the divi or

a n a a o s
o r the d ivi de d ; i thi s c e the e pre io f r the
ccu in n n as x ss n o

q otie t impl ifie d by pri ipl e l re dy us e d i

.

u nb ca n e s a nc a a n
A rith m eti c S ppo e for e m pl e th t 1 5 b i to b e
. u s ,
xa ,
a a2 s
1 6
divi de d by 6 b ; then the q otie t is d e ote d by
c
23 u n n
0
.

Here the d i ide d 1 5 b 5 3 b; d the d i i o

v n a
‘
2 z a
2
x an v s r
6 b = 2c 3 b ; th
c the fa tor 3 b o c rs i both di i d e d
x us c cu n v n
a d n d i i s or The as i A rithmeti c we m y r m ge
v . n, n ,
a e o
5
2;
6
t hi s c omm on factor an d den o te the q otien t by ,
u
34 .
D I VI S I ON .
‘

h ppe th
It may a n the
at all or whi h o ccur in the
fact s c
ivi or
d s re o e
m ay be thi
m v d in er Th
s m an n ppos e for
us . su ,
e p e th t
x am l , to
a 2 4 abx is ii e
b e d v d d by 8 a x :
2 4 abx 3 b x 8a x
Sax

70 r e with re pe t to the s ign o f the q otie t

Th e ul
. s c u n
o t i e from a e am i tion o f the ca es whi h
may b e b a n d n x na s c
o r tip tio
c c u in M u l li ca n .

For e xampl e we h e ,
av

4 ah x 3 c = 1 2a bc °

therefore 4ab .

4 ab x —3 c = l 2 a bc °

therefore
4 ab x 3 c 1 2abc ;

therefore
-
4abx 3 c = 1 2 0 bc

I 2abc
therefore 4 ab .

T hus i t will b e s een th t the R le of S igns hol ds in a u

D i i io n s well as in Mul tipl i catio
v s a n.

71 Hen c e we h a e the foll owi g rul e for di i din g o e

. v n v n
s i m p l e e pre io by other W ite th d i id d o e
x ss n an : r e v e n v r
t h e d i i o w i th
v s r l i e be t ween th e m ; if th e exp r e io
a n ss ns

h a e o mm o f to
v c n e m o e th e c o m m o
ac r s, r f to ; p fi v n ac rs re x

t h e ig s if th e p
n io h e th e
ex m e ig a d th e
r es s ns av sa s n n

s ign if th ey h a ve d iffer e n t s ig n s .

72 . o
O n e p we r of a n y n u m ber is d ivided by a n o th er
o
p we r of t h e s a m e n u m be r , by s ubt r a c t i n g th e i n dex Qf
t h e la tter p o we r f r o m th e i n de x of the f r m er o .
 ON D I VI S I 35

For e ampl e suppose we h ave t o divi de a

x ,
s
by a
3

5
B y Ar t 1 6 , . a z a x a x a x a x a,

3 =a
a x a x a ;
5
a x a x a x a x a
therefore a x (t x a
= a x a = a2 =

O X CX GX CX CX GX G
i i r
Sm la ly
6
4
CX C X C X O
—CXC X C= 0
3 =C

In l k i e man n er the r l e may be shewn t o be tr e in an y u u

o ther c as e .

Or we may shew the tr th o f the r ul e thus u

4 3
by Ar t 5 9, . c x c = c7
,

therefore

73 . If an y power
er o cc r s in the divi de d o f a. n u m b u n
an d a higher power o f the me m b er i the d ivi or the sa nu n s ,

q otie t c a b im pl ifie d by A rt 7 1 d 72 S ppo e

;

u n n e s s .
,
an . u s ,
for e m p e th at 4 b i to be di i d e d by 3 b ; the the
l
xa
z
,
a s
2
v c
5
n

35
61
q otie t is de ote d b y Th e fac t or b o c cu rs i b oth 2
u n n 5
n
0

di vi de d a d di i or ; thi m y be re m o e d a d the quo

n n v s s a v ,
n
4a 4 bz 4a a
t en t d en o t e d by
l
3c 5
3 cb 3 b 3
c

74 . rul e for divi din g a c ompoun d e pression

II . Th e
“

x
by a si mpl e e pre io wi l l b e ob t i n e d fro m an e ami a
x ss n a x n
h e d the c orre po din g e as e i M l tipl i c atio n
a s n n u .

Fo r e ampl e we h a e
x
,
v

( a b) c = ac —bc ;
ac — bc
therefore c
_

a b .

( a —c = -
ac + bc ;

therefore
36 ON D I VI S I .

Hen c e we h ave the foll owin g r l e for divi din g a c o m

‘

u .

po d e pre sio by a i mpl e e pre io d i id e each ter m

un x s n s x ss n . v

of th e d id d by th e d i isor by th e r u l e i
iv en th e ji s t v ,
n 1

c a se a n d c ol l e t th e
, e l t t f o r m th e c omp le te quo t ie n t
c r su s o .

3 ?
4a 3 a bc a o
Fo r e x am pl e ,
a
4 a2 3 bc ac .

75 . To ivi e
I II . d d o po on ee pre io
c m un d x ss n by
an other we t pro ee
mus the per tio
c d as in e o
O a n c all d L n g
i i io
D v s n in A rith eti The fo owi r e
m c ll ie
ng ul .may b e g v n .

o o
A r r a n ge b th d iv ide n d a n d d iv is r a c co r d in g to asce nd
o o o o o
i n g p we r s of s o m e c m m n l e t te r , o r b th ac c r d i n g t o
o o
d es ce n d in g p o wer s of s m e c o m m n l e tte r D i v id e th e .

o
fir st ter m of th e di v iden d by th e f ir s t te r m of th e d ivis r ,
o
a n d p ut th e r es ul t f o r th e fi r s t te r m o f th e q u t i e n t ; m ul

o o
l ip l y th e wh l e d i v is r by th is te r m a n d s ubt r ac t th e
p r o d u c t f r o m th e d i v ide n d To th e r e ma i n d er jo i n as
.

o
m a n y te r m s of th e d ivid en d, t a ke n i n r d e r , as m a y be
o o o
r e q ui r e d, a n d r ep e a t th e wh o l e p e r a t i n C n t in ue th e .

o
p r ces s u n t il a l l th e ter m s of th e d ividen d h a ve bee n
t a ke n d o wn .

The re o fo thi s r l e i the m e th t for the

as n r u s sa as a
rul e O f Lo g D i i io in A rithm eti c h ly th t We m y
n v s n ,
na ie , a
'
a
b re k the d i i d e d p i to p a rt
a v n d fi d h w O fte
u the n s an n o n

d i i or i
v s o t i ed i e h p rt d the the aggregate
s c n a n n ac a ,
an n
o f the s e re l ts 8 the c o mp l ete q otie t
su 1 u n .

76 We h ll o w gi e ome e mpl es O f D i ision

. s a n v s xa v
a rra ge d
n a c o ve ie t f
in m n n n O1 .

—bi b
( a -

2
+ ab
’
a a + ab

a —b —l
2
b 2
b — 3x
) a
( a +
( x
-

z—
a ab (o i
38 D I VIS ION .

presse d in ways s imil ar to thos e us e d in Arith metic ; thus

we may ay th t s a
‘
2
a -
l 2b
-

= a + b+
a + b

th at is, there is a q otien t a + b an d a fractio u ,

n al part
en eral l e t A a d B d e ote two e pre ions a
In g ,
n n x ss , nd

s ppo s e th a t whe
u A i d i i d e d by B the q otie t i Q
n s v u n s ,
an d

t h e re mai der R ; the thi res l t i e p es e d lg b

n n s u s x r s a e ra i

ca ll y i the fo ll owi g w y
n n a s,

A q + R, or A—n R,

The st de t will ob er e th t e ach l etter here m y

u n s v a a re
pre se t ne pre sio im pl e
an om po d ; it i ofte
x s n, s or c un s n
c o ve ie t for di ti t e
n n n d b revity th us to repre se t
s nc n ss an n
an e pre io by si gl e l etter
x ss n a n .

We h ll howe er c o i d er lgeb r i cal fr tio i s b

s a v ns a a ac ns n u
s e q e t Ch apter
u n d t pre e t s h all c o fi e o r el ves t
s, an a s n n n u s o
e m pl e f D ivi ion in whi ch the ope ratio can b e e x c tly
xa s o s n a
performe d .

78 . We give s o me m ore e xamp l e s :

ivide x v + 7 + 2
D 7 —5 .
5
e
.
3
x
2 —6v — 2 b 1
.
y + 2v

A rra ge b oth divi de d

n n an d iv or
d is ac c or din g to de
sc e di g powers o f x
n n .

—6 v —2 —2 v — 2
'

)
7
i 1 5 x5 a3
v
k
- - -
. . .

w7 a“

2v .
5 — 2v 4 + . 2x ’
2x 5 6x3
2x

+ 6 v —4 v—2
’
. .

+ 6a
3 —4 x — 2
 D I VIS ION . 39

i i e
D v d a +b + 0 —
3 3
3 a bc by a + b + c
3 .

A rran ge th e divi den d accordin g t o de sc en din g po wers

of a .

—3 a bc + b3 + c3 ta 2 —ab —a c + bz
)
3
a + b+ c a
3 g 2
a + a b+ a c

— d "c
’
ab
"
2 a bc
”
c a bc — ac
2

2 z s
ab a bc + ac + lr
z 3 z
ab b bc

It ee th t we rr e the e ter
be s n a a an g or
s m s ac c di n g
e e i power
to d sc n d n g the whe there
s of a ; n ntwo ar e
ter h z
wh h i o ve the
2
m s, su c a s a b a n d a c , ic e power
nv l s am of
ee t
a , we s l c etter
a n ew l , the ter w h
a s b, a n d p ut m hi c
o ti
c n a ns b b efore the ter wh h oe
m i c d s n o t ; an d again , o f
the ter z
we
ms ab an d a bc, the for er fir t i vo v
p ut m s as n l in g
the hi her power
g o f b .

This e mpl e migh t als o be worke d with the aid o f

xa ,
brackets th s :
,
u

— be + e '
) L
3 3 3
a + b+ c a -
3 a bc + b + c a
2

—3 a bc + b3 + c3

z
a(b
z
a(b bc
40 E X A M PLE S . JX .

D ivi de a
‘ 3 —a bc b
y x —c .

)
3
x c v
. a
c r z
ar
t — ex ”

-
a bc
2
(a b)v .
(a b)ev .

a bm

very e mpl e f M l tipl i tio i whi h th e mul ti

E xa o u ca n ,
n c
pl ier a d the m l tipl i c d a di ffere t e pres io wil l
n u an re n x s n s,
f r i h two e er i e i D i i io ; b e e if the pro d t
u n s x c s s n v s n ca u s uc

b e d i i d e d b y either f ctor the q otie t sho l d b e the other

v a u n u
fac tor Th from the e m pl e gi e i the s e tio o
. us xa s v n n c n n
M l tipl i c tio the t de t
u a d eri e e er i e i D i isio
n s u n c an v x c s s n v n,

an d te t the ac r y o f h i work
s A d f m an y ex am pl e
c u ac s . n 1o

o f D ivi io i whi h the q otie t

s n, d the d i i or a e
n c u n an v s r
d iffere t e pre io n a e c o d e er i e m y b obtai e d
x ss n s, s n x c s a e n
b y m ak in g the q otie t di i or o f the d i i d e d so t at u n a v s v n ,
h
t h e n e w q otie n t o ght to b e the origi al di i sor
u u n v .

EX AMPLE S . IX .

D ivid e
1 . 1 5 a“5 by 2 . 2 4 a by 6
8e 3
. 3 . 18 x3 3} b?
y fizz
y .

4 5 6 3 3
2 a b c by
‘

20a b d y by 5 b3a 3 y 4 4
4 . 4 5 . .

3 — 4 —
1 2a + 1 5 a by
2 3 ’
6 . 4v . 8v + . by 7 . 3a
(fi g 4 a m b y my
"’ 2 "
8 . 3 . v y .

3a b
3 3
l 5a b
‘
3 2
9 1 2 ab by Bab
‘

. .

3 3 2 ‘

4 S a b4 c 2
3 2 ‘ 6
l0 . 6 0a b c 3 6a b c 2
QOabc b y 4 a bc ’
.

l l x
2 — 7x + 12 by m— 3 12 — 72 b x + 9
. . .
y .

13 2x3 — 9 b 2x — 3
.
y .

14 . 6a + l 4 v 3
.
° —4 e . + 24 by 2 v + 6 . .

15 —l b —1
.
y .

5 8 33 — 2 1 by 7 v — 3
"
16 . 7v . . .
 E XAM PLE S . IX . 4]

x — 1 by v — 1
6
18 a 3 — 2 a b2 + b3 b a —b
. . .
y .

x —8 1 b x
4 4
y y
-

3y .

x
4 — v 3 b
y x —
y.
y .

— 5
b — 3 2 b by 2b
5
5 5
x y y x g . 22 . a -
1
-
a + .

4 3 — 4
2a + 2 7 ab 8 1 b by a + 3b .

3
by x + y
3
.

5 i 3
Qx y" 5
by 3 — 3
x x i/ i 3y x y
a
4
' — 1 2v . + 6 by x
2 —3x -
l 3
-
.

a +
4
4 b a
fl
a3 — 9 v2 — 1 6 v
+ 4x + 4 —
y . . .

x — 1 3f
4 2
l 3 6 by x + 5 x + 6 - -
.

m + 6 4 by fi + 4 x + 8
4
.

by
a
4
w3 —2 4 x 2 — 3 5 x + 5 7 by
+ a
“
+ 2v .
—3 .

1 — ar — 3a" — ' 5
z by .

s ”
J
' -
i 1
-
by w
a
4
+ 2a b + 9 6 b y
9 2 4
a
2 — 2a b 3 b?
“— 6 3
a b b a y
a
‘
+ 2x
5 -
4 aA — 2 a3 4 1 2x 2 — 2x — 1 -
by x2 + 2w -
l .

— 3 — 2—
by w 2 x i 3 x 4
2 a'4 1 - -
.

m
m l s —Qb 4 2
y w +a + 1
'
- -
a .

{I F— (a —a bc
z
by a

a
'
—b3) l ‘
e
i 6
- 2
by dx
2 — bx —
l c
-
.

x
4 —a3 y — wy 3
y by x + x g + y
-
i
-
“ 2 2

o r
g—
3 xy y— 3 —
1 b y w— y — l .

4 9 x 2 + 2 1 x y + 1 2y z — l 6 a g b y 7x + 3 y — 4 z .

2—
by b— c
'
2 2
a + 2a b + b c a + .

a c —2 a b
— 6 a bc b ?—
a
3
+ 8b 3
+ c3 y a
2
+ b2
4 + c -
2bc .

by a + b+ c .

—b + by a + b+ c
) a bc .

3 —( f — ( db + a b
2
by —a i b
i x
’
c
. fe - -
.

by —z
( v
.
-
l x + y .

by
 G E N ERA L RE S UL TS

X . G en er a l R es ul ts i n M u l t ip l ica ti on .

79 here r e som e e ampl e s i M l tipli atio whi ch

. T a x n u c n

o c r o ofte i algebraical operatio that they de erve

cu s n n ns s

e pecial oti c e
s n .

Th e fo ll o wi g three e m pl e s a e o f gre a t i mportan ce

n xa r .

a + b
a —b

2 2
a 2a b a 2a b b?

Th e fir t e
s xampl e give the v s al u e of ( a b) ( a b) th at ,

is, of (a thus we h ave

”
(a + 2 ab b .

T h us th e s q u a r e of th e s u m of t wo n u m ber s is eq ua l t o
th e s um of th e s qu a r es of th e t wo n u m be r s i n c r eased by

twice th e ir p r o d u c t.

A ga i the s ec o
n, nd e x am pl e give s

— 2= 2— z
(a b) a 2 ab + b .

h
T us th e sq u a r e of th e d ifie r e n ce
'
of t wo n u m ber s a s
‘

e q u a l t o th e s u m of th e s q ua r e s of th e t wo n u mber s
d im in ish e d by t w ic e t h e ir p r d uc t o .

Th e l as te x am pl e gives
— b = a2 — b
(
a + b) ( a )
T h o
th e p r d uc t of th e s u m a n d d ef e r e nce Qf t wo
us
n u m ber s i s e q u a l t o th e d z
f e r e n ce of th e ir s q ua r es .

80 Th e
. sul s re t of the pre ce di g A rti l e f rn i h a n c u s
si pe e
m l xa m l o f o nepe of the e o f A l eb a ; w m y us s g r e a
th t
sa y a e r e e
A l g b a n a bl s to p o e g a l th o e m
us r v en e r e r s

r e sp ec t in g n u m be r s, a n d al o to e p r ess th o s e th eo e ms
s x r

br ief l y .
 I N M UL TI PLI 0 A TI 0 1V . 43

exampl e the re t
Fo r ,
pro e d sul —b) = b2 is a
z—
v
t o b e tr e d is e pre ss e d th us
u ,
an o ore c o m x by s ymb l s m
p actl y th by words an .

A ge eral re s l t t h us e x press e d by sym b ols is ofte

n u n
call e d f r m ula a o .

We m y here i dic t e the m e an i g of the ign

a n a n s i
Wh h lc m d e by o m bi i g the s ig s
13 a a d a d whi c hc n n n n n
is call e d the do bl e ig u s n .

S i e (a b) =
nc 2 b b a d ( b) = 2
2 ab b a
z
a
2
n a
2
a
2 2
,
we m y e pre s thes e re l t i o e form l a th
,
a x s su s n n u us :
z
(
2=
a i b) a
2
i 2a b b,
where i i te th t w m y t k e either the ign or
n di c a s a e a a s
the ig keep i g th r o gh o t th
s n pp ig o r th e n u u e u er s n
l o w r ig
e b is re ad th
s n a pl
. mi b
a i us, us o r n us .
”

82 We hall devote om e A rti cl e to e pl i i g the

. s s s x a n n
u th t ca b m d e f the form l e f A t 7 9 We h ll
se a n e a o u a o r . . s a
repe t the e form l a d m b th m f r th k f
a s u ae , n n u er e o e sa e o

e a sy a n d d is t in c t f
r e e r en ce to th e m .

(1)
—b2
( )
2 2
a a, 2a b + b (2)
-

2— 2
=
-

b) a b (3 )
83 Th e
. mu l a for
ll s m m e wi o eti es b o f us e i A rith e n
m eti c a l c al c ul a ns F tio
x am l ; . or e p e re q ire d the differen ce u
o f the s q ua s re of
1 2 7 an d 1 2 3 By the form l a (3 ) . u

( 1 2 3 V:
(127 25 0 x 4 1 000 .

Th the re q i re d mber is obt i e d m ore e il y th

us u nu a n as an

it wo l d b by q ari g 1 2 7 an d 1 2 3 an d subtracti g the

u e s u n ,
n
se c o d re l t from the first
n su .

A gai by the for m l a ( 2)

n, u

—6 0 + 1 = 8 4 1
;
an d th s the q re of 2 9 is fo
u ore e is ua un d m as l y t h an by
mu l tipl yi g 2 9 by 2 9 dire c tl y
n .

O s ppo e we h ave to mul tipl y 5 3 by 4 7

r u s .

B y the formul a (3 )
53 x
44 G E N ER A L R E S UL TS

ppo se th t we re q i re the q are o f 3 x + 2y

84 . Su a u s u .

W c a f o r e obt i it i the ord i ry w th t i by

u s a n n

h
e n o c na a a s
m l tipl yi g 3 + 2g b y
u n2g B t we
x . u c an a a
i n other w y m el y by empl oyi g the form l
an a , na , n u a .

The form l i tr e wh ate er m b er m y b e d wh t

u a s u v nu a a ,
an a
ev er mb er b m y b ; o we may p t 3 for
nu a d 231 e s u x a, an

fo r b Th .we o bt ai us n

” 2 2 ”
2g ) (3 x ) 2 ( 3 a: 2 g) (2g)
2
(3 x 9x 1 2 xy 4g .

e i er wi ll prob bl y thi k th t i ch as e he
Th e b g nn a n a n su a c

d oe t g i a y thi g by the u f the form l '

s no a n n f n se o u a, oi
he will b el ie e th t he o l d h e obt i e d the re qui red
v a c u av a n
re l t at l e t
su e il y d as fely b y omm o work
as as
'

an as sa c n

a by the
s f the for m l
us e Thi otio may b orrec t
o u a . s n n e c
i thi c as e b t it wi ll b fo d th t i
n s ,
u m ore c o m pl e x e un a n

c s e the form l a wi ll b e
a s f gre a t s er i e
u o v c .

85 . Su ppo e we re q ire the s quar e

s u of D e
n ote v
. + y
by a .

T he n an d by the us e o f ( 1 ) we h ve a

Thus
S ppo e we re q ire the q re o f p
u s u s ua q r s . D e ote
n

b d — b b the — +r
g y r a an y ; p q s n

B y the se o f ( l ) we h e
u av

—
q) ( r
T he n by the us e of (2 ) we e pre x ss (p —
q)
’
an d (r
Th us (p —
a r —s
) 2

— —
q r + qs ) 4 r
i —
2r s ~
i
-
s
2

—2
pq
-
2p s — 2q r — 2 r s .

Su ppo se we re q ire the pro d c t u u of p

—q + r —s an d

p
—q
—r +a

Le t p — q z a an d r —s = b ; the n

p
—
q+r sn d p
—
g
—r 4 —
s z a —b .
4G R E S UL TS I N M UL TI PLI CA TI O N
’

2 '
3 ~ z ce 2
(a )(
?
2a b b c a 2a b b )
'
{
2
( 2
{ (
2 2
2 a b a b c 2 a b a b

( ? (
2 2
2 4 5 a 5 2
5 9
{(
2 ? 2 ‘
(a b ) 6
2
a 2 c }
i 2 2 “
e a b ( a b ) 2 (a b ) c
? 2 2 ? 2
c

2 2 “ " 2 2
4a b a b 2b c c
‘

2 2 2 2 z2
‘
“ 4
2a b 2b c 2a o a b C
4
.

There ar e other res l ts in M l tipli c tio whi h a e

88 . u u a n c r
of l e im port e th the three form l e gi e i A r t 8 2
ss an c an u a v n n .
,
b ut whi h d e er i g f tte tio
c ar e We pl e them here
s v n o a n n . ac
in order th t the t d e t m y b b l e to rete to them
a s u n a e a i
whe they n w a te d ; they can b e e asil y verified by
ar e n

ac t l m l tipl i atio
ua u c n .

(
i
( a + b) a

—b — b3
( a ) ,

(a b) (a 2 a b
3 2 2
(a b) :
?
b) ?
a
s
3a b 3 ab b 3
,

3 = a — b d z— 2
( )(
? = a3 2
b) ab b) 9 3
(a 3a b 3 b
a b,

— a 3 + b3 + c 3 + 3 a 2 b + c
( ) Ga be .

89 eful
Us i M l tipli catio form e d by
e x e 1 c 1 se s n u n ar e
the t d e t to hew th t two e pre io s agree in
.

i e qu ii i n g s u n s a x ss n

givin g the s m e 1 c l t For e mpl e hew th t

a su . xa ,
s a

—b ( b —c ) (c —a ) = a ( b) + b 2
( a ) c ( a -
a ) .

If we mul tipl y a -
b by b — c we obtain
ab b2 ac be

then by mul tipl yi n g thi s

“

re l t by c
su a we ob tai n

2 2 “
1 2 z g
c ab cb ac be a b ab a e a bc,

th t i ( a s a
2
c b) b ’
( a c ) c
2
(b
Aga i n ; s hew th at (a —
(b c) + (c
3
y a
i i

2 ( C— b )( 0 —a
) +2 b —
( a ) (b —b) (a
 E X A M PLES X . . 47

By us n g i formul a 2) of Ar t . 8 2 we obtai n
—a
(a 2
)
= a 2 — 2 a b 4 b2 4 b2 —2be + cz+ e 2 —2 a c + a 2
- -

— a b — a c — bc
) .

—
( b) (c
c —ca

(b )( -
a b—e ) z b —ba — bc + a c,
2

—b a —a b
( a )(
therefore ( c -
b) (c —a
) (b —b
)( —e) a

= a 2 + b + e z —a b— a o — bc ;
g
therefore (a ) —a ’

= 2 c —b c — a b —c ; i 2 d—b a —c
( )( )( ) ( )( ) -
.

I
’

Ex amPLE s . X .

pp
A ly t h e for e
mul a o f A r t 8 2 t o the fol l owin g si teen x
e pe tip i tio
.

x am l s in m u l l ca n :

?
M y) 2 .
( 7x
2
5y
2 2
)
(x
2 2
4 .
(a: 5x
2
3x 6 .
(a :
2y 3 a)
”
l
2
x xv y ) (x
2
my

al
”
(x
2
my e ) (w
2
xv
i
.

2
( 56 we ?
a ) (x
2
x 31

w a ) (50
? 2
ivy y
”
)
3 — 2x 2
1) ( l 3x
'
a - -

z
(x
’
(a + 6 x + (a + b) (a
2
13 .

2
( x 3 y ) (4 x 1 2 x y 9 y )
2 2
2 .

’
(a x by ) (a x by ) (a lv
’

”
(a s: by ) (a n
48 E X A M PLE S . X .

S hew th t the foll owi

a ng re l ts a
su r e tr e u
2 ? 2 ” 2
17 .
(a b) (c d ) (a c bd ) (a d
18 .

( —b
) (b — )( —a
) bc (c —b) + ca —c —a
19 . a c c :
( a ) + a b ( b ) .

— — 3 ab (b — a )
(
3 3
)
3=
20 . a b +b a .

— a b + c — a —b a + c —b — c a + b — c)
21 .
( ) ( ) (
’ 2 2 —.a b g 9 = 4 a b a’ +
(a a b b ) (a
2
b) (
3 — 3 — 3=
'
3 —
(a + b + c) a b c 3 (a + b) ( b + c)
(a + b
b —b
(a + b + c

— b+ c — a 3 — a — b+ c 3 — 3
( ) ( ) -

(a + b —)
c
2 4 abc .

a + b —c
2
)
’
2
27 . + ka -
b -
i -
a

2 z— ”
(a + b) + 2 (d b) (a
(a —b
) ( b —c) —
( a)
c .

—b
( a ~

) 3
(2a )
—b) + (a
3
4a .

—a 9 ) + — b’
)

—b + b —c
( a ) ( )
c—a a —c —a = a —b b — c a —c
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
z
c . .

( c+ d)f

{ (d x bal z
(d e ba r} { (aw by ) 2
(w4 W} 4
(a b ) (x
*

z
(bx
2
) )2 (2
’l 3
(cy ba ) ( az er ay a s: by cs )
? 2
(a b c )(4c
y
 FA c r o s s . 49

XI . Fa cto r s .

the pre c e di g Ch pter we h ave n otic e d s om e

In n a

ge er l
n re l t i M
a l tip l i tio ; the
su e re l
s t m y l o b
n u ca n s su s a a s e
reg rd ed i o e io with D i i io be c e e ery
a n c nn x n v s n ,
au s v ex
amp l e i M l tipl i tio f r i he
h e m pl e or e mpl es
u ca n u n s s an xa xa

i D i i io
n We h ll w ppl y om e f the e re s l t
v s n . s a no a s o s u s
to fi d wh t e pre io will di i d e gi e e pre io
n a x ss ns v a v n x ss n, or
i o ther words to r e o l ve exp e sio s i to th ei f ac to
n s r s n n r rs .

91 For e ampl e by the u se of formula (3 ) of Ar t 82

. x , .

we h ave
g 2
a
4
b ) (c
?
5 ) (a + b) (0
(a
8 4 4 “ 2
(a ) b ) (a
s 4 4 ?
a b b ) (a
4
b 2
b ) (a b) (a b) .

He c e we se th t n b i the pro d t of the fo r

e a a
s 8
s uc u
f ctors
a b b b
a
“
d b Th
4
,
a
2
b i 2
,
a ,
an a . us a
8 8
s
d ivi ibl e b y a y o f the e f c tor
s b y the pro d t of a y
n s a s, or uc n

two o f them o r by the pro du ct of a y three o f the m

,
n .

A gain ,

(
2
+ ab+ b )( 2 g —a b b + a b) 2
b2 — a b)
(
2
a a a +
2 i z “ 2 2
(
2 4 2 2 “
a b) ( a b a 2a b b a b a a
fi
b 2
b 4

Th usb i th a prod c t f the two f ctors

“ 4
s e u o a
— b+ b a d is therefore d ivi i bl e b
‘
3 2 Q
a + b+ b a d an a
y a
3
,
n s
either o f them .

B e i d e s the re s l t whi h we h ave l re dy give

s we u s c a a n,
sh all n o w p l ac e a few m ore b efore the t d e t s u n .

92 Th e foll o wi n g e xampl e s in divi sio n m y be e asi ly

.
a
ve rifie d .

5
3
y + xy + yi
2 2
— x +x
r

50

an d so o n .
50 FA C T O R S .

x %
“

— x3 — x ” + x 2 — 3
e y e .

w — x y + x3y
5 4 2 —x ‘

a
s
.

an d s o o n .

a
} ?
my y
2
,

= x4 $3 31 fr y $513 at

an d s o o n .

The t de t s u rry the e oper tio as f as

n c an ca on s a ns ar

h ple e d he wil l th g i o fi d e e i the tr th of

e a s s , an us a n c n nc n u
the t te m e t whi h we h ll w m k e d whi h
s a n s c s a no a ,
an c are

s tri ctl y d e m o tr ted i the hi gher p rt o f l rger work

ns a n a s a s
on A l gebr The fol l owi g the t tem e t
a . n ar e s a n s :

x
"
y
-

i d i"
i i b lse b y
—
y if
v s b y whol e mb er x n e an nu

1 — y i di i ib l e b y a: y if b whol e m ber
" "
c s v s y n e an e ve n nu

y is di i ibl e l > y m+ y if b y dd whol e mb er

" "
’

x v s n e an o nu .

We might l o p t i to word a t tem e t of the form s

a s u n s s a n

o f the q otie t i the three u e ; b t the t d e t will

n n c as s u s u n

m o t re di l y l e m the e for m b y l ook i g t the b o e

s a a s s n a a v

e mpl e
xa d if s e e ry rryi g the oper tio til l
an , n c s sa ,
ca n a ns s
f rther
a .

We m y dd th t + y i e er di i sibl e by + y o r
a a a v
.
“ "
s n v v a
'

x —y whe ,
i n nwhol e mber s an e ve n nu .

93 t e t will be s i te d i remember g the

. Th e s ud n a s s n in
re lt of the pre ce di g Arti l e by n otici g the i m pl e t
su s n c n s s
 FA O T O R S . 51

c ase i n each o f the fo r re l ts a d referrin g o ther c ase u su , n s

to it Fo e am pl e s ppo e we wi h to c o i d er whether
. r x ,
u s s ns

x —y i d i i i bl e b y — y o by + y ; the i de 7 i
7 7
s v s fc r x n x s an
o dd whol e m b er d the i m pl e t c e of thi ki d i
nu ,
an s s as s n s
m— y whi h is di i i bl e by — y b t
, c t by +y ; s we v s x ,
u no {c o
i fer th t x — y i d i i ibl e by
n a y d o t by z + y
7 7
s v s x — an n c
tak e — y ; the i d e S i whol e m ber
.

Ag i a n, e
x
B s
n x s an ven nu ,

a d th e
n i mpl e t ca e of thi ki d is —y whi h i
s s s s n x
2 2
, c s
d i i i bl e Both b y w— y a d + y ; s o we i fer th at a
”

fi s
v s n v n
y
-
.

is divi s ibl e bo th by w— y a d a y n .

94 foll owi g r e additio

. Th e n a n al e x am pl es of resol vi ng
ex pre sio i to fa tors
s ns n c .

we —
)(
3 3
(
" 3
46 e a: ~

e )

3 s
8b an ( )
2 b 3
( )
so
3
(2 6 3 c) 26 x 30+

(2 b 3 0 ) (4 b2 6 bc

— 2— 2— 2 2=
(a + b c d )
2 2
4 (ab + cd)
— 02 — d 2
)} —
(a
2
+ bz— ’
c —d 7)
c —d
2— z — a2 '

} {
2
b 2 a b + 2 c d
{ (a b) ”
(c ci t} (a d) 2
W}
—c + d a
)( —a ) .

ppo e th t (
95 .
y 6 g )(
Su x —4
y ) is to b e di i d
s a x
2 —5w ”
v
e d by f 7 y + 1 2y We m ight m l tiply
e
z
x
2
. u a
“

by x —4 y a d the d i i d e the re l t b y x
,
n7 y + 1 2y n v su
2
x 2

B t the for m f the q e tio s gge t to to t y i f

.

u o u s n u s s us r
—4 is o t a f tor f —7 d we s h all fin d 2 2
x y y + l 2y ;
n ac o x x an
that x 7my 1 2y = (a: 3 y ) (3: 4 y) The
2 2
. n

( x
2
5 xy 6y ?
)( x 4 y) 5 xy 6 gg
( w—3
e) ( x —4
e) w—3 y

an d by d ivis ion we fi nd th at
x
2
5 xy By 2
52 E X A M PLE S . XI .

96 t e t with l ittl e prac ti e wil l be

. Th e s ud n a c abl e to
re ol ves i tri om i l i to two bin omi al facto rs
c e rt a n n a s n .

For we h ave ge er ll y n a

suppo s ethe we wi h to k ow if it b po ibl e to res ol e

n s n e ss v

a
?
7 + 1 2 i to two b i o m i l f tor
v
. n we m t fi d if n a ac s us n ,

po ibl e two m b er
ss ,
h th t their m i 7 d their
nu s suc a su s an
pro d ct i 1 2 ; an d we se e th at 3 an d 4 a e such n umber
u s r s .

Th s u

Si mil arly, by the aid o f the f or m ul a

( x -
b) = a3
we can re sol ve x 1 2 i to the fa c tors ( a:
”
n 3) (a:
A n d by t he aid of the form l a
, u

+ a —b x
9
-
b) : v
.
( ) -
a b,

we resol ve x
can 1 2 i to the f c tor (
2
v
. n a s a 4) (c
.

We s h l l w gi e for e er i e s ome
a no v x c s m isc ll ane eo us
e ampl es 111 the pre ce din g Ch pters
x a .

EX AM PLE S . XI .

A dd toge ther the foll owi ng e pressio x ns :

a ( a + b — c ), b (b + c -
a ) ,
c ( a +c —b
) .

a (a b (b c (c

a a ( b (a + b (
c a + b + c —d ) ,
d(
3a (4b 3b (4 c 7a ), 3c (4 a 7 b) .

9a 9b 9c
—c) y
(b ,

( c -
a )y .
54 E X A l l! PLE S . XI .

D ivi de
6 6 3 3
25 . a y 2v y. by (
x y)
3
.

5 6
26 . x y 2ai’y3 by (a:
3
(
g
27 3a b 5 ab
2
3b) 3
. a
(
a 2b) b y a
’
3ab 2b ’
.

2 g
28 . 9x y 23 r y . l 5 y 3 ) (v . 7y ) b y x
2
Sp y
8 ‘ “ 8 z
29 . a a b b by (
a ab
?
b ) (a 2
ab

8 8 2 2 4 “
b b ( b ) by ”
2
30 (a ab b ) (a ’
. a a a ab

f’ 2
31 . 4a b 2 (3 a 4 2 b4 ) ab (5 a
2
1 1 b2) b y ( 3 a b) (a b)
.

32 .
( x
2
cc — 3
( ) by x
2
—5 x + 6 .

33 .
( x
3 —3 x + 2 ) (x + 4 ) by x
2
+x —2 .

2 4
34 .
(a
2
+ a w+ a ) by a +

’
(a
4 i’ 2 “ 2
35 . a b b ) (a b) by a ab b .

36 .
—a 2) by (a + b)

R esol e the foll owi

v ng e press o
x i ns m to factors
2 2
37 . x + 9x + 20 . 38 . w + l lx + 30 .

39 . x
2 — 15 x + 5 0 . 40 . x
9

41 . c—
x +z
9
132 . 42 . x
2 — 7x — 4 4 it t a c
,

43 . x
4 —81 . 44 . mu ms .

45 . re
s —2 5 6 . 46 . a
s — 64 .

’ 2
47 . a + 9 a b + 2 0b2 48 . x

(a
’
49 . b) 1 1 c (a b) +
50 .

S hew that the foll owi ng res l ts a e tr e :

u r u

—b
51 .
( a + 2b) a s )
— 2b 3 — b b —b
52 . a a ( ) ( )
 G R E A TE S T CO M M O N M E A S UR E . 55

o o M ea r e
X II . G r ea test C mm n su .

97 I A rith m eti c a whol e

. n mb er whi h di i de s nu c v
a other whol e
n mb er e tl y i id to b e a m as
nu of x ac s sa e ur e
it o to m e
,
r e it ; whol e mber whi ch d i i d e two
asur a nu v s
o rm ore whol e umb er e ac tl y i s ai d to be a c o mm o
n s x s n
me e of the m
as u r .

I A l geb r
n n e pre io whi ch di ide s a other e
a a x ss n v n x
pre io e tl y i id to b m e e of it or to m e
ss n x ac s sa e e a asur as ur
it ; e pre io whi ch divi d e two or m ore e pre ssions
,

an x ss n s x
e actly i id to b om m o m e e of them
x s sa e a c n as u r .

98 In A r
. ith eti the
m c g r e a tes t c o m mo n m eas ur e o f
two or m ore who e er
l n u m b s is the re te t who e
g a s er
l n um b
wh h wi e re the
ic ll m a su m all The ter e te t o o
m gr a s c mm n
e re o e e r here it er
.

m as u is als us d in A l g b a , b u t is n o t v y
a pprop te e e the ter
ri a ,
b c a us m s g r e a ter an d l ess ar e s e l
pp i e to tho e e r i e pre io
d o m a l cab l s a l g b a cal x s s n s inwhi h c
efi i e
d n t n um eri e h e
c al v al u s av n ot bee n i e to the
as s gn d
va rio etter whi h o r
us l s c c cu Itwo etter to pe k
ul d be b s a .

of the o
h igh es t co m m n m ea s ur e , or of the o o
h igh es t c m m n
o
d iv is r ; b ut in c n o for it with e t he
m y s a blis e
d u sag we
h ret i the ter
s all a n o
m g r e a t es t c o m m n m e a s u r e .

The l etters G C M will ofte b e us e d fo shortn ess

. . . n r

i s te d of thi term
n a s .

We ha e o wto e xpl ain i wh t s ené

v n e t he t erm is us e d n a
i A l g eb r a
n .

99 It is us al to
.
y th t by t h e gre ate s t c o mm on
u sa ,
a
me re o f two m ore im pl e e pre io i m e t the
as u or s x ss ns s an

g e t t e p
r a es io xwh i h w i l l m e
r ess n th e m ll ; b t c asur e a u
thi d efi i tio wil l t b f ll y der tood til we h
s n n no e u un s un ave

gi e v n d e e m p l ifie d the r l e for fi din g the gre ate t

an x u n s

c om m o m e as re of i m pl e e pre io s
n u s x ss n .

Th e foll owi g is the R l e for fi di g the

n of u n n

s i mpl e e pre io x Fi d by A ith m t i th e

ss ns .
fn r e c o
th m i l
e n u fi cie t ; f te th i
er ca co e mb p t e e y
n s a r s n u er u v r
l t t e wh i h i
e r om m t l l th e e p e io
c s c d gi e
on o a x r ss n s, an v
to e h l e tt r r esp e t i ve ly th e l ea s t i n de x wh ich i t h as
ac e c
i n th e e p r ess o n s
x i .
an o ther me thod , an d we sh all no w give th e u fin itio n
an d r ule .

1 03 . foll o wi n g may b e given as th e

Th e
th e gre a te t c o mm o
s m e u re o f c o m po
n d as un
Le t t wo m o e c om p o
or r d exp e i co n t
un r ss o n s ” CG

Qf s o m e co mm o l tte ; th e
n th
e f to r f n e ac r o

m e n sio ns i n th a t l e tte r wh ic h d i vide s a ll th e o

ss i n s

is cal le d th e ir g r ea tes t c om m o n m e as u r e .

1 04 . foll o wi g is the Rul e fo r fi n din g

Th e n e at e s t
c o mmo n m e a sure o f two c o m po u d n

Let A n d B de n o te t h e t wo
a

be r r a g d ac c o d i g to de s
a n e r n

c m m on
o l e tte r a d , pp o e t
n su s

gr ea tes t

1 05 Fo r 0
.

a n d 4 x 3 —9 x 3 — l 5 x t -
56 O ON M E AS UR E
G R E A TE S T C M M .

1 00 F e am pl e ; re q ire d the G C M o f 1 6 a b e a d
or x u . . .
‘ 2
n
Here the m eri c l oeffi ie t a 1 6 d 2 0
.

3
2 0a b d 3 nu a c c n s re an ,

d their o e M is 4 The l etter c om m o to b oth the

.

an . . s n
e pre io a d b ; the l e as t i d e
n .

x e
ss n s ar f i 3 d a n n x o a s , an
the l e st i de o f b is 2 Thus we obtai 4 a b a s the r e
a n x . n
3 z

q ire d G C M
u . . .

A g i ; req ire d the G C M of 8 a b3

a n y z 1 2 a bcx y
u . . .
9 2 ’
c x
3
,
‘ 2 3
,

a d 16
n e x y Here the meri c l c o e ffi ie ts e 8
a
3 3 2 4
. nu a c n ar ,

12 a d 16 ;
, n d their G C M i 4 The l etter c omm o to
an . . . s . s n
a ll the e pre io a x a d y ; a d their l e as t i di c e
ss n s ar e ,
e, x , n n n s
e re pe c ti e l y 2 l 2 a d 1 Thus we obta in 4 a ex y as 2 2
ar s v , , ,
n .

t h e req ire d G O M u . . .

1 01 foll owi g statemen t gi es the b e st practi cal

. Th e n v

n otio of wh t i m e t by the term gre ate t omm o

n a s an s c n
me re i A lgebr
a su it shew the e e of the wor d
,
n a, as s s ns

g e t t here
r a es Whe tw r m o e e p io . d i id d n o o r x r es s n s ar e v e
by th ei g e te t o m m o m ea
r e th e qu o tie t
r a h ve o s c n su r ,
n s a n
com m on m e re a su .

T ke t he firs t e xampl e o f A t 1 00 an d di i d e the e

a r .
, v x
pre sio s b y their
s n the q otie ts e 4 ae d 5 bd u n ar an ,

a d the e q otie t s h a e
n sc om m o m e s re
u n v no n a u .

A gai t ke the ec o d e ampl e o f A t 1 00 a d

n, a s n x r .
, n
divi d e the e pre io s b y their t h e q otie ts
x e ss n u n ar
2b 3
z 3 by
cx
3
d 4 a y a d the e q otie t s h a e n o
3
,
a
9 2
,
an
2
c
3
, n s u n v
c om m o m e a re n su .

1 02 otion whi ch is s ppl ie d by the pre ce di g

. Th e n u n
A rti l e w th the id of the Ch apter o F tor s wil l e bl e
c , i a n ac , na
the t d e t to determi e i m y ca e s the G C M o f om
s u n n n an s . . . c

po d io F e m p l e ; re q ire d the G C M of “

un p ex r es s ns . or xa u . .

Here 2 i the G C M o f t h
.

d 6 b ( —b ) an a a
2 2
. a s . e
f ctors 4 factor o f
. .

2
a d 6 b; d a + b is
a an an d a an a
of — b a d i the o ly c om mon f ctor Th e pro d ct
.

2 2
a ,
n s n a . u
2 ( a a b) is then the G O M o f the give n e pre sio s . . . x s n .

B t thi s metho d c a ot b e
u pplie d to c ompl e x e nn a x
am p l e s b e ca s e the ge er l theor f the res o l tio n
u f n a o
, y u o
e pre io i to fact or i beyo d the pre e t s tag e o f
x ss ns n s s n s n
the s t den t s k owl edge ; it is therefore n e e sa ry to a dopt
u
’
n c s
 G R E A TE S T C M M O N M E A S O UR E . 57

an other metho d ,
an d we sh all no w gi ve the u sual d fin i e tion
an d rul e .

foll owin g may b e gi en as the defi ition o f

1 03 . Th e v n
the greate t c om m o m e re o f ompo d e pre ions
s n as u c un x ss
L t t w o m o e omp o co t p owe
.

e o d e p r i r c un x r es s o n s n ai n rs
of s om e om m o l tt ; th e th f to f h igh e t d i
c n e er n e ac r o s
me i i th t l e tte wh i h d i ide al l th e exp r e s i o s
n s o ns n a r c v s s n
is ca l l e d th ei r g r ea tes t co m m o n m eas ur e .

The foll owi g is the R l e fo fi di g the gre at est

1 04 . n u r n n
c o mm o me ure o f two c om po d e pre io s
n as un x ss n .

Let A n d B d e o te th e t wo e p e i on ;
a l e t t h em
n x r ss s
be rar g ed a o d i g t
an d en d i g p owcc r f om e
n o esc n er s o s

co m m o l e tten d pp o th i de
r , f th h igh e t
an su se e n x o e s

p o w r f t h t l e t te i
e o A t lea th th e i d e r f th e n no ss an n x o
h igh t p w es f t h t l tt
o i erB D i id A by B ;
o a e er n . v e
th m k th
en em i d
a e di i o e r d B th e d i id d
a n er a v s r an v en .

A g in m k th e e w e m i d
a a e a di i o n d th e p e r a n er v s r an r
ce d i g di i o th e d i id d
n v s r P o ceed i th i w y t il
v en . r n s a un
th e i
er em i d
s ;n oth e th e l a s t d iv iso r i s th
r a n er n e

g ea tes t com m on m e as r e r eq i e d
r u u r .

1 05 Fo r . e x am pl e ; req ire d the u G CM

. . . of x
3 — 4x + 3
3 — x3 — l 5 x l 18
‘

a d 4x
n 9 -
.

—4 x + 3 4 x3 9x 2 — 1 5 x + 1 8
) 4
( x+7
4 x 3 — 1 6 x3 i 1 2 x - -

2 —
7x 2 7x + 1 8
7x 2 — 2 8x + 2 1

x — 3

x —3 ) x
2 —4 x + 3 kx — I
x
2 —3 x

Th us x —3 is the G O M re q ired
. . . u .
 G R E A TE S T C M M O ON M E A S UR E
1 06 rul e whi h i
. Th e on c s given in Ar t 1 04 d epen ds .

the foll owi g two pri ipl e n nc s.

( 1 ) If P m e re A it will m e as re m A F l t asu , u . or e
a d e ote the q otie t whe
n A i d i i de d b y P ; the
u n n s v n

A = a P ; therefore m A m a P ; therefore P m e as ure s z

mA .

(2) If P me a su re A an d B , it will m e e m A n B as ur i .

Fo r ,i e s nc P m e asu re s A an d B , we m ay ppo e A P su s a ,

a d B = bP ; therefore
n mA therefore
P me asur es m A n B i .

1 07 . We c an n ow d m e on strat e the rul e which is given

in A r t 1 04 . .

Le t A e ote the wo
B d n t an d
ex
pre io
ss ns i i e
D v d A b y B ; l e t 1)
.

e ote the otie t

d n qu n , an d Cthe re
main d e r ii e
D v d B by C ; l e t q de
.

note the otie t

qu n D the re i
an d ma n
der . ii
D v d e C b y D , a n d su ppo e s
th t there
a re i er
is n o m a n d , an d l e t r
e ote the q otie t
d n u n .

Thu s we h ave the foll owin g re s l t s : u

A =
p B + C, B n +D , O= rD .

We shall first shew th at D omm o me as re o f is a c n u

A a d B nBe a e C= D .therefore D m e s re C ;
c us r , a u s
therefore by A t 1 06 D m e re 9 0 a d l o q C + D ;
, r .
,
asu s ,
n a s
th t i D me re s B A g i si ce D me re B d C
a s, a su . a n, n as u s an ,

it m e re p B + C ; th at is D me asur e s A Th s D
asu s , . u
me a es A d B
sur an .

We h ve th s hew th at D i c omm on m e a re of
a u s n s a su
A a d B ; we s h al l n o w s h o w th at it is their g e t t
n r a es

c o mm o m e s re n a u .

B y A t 1 06 e ery c o mm o m e as re of A a d B m e a
r . v n u n

s re A
— B th t i C ; th us e er y c o m m o m e re of
a s v n as u
u p s ,

A a d B i a c o mm o m e
n re of B an d C S im il rly
s n as u . a ,

every c ommon meas re o f B d C is a c o mmo m easure u a n n

60 G R E A TE S T C M M O ON M E A S URE .

x —l
’ — 7x + 5
( —
) 2x 2 33 5
2x ’ —2 x

Th us we ob t i a n x —l as the requ ire d .

Here
it will be ee th t we u e d the e co d p rt of ‘

s n a s s n a
the rul e of A t 1 1 0 t the begi i g f the pro e
r . d ,
a nn n o c ss , an
the fir t p rt f the r l e l ter The fir t p rt of the r l e
s a o u a . s a u

sho ld b e ed if po i bl e ; d if t the e o d p rt We
u us ss an no ,
s c n a .

h e e d the word e p io i t ti g the r l e b t i

av us x r e ss n n s a n u ,
u n
the e mpl e whi h the t de t will h e to ol e the
xa s c s u n av s v ,

f ctor i tro d e d or rem o e d will b l m o t l w y

a s n uc v e a s a a s n u

m e i l f to
r ca as the y e i the pre c edi g e mpl e
ac r s, ar n n xa .

We wi ll o w gi e a other e mpl e ; req ire d the G C M

n v n xa u . . .

o f 2x
4 — 7x 3 — 4 x x —4 an d 3x
4 — 2x 2 —4x 16 .

Mul tipl y the l tter e pression

a x by 2 an d then t ak e it for
i
d vid e nd .

2x 4 — 7x 3 — 4 x ’ 4 -
x —4 ) 6 x ‘ — 22x 3 4 x 3 — 8x — 3 2 (3
— 2 1 x 3 — 1 2 v2 + 3 x — 1 2 .

8x — l l x — 2 0
9 ’
{7 +
'
We tipl y e e y term of this rem i der by
may mul v r a n 1
b efore i g it w d i i or ; th at i we m y c h
us n as a n e v s s, a an g e
the ign o f e ery term
s v .

x
3
2x ‘
7x 3
4 x’ + x —4 tam e
4 0x

9 x3 — 2 6 x 2 3 9x 4
9 x 3 —7 2x 2 4 9 9x + 1 8 0

4 6x 2 1 84

Here 4 6 is a f ctor of e ery term o f the rem i der ; we

a v a n

remove t before u i g the r em am d as a n e w d or

i s n er . i vi s .
 E X A M PLE S . X I] . 61

—3 x —4 ) x
3 —5
x
3 —3x2 4x

—5 x 2 + 1 5 x + 2 0
2
-
5 x + 1 5 x + 20

h
T us v z
. 3x 4 is the re q ire d u .

pos e the origin l e pre sio s to c o tai a

1 12 S up a x s n n n

c o mm o f tor E whi h i ob io i pe tio l t

.

n ac , c s v us on ns c n e

A F : d d bF The by A t 1 09 F W ll b
an f t0 . n, r .
, i e a ac 1

o f the G C M F i d the G O M of a d b
. d mul tipl y it
. n . . . a n ,
an

by F; the pro d c t will b e the G C M o f A an d B

.

u . . . .

1 13 p 1 o ce e d
. We
to the G C M of m ore tha twonow . H n
o po
c m
p ppo e we q i the G
un d e x 1 e ss io n s S u f . s 1 e u re o
e pre o F i d the of y two f
.

th r e e x ssi n s A , B , C . n an o
the of
m , s ay d e ote thi
A an d B ; l e t D the the n s n

G CM. of . w . the re q ired G O M of A B d C

D an d C ill b e u . . .
, ,
an .

For by Ar t 1 08 every omm o m e re of D d C

,
.
,
c n asu an is
a com m o m m of A B d C ; d by A t 1 09 e ery
n e as e , ,
an an 1 . v
comm o m e re of A B d C n o mm o m e re f
a su , ,
an 1s a c n asu o
D d C Than f0 e the of D
. a d C s the G O Mere 1 n I . . .

of A, B, an d C .

i mil r ma er we m y fi d the G C M of
1 14 . In a s a nn a n .

fo e pre io O we m y fi d the G O M o f two of

. .

ur x ss ns . r a n .

the gi e e pre io d l o the of the other two ;

. .

v n x ss n s , an a s

the the n f the t w re l t th s obt ai n e d wi l l b e o o su s u

the G C M o f the four give e pre s io
. . . n x s ns .

EX AMPLES . XII .

Fi n d t h e g reatest c o mm on m eas re
u in th e f ll o owi n g
e x am p l es :

2 3
1 . 2 . 1 6a b , 2 o a 3 b2 .

4 5 6 5
4 9a b x y3
‘
6 4 3 3 3 4 2 4 4
3 . 3 6x y z ,
4 8x y z . 4 . 35a b x y , .

5 . ate 6 . s ee
 LE A S T C M M O ON M UL TI PLE .

XI II Le t Com m o M l tip l e . as n . u .

115 I A rith m eti c whol e

. nm b er whi h i m e u re d a nu c s as
by other whol e mb er i id to b m l tipl e o f it ;
an nu s sa e a u a
whol e m b er whi h i m e re d by t w
nu m ore whol e c s a su o or
m b er i i d to b e om m o m l t ip l e o f them '

nu s s sa a c n u .

1 16 I A rith m eti the l e t

. nmm m l tip l e f two c as co on u o
o rm ore whol e m b er i the l e t whol e m b er whi h nu s s as nu c
i me
s re d by them ll The term l e t om m o m l tipl e
a su a . as c n u
i l o
s a s e d i A lgebr b t here it i t ery ppropri te ;
us n a, u s no v a a
s e A t 98
e The l etter L C M wi ll ofte be us ed fo r
r . . s . . . n
s hort e i te d of thi term
n ss ns a s .

We h e o w to e pl i i wh at se e the term is us e d
av n x a n n ns
i A l geb r
n a .

L
1 17 I t i us al to
.
y th t b y the l e t c o mm o m l
s u sa , a as n u
tipl e of two m ore im pl e e pre io i m e t the l t or s x ss n s, s an ea s
e p x i o wh i h i m
r es s d by th m
n l l ; b t thi d h c s ea s u r e e a u s e
n itie will t b f ll y der too d til w h e gi e
n no d
e u un s un e av v n an
e empl ifie d the r l e for fi n di g the l e ast c omm o m l tipl e
x u n n u
o f S m pl e e pre io
i x ss ns .

The foll owi g i the R l e f r fi di g the L C M o f n s u o n n . . .

s i m pl e p e io ex Fi d by A ith m ti th L C M f th
r ss n s. n r e c e . . . o e
n u m i l oeffi i t ; f t
er ca th i mb
c p t r y l tt ec en s a er s nu er u ev e e r
wh i h o c i th e p io
c cu r s d gi t e ch l e t te n ex r ess n s, an ve o a r
r esp e c t i vel y th e g r e a tes t i n dex wh i ch i t h as i n th e ex
p r es s i o n s .

For e mp l e ; re q ire d the L C M o f 1 6 bc a d

118 . xa u . . . a
4
n
20 b d a Here the m eri l oe ffi ie ts
3 3
16 d 20 nu ca c c n ar e an ,

a d their L C M i The l etter whi h o r i the e

.

n 80 . . s . s c c cu n x
pre io d their gre te t i di
.

b d d;
'

ss n s ar e a , e ,
c , an an a s n ce S a r
re pe ti el y 4 3 1 d 1 Th we obt i 8 0 b d as the
s c v , , ,
an . us a n a
4 3
c
re q ire d L C M
u . . .

A g i ; re q ired the L C M o f 8 b 9 3 2 5 3 4 2 3
a n yz 1 2 b y u . . a c x ,
a cx ,

Here the L C M of the m eri l c oeffi ie t

.

3 9 4
a d 16
3 nu ca c n s
n y a c x . . . .

i 48s The l etter whi h o c

. i the e pre io s s c c ur n x ss n ar e
a, b, c , x , y , an d z ; an d
t ive l y 4 , 3 , 3 , 5 , 4 , an d 3 .

the re irequ d LCM . . .

64 ON M UL TI PLELE A S T C M M O .

1 19 Th e fol l owi g tate m e t gi e s the b e t pr ti l

. n s n v s ac ca
n otio of wh t i m e t by the term l e t co mm o m l tipl e
n a s an as n u
i Al geb r
n it hew the e e of the word l eas t here
a , as s s s ns

Wh e th l t om m o m l tip l f t wo
.

n e mo e
ea s p c n u e o or r ex r es
sio i d i id ed by th os e e p r e s io
ns s th e q o t ie ts h
v e o x s ns u n av n

c o mm o m ea r e n su .

T ke the fir t e xam pl e f A r t 1 1 8 a d di i de the L C M

a s o .
, n v . . .

by the e pre io ; the q otie n tx 5bd a d 4 ss d ns u s ar e

2
n ae , a n
the se q otie ts h ve n o c omm o m eas re
u n a n u .

A gai ; t ke the s e co d e m pl e o f A t 1 1 8
n ad di i d e n xa r .
,
an v
the L c M by the e pre io ; the q otie t
. . 6 y x ss ns u n s ar e a c
’ 3
,

d 3 ab x z a d the s e qu otie t h e o c o m
.

2 2 3 3 3 3 3
4b c x
y z ,
an ,
n n s av n
m o m e asure
n .

1 20 otio whi h i s ppl ie d by the pre c e di g

. Th e n n c s u n
A rti l e with the id o f the Ch pter
c F tor will e b l e
a a on ac s, na

the t de t to d eterm i e i m y e the L C M f m

,

s u n n n an cas s . . . o co

po d e pr
un io F or e m pl e re q ire d the L C M f
x ess ns . xa u . . . o
The L C M of 4
,
2
b d b ( — b) d G b i 2 2 2
( )
2
4 a + d 6 an a a . . . . a an a s

A l o (a + b) d —b h e the om m o f tor 2
‘
3 2
12 b a . s an av c n ac

o th t —b i m l tip l e f ( t b) l
‘

a +b s ) a s a u o a - -

d i i di g thi by ( + b) — b we
,
2 2 2
an d f o b ; d a
2 2
and on v n s a an a
ob t i the q otie t a — b d + b whi h h e o c omm o
a n u n s an a ,
c av n n

me re Th we obtai 1 2a b
as u .
— b as the r e
)
us n
2

q ire d L C M
u . . .

1 2 1 Th e fo ll owi g m y b e gi e a s the d fi itio

.
f : th en a v n e n u o
LCM .
f tw. m o e o mp o
o d e p e s io
o or Le t two r c un x r s ns .

or m ore om po d e pre io o t i power f om e

.

c un x ss ns c n a n s o s
c omm o l etter ; the the e pre io of l owe t dim e io
n n x ss n s ns ns
i th t l etter whi h i m e
n a re d by e h of the e e pres c s as u ac s x

s io n s is c all e d their l e as t c o mm o n m ul tip l e .

1 22 . We s h all no w sh o w fin d how to the n ea r of two .

com po d e pre io un x ss ns Th e d m n s a
. e o tr tio however wi ll n
t b f lly un ders too d at se n t s tag the pre e o f the stude t ’
no e u n s
k owl edge
n .

Le t A an d B d e n o t e the two e pre si o n a d D their x s s, n

gre a te s t c o mm o m e re S ppo e A = D d B = bD n asu . u s a ,

an .

The n fro m the n atur e o f the gre at e st c o mm on me as ure a ,

 LE A S T C M M O N O M UL TI PLE . 65

an h ve
d b a o
n o c mm n ac , an d o f tor therefore their l e t as
o o tip e He e the e pre io of l owe t
_

c mm n mul l is a b nc . x ss n s
i e io whi h
d m ns ns c is m asu d by a D e re a d bD is bD A d n a . n

He c e w h ve the foll owi g R l e for fi din g the L e M

n e a n u n . .

of t wo c ompo d e pre io D i i d e th e p od t f th e
.

un x ss ns . v r uc o
ex p r es i o by th i G O M
s nsO we m y gi e the r l e th e r . . . r a v u us
D i ide
v e f th e e p e i o
on by th i G O M a d m u l
o x r ss ns e r . . n
t ip l y th e q ot i t by th o th e p r e io
u en e er x ss n.

1 23 Fo e m pl e ; re quire d the L C M o f x 4 x 3
. r xa . . .
2

an d 4 x3 9x2 15 x 18 .

Th e G e M . . . is x 3; se e A r t 1 05 . i i de x —4 x 3
. D v
2

by x 3; qu n is the otie t x 1 . Therefore the L C M i . . s

this give by m l tipl yi g
.

3
an d
3
(x 1 ) (44 x 9 x3 15 x
2
s, u n
o ut , 4 x 13 x 6 x 33x 18 .

It is howe er ofte o e ie t to h ve the L e M

v n c nv n n a . . .

e pre e
x s s d in f ctor r ther th mul tiplied o t We
a s, a an u .

k ow th
n a t the whi h i — 3 will m e as re the e c s x ,
u x
pre io ss n 4 —9
x3 — 1 5 l 1 8 ; b y divi io n we o btai n the
x
2
x - -
s

q otie t
u n . He c e the L C M i n . . . s

—3 —l 2
(x ) (x ) (4 x + 3x 6)

For an other e x am pl e ,
su ppos e we re quire Le n .

2x 2 7x + 5 an d 3 x 2 — 7x + 4 .

Th e G c M . . . is x 1 : se e Ar t 1 1 1 . .

Als o ( 2 x — 7x + 5
2
) —(x — 1 ) = 2x — 5 ,

an d ( 3 x
2 —1 ) : 3x —4 .

Hen ce the L C M . . . is
(x 1 ) ( 2x 5 ) (3 x

A ga n ;
.
qu di Le M re ire the . . of 2x 4 —l x3 —4 x 2 + x 4,
4 — 3 —
.

’ —
an d 3 x l 1x 2x 4x — 16 .

Th e G CM . . . is x
2 — 3 x —4 : se e Ar t 1 1 1 . .

Als o
— 7x 3 —4 x3 + x —4 ) —(x 2 4)
’
(2 x 4
3x -
2x x+ 1,
an d

(3 x
‘ —1 1 x3 —2x 2 —4 x —1 6 ) —
(x —3x 9 —2x + 4 .

T . A . 5
66 LE A S T CO AI M O N 111 UL TI PLE
’
.

Hen ce the is
( x
2 —3 x —4 ) (2x 2 —x + 1 ) (3 x 2

1 24 o v o th t e er y m l t ip le f a com m on
I t is b i u s
. a , v u o
o e p r es sio s is a co mmon m ul t ip l e
m ul t ip l e of two o r m r e x n
o o
of th s e e xp r ess i n s .

1 25 E e r y com m on m ul tip l e f t wo exp r es sion s i a

. v o s
m u l tip l e f th ei l e t com m o m l t ip l e
o r as n u .

Le t A a d B de ote the two e pr essions bl their

n n x ,

a d l t N d e ote ny other o mm o m l tipl e S p

e n an c n u . u
po e if po ibl e th at whe N i di i d ed b y M there i a
s ,
ss , n s v s
remai der R ; l e t q de ote the q otie t Th R = N qM
n n u n . us

N o w A a d B m e as re M a d N n d therefore they m e a u n ,
an
s re R ( A t
u B t b y the at re o f di is io R i of
r . u n u v n s
l owe di m e io
r th 111 a d thus there is a o mm o
ns ns an n c n
m l tipl e o f A
u d B whi c h i o f l ower di m e ioan th an s ns ns
their L C M Thi i b rd Therefore there can be o
. . . s s a su . n
remai der R ; that is N i a mul tipl e of M
n ,
'
s

1 26 S ppo s e o w th t we re q ire the L 0 1 1 f th ee

. u n a u . . o r
c o m po d e pre io ns A B 0 Fi d the
.

un x of ss y , , , . n an
two o f them y o f A an d B ; l t M de ote thi ,
sa e n s
the the n of M an d C will b e the required of
A, B , an d C .

e ery c omm o m l tipl e o f M an d C i a c omm on

Fo r v n u s
mul tipl e f A B d C by A t 1 24
o A d e ery c o mm o
, , an ,
r . . n v n
m l tipl e o f A
u d B i m l tip l e o f M b y A r t 1 25 ; he c e
an s a u .
,
n
e ery c omm o m l tipl e f M n d C i a c omm o m l tipl e
.

v n u o a s n u

of A B a d C
,
Therefore the L 0 11 of M an d C is the
, n . . . .

of A, B , an d C .

1 27 . In a s imil ar man n er we m ay fin d th e of four

ex pre sions s .

1 28 theo ries o f the gre ate t c omm o m eas ure a d

. Th e s n n

o f the l ea t om m o m l tipl e e t ec e ry for the

s c n u ar no n ss a

s b e q e t Ch pter
u s u n f the pre e t work an d ay didi s o s n ,
an
c l t ie
u whi h the t de t m y fi d i the m m y be po t
s c s u n a n n a s
po ed til he h re d the Theory of Eq tio
n un Th as a ua ns . e
e am pl e howe er tt ched to the pre ed i g Ch pter an d
x s v a a c n a

to the re e t Ch pter ho l d b c re f lly work ed

s n e a s u e a u , on s

co unt 0 the e er i e whi ch they afford in all t h e fun da

x c s »
me t l pro c esse s of A l geb r
n a a .
 68 FR A CTI ON S .

X IV . Fr ac tion s .

1 29thi Ch pter d the foll owi g fo Ch pters

. In s a an n ur a
we h l l tre t o f Fr c tio ;
s a d the t d e t will fi d th t
a a ns an s u n n a
the r l e d d em o tr tio cl o ely re embl e t ho e with
u s an ns a ns s s s
whi ch he i al re ady fam il i ar i A rithm eti c
s n .

a
130 the e pre io 5 we i di c te th t a uni t i
. By x ss n n a a s

t o be di i de d i to b e q l p arts a d th a t
v n of h p rt ua ,
n a suc a s

ar e to b e t ke Here 2 3 i al l e d f r t io ;
a n . i ll e d s c a ac n a s ca

the m e t n u d b i l l e d the d o m i
r a or to Th
an s ca en na r . us
the d e om i tor i di te i to how m y e q l p rt the
,
n na n ca s n an ua a s
un it i to b d i i d ed d the m er tor i di te how
s e v ,
an nu a n ca s
ma y f tho e p rt
n o to b t k e
s a s ar e e a n .

E ery i teger
v i tegr l e pre io m y b c o i d ered
n or n a x ss n a e ns
as a frac t o W th ty for t d e om tor ; th at i for
i n i un i i s n in a s,

b+ c
e ampl e
x ,
b c
1

131 . e r i A rith m eti

In Al g b it i al to gi e
a , as n c, s us u v
the foll owi e for e pre i g fr tio
n g R ul mi ed x ss n a ac n as a x

qu antit y D i id t:h m t o vb y t h de m i t o
e n u er a r e en o na r as
o o t io
,

far as
p ib l e d ess t t h e q t i tan f an n x o u en a r ac n

e m a i d r f r n u m e a tor d th e d i i o r f
,

h i g th
av n e r n e o r ,
an v s or

de om i a t
n n or .

E x am l p es .

-
a +

x
'
Z — 3x + 4 x
i —3x + 4

=x + 3
 FRA CT I ON S . 69

t e t is re comm e de d to p ay p a ti ul r a tte
Th e s ud n n r c a n
t io to the l t step ; it i re ll y a e am pl e of the use of
n as s a n x

bracket ame l y s, n ( ,
x x

132 R l e for m l tipl yi g a frac tio

. u by a i t eger
u n n n n
m a to by th a t i t eg r
.

E i th m l t ip l y th e
er u r d i id n u er r n e o v e
th e d e om i to by th t i teg
,

n na r a n er .

a
Le t de o t e a y fractio a d c a y i te ger ; the n
n n n, n n n
5

g g
ae
will x c= For i e ac h f the fr c tio s
.

g a d the n o a n n

unit is di i de d i to b e q l p t
v d c ti m e as m a y
n ua ar s an s n

p rts a e tak e
a r
s
as m
a he e n 1nc t me
0 a O

nc
0

13
0

i s
a

b b b b
Thi s dem o trates the fir t form o f the R l e
ns s u .

Ag i ; l e t
a n d en ote a y frac tio a d c a y i teger ; n n, n n n

(6
then will b?
x c For in e a ch of the fractions
an d a the s am e n umb er of p rtsa is t ak e n, but e ch p rt
a a

13 0 tim es as la g r e as e ch p r t
a a in b e ca s e u in

the it is di vi d ed in to
un 0 t i mes as m an y p tsar as in

a
hen c e 8 0 t m es a 0

1
O

i
;
3
1 b
T hi s e o trate the se co d form o f the R l e
d m ns s n u .

133 . R l e f di vi di g fr tio b y
u or i teger E ith er
n a ac n an n .

l t ip l y t h e d om i to by th a t i n teg e r o r d vide th e
.

mu en na r , i

nu m e a to r by th t i t g
r a n e er .

Le t
5; d e ote a y frac tio
n a d c an y i te ger ; the
n n, n n n

5 is 0 tim es b y Ar t 1 3 2 ; . an d

therefore ibe s c1 t h o f b ' a

.

Thi s d emo strate s th e fir t form o f the R l e

n s u .
70 FR A CTI O N S .

Aga in ; le t d en ote an y fractio n , an d c a n y i teger

n

then will is 0 t i m es 9 , by A r t
5 . 132 ;

an d therefore 18 —t h o f

his dem o strat es the s e co d form o f the R l e

T n n u .

134 If th e .m er a tor d de o m i a to r f a y f
n u c an n n o n ra
t ion be m l t ip l ie d by th e sa m e i t g e
u th e l e f th e n e r, va u o

f ac tio is n o t a l te e d
r n r .

F r if the n um er t or o f a fr c tio b e m ul tipl ie d b y an y

o a a n
i teger the fractio will b e m l tip lied by th t i te ger ;
n , n u a n
an d the re l t wi ll b d i id d b y th t i te ger if it d
su e v e a n s e
n om i tor be m l tipl ied by th t i teger B t if we m l tiply
na u a n . u u
a y n mb er by a i teger a d the di i d e the res ul t by
nu n n ,
n n v
the sam e i teger the n m b er i o t l tere d
n ,
u s n a .

Th e re l t m y al o be s tate d th
su if the n um era tor
a s us :
a d d e om i
n tor f y f tio b e d i ided by the sam e
n na o an r ac n v

i teger the v l e o f the fractio i o t l tere d

n ,
a u n s n a .

B oth the se verb al st atem e t s a e i cl ude d in t he algo n r n

a
br aic al st at e m e t
ac
n
b be
Thi s re l t i f ery gre at i mport an c e ; man y o f the
su s o v
operatio i F r tio s d epe d o it as we sh all se e in the
ns n ac n n n ,
n e t two Ch pters
x a .

135 Th e d e m o trations given i thi s Ch p t er

. ns n a
s ati fac tory o l y whe
s e ery l etter de ote om e p i ti e
n n v n s s os v
w h ol e m be ; b t the re s ul ts
n u r m ed t o b tr e
u ar e as s u e u

wh tever the l etter d e ote For the g 0 m d o f thi

a s n . r 1 s s
a s m ptio
s u the t de t m ay here fter c o l t the l rger
n s u n a n su a
A l geb ra Th e re l t c o t i e d i A t 1 3 4 i the m o t
. su n a n n r . s s
im port t ; the s t d e t wi ll therefore ob s erve th t he c e
an u n a n
forth we ass m e th t it i l wa y s tru e in A lgebra th at
u a s a
a ac

b bc
_
wh atever a b an d 0 m ay d en o t e , , .

a
Fo r e xam pl e if we put
, 1 for c we h ave 5
 E X A M PLE S . XI V 71

In l ki e ma er nn ,
by ass um n g i th t 9b a x c is a l wa y s e qua l

we obtai n s uc h res l ts as the foll owi n g

u

x —l —2

AMPLES EX . XI V .

Ex press the foll owi g fractio n n s as m i ed q

x u an tities
25 x
7
2 2—
6x — l
“
x + 3x + 2 x

x 3
3 2 ” 3
x ax 3a x 3a

M ul tipl y
2

3% by 3 b . by 3 ( l —b
C )

(a b) b 4 a
3
ab + b by
3 y ( ) . x + l .

(
3
s (a + b ) x
2 -
1) 2

D ivi de
2
8x
by 3 a 2b .

3y

1 0 (a s —b3 ) 2
by 5 (a + ab
3

by x
" —x + 1 .
72 R E D UCTI ON or FR A o r r o z
vs .

XV . R e d uc ti on o f Fr ac tio n s .

13 6 . res l t c o t ai e d in Ar t 1 3 4 will o w b e
Th e u n n . n

a pplied to two i mporta t oper tio the red tio f a n a ns , uc n o

fra ctio to it l owe t terms a d the reduction o f frac tio s

n s s ,
n n
to a c omm o de om i ator n n n .

13 7 . R ul e fo r duc n g a a c re n i fr tio to it l owes t term s s .

D iv id e th e n u m er a t r a n d d en m in a to o or f th e f r t ion o ac
by th e ir g r e a tes t c omm on m ea s ur e .

For e x am pl e ; re duc e t o its l owest terms .

Th e G 0 11 . . . of
er tor d t h e de om i t or i
t he n u m a an n na s
3 ’
vi oth
4 a b di di n g b er tor d d e omi ator by 4 b
n um a an n n a
3 ’
,

we obtai for the re qui e d re s l t

n
4
Th at i 662 is r u
ae
s,

1 6 a b?c 4

e q l to 2 0 b d but it is e P e sse d in a m ore sim pl e

ua
a
3 3 ’
x r

form ; d it i s i d to be i the l o we t te m b e caus e i t

an s a n s r s,
ca ot be f rther i mpl ifie d by the id f A r t 1 3 4
nn u s a o . .

2
x 4x 3
A gai n l e du c e
4x 3
9x 2
15x 18
to i t s l owest terms .

The of the mun e r a t o r an d t h e d n m n a e o i tor is

x 3 di i d i g b oth
v n n um a er tor an d d n m n a by e o i tor x 3
x l
we obta for the r e q
in ul r e d re s ul t
4x
3
3x 6

In om e e m pl e we may perc ei e th at the m e tor

s xa s v nu ra
an d de om i tor h e co mm o f tor m t h o t u mg the
n na av a n ac ,
u s

r e for fi di g the
ul n Th for e mpl e
n us , xa ,

( —
b) " 2
( —b —c —b + c
a -
c a ) a
z— b z —b
a ( -
f c)
-
 R E D UCTI ON O F FRA CTI ON S . 73

13 8 Rul
. e for re i
du c n g ac n s t a c mm n d e n o mi fr tio o o o
na tor . M u l t ip l y th e n u m e r a t r of e a ch f r ac ti n by o o
o
a l l th e d e n o m in a t r s e x c ep t i ts o wn , f o r th e n u m e r a t r o
c o r r e sp o n d in g t o th a t f r a ctio n ; a n d m u l t ip l y a l l th e
o
d en m in a to r s t oge th e r f o r th e co m m n de n o m i n a t r o o .

e
e ampl e ; re d c e
Fo r x u an d to a c omm on de
f
n o mi tor na .

c cbf e e bd
_ _
'
" ’
b bdj d d bf f f bd

gg
; dif"
i f
“

ar e fractio ns of the s am e
val e respe ctively as b Et
u a d t hey h ave t h e ’
n

c o mm o n d e o m i ator bdfn n .

Th R l e g i e i thi A rti cl e wi l l l w y re du e fra c

e u v n n s a a s c
tio to c omm o de om i tor b t t lw ys to the
ns a n n na ,
u no a a
l o we t o m m o
s d e o m i tor ; it i therefore ofte
c n n o na s n c n
ven ie t to empl oy an other Rul e whi ch we sh ll o w give
n a n .

139 R ul
. e for re i fr tio to their owe
duc n g ac ns l st c o m
e o i tor
mo n d n m n a o o
Fi n d th e l ea s t c m m n m u l tip l e of
.

o o
th e de n m in a t o r s , a n d t a ke th is f o r th e c m m o n de n o m i
o o o
n a t r ; th e n f o r th e n e w n u m e r a to r c r r e sp n di n g t o a n y
o o
of th e p r p o s e d f r a c ti n s, m u l tip l y th e n u m e r a t o r of th a t

o o
f r a c t i n by th e qu o t ien t wh ich is bta in e d by d i vid in g
o o o
the l e ast c mm n m ul tip l e by th e d e n m in a to r of th a t
o
f r a ct i n .

5 b i to the l owest c o m
Fo r e ampl e ; re duc e £
x
y y a xx x
mo d e om i ator Th e l e t c o mm o n mul tipl e o f the de
n n n . as

n o mi n ato r s is yz ; a d x n
74 E X A M PLE S . XV

EXAMPLES . XV

e
R duc t e he foll owi ng fr ction s t o their l owest terms
a

1 0a 2x
2 2
5 a x 1 5 ay

2
x + 1 0x + 2 1
2—
x 2x — l 5

2x 2 + x — 1 5
2—
2x 1 9x + 3 5

z
x -
l 36
+ (c —a ) x — a c
2 2
x 4x 3 3x 27

2
(x + b)
2— 2
x 1 0x + 2 1 x + 9 x + 20
x
3 —4 6 x — 2 1

x
2
+x — 42 6x 3 —l 1x + 5
x3 3x 3 — 2 x“ 1

2 0x 2 + x — 1 2 x
2
2a x a
2

3 —
5x +5x —6 2 ax 2 2a 2x
°
2 3
1 2x x3 a

2x 3 —5 x 2 — 8 x — 1 6 x
3
3e
’
x 2a 3
3
2x + 1 1 x + 1 6x + 1 6 3
2x 3
ax
’
d x
’ —4 a 3

x
3 —8 x —3 x
3
a
s

“
a nz
4 4 i
x x a

x — x 9 — 7x 4 3
3 -
3x
4 — l i x 3 — 9x +2

2x4 — 9 x 3 —1 4 x r 3
'
x + 2x + 2 x — 1
4 3 -
76 A D D ] TI O N O R S UB TRA CT] O N

X VI . A dditi o n or S u btr ac t i on o f Fr ac tion s .

140 . R ul e for the a dd itio n or traction of frac

s ub
tio ns . R ed u ce th e f r a c t i o n s t o a c om m d e om i to on n na r
th e n a d d o r s u bt r a ct th e n u m e r a t or s a n d r e ta i n th e co m
m on o
d en m i n a t r o .

E x am l p es . A dd

Here the f 1 a c t 1 0n s h a e l read y a c ommon den omi n ator

v a ,
an d t h e r e f01 e d o n o t re qu ire red i g uc n

a +o a —c a + c + a —c 2a
b b b b

3a —4b
c

4 a —3 b 3 a —4 b 4 a — 3 b — ( 3 a —4 b)
0 c c

4 a — 3 b—3 a + 4 b a + b
c c

Th e t e t i re omm e de d to p t d ow the work t

s ud n s c n u n a

f ull , as we h ave don e i thi e amp le in order to e sure

n s x ,
n

r
a c c u a cy .

c c
'
a + b a —b

Here the c om m o de om i ator will be the prod uc t

n n n of
a + b an d a — b th at is a — b
,
Z i

c c d ( —b
) c c ( a l—b -

)
.

— b2 z—
a —b
3
b b
‘

2
’

a +
'

a a

2 65
( 4 a + h
Th erefore c a

ca — c b + cd + cb 2 ca
—
2 2 °

a
2 _
b 2
a _
b
 O F FR A C TI O N S . 77

From

Th e c omm o n d e om i tor is
n na a
2 —b2 .

b ( b) —b —b
a + a + a ( a )
a —b a
2 —b 2 ’
a + b a
2—
b 2
°

a —b —b 2
z—
a + b ( a + b) ( )
T herefore b b 2
a
2
a a a b

2
+ 2a b + b — (a )
2 2 ?
a -

2ab l b - -
4 ab
a
il —b2 a
2 —b 2
'

4 x2 3x + 2
From
-

4x
3 —9 x — 1 5 x + 1 8
3
‘ '

B y A r t 1 23 . the o f the de omi ators i n n s

2
(x 1) (x 3 ) (4 x + 3 x

x +l —6)
2 —4 x
x +3 (x
2 — 3 x 4—2 2
1)
4x (4 x -

4 x — 9x 2 —1 5 x 1 1 8
3 -

( —1 ) (x
x

2—
x + 1 4x 3x + 2
T herefore 2 —4 x 4 x ~i 2
x 3 9x 15 x 18

( ) ( 4x + 3 x
2 — 6 — 4 x2 —1
x + 1 ) ( )
—1 —6
( x )( x )
3 3 —3 x —6 3 — 7x 2 + 5 x — 2)
4 x + 7x -

(4 x
( —1 ) (x
x —6
)
1 4 x2 — 8 x —4

(x 1) (x 6)
78 A D D I TI N O R S UB TRA CTI O N O
14 1 . We h ave s om eti m es to r ed u c e a m ix ed q ua n t ify
to a thi
f r ac t io n ; s is a s i m pl e c as e of add itio or
n s ub
trac t o o i fr t o
i n ac i ns .

E x am l p es .
b a b ac b ac + b
c l c c c c

2a b 2a b ( a + b) 2 ab 2
3 ab
z a+ a a +

a + b 1 a +b a + b a + b a + b
x —2 x —2
—3 x + 4
_ _

x
2
x
i — 3x + 4

—3 x +4 )
x
2 —3 x +4

x
3 — 5 x + 1 2 — x ; —2
( ) x
3 —5 x + 1 2 -
x + 2 x
3 — 6x + 14
x
2—
3x + 4 x
2—
3x + 4 x
2 —3 x +4

142 . pres ions

Ex s m ay o c cu r i olvi g b oth
nv n itio
a dd n
an d s u b tr c tio
a Th n. us , for e xa m pl e i m p l ify
,
s

e
a ab d
°
"3 2 2 2
a + b a -
b a +b

Th e of the d e n om i n at ors is (a2

th t a is a 4 — b
‘

'
2 ? a 3
(a b) 4 ’ 2
a b) (a a a b a
-

b ab
4
a b ‘
a
t
( fl

’ ’ 3
ab a ( )
3
b a b ab

a
“
’
— b2 a
4 — b* a
i — b4

2 ? ’z ’
(a
2 ‘
a b) a a b
4 4
a
“
b “
a b
2
T herefore a +
a

b a
2
b2 a
?
a

b3
z 2 ‘ ”
(a ab
3 3
)
4 3 3
a a b a b ab a b ab ‘

4
b l
~
a _

a
4 — a 3 b + a ?b2 — a b3 + a 3 b + ab3 —a ‘ + a 263
a
i _
b 1
a
s
b l
 ‘

O F FRA c r zo z
vs . 79

a b 0
8m m
“? — 4
—
< b — c) ( If — a ) < )( r
“ “

)( 7 ) —b
"

—b
( a J a c
c

Th e b egi er ho l d p y p rti l r tte tio t thi s

nn s u a a cu a a n n o
e am pl e
x He i very l iab l e to t k e the prod t o f the
s a uc

d e o m i tor for the c omm o d e o m i tor a d thus to

.

n na s n n na ,
n
re d er the oper tio e trem el y l b orio
n a ns x a us .

The e o d fr ctio c o t i the f ctor b a i it d e

s c n a n n a ns a n s

n om i ator a d thi f c tor di ffer fro m the fa tor bs a s c a

n
n ,

whi ch occ r the d e om i tor o f the first fractio o l y

,
u s in n na n, n

i the s ig o f e c h term a d b y A t 1 3 5
n n a ,
n r .
,

b
— C b —a
( b —c) —b
'
( b l( ) ( d )
o the de omi tor o f the thi rd fr ctio can b e p t
Al s n na a n u
in aform whi ch i m ore o ve ie t for o object ; fo by
s c n n n ur r
the R ul e of S g s we h ave i n

( c —a )( c —c
) —
( c)
b .

Hen ce the proposed e pre io x ss n may b e p ut in t he for m

a b c

( a —b ) (a —c
) ( b— c ) (a —c) (b — c) ’

an d this form we se e at o c e th at the

in f the d n o e
n om i tor i (a b) ( c) (b o)
na s s a .

B y re d i g the fr c tio
uc nto the l owest c ommo de o a ns n n
mi t the propo e d e pre io b ec om es
na or s x ss n

—c —b
a ( b ) b (a -

)
a — b a —c
( )( —
) ( c)
b

a b— a c — a b + bc + a c bc
th at is
-

t h at is —b a — c b — c 0
(a )(
,
)( )
.

143 thi Ch pter we h e hew how to c ombi e

. In s a av s n n
two or m ore fr tio i to i gl e fr tio ; o the other
ac ns n a s n ac n n
h d w m y if we pl e e bre k p a s i gl e fraction in to
an e a ,
as ,
a u n
t wo o m ore fra tio
r For e m pl e c ns . xa
,

3 be — 4 a c + 5 a b 3 be 4 ao 5 ab 3 4 5
a bc a bc a bc a b
80 E XA M PLE S . X VI .

EX AMPLE S . X VI .

Fi
nd the val e u o f

3 a —5 b 2a — b — c a + b+c

l —3 x
'
1 + 3x

2 61 —2 6 2 6 — 2a
°

a —x a +x a —x 2
a — 2b b— 3 c 4 a b + 3 bc
6ao

a —b 2a a
3
+ a gh
+
b a —b a
‘
i —
b b“
‘

—b
2b (1
+
b — 2a
+
3x ( a )
x b x + b t
.
’ 2 — b3

3 5 2x —7
x 2x —1 4 x —l
2
'
 E XA M PLE S . X VI. 81

1 3 2x
x —2 x + 2

1 1 a

a —b a + b a
2 —b 2
'

a —x
'—
” 2
a +x a x
+
a — x d +x

1 2 l
x + 1

x x
'
x —l x + 1 x -
2

4x — x + y
x y
+ '

y x + v w— y
2
x x
21 . x x —l x + l
’
x x
22 x +
.

x + l x —1 0

1 1 2
x —a x +x x

2 2
a a 4a b
+
a —b a + b a4 —b"
’
x x x
+ +
x
2 —l x —1 x + 1

a 3a 2ax
a —x d + x a
2
+ x
2
°

1 x + 10
2x — 4
°

x +2 2x 2 + 8

2 x —3
z
x + 4 x

1 1 l
'
—iz 2
x
2
)
T A.
.
82 E XA M PLE S X VI .

2 2 2
x + ax + a x
.

x
3 —a 3 x
3
+a
3

2
y
'
2 2
xy +y x + xy

2—
x 2x + 3 x — 2 1
x
5
+ 1 —x + l x +l
o

l 2x —3 1

(
x x + 1)

1 — 2x x +1 1
—x + l
)
2
3 ( x

l xy
z—x 2
l -

3
°

x y +y x +y x + y3

l x —y
2
x —
2
y x + xy + y

x +x+ l x
g —x +1 x
4
+ x
1
+ l

a + b a —b
—b 2
'
3 2 2
ox + by ax y a x + by

l 1

x
i —x i —
l—l
'

v
.
z

1 2 3
x
2 — 7x + l 2 a
2
' —4 x + 3 x
2 —5 x + 4

1 1
2

l 1 2b
—b
°
P 4
a a + b a -
r b2 a + b4

1 1 3 3
x —3 a x + 3a x +a x —a
84 M UL TI PLI CA TI O N O F FR A CTI ON S .

X VI I . M ul tip l ic a t io n of Fr a ct ion s
. .

144 e for the

R ul mul l ca n of tip i tio fra tio M lti c ns . u

o o m er t o a d
.

l t g e th e r th e n u m e r a t r s f o r a n ew n u a r n
p y ,

o
t h e de n o m in a t r s f o r a n e w d e n m in a t r o o .

14 5 Th e foll owi g is
.
n the usual d em o tration o f the ns

a a d f two fr ac tio whi h ar e to be

R ul e Le t be n ns c
d
.

mul tipl ie d together ; pu t

; —x , an d y; therefore
a s ,
an d c z dy ;
therefo re ac bd x y

di vi d e by bd th us ,
g
§ =x
u

“
x 2
‘

b d
a c ac
therefore b
x
d bd
'

An d the pro d c t o f the n m erators a d bd the

ac is u u ,
n
pr t o f the d e omin ators ; this dem on stra tes the R l e
o duc n u .

S imil rl y the R ul e m ay be d e m o tra te d whe n m ore

a ns
th an two fra ctio ns a e mul tipl ie d tog ether r .

146 We sh ll o w give om e e m pl es B efore m l ti

. a n s xa . u
pl yi g together the f ctor o f the e w m er tor an d t h e
n a s n nu a
f ctor o f the e w d e om i tor it i dvi bl e to e mi e
a s n n na ,
s a sa xa n
if a y f tor o cc rs i b oth the m era tor d de o mi
n ac u n nu an n
n tor
a it m y be stru ck o t o f b oth an d the res l t will
,
as a u , u
thus be sim pl ifie d s e e A r t 1 3 7 . .

M l tiply a by
u

a a b ab
x
_ _ .
‘

1 1 c c

Hen ce a
s an d

l
ar e

2x — 3
equival en t ; so , for e x am pl e ,

an d ( ox
- 3)
4 4
 M UL TI PLI CA TI ON O F FR A o r zo z
vs . 85

”
M ul ti p1r i b y
y y
2
x x x x x x
x
y y w e e
z’

M ul tipl y

3a 80 3a x 80 2c >
<1 2 a 2c
x '
4b 9a 4 b x 9a 3b>
<1 2 a 3b
”
3a
M ul tipl y by
( a + b) 2

4 (a 2 —b2) 4a (
a —b) x 3a (a + b)
3 ab

a b a b
M ul t 1pl y + + 1 by +
5 a b a

2 2
a + b + ab
ab ab ab ab

b —a b
9 2
? 2
b ab +

mt
a a
.

a ab ab

'
— ab
a
2
+ 2
b + ab a +
2
b 2—
a b ( a
2
+ b )
ab

bP — a i’ b2 ? 2
“
b “
b
‘
Z Z
(a -
l
-
a + -
a
fi ‘
a b

Or we may pro cee d th us :

b a b
a
86 M UL TI PLI CA TI O N O F FR A C TI ON S .

therefore

Th e two re l ts su ag ree ,
fo r
5 72
d
2
+ 1

1 — a2 a
1 b
Mul tipl y t ogether ”
an d b
b b2 a a

We
i ht mul tiply together t h e first two f tor a d
mg ac s, n

b a
then m l tiply the prod ct s epar tely by b a d by 1 —
u u a n
a
’

a dd the re l ts ; b t it i m ore c o ve ie t to re d c e the

su u s n n n u
b a
m i ed q ua nti ty b +
x to a i gl e fractio Th s s n n . u

ab b ( 1 — a ) + ab 6

—a —bz — — '

l b 2
l
>
<
(1 a ) ( 1 b
b+ b 2
a + a
2
l —a —a
)
147 we h ve al re dy d o e form er Ch pter we
. As a a n 111 a s,
m t here gi e o m e re l t whi h the t d e t m t
us v s su s c s u n us as

sum to b e c p b l e of e p l
e a tio a d whi h he m t u e
a x an a n ,
n c us s

as r l e i worki g e ampl es w h i ch may be propo e d S e

u s n n x s . e
A rt 6 3 s d 135
. an .

Mul tipl y
g by

M ul tipl y

a C — (l 0 ac
X ~
x
b d b d bd

M ul tipl y
88 D I VI S I O N O F FR A CTI ON S .

XVI II D ivis ion of Fr action s . .

148 Rul e for divi di g o e frac tion by a o ther I ve r t

n n n . n

th e d i i o r a d p o ce ed i M l t ip l i t i o
.

v s n r as n u ca n .

149 Th e foll owi g is the us ual d em on st ra tion o f the

. n
a
R le S ppose we h ave t o d ivi de
2 b
a
u u by p ut x ,
b
.
,

0
an d :
y; t here fore
23
a = bx , an d c = dy ;
therefore ad bd x , an d be bdy
ad bd x x
therefore be bd y y
x a

}
6 0 ad a d
t l1 e 1 e f0 r 9
‘
' — x
EU
a

b d b c

15 0 . We sh all n o w give s ome e xampl es .

D ivi de

3a 9a 3a 8c 2c >
<1 2 a 2c
x '
E
'

4b 8c act 3 b x l 2a sb

ab — b“’

D m de by '

( a b) 2 a
2
bz
(l b — b”
a b— b2 a
Q—
b2
x
2 2
a b
 D I VI S I ON O F FR A CTI ON S 89

15 1 o p e frac tio l e pres io s may be s impl ified

. C m l x na x s n

by the o e o ll o f the r l e re pe c ti g fra tio

aid o f s m r a u s s n c ns
which h ve ee give Th e foll owi g a e e ampl e
a now b n n. n r x s .

—b —b
S‘mph fy
a
'
[ a +

—b
b a

a + b t a a + h

a +b a —b — b) 2
+
a —b
Z— ’
a + b (a a b 2

a +b a —b
( a + b) z— (a — b) 2 4 ab
a —b a +b (a — 2’
2
a b

1—
2 2 “’ 2— 2
2ab -
2b 4 ab 2a -
l b
-
2 a b a
"‘ -
b 2
x
— b2 '

a
2 — b2 a
2 -
b 2
4ab 2a b

In thi e
sp e the f tor
x am l ac s a b an d a + b a r em u l ti
the re t
p l ied t o ge th e r , a n d e i te
su l a
”
b is u s d n s ad o f
2

e er howe er the t e t wi
( a + b) ( a b) ; in g n al v it s ud n ll fin d
v
a d is able o to ether the
n o t t o m u l t ip l y th e f a c t r s g in
o r e the oper tio e e
c u s of a opport it
n , b c au s o r
an un y may ccu
of stri i o o f tor fro the
k n g o u t a c mm n ac er tor m n um a an d
e o i tor
d n m na re t
o f h is sul .

a + 1 3 —a a + 1 3 —a + a + 1
+
3 —a 3 —a 3 —a

4 1 3 —a 3 —a
X
3 —a 1 4 4

3 —a 4a 3 —a 3 + 3a
+
4 4 4 4

3 + 3a 1 4
x '
4 1 3 + 3a 3 + 3a
90 D I VI S I ON O F FR A CTI ON S .

Fi n d the val e o f u whe n x

a b—a
2
2a b a 2a b
2x — a =
a + b 1 a + b

2a b b 2ab ab —b2
2x —b '
a + b 1 a + b a + b

2 x —a ab — a
2
ab — b
2
a b — a2 a + b
T herefore 2x — b a + b a + b a + b
x
ab —b
2

ab — 2
b —a
a a ( ) a
—
_

2 ’
ab b b (a -

b) b

therefore
2
a ab a a + b -

ab a
A gai n , a — x z

i a + b a + b
”
b ab b (a + b) -
ab b
'
_
“

1 a + b a + b a + b

a —x
” “
b a + b a
T herefore b —x a + b a + b a + b
x
2
b b ”'

2 2

Z
a x (
herefore
”

T
b —x , 2
2

15 2 . Th e re l ts gi e i A t 1 4 7 m t
su v n n r . us be g i e
v n
agai n here in co e io with D i i io of Fractio
nn x n v s n ns .

we h ave .
— .
0 a .

bd d b bd d b

0 ac
Al s o si c e
n x
d
—
bd ’ we h ave
 E XAM PLE S . 11 VII I .

by x -

1 1
‘

2
x 1 x
by 4
x g lb
“

5 2

2
a x
1 by
5 2

13 1+

a :v a x

Sl mph fy t he fo ll o w mo ' e x r e sswn s

p

3x —1
x
x —1 +
+
2 3

x —2 +

—a
2x —1 x
—c )
"

tar — b )( a
s

x a

25 1 26 l —
F
.

1 x

x
2
2x
1 +x + —x
l
 E XA M PLE S X VI II . . 93

— b2 a
2
+ b

Fin d th e val ues o f the foll owin g e xpressio ns

a —x
when x

x —a x —b
b a
wb en x—
a —b '

{8 x a
+ wh en x
a b— a a + b

when a

— 2—
wh e n y
x +y x y x y

x + 2a x —2 a 4 ab
+ Whe n
2 b —x 2b + x 4 b2 —x 2

3 x — 2a +b
x +a —2 b when x =
a + 1 ab+ a
when x
a b+ 1
’ an dy _
_

ab + 1
°
9 41 SI M PLE E Q UA TI O N S

X IX . S imp l e E q ua ti on s
15 3 . When two
ebr i c l e pre ion s a e c o e cte d al g a a x ss r nn
by the i g f e q l ity the who l e i
s n ll e d
o e q tio ua s ca an ua n .

The e pre io th x o e cte d ss ll ed id ns f the us c nn ar e ca s es o

e q tio or m m be f the e q tio The e pre io to
ua n e rs o ua n . x ss n
the l eft f the ig o f e q l ity i ll ed the fi t i de an d
o s n ua s ca r s s ,

the e pre io to the right i c ll ed the o d i de

x ss n s a sec n s .

15 4 A ide t i l q
. ti o i n i whi h the two n ca e ua n s one n c
si d es e q l wh te er mb er the l etter repre se t ;
ar e ua a v nu s s n
for e ampl e the foll owi g e ide ti c l e q atio
x ,
n ar
-

n a u n s,

—a = x 2 —a 2
(x + a ) (x ) ,

zz
(x )
" 3
a x 2x x + a ,

) (x 2 —x a + a ?) = x 3 + a 3
(x a ;

that is the s e l gebrai c l statem e t a e tr e wh te er

,
a a n s r u a v
n m b er
u d m y repre e t
s x The t d e t will e
an a a s n . s u n se
th t p to the prese t poi t he h b ee al m o t e l s i ely
a u n n as n s xc u v

o cc pied with res l ts o f thi ki d th at i with i de ti c al

u u s n ,
s, n
e q atiou ns .

A i de ti c l e q a tion i c all e d briefl y an i de t ity

n n a u s n .

15 5 A .
q ti o f o d i ti o i o e whi h is t tr e
n e ua n o c n n s n c no u
wh ate er mb er the l etter repre e t b t o ly whe
v nu s s s n ,
u n n
the l etter repre e t om e p rti c l r mb er
s s n m ber s a u a nu or nu s.
For e m pl e + 1 = 7 c ot b e tru e l e
xa ,
x = 6 A an n un ss x . n
e qu atio of c o di tio i cal l ed briefl y eq t io
n n n s an ua n .

15 6 A l etter to whi h a p arti c l r

. l e o v l es c u a va u r a u

mus t b g ive i order th at the s tate m e t c o t i e d i

e n n n n a n n an

e q tio m y b tr e i c ll e d a
ua n a k ow q e t i ty Su h ,
s a n un n n ua n . uc
p rtic l r v l e o f the un k ow q an tity i i d to t i f y
a u a a u n n u s sa sa s
th e e q ua ti o a d i c ll e d r oo t of th e e q
n ,
n t io To
s a a ua n .

s ol e av eq tio i to fi d the root or root

n ua n s n s.

15 7 A .e q tio i vol i g o e k ow q an tity is

n ua n n v n n un n n u

s i d to b
a of m y di m e io s as the i d e o f the
e as an ns n n x
hi ghe s t power o f the u k ow q a tity Thus if x de ote n n n u n .
,
n
96 I
S MPLE E QUA TI ON S .

t
In s ead o f mul ly n g tip i e ery term by 3 4 6 we m y
v x x , a

m ul tip e er ter
ly v y m by 1 2, whic h i the L C M o f the de o
s . . . n

min at o r s 3 , 4 , an d 6 we s ho l d then obtain at on c e

u

4 x + 3 x + 2x = 1 08

th a t is,
d ivide b oth si des by 9 therefore

h us 1 2 i the r o ot o f the propo ed eq ation We m y

T s s u . a
er if y thi b y p tti g 1 2 fo x i t h e origi al e qua tio n
“

v s u n r n n .

Th e firs t s i d e b e c o m e s

12 12
t h at is th at is 9;
3 4 6

which agrees with the s eco nd s i de .

161 . A n y ter m m a y be t r a n sp sed f r o m o n e o

an o o
e q ua ti n to th e th er s ide by ch a n g i n g i ts sign .

S uppo s e fo r e am pl e th at x
,
x
,
a b y .

Add a t o e ac h s i d e then
x —a + a = b —y + a
,

th at is x b— y + a z
.

S ubtract b fro m e ach s i de thus

x —b = b + a —y —b :
a —y .

Here we se e th t — h as bee rem o ed from o e si de

a a n v n

o f the e q tio d ppe rs as

ua n , an the other s id e ; d
a a a on an
bh b ee re m ove d fro m o e s i d e an d appears as —b o n
as n n

the other s ide .

162 . th e s ign of e ve r y t er m Qf a n
If eq ua t io n be
c h a n ged th e e q ua l i ty s ti ll h l ds o .

hi s foll ows from A r t 1 6 1 by tran po si g e very te rm

T s n

Thus suppo e fo e am pl e th t x —a = b —y
.
, .

s ,
r x , a .
 I
S M PLE E QUA T I O N S 97

By tran position
s y b a x,

th t i — = —b a x
a s, y ;

an d thi re l t i wh t we h ll ob t i if we c h a ge the
s su s a s a a n n

sig f e ery term i the origi l e q tio

n o v n na ua n .

1 63 We . w gi e R l e for the ol tio of a y

c an no v a u s u n n
sim pl e e q tio with ua k ow q n tity Cl th
one un n n u an ea r e
ti o
.

eq t io
ua f f n oif y ; t
r ac po
n s, ll th n ece ss a r r an s se a e
t m wh i h i
er s ol t h c k ow q n v t i ty t
ve id f
e un n n ua n o on e s e o
th q e e tio ua d th k o w n q,
titi
an t th eo th i d ;
n n uan es o e er s e
d i id b th id
v e by th
o fi ci t
s es th m f th e co e en ,
or e su o e co
efi i t f th e
c e n s, o k o w q a t it y d th e r oot r e q i ed
un n n u n , an u r
i o bt i e d
s a n .

1 64 W h ll o w gi e om e e m pl es
. e s a n v s xa .

S ol ve 7 25 35 5 x x .

Here there a e fr ctio by tr po si g we h ave

r no a ns an s n

7x — 5 x = 3 5 —2 5 ;
2x 10

di vi de by 2 ; therefore
We may v erify this re s l t by p tti g 5 f u u n or x in the
origi n al eq ua tion ; the e ach sid e i e q l to 6 0
n s ua .

165 .o e 4 (3 — 2) — 2 (4 —3 )
S lv x x

Perform the m l tipli tio i di c te d ; th us

u ca ns n a

l 2 x — 8 — (8 x —6)
e o e the br
R m v ac k et ; th
s us

l 2x — 8 —8 x + 6 12 + 3x = 0;

coll e ct the term s ,

tr pos e
an s ,

d ivi d e by 7 ,

Th t de t will fi d it a ef l e erci e to ve ify the

e s u n n us u x s r

co rre c t ess o f h is s ol tion s

n Th s in the ab ove e m pl e
u . u xa ,

EL L 7
98 I
S MPLE E QUA TI O NS .

if we p ut 2 for x in the origi l e quatio we s hall

na n o bt ain
1 6 — 1 0 — 6, th t i a s 0, as it ho l d be
s u .

1 66 o e . S lv x — 2 — 2x — 3
( )
R e m ove the br a ck et ; th
s us

x 2 2x 3

th a t is ,
1 x

m l tipl y by 2
u ,
2 2x 3x l
tr po e
an s s ,
2 1 2x 3x
that i s, 1 5 x, or 5x 1
1
t he e fo r e
r
5

4 1 56 4 5
o e
- -

167 . S lv
2

the LCM . . . of the d en omin a tors is 10;

5 (5 x + 4 ) x 2 —5 (x
2 5 x + 2 0 — 7x —5x + 5
;
25 x
'

23 x = 4 6 ;
46
therefore
23

e i er i re omm e ded to p t d ow al l the work

Th e b g n n s c n u n
at f ll ui thi e m pl e i
,
as ord er to e r e a r y
n s xa ,
n ns u c cu a c .

M i t k e wi th re pe t to the ig
s a s ofte mad e i l ea r s c s n s ar e n n c

i g
n e q t io f fr tio
an I the b ove e qua tio the
ua n o ac ns . n a n

fr tio
ac
10
h nto b m l tipl ie d by 1 0 an d it i ad as e u , s

vi bl e to p t the re l t fir t i the form

sa u d su s n an

afterw rd i the form —7 —5 i order to s e cure atte n

a s n x , n

tio to the ig
n s ns .
 EX A MPLES . X IX . 1 01

x + 3 x +4 x + 5
+
2 3

7x +9 2x —1
—7+x
4 9

3 x —4 6x — 5 3 x —l
2 8

2x — 5 5x —3
+ 2§
3 4

x -
3 x —5 x —l
4 6
"

x —l x —3 x —5 x
+
2 4 6 1 m 3
i

7x + 5 5x +6 8 —5 x
6 4 12

x+4 x —4 3x ; 1

x —l 2x + 7 x + 2
9

v —l x —2 x —3 2 .

+
2 3 4 3

2x —5 6x + 3
6

A —5 x
50 .

7 (3 x .

s
x &
73 +
“
a —75 52
w 1
+
w
_
. .

2
102 E X A M PL E S . X IX .

5 —3 x 5x 3 3 —5 x
+
4 3 2 3

54 .

3 2 7 —2 7 3 ( 755

55 . 5 x — [8 x 3 { 1 6 —6 x 6 .

'

1 -
2x 4 —5 x 13
3 6 42

x + l x —l
_ 1
.
M7 z 1 2 +
3 4

7 —4x

5x —1 9x — 5 9x —7
7 5

x + 3 x — 2 3x
°

2 3 4

—x ) + x — 1 2

3x — l 1 3 —x 7x 11
‘

5 2 s e

2x — 1 6x —4 7x + l 2
+
5 7 11

2 —x 3 —x 4 —x 5 x 3—
Q
3 4 5 6

5 43 —3 9 —x 19
7 3 2
4 .

6
< x 4 )'
1 041 S IMPLE E QUA TI N S O .

th at is
+ 4 8x + 1 6 x —1 6 5 + 6 4xo

By transpo itio s n an d re d ction

u

mul tipl y by 1 5 —2x ; th us

—2x = 6 0
l 44x ) 8x ;

therefore I44x 8x 3 20 6 0,

th at is , 1 5 2x = 3 8 0

22
13
therefore 1
25 .

x —5 x + 3
1 73 . S l o ve x 7 x 9

M ul tipl y by (x 7) (x 9) thus
(x + 9 ) (x
th at is , + 4 —4 5 = x — 4 x x
2
v
.
2

su btrac t x from e ach s i d e of the e q atio th us

2
u n,

4x 45 4x 21

tran spose ,
4x 4x 45 2 1,

th t i
a s, 24 ;

th erefore
will b e s ee th t i thi s e mpl e i fou d bo th
It n a n xa s n on
sid e f the e q tio
s o fter we h e cl e red o f fr tion s ;
ua n, a av a ac
a cc ord i gl y it ca nb e re m o e d b y s btrac tio
n an d o the v u n, s
e quatio remai s a s imp l e eq t i
n n ua on .
 I
S MPLE E QUA TI ON S . 1 05
'

2x + 3 4x + 5 3x + 3
1 74 ‘ SO lve
x + 1 4x + 4 3x + 1

Here it is o ve ie t
c n n n tp
to mul i l y b y 4 x + 4 , th t i a s by
4 (x

therefore 8x 12 4x 5

4x + 7

Mul tipl y by 3 x 1 ; thus (3 x + 1 2 (x +

2 = 2
1 2x + 25 x + 7 1 2x + 2 4 x + 1 2 .

S ub trac t 1 2x from e ach

2
si d e , an d tran s pose ; thus
2 5 x — 2 4x = 1 2 —7,

th at is ,

x —l x -
2 (
x —1 )( x — 3 — x
) (
x —2 x —3
( x — 2 )( x —3
)
2— — 2—
x 4x +3 (x 4 x + 4 ) 1
—2 —3 —2
( x )( x ) (x ) (x
—4 —5 —4 6 ) — (x
x x ( x )(
x -

x —5 x —6
(x —5 ) (x -
6)

2—
x2 — l ox + 24 —
(x l ox + 25 ) 1
x —5
( x 6 )( -

) (x
Thus the propo s e d e qu a tio n b e c om es
1 06 I
S MPLE E Q UA TI ON S .

l l
C h an ge the sign s ; thus —5
( x -

3) ( x )( x -
6)

Cl ear o f fract ions thus (x 5 ) (x 6) (x 2) (x

that is ,
x
2 —1 1x + 30 : x
2—
5x +6 ;

therefore 1l x 5x : 6 30

th at is 6x

6x : 24

therefore x z4 .

45x 3x
° °

1 76 . S l o ve 5x + '
6
.
2
.

To e n su re acc r cy it is a d i abl e
u a v s to e pres s
x al l the
d eci mal s as c o mm o fr ctions th us
n a

10 12 10
x
2 10 9

i p if i
S m l y n g,

2
9 2:
th a t is,
2 +
2
:

M ul tipl y by 1 2, 6x 9x 15 72 4x 8

tra n spo s e ,
1 9 x = 72 + 8 4»

therefore

1 77 tio m ay be propos e d i whi ch l etter s are

. E qu a ns n

us e d t o repre e t k ow q titie ; we h ll c o ti e t
s n n n uan s s a n nu o
re rese t the k ow q tity by a d a y other l ett er
n un n n u an x, n n

wi 1 b s ppo e d t o repre e t a k own q an tity

e u s We wil l s n n u .

so l ve three s ch eq atio u u n s.
1 08 E X A M PLE S . XX .

1 81 .tho gh the foll owi g eq atio does n o t stri ctly

Al u n u n
bel o g to the pre e t Ch pter we gi e it
n s n there will b
a v as e

no d i ffi l ty i foll owi g the tep

cu n f the ol tio
n d it s s o s u n , an
wi ll er e
s v m o d el for i m i l r e m pl e s
as a The e q tio
s a xa ua n
re embl e s tho e l re dy ol e d i the irc m t e th at
.

s s a a s v ,
n c u s an c
we obt i o ly a i g le val e o f the n kn own q a tity
a n n s n u u u n .

By tra positio
ns n, J( x —,Jx

sq re b oth s i d e
ua s ; th us x J Y x = 64 1 6 Jx +

therefore 16 64 16 Jx ;
16

J¢ =5 ;

therefore x = 25 .

EX AMPLES . XX .

29 35
x 1 2x 24
°

x —2 x —3 '

45 57
3 x —4 5x —6 2x + 3 4x —5 '

3 x —1 2x — 5 x —3 x
+
2 3 4

x
—x I O —x
4 6

5x —8 3 x —8 x —2 1
1 10 E XA M PLE S . XX .

(
x —l
)(x —2
)( x 3 (4 x —2) (x +
— — 5 ) (x —1 )
(x 9 ) (x 7 ) (x -

— (x —2 ) (x -
4 ) (x — 6 ) (x
—1 )2 (4 x
(se -
av(x

x
z —x +1 x
2
+x + 1
2x .

x +1

38 5 2: 2 2x l
‘ ‘

. .

39 5 6x 8 75 x 25
‘ ‘ ‘ ‘

. 2: .

' '
135 x 36 0 9x
‘

40 15x +
‘
.

6 2 9
‘

a ''
x b”
41 . a b 42 a
b
.

x
z— a " a —x 2x a
'
b b x

44 . x (x —a ) (x —b) .

45 .
( v
.
-
a )( x -
b) (
x + 2a l - -
2b)

( x + 2a ) ( x + 2 b) (v —a
.
—b) .
 112 PR OB LE M S .

XX I . P r obl ems .

1 82 We sh al l n o w a ppl y the m ethods e xplain ed in the

pre e di g two Ch pter to the ol tio of om e probl em
.

c n a s s u n s s,

an d th e hibit to the t de t pe cim e of the us f

us x s u n s ns e o

A l geb r I the e probl e m

a n ert i q titie e gi e
s s c a n ua n s ar v n
other whi h h o m e i g e d rel tio to the e
.

an d an ,
c as s a ss n a ns s ,

h as to b fo d ; the q tity whi h h to b fo d i

e un uan c as e un s

cal l e d the k w q unt i ty The rel tio

n o n lly
uan . a ns ar e us u a
e pre e d i ordi ry l g ge i the e
x ss n na i tio of t h e an ua n n un c a n

probl em d the m ethod f ol i g the probl em m y b

an o s v n a e
th d e cribe d i ge er l term d ote th e k o w
,

us s n n a s : en un n n

q ua n t i t y b y t h l tt d ep i e lg b i l
er x, an ex r ess n a e r a ca

la g g t h e
n ua l ti o
e wh i h h ol d be t w
re a th n sk ow c ee n e un n n

quan t i ty d t h g i
an q t i t i ;e e q t io w ill th
v en ua n es an ua n us

be bt i e d f o m wh i h th e al e f th e u k o w q
o a n r c t ity v u o n n n ua n

m a y be f o u n d .

1 83 .Th e s um o f two n um b er s is 8 5 , an d their differ

e ce
n the m b ers
is 2 7 fin d nu .

Le t d e ote the l e
x mb er ; the
n si e the differ ss nu n, nc
e e of the mb er i 2 7 the gre ter m b er will be
nc nu s s ,
a nu

d e ote d b y x + 2 7 ;
n d si c e the s m o f the n um bers is 8 5an n u

we h ave

th at is ,
2x + 2 7 = 8 5 ;

therefore 2x 85 27 58

58
therefore 2

Th s the l e umber is 2 9 a d the grea ter n m ber i

u ss n n u s
2 9 2 7 th t is 5 6
,
a .

1 84 D i ide £ 2 1 0s amo g A B an d C so th t B
. v . . n , , , a
m y h ve 5 m ore th an A an d C m y h ave s m u h as A
a a s .
,
a a c

an d B together .

Le t x d e ote the mb er o f hilli g i A h re ’

n nu s n s n s s a ,

the + 5 will d e ote the mb er o f hilli gs i B h e

n x n nu s n n
’
s s ar ,

an d 2 + 5 wi ll de ote the n u mb er o f shill in gs in 0 s sha re

’
x n .
 PR OB LE M S . 113

Th e whol e n u mb er of hill i s n gs is 5 0 therefore

th t i a s, 4x + 10= 5 0 ;

therefore 4x 50 10 40

therefore x 10 .

Th u s A s
’
s h re
is 1 0 s ll
a hi i n gs, B
'
s s h are IS 1 5 shil li n gs,
an d 0 s s a
’
h re is 2 5 s ill n gs h i .

ert i s m f m o ey was di ide d b t we

185 . A c a n u o n v e en

A B d B t g ether re ei e d £ 1 7 1 5
an d C ; A A an o c v . s .

d 0 together re ei e d d 0 together
, ,

an 15 B c v
1
s an
re ei e d £ 1 2 1 0 fi d the m re c eive d by e ach
c v . s . n su .

L t x d e ot the
e mb er of po d whi h A re c ei e d
n e nu un s c v ,

the B re ei e d 1 7§ — po d b e e A d B
n c v x un s cau s an
t g ether re ei e d 1 74 p
o po d d 0 re ei e d 1 5 2—
c v un s , an c v 10

po d b e e A d 0 togethe re ei ed 1 5 § p o d
un s, c au s an r c v un s .

Al o B d 0 to gether re ei e d 1 22 po
s an d ; therefor e c v un s

2 x + 15 i

th t i a s 3 32 29 :

therefore

Th s A re cei e d u v £ 10 . B re c eive d £ 7 5s ,. . an d 0
re eive d £ 5 5
c . 3 .

ro er
1 86 .om e t worth 2 a l h d om e
A g c h as s ea 3 .
, an s
worth how m y l b m t he t k e of e h
.

3s 6 d a l b :
. . . an s . us a ac

sort t o pro e of m i t re worth 2 6 d

d u c 1 00 1bs lb 2 . a x u s . . a .

L t d e ote the
e m b er f lb s of the fi t ort ; the
x n nu o . rs s n

1 00 — will de ote the m b er f l b of the e o d ort

x n nu o s s c n s .

The l e f the l b i 2 hilli g d the l e of t h

.

va u o x s . s x s n s an va u e
1 14 PR OB LE M S .

1 00 x lb s . is ( 1 00 —x) s hilli n gs . An d the whol e v al u e

is t o be
2
x 1 00 s hi ll i n gs ; therefore
1 00 = 2x —x ) ;

mul tipl y by 2 , th us 5 00 4x 7 00 7x ;
therefore 7x 4x 700 5 00

th t is
a ,
3x 2 00

therefore
Th us there m t b e us 6 6 § l bs . of the fi rs t s ort ,
an d
o f the s e c o d s ort
1—
3 3 1 1b s . n .

187 i e i 2 feet 4 i che l o g ; it is req ire d to

. A l n s n s n u
divi d e it i to two p rt s
n c h th at o e p a rt m y b
a three ,
su n a e
fo rth s f the other p rt
u o a .

L t d e ote the n mb er o f i he i the l arg er p rt ;

‘

e x n u nc s n a
3
the ; wil l de ote the mber o f i ches i the other part
n n nu n n .

Th e n umb er o f in che s i the whol e l in e is n 28 ; therefore

therefore 4x 3x 1 12

x = 16

Th s u one p a rt is 1 6 i che l on g
n s ,
an d the other p t 1 2ar

in ches l o n g.

1 88 per o h d £ 1 000 p rt o f whi ch he l e t t

. A s n a , a n a
4 per e t a d the re t t 5 per e t
c n .
,
n the whol e l s a c n . a n n ua
i tere t re ceive d was £ 4 4 : how m ch was l e t at 4 per
n s u n
ce t 1
n .
 1 16 E X A M PLE S . XXI .

tell igibl e b t appe r t o b e sus ceptibl e o f more

s o l ute l y un in , u a
th an e m e i g Th e st d e t sho l d the el t o e
on an n . u n u n s ec n
m e i g e pre ss th at m e i g i Al ge b r i l ymb o ls an d
an n ,
x an n o n a ca s ,

d d c e fro m it the re l t t o wh i h it will l e ad

e u If t h e su c .

re l t be i dm i ibl e
su b r d the t d e t ho l d t y
na ss ,
or a su s u n s u r
other m e i g f the wor d B t if the re l t i ti
,

an an n o s . u su s sa s
f c tory he m y i fer th t he h prob bl y der too d the
a a n a as a un s

w rd c orr e tly ; tho gh it m y still b i t re ti g to tr y

o s c u a e n e s n

the other po ibl e m e i gs i order to e if the e

ss an n ,
n se n un
i ti
c a re ll y s c epti bl e f m ore th
on a 1s e me
us i g o an o n an n .

1 91 A t de t i
. ol i g the probl em whi ch a e
s u n n s vn s r

gi e fo e er i e m y fi d o m e whi h he
v n r x c s re dil y ol e
,
a n s c c an a s v
b y A rith m eti b y a pro e f g e
c, o r d tri l ; a d he c ss o u ss a n a n

m y b th
a i cl i ed to d er l e the power f Al geb ra
e us n n un va u o ,
a d l ook
n it s id on ece ry B t we m y rem rk
a as u n n s sa . u a a
th t by Al geb r the t d e t i e bl e d to ol e ll the e
a a s u n s na s v a s

probl e m witho t y ert i ty

s, d m oreo er —h e will
u an un c a n an v ,

fi d
n he pro ee d th t by A lgeb ra he ca s ol e pro
as c s, a n v
bl m whi h wo ld b
e s e trem ely diffi l t o r al together
c u e x '
cu
i mpracti bl e if he relie d o A rithm etic l o e
ca ,
n a n .

A PLE S X XI EX M . .

1 Fi d the n m b er whi h e ceeds it fifth part by 2 4

. n u c x s .

2 A f ther a
) ;
3 0 y e rs o ld a d hi so
+1
7 2 y e ars o l d
1s a n s n 13 :
.
,

m h w m y y e ars will the father b e ei ght tim es as o l d

o an as
the o n ? B o y x
s

an d their s m u

Xther 4 . Th e r ai e d b y A B
su m d C to ge
o f was s ,
an
o trib te ore th A d 0 £ 20 m or e
,

; B c n u d £ 15 m an ,
an
th anhow m ch
B : e h o trib te u Al p did ac c n u
(5 S
- N 4

5 The d i ffere c e o f two m bers 1 4 an d their sum

. n nu
'
1s ,
is 4 8 fi d the n mb er 11 n
K
“
: n u s .

6 A twi c e s ld as B a d e e y ears ago their

. 13 a o n s v n
T it d age m o te d to as m y y e r
,
un e s a w repres e t
un an a s as n o n
the ge f A fi d the es o f A d B
a o . n ag an .

x 7fi x 1 1 54
 EX A M PLE S . XXI .

e to a ert i n umber the re l t is

V tre e th t 7 If 5 6 b e a d d d
. c a n ,
su

bl er the
a n um b : fin d
+ l t 3 X ' 2
8 A c hil d i b or i N ove mb er d the te th d y
s n n ,
an on n a

f D e e m b er he i a m y d y the m o th was o
.

o c ld s s an a s o as n n
the day f h i b irth whe w he b orn ? 3 0 X 4 4 1)
o s : n as ~ 2
(

9 Fi d th t mb e r j h e d p bl e o f which i c re a ed by
. n a nu x u n s

24 e c ee ds 8 0 a m h s the mb er it el f is b el ow 1 00
’
’

y x s uc a nu s .

There is a c ertai fi h tfiéfi e a f wd i b

v
A

10 . 9 n s
’
,
r o i c 1s

i ch s l o g ; the t ail i l o n g a the he d d h l f the

y b ck ; a d the b k i l o g the he d d t il toge
e n s as s a an a
‘

a n ac s as n as a an a
ther wh at is the l e gth o f the back d f the t ail} K
: n an o
9
§
c

f
11 D i i d e the n mb er 8 4 i to t wo fi
. v t it3 1 6h th t u n u a
i th ree ti m e s o e p r t m y b e e q l to fo r 3tim e the other
n a a ua u s .

The m f £ 7 6 w s r i e d by A TB zi d fl bge
a:

12 . su o a a s ,
n
ther ; B c o tri b te d a m h as A a d £ 1 0 m ore d G
n u s uc n ,
an
a m h as A a d B together : h o w m c h di d e ac h c o n
s uc n u
tri b te ?
g
u

Di
-

13 e the n m b er 6 0 i to two p rt
. c h th a t a u n a s su

a e e th o f o e p rt m ay b e e qua l to an eighth o f the other

s v n n a
par t 7 x ( 6 0 k ) y
.

. 2

14 A fter 3 4 gall o s h ad b ee dr w o t of o n e o f
. n n a n u
two e q l c k d 8 0 g ll o
ua t f the other there
as s, an a ns ou o ,

rem i ed j t three tim e

a n m ch i o
us k a i the s as u n n e c as s n
other wh at did e ch k : a c as

15 D ivi d e the . m ber nu

3 ti m e s the gre ater may e ce x

g 1 6 A p e O di strib te . rs n u

o s givin g S i pe c e e a h to s om e a d ixtee pe e e c h
s n , x n c , n s n nc a

17 D i i de the n mb er
v u
y the
.

su m o f thr e ti m e see p art on an d five tim e s the other

p rt
,
a m ay b e 8 4 3
, I1 8 k t s—(L
“
. ~

18 The pri e o f a work whi ch c om e s o t in p rts is

c. u a
£ 2 l 6 s 8 d ; b ut
. if the pri e of e c h p rt were 1 3 p e
. . c a a en c
m ore th it i the pri c e o f the work wo l b e £ 3 7 6 d :
an s, u s
1 ow m y p art were there Q K 25
. . .

1 . an s 51 01 0
( fl

D i i d e 4 5 i to two p art s c h th at the firs t di i d e d

”

19 . v n su v
by 2 s h all be equal to the s e c o n d mul tiplie d by 2 .

)
M
t fiw Y
‘
a
-

r
i
 E X A M PLE S . XXI .

20f ther is three tim es as o l d as h is so ; four

. A a n

y e rs ag the f ther w
a fo ti m es as o ld as hi so then
o a as ur s n
was : wh t i the ge o f e h ? X V
) (
a L
;
s a ac <
z
1
4 N .
_
o

21 D i i de 1 8 8 i to two p rt s
. v c h th t the fo rth o f n a su a u
o e p rt m y e c ee d the ei ghth f the other by 1 4 T h
H i m
n a a x o
?
-

22 A per o m eeti g c o m p y o f b egg r g e fo ur

. s n n a an a s av
pe c e to e
n h d h d i tee pe e l e ft ; he fo d th t
fl he sho l d h e re q ired hill i g m ore to e bl e h im to
ac ,
an a s x n nc un a
u av u a s n na

gi e the b egga r S i pe c e e ac h how m a y be gga r were

v s x n : n s

there ? b e
23 D ivi d e 1 00 i to two p rt s s c h th t if a thir d of
. n a u a

o e p rt b e b tr te d fro a fou rth o f the other the

n a
m
m ain d e r m ay b e 1 1 5 + 2; 14 11 2)
su eac
.
2
4
4
r

24 Two. per o
s n s , A an e
B , n gag at l ay ; A h as e p
£ 7 2 an d B h as £ 5 2 whe the e i
n y b g n , an d a a c e i t ain fter
n um b er
o f gam s e h ve ee
a b n wo n a n d l s b n m, o t etwee the
A h as three ti e h o e
m s a s mu c m n y a s B m u c di d A how h
Win ? 7 1 —mt : 3 \ S z X } .
c °
.

25 i i d e 6 0 i to two p rt s h th t the differe c e

. D v n a s uc a n
b etwee the gre ter n d 6 4 m y b e e qual to twi c e the
a an a

d iffere c e b etwee the l e d 3 8 £11 4 y 2 l U? W ss an

r

n n .

26 The m f £ 2 7 6 w r i e d by A B a d 0 t ge
su o as a s , , n o
ther ; B c o trib te d twic e m h A d £ 1 2 m ore
.

n u as uc as an

a d 0 three ti m e s m c h as B a d £ 1 2 m ore how m ch

,

n s a u n : u

d id e c h o tri te xb l 1 — H K " U7 A
’ ”

a c 4 X1
n b u 11 4 0 f

27 Fi d m b er n c h th t the
a nu um f it fifth d su a s o s an
it s e e th h ll e c ee d the s m o f its ei ghth an d its
.

s v n s a x u

twelfth by 1 1 3 1 + 71 .
3
4

28 A rmy i defe t ose e i th o f it s m b er

n a n a a s on -
s x nu
kill e d a d wo ded d 4 000 pri o er it i rei for ed
.

n un ,
an s n s s n c
by 3 000 m e b t retre t l o i g o n, fo rth o f it mb er
u a s, s n ne u s nu

w
-

i d oi g so ; t ere re m i 8 000 m e wh the o r i a n n a

y
n n

gi l for e ? ( < X i W O 7 3 m
na c 1 4

29 Fi d
. mb er n h th t the s m o f it fifth an d
a nu su c a u s
it e e th sh l1l e cee d the di ffere e o f it fo rth a d its
s s v n a x nc s u n
s eve th b y 9 9 4 5 m i A 7
7
2 5
?
6
n 7 x 4

7 s
3 0 O . h l f o f e
ne t i ri mb e
-

a f per o s re c ei e d
a c r i n u r o s n v
ei ghtee pe e ea h o third re ei e d two h illi g e h
n -
nc c ,
ne -
c v s n s ac
d the re t re c ei e d h l f a c row e h ; the W hol e
,

an s v m a n ac su
d i trib te d was £ 2 4 s
s u how m y per on were there ? . . an s s
 E X A M PLE S . XXI .

41 i t re f wi e d w ter the Wi e c ompo ed

In a m x u o n an a n s

X 5 g ll o l e th third f the mi t re how m

.

2 5 g ll o m ore th
a h l f f the m i t re
ns d the w ter an a o x u ,
an a
a ns ss
y g l an a. o x u an a
lo were there of e h Cl
.

ns ac

42 I l o t t y c o i ti g f 1 0000 ti kets h l f t h e
n a e1 ns s n o c a

X m ber of pri e dde d to

.

third the mb er o f bl k.
,
nu z s a one -

nu an s
was 3 5 00 h w m y pri ze were there i the l ottery f Z / m
: o an s n

43 I a c ert i . weight f g powder the

n a n o un
c o m po e d 6 l b s m e e th s h l f o f the weight the lph r . i an a a , su u
5 lb le ths . third d the h r co l 3 l l e th a
ss an a an c a a ss an
fo rth how m y l bs were there o f e ac h o f the th ee
.

u . an . r
in g1 e die n ts ?
44 e er
A g n al , a
. ot
avi n g l s tt e fo
a ba l , th
un d at fter hf 4 m
3 ‘
_
3

he eft fit for tio

h ad l ac n 3 6 00 m e n more th h f an al o f hi s
a r my ; 6 00 m e n m ore th an o n e ei hth
g r were
o f his a m y -

wo e un d d ; an d the re i er for i
ma n d , the
m n g o n e fi fth o f -

a r were i t e
m y, s la n , i w t
ak n p r iso n e 1 s, o r m i ss n g h a was
.

the er of the
.

n um b al my 7 .

45 How m y heep m t per o b y at £ 7 eac h

. an s us a s n u
th t fter p ayi g o e hilli g core f foldi g them t
a a n n s n a s or n a
n i ght he m y g i £ 7 9 l 6 by e l l i g the m t £ 8 e ac h i
. a a n . s . s n a

A c ert i m f m o ey w h red m o g fi e
K
46 . a n su o n as s a a n v
per o s A B C D a d E ; B re c ei e d £ 1 0 l e s th A
s n , , , ,
n v s an

0 re ei e d £ 1 6 m ore th
c v B ; D re ei e d £ 5 l e s th C; an c v s an
an d E re ei e d £ 1 5 m ore th cD ; d it was fo
v d th a t an an un

E re c ei e d m h a A v d B together : how m c h di d
as uc s an u

each re ei e ? c
L
v
4 1 1
‘

47 A tr de m a . t rt with a c ert i m o f mo n ey
a s n s a s a n su
at the d o f the fir t y e r he h d d o bl e d h is ori gi al
en s a a u n

sto ck al l b t £ 1 00 l o t the e d o f the e o d y e r he

,
u a s a n s c n a
h d d o bl e d the to k t the b egi i g of the e o d y e ar
a u s c a nn n s c n ,

all b t £ 1 00 ;
u l o i l ik e m er t the d o f the third
a s n an n a en

y e r ; a d t the
a d of the third y e r he was h ee ti m e s
n a en a r

as ri c h a a t fir t fi d h i origi l s to k
s s . n s na c .

48 A per o we t to
. t er wi th a c ertain sum o f
s n n a av n
mo ey there he b o o w d a m h as he h ad b o t hi m
n ri e s uc a u ,

a d pe t
n s hi ll i g o t of the Who l e with the r m i de
n a s n u : e a n r
he we t to e c o d t er where he b orrowed as m h as
n a s n av n ,
uc
he h d l eft a d l o pe t a h ill i g
a ,
d he the we t t
n a s s n s n an n n o
third t a er b orrowin g a d pe d i g as b efore after
W
a v n, n s n n ,

whi ch he h ad eft : h o w m ch h ad he at first 3 u

Q X “

3 4 NY 0
 PR O B LE M S . 1 21

XX I I . Pr obl ems, c n o ti n u e d .

We h al l w gi e om e e mpl e i whi h th e
1 92 . s no v s xa s n c
pro e of tr l tio from ordi ry l a g ge to alg b i
c ss an s a n na n ua e ra

ca l l ng g e i r ther m ore diffi l t th an i the e amp l e s

a ua s a cu n x

o f the pre c e di g Ch pter n a .

1 93 re q ired to di id e the mb er 8 0 i to fo r
. I t is u v nu n u
h arts th t the fir t i rea e d by 3 the se o d dim i
a s nc s c
i h e d by 3 the thir d m l tipl ie d by 3
suc , , n

n s , d the fo th u
,
an ur
d ivi de d b y 3 m ay ll b e e q l a ua .

L t th e
e mb er x de o te the fir t p rt ; the if it b e
nu n s a n
i c re ed by 3 w ob t i + 3 n d thi is to b e q l to
n as e a n x ,
a s e ua

the sec o d p rt d im i i he d by 3 o th t the e c o d p rt

n a n s , s a s n a
m t be x + 6 ; g i
us + 3 is to b e e q al to the thir d par t
a a n, x u
3
m l tipl ie d b y 3 s th t the third p ar t mus t b
;
x
u ,
o a d e an

x + 3 i to b e q
s l to the fo rth p rt di i d e d b y 3 so th t
e ua u a v , a
the fo rth p rt m t be 3 (x + A n d the s m o f the p arts
u a us u

i to b e e q l t o 8 0
s ua .

T herefore x x+ 6 3 (x 8 0,

tha t is ,
2x + 6 +

th t is
a ,
—
80

m ultipl y by 3 ; thus 15 x x 3 : 1 95 ,

th t is
a ,
1 6x = 1 9 2

therefore
T hus the p arts ar e 1 2, 1 8 ,
5,
1 22 PR OB LE M S .

o e
1 94 . perform a pie c e o f work 9 day
A al n c an in s,

a d B
n lo e perform it i 1 2 d y i wh at tim e will
a n c an n a s : n
they perform it if they work together ?
Le t d e ote the re q ire d n umb er of days
x n I e d y u . n on a

A c perform 3t h o f the work ; therefore i x d ys he ca

an n a n

perform g th s of the work . In one day B c an perform

th of the work ; therefore in x days he can perform

2
the
t bs work of A d i ce i x d y A .d B to n s n n a s an

g ether perform the wh o l e work the m o f the f a c t io n s ,

su r
of the work mus t b e e q l to u i ty ; th t i ua n a s,

Mul tiply by 3 6 th us 4x 3x 3 6,

7x 36

therefore

1 95 i tern c o ld b fil l e d with w ter by m e of

A c s u e a an s
on e pipe l o e i 6 ho r
a d by m e
n n f other pi p e
u s, an an s o an
a lo e n 8 ho r ;
111 d it o l d b e m ptie d by
u s an t p i 12 c u e a a n

ho r if the t wo pipe were l o ed i wh t ti m e wi ll the

u s s c s : n a

c i s ter b e fi ll e d if the pipe

n d the t p e l l ope ? s an a ar a n

L t e de o t e the re q ire d
x n mb er of ho r I ue nu u s. n on

ho r the fir t pipe fill (13 t h of the c ister ; therefore i x

u s s n n

ho rs it fi ll
u s
g th s of the c i ter s n . In one ho ur the se co nd

pipe fills é th of the ci ter s n ; therefore i n x ho rs it fi ll

u

1
s

8
tbs o f the c i tern s . In one hour the tap e mptie s — th
-

12
1 24 PR O B LE M S .

1 98 t rt fro
A s a s
. et i p e travels at the
m a c r a n l ac , a n d
ra te ie ho r B t rt fro the same plac e
o f 7 m l s in 5 u s ; s a s m
8 ho r tr
u s af e tr e the
A , an d av l s in e ire ction t the
s am d a
ra te ie ho r
o f 5 m l s in 3 wi
u s : h o w far tra vel befo re h e
ll A
i overt e
s B
ak n b y 2

L t repre se t the mb er o f hours whi ch A tr e ls

e x n nu av
b ef re h e is overt k e n ; therefore B tr a e l s
o a — 8 ho ur s v x .

No w s i c e A tr avels 7 mil e s in 5 ho urs he t ravel s Z

n ,
5

i
m le in o ne hour ; an d therefore in x ho rs he tra els
u v

ml i es . i
S mil a ly B r trave ls of a ml ie in one hour , an d

5
therefore in x —8 ho s he travels 53 ( —8 ) mil es ur x . And

when B o ertakes A they h ave travell e d the same

v n um
b e r o f mil e s Therefore .

mul tiply by 15 ; thus 25 (x

that i s, 25 x 2 00 21x ;

therefo re 25 x 2 1x 2 00,

that is ,
4x 2 00

the eforer

73 : 7
T herefore 3 5 5 0 x 70 so th a t A tr avell ed 70 mi l es
b e fore h e was o ertake v n.

1 99 Probl e ms a r e s om etim es gi ve n whi c h s uppo s e th e

.

s t ude n t t o h ave o btain e d fro m A rith metic a kn owl e d e o f

g
 PR OB LE M S . 1 25

the m ea i g o f p r op or t io ; thi will b ill ustr ted i the

n n n s e a n
n e t two pro b l em
x A fter the m we sh all c o cl d e the
s . n u

Ch pt r with three probl e ms o f a m ore di ffi c ul t c h arac ter

a e
tha those hitherto gi en
n v .

2 00 . req ire d to di i d e the n umb er 5 6 i t o two

I t is u v n
p rt ch th t o e m y be t o the other as 3 to 4
a s su a n a .

Le t the m b er d e ote the fir t p ar t ; the th e oth e r

nu x n s n
part m ust be 5 6 —x ; an d i c e i to b e to 5 6 — 3 t 4 s n x s x as o
we h e av

Cl e r o f fractio
a ns; thus
4 x = 3 ( 5 6 —x ) ;

4x : 1 6 8 — 3 23 ;

therefore 7x 1 68

therefore

T h us the fir t p art s is 24 an d the other p art is 5 6 24 ,

th t i 3 2
a s .

The pre cedi g m etho d o f ol tio i the m o t at ral

n s u n s s n u
for begi n er ; the foll owi g howe er i m ch horter
a n n v s u s .

Le t the n m b er 3 x d e ote the fir t p art ; the the

u n s n
e o d p rt m t b 4 b e e the fi t p rt i to the
s c n a us e x, ca us rs a s
e o d as 3 t o 4 The the m of the two p rt i e q l
s c n . n su a s s ua

to 5 6 ; th us

3 x + 4x = 5 6,

7x =56

therefore x z8 .

Th the fir t p rt i
us s a s 3 x 8, th at is 24 ; an d the e c o s nd
p rt i 4 8 th t i 3 2
a s x ,
a s .
 PR OB LE M S .

2 01 . k A c o t i s 1 2 g ll ons o f win e a d 1 8
A c as , ,
n a n a n

g all o s o f w ater ;
n d other c k B c o t
an
a i ns 9 g ll
an o s as , ,
n a n
o f wi e d 3 g ll o s o f w ter how m y gall o
n an a n m st b e a : an ns u

d r w from e h
a n k o as t prod e by their mi t ure
ac c as s o uc x

7 g ll o s o f wi e
a n d 7 g ll o s of wat er ?
n an a n

Le t d e ote the
x mb er o f gall o
n t o be dra wn from
nu ns

A ; the i c e the mi t re is to o i t f 1 4 gall o

n s n x u c ns s o ns ,
1 4 — wil l d e ote the
x mb er o f g ll o
n to be d ra w from
nu a ns n
B No w the n mb er of gall o s in A is 3 0 o f whi h 1 2 a e
u n c r

é
.
,

th t the wi e —
g o f the whol e Therefore the
c

win e ; a i s n is , .

x gall ns o d rawn from A o

c n ta n i gall o ns of wi en .

9 (11 — x )
i r the —x gall o s dr awn f o m B c on tai
S mil a y l 1 4 n r n
i2
g a l l o s o f
n wi e A d the m i t
n ure is to c o t ai n
. n x n 7 gall o ns

o f wi e ; therefore
n

1 2x 9 (1 4 x )
30 12

th at is,

therefore 8 1 5 (1 4 x) 140 x ,

th t i a s,

therefore 7 70 x

therefore x 10 .

T hus 1 0 gall o n s mu st b e drawn fro m A ,

an d 4 from B .

2 02wh at ti m e b etwee 2 o cl o k a d 3 o cl o ck i
At
. n
’
c n
’
s
o e h
n wat h e ctl y o er the other ?
an d o f a c xa v

Le t d e ote t h x req ire d mb er f m i te fter

n e u nu o nu s a
2 o lo k I m i te the l o g h d will m o er
’
c c . n x nu s n an o ve v

x d i i io v sf the w t h f e ;
ns od the l o g h d m o e a c ac an as n an v s
twel ve ti m e as f t as the hort h a d the hort h d w ill
s as s n , s an

divis ion s in x min u tes A t 2 o cl o ck the

x
move over
’
.
 E X A M PLE S . X X II:

Four g m e ter A B O D e h with a differe t

2 04 . a s s, , , , ,
ac n
sto k f m o ey it d ow t pl y ; A wi h l f f B fir t
c o n ,
s n o a ns a o
’
s s
sto k B wi
c ,
third p rt f 0 0 wi ns a fo rth p rt f a o
’
s, ns a u a o
d D wi fifth p r t f A ; d the e h o f the
’ ’
D s, an ns a a o s an n ac

g m e ter h
a £ 23
s Fi d the to k of e h t fir t
s as . n s c ac a s .

L t d e ote the n m b er f po
e x d whi h D w
n from u o un s c on
A ; the will d e ote the m b er i A fir t to k ’
5 n x n nu n s s s c .

Th 4 t ogether with wh t A wo from B m k e p 2 3 ;

us x, a n , a u
therefore 2 3 — 4 d e ote the mb er f po d whi h A x n s nu o un s c

w on from B A d i e A w h l f f B to k 2 3 —4 n , s nc on a o
’
s s c ,
x

l o d e ote wh t w l eft with B fter hi l o t A

.

a s n s a as a s ss o .

Ag i 23 — 4 together with wh t B w from 0

a n, x, a on ,

m k e p 2 3 ; therefore 4 d e ote the

a u mb er of po d x n s nu un s

whi h B w from C A d i e B w
c on third f 0 . n ,
s nc on a o
’
s
fir t to k 1 2 d e ote C fir t to k ; d therefore 8
s s c x n s
’
s s s c an x

d e ote wh t w l eft with C fter h i l o to B

,

n s a as a s ss .

Ag i 8 together with wh t 0 w from D m k e p

a n, x, a on ,
a u

2 3 ; therefore 2 3 —8 d e ote the m b er f po d whi h x n s nu o un s c

0 w from D A d i e 0 w
on fo r th f D fir t n s nc on a u o
’
s s

to k 4 (23 — 8 ) d e ote D fir t to k ; d therefore

.
,
’

s c x n s s s s c an
—8
) d e ote
,
wh t w
x l eft with D a fter h
n l o t s a as is ss o

Fi ll y 3 ( 2 3 8 ) together with whic h D wo from

na ,
x ,
x, n

A m k e p 2 3 ; th
,
a u us

— 8 x) + x

23x = 4 6 ;

Th the stock s at fir t were

us s 1 0, 3 0, 24 , 2 8 .

AMPLE S X X II EX . .

1 A pri teer r
. i g t the r te f 1 0 mil es n ho r
va un n n a a o a u
d i o er
sc hip 1 8 m il e ff r i g t the r te of 8 m il e
v s a s s o ,
un n n a a s
an ho r how m y m i le ca the hip m b efore it i
u : an s n s ri s
l yb i—
13 5 4
o v e r tak e n ?
71
' “
: X f / Y
x
5
z .

1 i i de the n mb er 5 0 i to two part ch th t if

“

2 . D v u n s su a
three fo rth f -
p rt b dde d to fi i th
u s o one a e a ves x s
other p t t h s m y b 4 03 7 ar lf (1 1) e u in a
l
e ,
 X 3 Su ppo e the t e b e twee Lo don an d Edin
s di s an c n n

r h e th t o e travell er t rts from

.

bu g is 3 6 0 mil s, an d a n s a
i r h
E d n bu g an d tr e
av l s a t the rate o f 1 0 mil e s a ho n ui ,

whi l e a other st r t t the same tim e from Lo dd a d

n a s a n n n

tra els at the rate o f 8 mil es an hour it is requi re d to

v
“

k ow where they will meet

_

2
" t s

n
n
6 0
“

3
.

g
M4 Fi d two umb er s 430 6 x fier e
/

ce is 4 an d t h e
i
d ff ere e f their q
n
re ? V 2 w
n
“
0
,
r
4 y
1 2
-
1
nc o s s ua

5 A um of 2 4 sh illi gg
. s
) re c ei e d from peopl e ; n
l
is v

s om e c o n tri b te 9 d e a h d o m e 1 3 d e ach 1
u . c ,
an s 2 .

s were éf e ac h ki d 2 73
.
‘
co n t r ibut J n
p 9th ee r
”

r
3
,
z
Q
A 6 D ivi de the umb e 28 i to two pa fr
.

v
’
1
“

ts s ch th at the
_

”
. n r n u
e xce ss o f o n p art over 2 0 m y be h e e t mes th e e xc e ss
e a r i

o f 20 over the other p art

Y ‘o’
.

(
“
A per o h as £ 9 8 ; p rt o f i t he l en t at the r ate o
f 1

7 . s n f a

5 per c e t impl e i tere t a d the rest at the rate o f

n . s n s ,
n

6 per c e t s im p l e i tere t ; n d the i tere t o f the whol e

n . n s a n s
in 1 5 y e ar s am oun te d to £ 8 1 z h o w m uch was l e n t a t 5 3

per c e t i i
‘
A
l (
w Is $5 1 1 " { i
/ ‘ ‘

k;
n
-

r 8 A pers o l e t if W i sum o f m on ey at 6 per c e n t

. n n a n
i mpl e i teres t ; i 1 0 ye r s the i tere t am o t e d t o
.

M
s n n a n s un
l e ss tha the um l e t wh at w the s m l e t 11 V ‘
n s n : u n fu

0 5 K
wM IO
é; the
x V
A per s o re ts 2 5 acr g o f lan d fo r 27 1 2
l 0
-
.

9 . n n s .

an d c o n s i st s o f t wo s ort s the b etter s ort he re ts t 88 ,

n a .

per acre an d the wors e at 5 3 per acre’ h o w ma y a cre s ar e

,
. n
th er e of e a ch so r t
M 3
!
2 /
s u *

s k“
.

A a) 1 g A
i tern to l d be fill e d in 1 2 min te s by t wo
,

“
Jr 10 . A c s u u
ipe whi ch r un i to it ; a d t wo l d b e fill e d 20 m i tes
s n n i u in nu
c o ul d t be fi l l e d by the other
'
o e
2
n
g / ,

d ‘

1
n x s
3 11 3

1
"
i t o four part s such that n
the i s i e s d by 2 the e co d dim i ishe d by 2 the
/th r imtflt fiea
i iy 2 an
r nc ,
s
t e fo u rth divi de d by 2 Ip ay 11
n n ,

be
i (
e quaL
i

W sc
r -
,
l P ’
a” l 1
X
iS
Z i - Y
LJ 0
“
-
' _
i
X per o o gh t 3 0 l bs o f i rent
.

12 . A s n b u of t wo d ffe
sort p i for the whol e 1 9 s
s, an d a d . b etter s ort c o t s
1 0d per . the wo e 7d p er
lb , an d . 1s . lb
were there e h ort 2 M 7 :
.

o f ac s

ga v v 7
Tm A
/ uy
n v

M
l O V
-
l l f o a-
V xl
f w e
’
; ”g e u x - f ?”
 130 EX A M PLE S . X X II .

i i d e the mber 8 8 i to four p art c h th t

13 . D v nu n s su a
the first i c re e d by 2 the e c o d di mi i h d by 3 the
n as ,
s n n s e ,
third m l tipl ied by 4 d the fo rth di i ded by 5 m y all
u ,
an u v , a
b e e q al 7 2
I “; 4 3
9 5
G 3 Q
2) g —
K
u
D
‘

f
If 20 m e 4 0 wo m e a d 5 0 h l dre rec e e £ 5 0
Xaam o3 gwothe
14 . n, n, n c i n iv
m for a week s work d 2 m e re c ei e a s m h
’
n , an n v uc

s m e or 5 c h il dre wha t d oe s eac h wo m an re c ei e

n n, v
fo a week work ?
’
r s

K1 5 D i ide 1 00 i to two parts suc h th aLt the differe c e

‘
. v n n

o f their s q ua re m y b E
”
1 000 s a e
: X ‘ M D
.

x 16 T here a . t wo p l ac e s 5 4 m i l e p art fro m whi c h

re s a ,

two per o t rt at the m e ti m e with a d e ign t o m eet ;

s ns s a sa s

o e tr a e l
n t the r te f 3 m i l e s i two ho r s
v s a d the a o n u ,
an
other at the ra te o f 5 mil es i fo r hours whe will they n u n
3
z —
5G D ivi de 4 4 iii% two p rt h th a t the gre a ter i
”

17 . a s su c i1
re se d by 5 may be t o the l e ss i creas e d by 7 a s 4 i
—b
c a n , s

> fl
to 3 3 x 4 ’ fi
q—
’
'

75 v 1 9
:
z

\ 18 . A can do h al f m c h work s B B can do h al f

as u a ,

as muc a s O, an h '
c an c d to gether the y
o om pl ete a piec e f
wor k in 2 4 days : n u ai wh a t ti m e c o l d e ac h l o e c o m p l ete
n
the
é
l
wo r k l L L
l i
f

t
.

i ‘ 4
r _
’

l v
n uln b e r 9 0 n
;

i e the i to p rt h th t if
'

19 D vi d
. a s su c a
the fir t i re e
s be n c the o
as d by 5 , i i he the
sec n d dim n s d by 4 ,
thir tip ie
d mu l fo rth ivi e
l d by 3 , an d t h e u the
d d d by 2,
re t h e
s u l s s al l al l b e q ua l 0 a
9
+ 1 .

;
20 hree per o
T ; o p ete pie e of
s n s c a n t o ge t h g r c m l a c
wor it fo
k in 6 0 d ay s a n d th t the fir t oe hree
is un d a s d s t
fo rth wh t the e o
u s of a oes c nd dthe e o fo r
s, an d s c nd u fift h s -

wh t the th r oe
of a wh t t e
i d d s : in e h
a o e
im c o d ac o n e al n
o p ete the work
c m l
4 3 {
"
l £
4 4
} 6
. , , ,

K Q
i i e the
A5 2 1 D v d . er i to two p r
n u mb 36 n h th a ts suc at o n e
p rt a e e th of the other 3
m ay b e five s v n s -

g x . “ a
A

Kthe form f solid q are fi d th t he h as 6 0 me o er

22 A ge er al o a tte mpti g to d ra w up h is a r my 111
.

o a
n n
s u n
n

s a n v
d th a t he woul d re q ire 4 1 me m ore in h is a m i
,

an u n r n
or der to in c reas e the id e f the s q are by o n e ma w s o u n : o
ma y m e n were there i the ar my l
‘

n n
1 I .
h o
( j
E
{ s 61 > 1 c +/
 E XA M PLE S XXI I . .

33 . A b ll i o f £ 3 1 3 6 d was p ai d in half c ro wn s an d
. . .
-

an d the whol e n u mber o f co in s was 28 : h o w man

ere there o f ea c h ki d Q —{ K f L Q L g V ) g1
n ; ~
,
_ fl

A groc er with 5 6 lbs o f fi e te a a t a l b wo ul . n .

c o a rs er s ort t 3 6 d a lh s o as to s e ll the who l e

a 3 . . .
,

er at 4 6 d a l b wh a t
3 . . o f the l a tte r s ort
. :

lz fi
t '
t a ke l z zo
fl l
‘

L SP L
er o hire
A p s n o er
d a l ab u r c ert a i
t o do a work n
agree e t th t for ever
m n a he worked he shoul d
y day
b ut th t e er
a fo r v he
y day en t he houl d
was ab s s
he wor e tw e
k d he was ab s en t
i c as m an y da y s as ,
the who e re eive
l c d £1 how man y days
fin d .

36 . regim
A e
:

me ti e a fter
m

2 95 I

0 Wu
 E X A III PLE S . X XII .

J} ; X ar d
y
41 raper bought a pie c e o f c l oth a
. A d
He s ol d o e third o f it t 4 3 per y r d
. n -
a . a ,
'

it at 33 8 d per y r d d th e rem ai der

. . a ,
an n a

yar d ; d hi g i o an the whol e was 1 4 2 d

s a n n 3 . .

ar ds did the pie c e c o n tain D

ig ;
y 8
f

42 A grazier s pe t £ 3 3 7 3 6 d in bu
. n . . . y
differe t s or t s Fo the fir t ort whi h forn
n . r s s , c
of the whol e he p ai d 9 6 d e ch Fo the ,
3 . . a . r
whi h form ed o e fo th of the whol e he p
c n -
ur ,

For the re st he 1 a1 d>1 23 6 d ea ch) ; Wh at n

.

d d he b y l f }
. un
1 /L S
i
)u 4
u)
i q z
- a

i 3
_

43 A market wo m n bo u h t a c ert ai
X at the r te o f 5 fo twopen c e ; sh e s old h lf
a g
. 11 n 1
a r a
2 a pen a d h l f of the m a t 3 a pe
ny ,
n y n a nn , a
b y s o dei g : wh a t wa the n m b er o f e gg s 1 s
nu
q
44 A pu ddi g c o is ts o f 2 m
. o f fio un ns
rai i a d 4 p ar t of et ;
s n s, n 7 a lb s su .

s uet 8 d Fin d th . 1 1 11
he pud di g when the n ,
 132 E XA M PLE S . X XI I .

t i o f £ 3 l s 6 d was p ai d in hal f c rown s a d

33 . A b ll . . .
-
n
the whol e n m ber of c oi s was 2 8 : how ma
,
‘
flo i r n s, an d n
y
u n
c oi s were there o f e c h k i d n
n
i x f L QS ) g
L y a n ~

A gro c er with 5 6 l bs o f fi e t e a a t 5
'

34 . l b wo ul . n 3 . a .

mi a c o ars er s ort at 3 6 d a l h s o as to e l l the who l e

x 3 . . .
, s
together t 4 6 d a lb wh t a t ity of the l at ter s ort
3 . . . : a u an
mu s t he t k e ?l fi t s0 i a S L
/
i
f

i: c
_

A per o hire d a l b o urer t d o a c ert ai work s n a o n

gree m e t th t for every d y he worke d he sho ul d

a n
re cei e b t th t for every d ay he was ab e t he hould
v u
l o e 9 d ; he work e d t wi c e a m y d ys as he wa
s . b se t
a n d o n the whol e re c eive d £ 1 fin d h o w m an y d ys
a a
a s n s
s an a s a n ,
. a

Z L‘ .
6 Q,»
regi m e t wa drawn p in a s ol i d s q re ; when n s u ua
a fter it w s agai d rawn u p in a s o lid q re a n s ua
it was fo d th at there were 5 m e fewer i a i de ; i the
1 7 un
B i ter l 2 9 5 m e h a d b ee rem oved fro m the fie l d wha t
n n s n
n va n n : L
was the ori gi l n mb er o f m e n i the e gim e t C na l ki
my f u 9 u n r n /
0 '

sum o f m o n e y was d ivi d e d b etwee A dB n an ,

h re o f A w s to th a t o f B as 5 to 3 ; al o the
s a a s
o f A e c ee de d fi v i th o f the wh o le um by £ 5 0 :
x e n n -
s s
was the sh re o f e h pers o n ? Y a ac z

7 x

A ge tl e m a l eft h i whol e e s ta te am o n g
n n s

so s Th e s hare f the el d e t was £ 8 00 l es s th an h al f of

n . o s
the e tate ; the sh are o f the e c o d w s £ 1 2 0 more th
s s n a an
o e fo rth
n -
f the e st ate ; the thir d h ad h al f as m ch as
u o u
the elde st ; d the y o ge st h ad t wo third o f wh at the
an un -
s

s e c on d h a d Ho w m ch d d e ac h s o 3 ?
1 J
5
n
.

e ” ;
u i
4
.
/

gzfii221 1 13?together wit e q a ms

4 47 1
A a d B bg
2 a

39 . n u su
m o e y ; A fir s t wo £ 2 0 b t fterw r ds l o t h l f o f all
n n ,
u a a s a
h e the h a d an d the h i m o e y wa h al f s mu c h as th at n s
a
n ,
s n
wh at m on ey h ad e ach at fir s t
.

l b / )
“
of B
f f vf O
:

40 A l dy g ve a g i ba i c h arity mo g
. a n m ber a ii n n a n a u
f poor c o i ti g f m e
o wo m e an d hild re ; e h m
,
ns s n o n, n, c n ac a n
h d 1 2 d e ch wo m
a 6d d e h c hi l d 3 d The
,
a mb er an .
,
an ac . nu
f wo m e w
o two l e s th a twi e the m b er of m ; d
n as s n c nu en an
the mber f childre fo r l e s th three ti m e s the
nu o n u s an
mb er o f wo me
nu Ho w man y pers o n s were there n re

=7 —3 L
.

lieve d ? / 2
® a d a x y x a L“ 4 0
) 1 a a ’

7 4 11 4 3 1-
 134
r
[
l —
1
.
M
The q re o f a p ar h b e q e th a s m equal to
49 s ui is u a s u

K e h d re d th p rt f h i e t te tow r d the re to r tio

.

on -
un a o s s a a s s a n
o f the h r h ; £ 200 l e th thi toward the e d ow
c u c ss an s s n
m e t f the hool ; a d £ 2 00 l e th th i l tte r sum
n o sc n ss an s a
tow r d the Co ty Ho p it aL A fter d ed ti g the e l ega
a s un s uc n s »

g f t h e t te re m ai to the heir Wh at was the

?
o e s a n .

40
v l e f the e tate ? 5 L 5 0 0 l Z é
a u o s 4

4 0
_

1M
t 50 f
How m y m te d oes it wa t to 4 o cl o ck if
‘

. an inu s n
’
,

three—q arter of a ho r ago it wa twi c e as m y mi te s

u s n u s an nu
p t t w o l o ck ? 7
as 54 o z y
’
c r x
‘

51 Tw a ks A a d B
. a e fill e d with two ki n d
o c s of ,
n ,
r s
sherry m i e d i the k A i the proportio f 2 to 7
,
x n c as n n o ,

I a d i the a k B i the prop rtio o f 2 t o 5 wh t q

1

3
77 n n c s n o n : a u an
A
tity m t be t k e from e h to form mi t re whi h
us a n ac a x u c
2 h ll c o si t o f 2 gal l o o f the firs t ki d a d 6 o f the
s a n s ns n n

s e o d ki d ? L ?
”

w
c n n
A “

52 A n offic er c a form the m e

. f h i re gim e t i t o n n o s n n

a ho ll ow s q re 1 2 d eep Th e mb er o f m i the ua . nu en n

gim t i 1 2 96 Fin d the n umber o f me i the fron t o f

en s . n n

the holl ow q re K\ L( s ua .

53 A pers o n buys a pie

.

by ell i g it i al l otm e ts fi d the

s n l e i c re as e d three
n n n s va u n
fol d o t h t he cl e r £ 1 5 0 a d reta ins 25 ac re s for him
,
s a a s ,
n ‘

s e l f how m a y ac re s were there ?

:
96 n
2 3 OY

54 Th e n atio l d e b t of a c o try w s i c rea s ed by na un a n

'

D ri g a l o g pe c e whi ch
.

ofw ar . u n n a
foll owe d £ 25 000000 w p i d o ff d at the e d o f th t as a ,
an n a
ti m e the r te o f in tere t w s re d e d from 4 3 t o 4 per
a s a uc 1

ce t It was the fo d th t the am ou t of

n l i n un a n an n u a n

the am e as b efore the war Wh at was the

.

t t w er es as s .
q .

t o f the d eb t b efore gw “
Ji u
-
”

b
th at the l os er
l e ss th a h al f n

q ua n

titie s o f m o ey rs t g m e
n ,
d a an
the e o d he h as t wo hi lli gs more th a A how
Q

wo n s c n ,
s n n :

m
m ch h ad e ach at the c om e c eme t ? ‘
u n n

X 4
35 w
4 / t
‘
J
 E XA M PLE S . X XI I .

56 ok
A cl c h as t wo an d s h t rn in g o the sam e c e tre ; u n n

the w f er e re o tio e ery twel e ho r an d the

.

A m ak s a v lu
s i t n v v u s,
o er e er i tee ho r
sl w v y s x n u s : in wh t tim e will the swifter a

ga ni j t o p ete revo tio

us o n e c m l l u the l ower ? k X n on s

d 4 ob
’
A t wh t tim e b etwee 3 o cl o ck lo k ’
V 57 a n an c is

o e h a d of watch e ctl y in the di re ctio f the other

. .

n n a xa n o

h d prod e d ? Y
an uc
L S‘ i
A .

“ "

L
y 58 The h
. ds o f a wat c h a e at ri ght an gl e s t o e ac h
an r

o ther at 3 o cl o k whe a e they e t t right gl e is 5

’ 1

%
c : n r n x a i1
C
( 4 3 0
\

A c ert i n m o f m o e y l e t at sim p l e m t e e t
fi
59
’

a su n n s

gamoo thsteitd tom £o 29te7 d1 2to i 3 06

.

un ei ght m o th ; d i e e m ore. 3 . n n s an n s v n

m n £a wh t w the m ?
un : a as su

60 A w tc h g i s s m c h as a l o ck l o s e s ; an d 1 7 9 9
a n a u a c
ho r by the l o k e e q i l e t to 1 8 0 1 hou r by the 7
.

u s c c ar u va n s

w t h fi d how m h the watc h gai s a d the cl ock l o e s s

w
a c : n uc n n

3 £
W ho“ - L ~

J
etwee 1 1 an d 1 2 o cl o ck a f ? s ob er e d
3 c
t b
’
is n ,
n 1 i s v
nu mb er f m i te p e b etwee the h d i
o nu s ac s n an s s
two thir d
-
s of wh t it w t e m i te pre io ly fi d the
a as n nu s v us : n

tim e ( .
*

A
i f
i b e
j
2 . A an d B
j oi t tock o f £ 5 00 by whi h ma de a n s c

g i e d £ 1 6 0 o f whi c h A h a d for h i s h re £ 3 2 m ore

a n ,
s a
B wh t did e c h c o tri b te to the to k
0

: a 1 + 06 0
a n u s c 1

3 A di til l er h a 5 1 gall o s o f Fre ch b ra dy whi ch

. s s n n n ,
h im 8 hi l l i gs a gal l o ; he wi he to b y s o m e E
s n n s s u n
b r dy t 3 hill i g an g ll o to mi wit h the Fre c h I 5 1
a s n s a a n x n
a d el l the who l e t 9 hi l l i gs g ll o How m a y g l
,
n s a s n a a n . n a
lo o f the E gl i h m st he t ak e
ns o th t he m y g i
n s u ,
s a a a n
3 0 po ce t o n wh at h e g e fo the bra dy o f b oth
i
m ds ; 1 03 a
n . av r n

f 4 + 3 x 4
7 5 ( w o w 3 z
) : us 9 f q x
»

A n o ffi c er ca form h is me i t o a holl ow s qua re

'

1 64 . n n n

X 4 d eep d l o i to a holl ow s q are 8 d eep ; the fro t i

,
an a s n u n n
the l tter form tio c o t i 1 6 m fewer th i the
a a n n a ns en an n
former formatio : fi d the n u mber f m e n n o n
1 3 6 S I M UL TA N E G US S I M PLE E QUA TI O N S .

XXIII . S imul tan eo us equa tio n s of th e fi r s t degr ee wi th

t wo u n kn o wn qua n t i ties .

2 05 ppos e we h ve a e quatio c o t i i g two

. Su a n n n a n n un
kn ow q a titie a d y for e am pl e 3 x — 7y = 8 Fo
n u n s x n ,
x . r
every v l e whi h we pl e e to ig to o n e o f the
a u c as a ss n
u k own q a titie s we
n n u d eter m i e the c orre po di g
n c an n s n n

valu e o f the other ; a d thus we fi d a m y p ir

n c an n s an a s
of v l e a s we p l e as e whi c h s ti fy the gi e
a u s e q tio a s v n ua n .

Th for e ampl e if y l we fi d 3 = 1 5 d therefore

u s, x ,
z n x ,
an

x = 5 ; if y = 2 we fi d 3 x 22 an d therefore n a d z
,
n

so o n .

o
Als ,
su ppo e th t there is an other eq atio o f the
s a u n
sam e ki n d, as for e am p l e 2 x+5y 4 4 ; the we c a al o
x z n n s
fin d as m an y p ir s o f val e s as we p l e a s e whi c h sati s fy thi s
a u

eq atio
u n .

B ut su s we ask ppo e for v e

al u s o f x a d y whi c h s ti fy n a s
o
b th qu a e tio
n s ; we s al l fi n d h a th t there i o l y e v l e s n on
'

a u

o f x an d o n e al u of y v e
Fo r mul tiply the first eq ation
. u

by 5 ; thus
1 5 x —3 5 y = 4 0

an d mul t l y t ip he s eco nd eq atio

u n by 7 ; t hus
1 4x 3 5 31 3 08 .

Therefore ,
by addi tion ,
l 5x -
3 5 y l 1 4 x + 3 5 y = 4 0 + 3 08
-

th at is ,
2 9x : 3 4 8

therefore

Thus if both equation s ar e t o b e ati fie d x m us t equal 1 2 s s .

Put thi s v l e o f x i either o f the two give n e q atio

a u n u n s,
fo r e xam p l e i the s e c o d th s we ob t i n
n n u a
1 3 8 S I M UL TA N E O US S IM PLE E Q UA TI O N S .

T he n p ut thi s l e f va u o a: in either o f the gi en e qua tio n v s,

for e xa m l p e i the e c o
n s nd ; th us

1 08 — 5 y = 8 8 ;

20 = 5 y ;

Su ppo se however th t i sol i g the s e e q tio we wi h

, , a n v n ua ns s
to begi by el imi ati g
n If we m l tipl y the fir t e qua
n n x . u s
tio by 1 2 a d the s e o d by 8 we ob ta i
n ,
n c n , n

84 y 1 2 00,

4 0y 7 04 .

T herefore , by s ubtr ac ti n o ,

84y 4 0y = 1 2 00 704 ;

1 24 y 4 96

Or we m ay ren der the pro c e s m ore i m pl e ; fo r we may s s

ni ul tip ly the fir t eq tio by 3 a d the s e co n d by 2 ;
s ua n ,
n
tli u s
24 x + 2 l y = 3 00,

T herefore , by sub traction ,

2 1 y + 1 0y = 3 00 1 76 ;

3 1y 1 24

2 09 S c nd m eo d etho
E xp r ess o n e of the u n k n w n
o o
o
. .

q u a n t i t ie s i n t e r ms of th e o t h er f r o m e it h e r e qua t i n , a n d
o
s u bs t it u te th is va l u e i n t h e th e r e q ua ti n o .

Th t ki g the e ampl e gi en
u s, a n x v in the prec edi ng A rti
c l e we h ave fro m the fir t e q
,
tio s ua n

Se = 1 0 0 ~
7y
1 00 7y
there fore
 SIM UL TA N E O US S IMPLE E Q UA TI ON S ’
. 139

Su b tit te th i v l e o f wi the se c o d e q atio a

s u s a u n n u n, nd we
obt i
“

a n

—5 = 88
y ;

th at i s, 5y 88

— —
3 ( 1 00 7 y ) 1 0y = l 76
;
3 00 — 2 1 y
3 00
3 l y = 1 24 ;
= 4
y .

The n s ub s tit te thi val e o f y in either o f the gi en equa

u s u v
tio n s, a d we h ll o b t i
n w= 9 s a a n .

Or th s fro m the fir t e q atio we h ave

u : s u n

7y 1 00 8x

therefore
tit te this val e
S ubs u u o f y in the s ec o nd e quation , a nd

we o t ib an
5 ( 1 00 8x )
7
84x

8 4 x — 5 00 + 4 0x = 6 1 6 ;

l 24 x = 5 00 + 6 1 6 : 1 1 16 ;

210 . Thir
etho d E p e s th e a m e u kn ow
d m . x r s s n n

f th e o th e f r om ea ch q ti o a d
q ua n t ity i n te r m s o r e ua n, n
o th us obta i ed
e q ua te th e e xp r ess i ns n .

Thus taki g agai the sam e e ampl e from the fi t

,
n n x , rs
1 00
eq t o
ua i
8
n a a d fro m the e c o d equa tio n n s n
1 4 0 S I M UL TA N E G US S I M PLE E QUA TI O N S .

1 00 7g 88 5y
T herefore 8 12

Cl e r o f fraction s
a ,
by mul tipl yi ng by 2 4 ;

3 00 — 2 1 y z l 7 6 + 1 0y ;
3 00 — 1 7 6 : 2 1 y + I oy ;

3 1y :
1 24

T he n , as b efore we c a
,
n d du c e ex : 9 .

Or t hus : from the fir t e quation s y

fro m the s e c on d eq ation u y

1 00 — 8 x —8 8
7 5

From thi s e quatio we h all obtai n n s x = 9 ; an d then , as

b efore we c
,
de d c e y = 4 an u .

211 o ve 1 9x — 2 1 y = 1 00 2 1 x —1 9y = 1 4 0
. S l , .

The s e e q tio s may b e ol ve d by the m etho d al rea dy

ua n s s
e pl i ed ; we sh l l e them howe er to shew that th es e
x a n a us v

m etho d m y b e om eti m e s ab brevi ate d

s a s .

Here by additio n we ob t i n
, ,
a

1 9x 2 1 y + 2 1 x —l 9 y z 1 00 14 0

4 0y 24 0

x — y = 6 .

A ga i from the origin al equation s

n, , by sub tra ctio we
n,
ti
ob a n

2 1x 1 9y 1 91 7 + 2 l y z 14 0 1 00 ;

2y r 4o

therefore
 E X A M PLE S . X X II I .

2 14 . S lv o e a a
2 ' i
by 0
2
,
as by 0 .

Here } d y e s ppo se d to de ote kn o wn q ua ti

a an ar u n un n
tie s whil e the other l etter a e ppo ed to de ote k ow
,
s r su s n n n

q titie
u an s .

M l tipl y the e c o d e q atio by b a d subtrac t i t fro m

u s n u n ,
n
the firs t ; th us

2
a x + b?y — abm— b2y = o 2 — be ;
th t is
a , a a ( b) mz e e —
( b) ;
therefore (
e e b)
a (a b)

S u bs tit te this val e

u u o f a: in the ec on d e q s ua tion

+ by = e ;

c c —b
( ) e a ( —b
) —c
(
c —c
)
therefore by c
a —b a —b a —b
.

— c) c —a
herefore
t
c ( a c ( )'
g _

—a
b (a )
the val e of y
Or u mg i ht be fo un d in the sam e w ay as

th t f was fo d
a o a: un .

EX AMPLE S . XXIII .

3 x — 4 y = 2, 7x — 9 y = 7 .

7y .
—5 =
y 24 , 4x —3 y = 1 1 .

20x — 3 y = 1 .

8 x + 9y = 4 1 .

13 x l l y = 10 .

6 x — 7y z 4 2, 7x —6
y z
75 .

1 0x + 9 y = 2 90, l l y = 130 .

3 x —4 y = 1 8, 3 x + 2y = 0 .

9 . 4 a: 2 v— 3y
.
:
0 .
144 E XA M PLES XXI II .

26 3x O6 y = 03
'
+ 9y 24 2 1a ' ° ‘
z
, .

27 —6 , 3x — 5y
‘
= 28 —'2 5
y
.
.

28 08 x
°
.

9 4
a; y x y
r
. 11 4 x —5 y

a +
'
1 x —l 6
— x y _

1
y 1 y r
y 7x — y 23
32 . 4x + y _
1 1,
5x 15

3 y — 1 0 (x — 1 )
+1 0
{0 — 5 6

bx —a y z o .

35 . bx + a y = 2a b .

a: y
+ _

h
"

b
—b
37 .
( a +c x ) y :
bc,

92+ if "

a b
—b —b
39 . x + y =e
,
ax y :
c a ( ) .

40 . a x ( 1 .

x —a —b x + —b x —y —a
y y
b a a b
42 .
(
a + b) m—( a
—b fe 2— 2
( a ) .
-
l (a l b) y
- =
-
2a-
2b

x y x —
y
'
a +y -

'
_

b a — b 2 ab 2
b
"
a + a +

44
1 4 6 S I M UL TA N E O US S I M PLE E QUA TI O N S .

We h ave now to fin d the val es u of x an d y from ( 4 )

an d

M ul tipl y (4 ) by 9, an d mul tiply ( 5 ) by 5 ; thus

225 x + 1 7 1 y : 1 13 4,

22 5 x + 6 5 y = 71 0 ;

therefore, by s ub tractio n,

1 06 y 4 24

t herefore

S ubs titute the v al e o f y i

u n thus
76 1 26

1 26

Subs titute the v al e s o f a

u : an d y in th us
1 4 + 1 2 — 2z = 1 6

therefore
therefore z 5 .

3
217 . o ve x
S l
z
y

s 4
a
x
.

y z

M ul tipl y ( 1 ) by 2, a n d a dd the res l t to u (2 ) th us

a: y z a: y z
 S IMUL TA N E O US S I M PLE E QUA TI ON S .
1 47

Mul tipl y ( 1 ) by 3 , a n d add the resul t to (3 ) th us

9 7 8
+ 9 _
s+ 14
:e y z c
v
.
y z

th at is ,
10 2 :

Mul tiply (5 ) by 4 , a n d a dd the res ul t to th us

?
4
3

th at i s,

therefore 47 94x

therefore

Subs t ut ti e the val e o f x in

u th us

therefore I

Q
20 17 3
(

therefore

Sub s tit te the val ues o f

u x an d y in thus

therefore

therefore
1 4 8 S I M UL TA N E O US S IM PLE

2 18 . o e
S lv

S ub trac t ( 1) from thus

y z x y
+ _
_

b c a b

t
th a is ,

By sub trac ti (4 ) from ( 3 )

‘

ng we o b tai n

therefore a: za .

By addin g (4 ) to (3 ) we ob ta i n

therefore z 36 .

By s ub s tit ti
u ng the v al u e of x i n (1) we fi nd th t y
a : 2b .

21 9 . In a si m il r m ann er we may proc eed if the um

a n
b o f e qua tio s a d k ow q an titie ho ul d e c e ed
un s
er
n n n n u s x
5l r e c.
 PR OB LE M S .

X XV . Pr oblem s wh ich l ea d to o
s im ul ta n e us eq ua ti n s o
of th e fi r s t degr ee with m o r e th a n o n e u n kn ow n qua n ti ty .

2 20 . We sh al l now s ol ve s om e probl ems whi ch l ead t o

s i m l t eo s e q atio
u an u u ns of the fir t degree wi th m ore th a
s n
on eun k o w q t it
n n u an v.

Fi d the fractio whic h b ecome s equal

n n to
2whe n t he

4
n um erat or is i cre as e d by 2 an d equal to whe the de
n n
7 ,

n om i ator i i n cre s e d b
n y 4
s a .

Le t r d e ote the m er at or a d y t he d en o mi to r of
e n nu ,
n na
the req re d fractio the by s ppositio
ui n n, u n,

a: 4
— °

y y +4 7
Cl ear the eq ation of fr ctio u s a ns ; th we ob t ai n
us

3 x — 2y : -
6

M ult ipl y ( 1) b y 2, an d s ub tract it from th us

7x —4 y 16 12
th at is ,
a: 28 .

S ub s titute the val e o f x i u n th us

84 2y 6
therefore 2y = 90 therefore y = 4 5 .

Hen c e the req ire d fr actio is i? u n

22 1 . of o e
A sum i i e e
m n y was d v d d o u all y a m n g a

cert i er per o
a n n u mb of if there
s ns ; ore
h ad e e n s ix m ,

e h wo h e re ei e two hi i
ac ul d av c v d s e th he
ll n gs l ss an d id ;
an d if there ee three fewer e h wo h e
h ad b n , ac u ld av re
two hi i
c e ive d s ore th he
ll n gs m an the
did : fin der of n um b
per o wh t e h re eive
s n s, an d a ac c d .
 PR OB LE M S . 15 1

Le t en ot e the n umb er o f pers ons an d y th e n umb er

x d ,

of hill i gs whic h e ch re ceive d The y i the n umb er o f

s n a . n x s
s hi ll i gs in the sum o f m on e y whi c h is d ivi d e d ; an d by
n ,
s ppo itio
u s n,

—2
) xy
:

(x 2) = x y

From ( 1 ) we obtai n
x y + 6y — 2x — =
12 a y
'

therefore 6y 2x 12
From ( 2) we o btai n

xy + 2x — 3 y -
6 = xy ;
therefore 2x 3y 6

From (3 ) an d by a ddi tio 3 y 1 8 therefore y n,

S ubst it t e the val u e o f y i (4 ) th us

u n

2x 18 6

therefore 24 therefore a 1 2 '

.

Th s there were 1 2 per s on s

u , an d e ac h received 6
s hi l l i gs
n .

222 ert in n umb er o f two digits is e qual t o five

. A c a
tim e the m o f its digits a d if n i e b e added to t h e
s su ,
n n

n m b er the di git s a e rever e d

u fi d the n m b er
r s : n u .

Le t x d e ote the di git i the te pl an e a d y the digi t ’

n n ns ,
n

i the un its p l ac e The the mb er is 1 0 + y a d by

’
n . n nu x n ,

su ppo itio the n mber is e qual t o five ti me s the sum o f

s n, u
it s digits ; therefore

If n n i e be a dded to the n mb er its digits ar e r eversedu

th a t IS, we obt i the mb er l oy + it ; therefore
,
a n nu

From ( 1 ) we obtain
5x 4y

From( 2) we obtain 9x 9 931 therefore a: 1 =y .

 PR OB LE M S .

Subs titute for y in (3 ) th us

5x 4

therefore
The n fro m ( 3 ) we o btai y 5 n .

Hen c e the requir ed n umb er is 4 3 .

223 ra il w y trai a fter tra vell i g a ho r i de tai e d

. A a n n n u s n
2 4 mi te a fter whi ch it pro cee d t i fifth s o f it
nu s, s a s x -
s
form er rate d arri e s 1 5 m i tes l te If the dete tion
,
an v nu a . n
h ad t k e p l c e 5 m i l e f rther
a n a the tr i wo l d h e
s u on, a n u av
a rrive d 2 m i te l ter th a it did Fin d the original ra te
nu s a n

o f the tra i d the di sta c e tr a ve ll e d

.

n , an n .

Le t 5 x de ote the mb er of m i l e s per ho r a t whi h

n nu u c
the tr i origi ll y travell e d a d l e t y d e o t e the mber
a n na , n n nu
o f mi l e s i the whol e d i t c e tra ell e d
n The y — 5 wi l l
s an v . n a
'

d e ote the um b er o f mi l e whi h re m i t o he tr a e ll ed

n n s c a n v
after the d ete tio A t the origi l ra te o f the tr ain this
n n. na
— 5
di t a c e wo l d b e tra e ll e d in
y a’
s n u hours ; at the ih
v

y
creas e d r ate it wi ll be tr vell e d i hou rs Si c e a n . n

the tr i is det i e d 2 4 mi te
a n d ye t i o l y 1 5 m i
a n tes nu s , an s n nu
l te t it s rri al it foll ow th t the re m i der f the
a a a v ,
s a a n o
jo r ey i perform e d i 9 mi te l es th it woul d h ave
u n s n nu s s an

b een if the rate h ad o t b ee n i c re as e d A d 9 m in utes

n n . n

9
60
of a ho r ; therefore
n u

—
y 5x y
—5x 9
60

the d ete tio h a d take pl c e 5 m il e s f rther o

If n n n a u n,
there wo l d h e bee y —5 x —5 mil es l eft to be travell ed
u av n .

Thu we sh all fi d th at
s n

—5x —5 —
y 5x 5 7
y
-

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

6x 5x 60
 E XA M PLE S XX V . .

n u mb ers such th at oua i s two —

thirds o f the o ther ,
an d their
s um is 1 00 .

We m y pro cee d thus Le t x de ote the gre a te r

“

a . n
n u mb er a d y the l e s n mb er ; the n we have
,
n s u

x +y = 1 00 .

O r we m ay c d us pro ee th Le t a: de n ote the gre t er . a

umb e r , n 1 00 —x the w e ote the l ess n umb er ; there
"

il l d n
pore
:

1 4

3
Or we may p roc ee d th s Le t 3 x de ote u . n
n u mb er then will de ote the l e ss n mb er ; therefore
,
n u

2x 3x 1 00 .

By o mpl eti g a y o f the se pro c esses we sh all fin d th at

c n n
the req ire d n m b ers ar e 6 0 an d 4 0
u u .

Th e t de t may c c or di gl y fi d th at he ca s ol e
s u n a n n n v
s o m e o f the e am pl e t the d o f the pre s e t Ch p t er
‘

x s a en n a ,

with the aid o f o l y e l etter to d e ote an k ow q an

n on n un n n u
tity ; an d o the other h d om e o f the e m pl e s t the
, n an ,
s xa a
e d o f Ch pter xx n
n am ay ppe r t o h im m o st at r al l y
. a a n u
s ol ve d with the id o f two l etter s aA s a ge eral r l e it . n u
m y b e t te d th t the e m pl oym e t o f a l rger
a s a a mb er o f n a nu
un k ow q
n n titie re der the work l o ger b t at the
uan s n s n , u
s m e ti m e al l ow
a the s cc e i e step to b m ore re adil y
s u ss v s e
foll owe d ; a d th i m ore s it bl e for b egi er s
n us s u a nn .

Th e b egi n er wi l l fi d it
n goo d e er c i e to s ol ve then a x s
e ampl e give in A t 2 04 with the id o f fo r l etters to
x n r . a u
represen t the four k own q an titie s whi ch ar e re quire d
un n u .

AMPLE S X XV EX . .

If A m on ey were i c re as e d by 3 6 shillin gs he woul d

’
1 . s n

h a e three tim e s as m ch s B ; an d if B m o ey were

v u a
’
s n
d i m i i he d by 5 hi ll i g he wo l d ha ve h l f as mu ch as
n s s n s u a
A : fi d the sum po e ss e d by e ach
n ss .

2 .Fi d t wo n m b ers s ch th a t the fir t with h al f the

n u u s
s e c o d may m ke 2 0 an d al s o th at the s e c o n d wi th a third
n a ,
o f the firs t may make 20 .
 E XA M PLE S . XX V . 15 5

If B
3 . were to give £ 2 5 t o A they woul d ha ve e q al u
o e if A were to give £ 22 to B the mo ey
sum s o f m n y ; n

of wo
B uld be d o bl e th a t o f A fin d the mon ey whic h u :
e h t
ac a c u a ll y h as .

4 Fi d two n umbers s ch th at h al f the firs t with a

. n u
thir d o f the e o d may m ke 3 2 a d th at a fou rth o f the
s c n a ,
n

firs t with a fifth o f the s ec o d m y m ake 1 8 n a .

5 A pers o n b ys 8 lb s o f t e a an d 3 lb
. f suga r fo r
u . s. o

£ 1 2 ; a d at a other ti m e he b ys 5 lb o f t e a an d 4 lbs
. s . n n u s . .

of s gar for 1 5 s 2 d : fi d the pri c e o f t e a an d s ga r per lb

u . . n u .

6 S eve ye ars ago A was three t im e s as o ld as B

. n

wa ; an d s even y e ar s he c e A will b e t wic e as o l d as B

s n
will be fi d their prese t ge s
: n n a .

7 Fi d the fraction whic h b e c ome s e qual to when

. n
the um er tor is i crease d by 1 an d equal to i when th e
n a n ,
de n om in ator is i cre s e d by l n a .

8 A c ert i fi shi g r d c o s i ts o f t wo p art s ; the

. a n n o n s
len gth o f the upper p art i to the l e gth o f the l ower as s n
5 to 7 d 9 ti m e s the u pper p art together with 1 3 ti m e s
an
the l ower p rt e ee d 1 1 tim e t e whol e r o d by 3 6 i ches :
a xc s h n
fi d the l e gth s o f the two p rt s
n n a .

9 A pers on spe n ds h l f a—rown in a ppl e s an d pe ars

. a -
c ,

b yi g the app l e a t 4
u n pe y an d the pears at 5 s a nn ,
a
pe y ; he ell h l f h i ppl e s d
nn s sthir d f h is pe rs
a s a an one -
o a
for 1 3 pe c e whi ch w s the pri ce at whi ch he b o gh t them :
n ,
a u
fi d how m y appl e s
n d h o w m y pe ar he b o ght
an an an s u .

10 A win e m erc h t h s t wo s ort s o f wi e a b et ter

. an a n ,
a d a wors e ; if he m i e s them i
n the proportio o f t wo x n n

q arts o f the b etter s ort with three f the wor s e the

u o ,

mi t re wi ll be worth l s 9 d
x u q art ; b t if he mi e the m . . a u u x s
i the proportio o f e e q art of the b etter s or t with
n n s v n u s
eight o f the wor e the m i t re wi ll b worth l s l od 3 s ,
x u e . . .

q rt : fi d the pri c e o f a quart o f e ac h s o r t

ua n .

11 A f rmer o l d to o e per s o 3 0 b shels o f whe at

. a s n n u
a d 4 0 bus hel of barl e y for to a other per on
,
n s n s
he s ol d 5 0 b shel o f whe t n d 3 0 bu hels o f barl ey
u s a a s
fo r £ 1 7 : fi d the pri c e o f whe at an d barl e y per b hel
n us .
 E XA M PLE S '
. XX V .

12 f rmer h as 28 b hel s o f barl ey at 23 4 d a

. A a us . .

b hel w th the s e he wi he to mi r ye a t 3 3 a b she l

us . i s s x . u ,

a d whe a t a t 4
n a b hel so th at the m i ture may c o i t
s . us , x ns s
o f 1 00 b hel d b e worth 3 s 4 d a b shel fi d h o w
us s, an . . u : n
m y b shel s of y
an d whe at he m t t ake
u r e an us .

13 A a d B l y a w ger f 1 0 hil li g ; if A l o s e s
. n a a o s n s
he will h e m h B wil l the h e ; if B l o e s he
av as uc as n av s
will h ve h alf of wh at A will the have fi d the m o ey
a n : n n
o f ea h c .

14 If the . mera tor o f a c ert ain fr c tio b e i c re as e d

nu a n n
by 1 an d the d e o m i tor b e di mi i he d by 1 the al e
,
n na n s , v u
wi ll be 1 ; if the m er tor b e i re e d by the de o mi nu a nc as n
na tor d the d e omi ator dimi i he d by th e n umerato r
, an n n n s ,
the val e wil l b 4 fi d the fr tio
u e : n ac n .

15 A m b er f po t s
. e p l ac e d a t e qua l di tan c e s
nu o s ar s
in a s traight l i e I f to twi e the m b er o f them we add
n . c nu
the di t e betwee t wo c o se c ti e po ts e pre se d in
s an c n n u v s , x s
feet the s m i 6 8 If from fo r time the di ta ce b
,
u s . u s s n e
twe e two o se c ti e po t e pre s e d i feet we btr c t
n c n u v s s,
‘

x s n , su a
h alf the be f po t the re m a in d er i 68
-
n u n1 r Fi d the
o s s, s . n
d i s ta c e b etwee the e tre m e po s t
n n x s .

16 A g e tl e m
. di trib ti g m o ey m o g s o m e poor
n an s u n n a n
m enfo d th t he w te d 1 0 sh il li gs i order to be
un a an n ,
n
a bl e to gi e 5 hi l l i g t o e h m v ; therefore he gi e
s n s ac an v s
to e h m 4 shilli g o l y a d fi ds th t he h as 5
ac an n s n ,
n n a
s hill i gs l eft fi d the n mber o f po or m e an d o f
n : n u n
shi lli gs n .

17 A c ert i c om p y i
. t avern fo d when they
a n an n a un ,

cam e to p ay their b i ll th t if the e h d b ee th ree m ore ,

a r a n
per o to p a the m e bill they wo l d h e p i d o e
hi lli g eac h y th they did ; d if there h ad bee n
s ns sa ,
u av a n
s n e ss an an
two fewer per o they wo ld h e p ai d o sh ill i g e ach
s ns u av ne n

m ore th a the y did fi d the n mb er o f per o s a d the

n : n u s n n
n umb er o f hi ll i g e c h p i d s n s a a .

18 There i a c ertai
. re c ta gul r floor s ch th at
s n n a , u
if it h ad b ee two feet bro d er an d three feet l o ger it
n a ,
n ,

wo ld h ave bee i ty fo r q re feet l rger ; b t if it

u n s x -
u s ua a u

h d bee three feet b ro d er

a n d two feet l o ger it wo l d a , an n , u
h e b ee i ty eight s q re feet l rger fi d the l e gth
av n s x -
ua a : n n

a d b re dth of the floor

n a .

19 A c ert ai n mb er of t wo di gi ts i equal to fo r
. n u s u
 A an d B r un a m l
28 . ie
At the fir t he t
s a A g v s B i e .

a s a t rt r et
o f 2 0 y a ds, an d b a s h im by 3 0 s c n d seo At the .

e o he t
s c nd i e
a A g v s B a s a t rt eo e
o f 3 2 s c n d s, an d b a t s hi m
by 9fi ya ds r F nd i the r te per ho r wh h r
a u at . ic A un s .

29 A a d B a e two towns s it ate d 2 4 m il e s ap rt

. n r u a ,

o n the sam e b k f a ri er A ma g oe s from A to B an o v . n

in 7 ho r b y rowi g the firs t h al f of the di t c e
u s, d n s an , an
wal ki g the e o d h lf I ret r i g he w l ks the first
n s c n a . n u n n a
h l f t three fo rth s of h is former r te b t the s tre m
a a -
u a ,
u a
b ei g with h im he rows at d o bl e h i r ate i g oi g ;
n d u s n n an
he cc ompl i he s the whol e d i ta c e i 6 ho rs Fi d h is
a s s n n u . n
r tes o f wal ki g d rowi g
a n an n .

30 A r i l way tr ai a fter tr el l i g a hou r is d et i e d

. a n av n n a n
1 5 mi te after which it pro c eed t three fo rth o f it s
nu s, s a -
u s
form er rate d rri e 24 m i te s l te If the dete tio
,
an a v s nu a . n n
h d t k e p l c e 5 mi l e f rther o
a a n the trai woul d h a e
a s u n, n v
a rrive d 3 m i te oo er th an it did Fi d the origin l
nu s s n . n a
rate o f the trai a d the d i t c e tr ell ed n n s an av .

31 Th e ti m e whi ch a e pre s tr i t ake s t o t r ave l

. n x s a n
a jo r e y o f 1 2 0 m i l e is to th t t k e
u n by ordi ary tr i s a a n an n a n
as 9 i to 1 4 s Th or di ry tr i l o e . m c h tim e i
e na a n s s as u n
s tepp ge s it wo l d t ke to tr el 2 0 mil es withou t stop
a as u a av
pi g Th e e pre s tr in o l y l ose h al f a s m h ti m e in
n . x s a n s uc
s t e pp ges a the ordi ry tr i
a d it al s o travel s 1 5 mil e s
s na a n , an

a n hour q i ck er Fi d the r te o f e h trai

u . n a ac n .

32 T wo tr ai
. 9 2 feet l o g d 8 4 feet l o g r e sp e c
n s, n an n

t ive ly a e m o i g with
,
r iform el o itie s p r ll el r i l ;
v n un v c on a a a s
whe they m o e i oppo site direc tio they e obs er e d
n v n ns ar v
to p s e h other i o e s e o d d a h l f; b t whe they
as ac n n c n an a u n

m ove i the m e d ire c tio the f ter tr ai i o b er e d to

n sa n as n s s v

pas the other i s ix sec on ds fi d the rate at whic h each

s n : n
trai moves n .

A r ai l ro ad r n fro m A to O A goo d tr i ’
33 . u s . s a n
s t rt from A t 1 2 o l o k d p e ger t i t 1 ’
a s a c c , an a ass n ra n a
o cl o ck A fter goi g two third o f the d i t c e the good
’
. n -
s s an s
’

tr i bre ks d own d a o l y tr el at three fo rth o f

a n a ,
an c n n av -
u s
it s form er r te A t 4 0 mi te p t 2 o cl o ck a o lh io ’
a . nu s as c s n
o c rs 1 0 m il es from (J Th e r te of the p e ger tr i n
cu ,
. a as s n a
i d o bl e the di m i i he d r te o f the goo ds tr i F i d the ’
s u n s a a n . n
d i t a c e from A to C an d the r te o f the train s
s n ,
a s .
 E X A M PLE S . XX V .
15 9

er o e
A c tain sum o f m n y was di d d b t
34 . vi e e wee
n A,
th’
B , an d O , so a t ’
A s s a h re e ee e fo r eve th of the
xc d d u s n s -

h re
s a s o f B an d O o’
b y £ 3 0 ; al s B s s a h re e ee e three
xc d d
ei hth
g the
s of s a h res o f A an d C by £ 3 0 ; an d O s s a
’
h re
e ee e
xc th
d d t wo n in s o f the h re
s a s o f A an d B by £ 3 0
-

F the h re
in d s a o f ac e h per o
s n .

35 A an d B worki g together c a e arn 4 0 shilli gs

. n n n

in 6 day ; A a d 0 together c a s e n 5 4 shilh g i 9

n n ar n s n
d ys ;
a d B d 0 together c
an e rn 8 0 shil li g in 1 5
an an a n s
d ys fi d wh at e h ma c a e
a : n al o e per d ay ac n n ar n n .

36 A c ert ain
. m b er o f s o ereig hillin g a d inu v n s, s s, n s x

pe c es amo t to £ 8 6 s 6 d Th e am ou t o f the h ill i g

n un . . . n s n s
i a g in e a l e s th
s u that o f the o ereig a d g i e
s an s v ns , n a u n a
an d a h lf m ore th th at o f the i pe c e Fi d the
a an s x n s . n
n m b er of e c h c oi
u a n .

37 A a d B ca perform a pie c e of work to gether in

. n n
4 8 d ay s ; A d C i 3 0 d y ; a d B a d O i 2 6 3; d ys :
’
an n a s n n n a
fin d the ti m e in whi c h e a h c o l d perform the work al o e c u n .

38 There is a c ertai
. m b er o f t h ree di git s whi ch is n nu
e q l to 4 8 tim es the m o f it digit a d if 1 9 8 b e b
ua su s s, n su
tr c te d from the m ber the d igits wi ll b e re er e d ; l o
a nu v s a s
the s m o f the e trem e di git s is eq l to twi c e the mi ddl e
u x ua
d i git : fin d the n umb er .

39 A m a b o gh t 1 0 b ll o ck s 1 2 0 sheep a d 4 6
. n u u , , n
l mb
a Th e pri e o f 3 heep i e q l to th t o f 5 l mb
s . c s s ua a a s .

A b ll o k a s heep a d l am b to gether c o t a
u c , mb er of
,
n a s nu
s hill i g gre ter b y 3 00 th the whol e m b er of im l
n s a an nu an a s
b o ght ; a d the who l e sum pe t was £ 4 6 8 6
u n Fi d the s n . s . n
pri c e o f b ll o ck a sheep a d a l amb respe cti el y
a u , ,
n v .

40 A farm er s ol d at a market 1 00 he d o f sto c k c o

. a n
s i ti g o f hors e
s n o e d heep o th t the whol e e h e d
s, x n , an s ,
s a r a s

£ 2 7 per he ad ; whil e a hors e a

. 3 . d sheep were ,
n e x , an a
s o l d for £ 2 2 £ 1 2 d £ 1 1 0 re pe c ti el y
,
Had he
. an . s . s v .

s ol d o e fourth the mb er o f o e a d 2 5 m ore heep

n -
nu x n, n s
th he did the am o t rec eive d wo l d have b ee still the
an ,
un u n
s am e Fi d the n umber o f hors es ox e a d sheep r e sp e c
. n ,
n, n
t iv e l y whi ch were s ol d
,
.
 QUA D R A TI C E QUA TI O N S .

XXVI Q . ua d r a t ic E q ua ti on s .

i 2 26 . A q r tic e q tion is an e qua tion whi c h co

u ad a ua n
tai the ns sq ua r e o f the un k ow q a tity b t n o h igher n n u n ,
u

p ower .

a ] 227 A p u e quadrati c eq atio is o e which co n ta in s

. r u n n
o l y the s q re o f the k ow q a tity A adf ec ted
n ua un n n u n . n

q a dr ati c e q a tio is o e whi ch c o ta in the fir t power

u u n n n s s

o f the k o wn q tity well as its q re Thus fo

un n uan as s ua .
, r
e m pl e 2w = 5 0 is p e q dra ti c e q tio ; an d
xa ,
2
a ur ua ua n
2 x
2
7511 + 3 = 0 is a a df e te d qua dr a ti c e qua tio n c n .

228 foll owi g is the R l e for so l i g a p

. Th e n u v n

q d ra ti c e q atio
ua Fi d th e l uof t h e s q of th e
n . n va ue ua r e

un k o wn q n ti ty by th e R le f ol i g a imp l e eq
ua n u or s v n s ua

tio ; th e
n by e t t i g th e s q a r e oo t th e al es Qf th e
n, x r ac n u r ,
v u

u kn o w
n q t i ty e f ou d
n uan ar n .

113 — 5
'
Z 2
x 13
Fo r e xa m l p e sol e ,
v
3

Cl ear o f fractions by mul tipl yin g by 3 0 ; thus

l o (fn 2
13) 3( x
2
5) 1 8 0;

therefore 1 80 + 13 0 1 5 z 3 25

therefore
e trac t the square root th s
x 5 ,
u v
.
: s: .

I thi e am pl e we fi d b y the R l e f ol i g a
n s x ,
n u or s v n

s i mpl e e q tio th t i e q l to 25 ; therefore mus t

ua n ,
a x
2
s ua a:

be ch su mb er th at if m l t iph d i to its el f the pro

a nu ,
u e n

d ct i 2 5
u Th t i to
s y mus t be q are root f
a s sa , a: a s u o

I A rith m eti c 5 i the q re root o f 2 5 ; i A l ge br

.

25 n s s ua n a

o i der either 5 s q are ro t

.

w mae c —5 ns f 25 or as a u o o
is c e y the R l e f S ig —5 —5 = 5 5 He ce
,

n u o ns x x . n v
.

m y a h e either
,
of the
av al e 5 —5 d the e q ation v u s or ,
an u

will be ati fied Thi s we de ote thus = 5

s s . n , v
. 4 .
 Q UA D R A TI C E QD A TI ON S .

23 0 foll owin g is the Rul e for ol i g an ad fec ted

. Th e s v n

q u ad r a ti c e q a tio B y t ra
u p o i t
n i o
. a d r ed uc t i n ns s n n o
a r a ge th e eq
r n t i o n s o t h a t th e te r m wh ich i
ua ol ve th e s nv

u k o wn qu a t i ty a e a l on e o n o e ide a n d th e o efi c ie t
n n n r n s , c n

f
o i + 1 ; a dd to each ide of th e eq ua ti o th e q ua r e
x
2
s s n s

o f h alf th e co e fi cien t Qf x, an d th en ex t r ac t t h e s q ua r e
r oo t of e ac h s ide .

will be see from the e am pl es whi ch we sh ll o w

It n x a n
s ol ve th t the ab ove r l e l e ds us t o a poi t fro m whi c h
a u a n
we ca i mmedi ately obt ai the val es o f the u kn own
n n u n

qu an tity .

23 1 .S ol ve x
2

B y t ran spositio n , x
2
1 0x

x
2 —1 0w+ 5 2 =

e tract the s quare root

x v 5 1 ,
. i

tran spos e ,
m 5 l = 5 + l or 5 1 ; z i -

he ce n v 6 or 4 . .

I t is e asy to verify th at either o f the s e val u es sa ti sfies

t h e prepo e d e q tio ; a d it wi ll b e us eful for the stu
s ua n n
d e t thus to verify h is re s l t s
n u .

23 2 o ve 3 x
. S l 2
4x 55 0 .

By tr po si tion
an s , 3 x 2
4x 55

iv e
d id by 3 ,

55 4 169
’
9

ex trac t the sq re root x ua ,

t r an s po e s ,
 Q UA D RA TI C U
E Q A TI O N S 1 63

23 3 . S l o ve 3x 35 0 .

By tra sposi tio

n n, 2x 2 3x 35 ;

2
28 9 .

’
2 16 16

ex trac t th e s uaq re root ,

v +
.

tran spose , or —5 .

23 4 . S l o ve v
.
’
4v . 1 0 .

By t ran sposition ,
x
2
1

x
2 —4 x + 22 = 1

e tract the square root

x , v
. 2 4
J5 ;

tra spo s e
n ,
x 24 J5 .

Here the square root o f 5 c a ot be fou d ex actly ; nn n

b t w c
u fi d by A rithm eti c n appro im ate va1
e an n f it a x ue o
to a y ign ed d egree o f cc racy d thus obt ain the
n a ss a u , an
val ues o f v t a y assign ed degree o f ac c ra cy
. o n u .

23 5 the e ampl e s hith ert o s ol ed we h ave fou d

. In x v n

two d fi e t roots o f a q adr atic e q tio ; i s om e c a e s

1
'
er n u ua n n s
howe er we h al l fi d reall y o l y e root T k e for e
v s n n on . a ,
x

m pl e the e q at o by e tr c ti g the
“

a , u l n v
. x a n

sq uare root we h ve 7 0 there fore = 7

a I t is how
v
.
, v
. .

ever fo d c o e ie t i
un h a c as e to say th at the q ad
nv n n n su c u

rat ic e q a tio h as t wo e q ual oo t

u n r s .

1 1 —2
 Q UA D R A TI O ’
E QUA TI ON S .

23 6 S o l ve
. re
z
13 0 .

B y t r an spo s itio 6 n x 13
2
a dd 3 , 4 .

If we t r y t o e trac t the s q re roo t we h ave

x ua

v
. 3 i
J 4 .

But —4
h ave n o q are root e act O r pproxi mate
c an s u ,
x a ,

b e caus e a y n mb er whether po siti e o n ega tive if m l

n u ,
v r , u
t ipl i d b y it s e l f gi e s a po itive re s l t
e ,
v In thi s c as e t h e s u .

q adr ti c e q atio h as o re al root ; a d thi s is s o m eti m es

u a u n n n
e pres e d by s ayi n g that the roots a e im ag i a r y o r
x s r n
imp oss ibl e .

I 3 1
23 7 . S l o ve 2 (a —1 + 2 —1
.
'
) x 4

Here we first cl e r o f fractio s a n b y m ul t l y ip i g b y

n

4(x
2 whi ch is the l eas t c omm on mul t 1 pl e o f the de
n o m i ators
n .

-
1 .

By t ra spo sition
n ,
x
2 — 2x = 15
;

add 1 2, x
2

e tra ct the square root

x ,
v
. 1 4 4;

therefore a: 1 4 4 5 or 3 .

2 7 3 23 —5 0 1 2x + 7 0
23 8 . S l o ve 1 +
15 1 90

M ul tiply by 5 7 0 whi h is ,
c the l e as t c o m m o n mu l tipl e o f
15 an d 1 90 ; th s u

3 ( l 2v + .

therefore 210 4 0x ;

there fore
’

1 9 0(3 v
. 5 0) (2 1 0 4 0x ) ( 1 0 v
.
)
 Q UA D R A TI C E QUA TI ON S _
.

24 0 E ver y qu a d r a tic equa ti n c a n be p u t in th e

. o
for m x
2
+ p x + q = 0 wh e r e
, p
a n d q r ep r es e n t so m e k n w n o
o oo
n u m ber s, wh l e o r f r a ct i n a l, p s i tive o r n eg a ti ve .

Fo r a quadr ti c e q atio by d efi itio a c on tai s o u n, n n, n n

power o f the k ow q tity hi gher th the s ec o d
un n n u an an n .

Le t ll the term b b ro ght to o e s i d e a d if e c e

a s e ry u n ,
n , n s sa ,

ch ge the i g s o f all the ter ms o th t the c oe ffi c ie t o f

an s n s a n
the q re o f the k ow q a tity may be po iti e
s ua un n n u n a s v
nu mb er ; the divi de ever y term b y this c oeffi c ie t a d
n n , n
the eq ation takes the as ig e d form
u s n .

F or e ampl e s ppo s e 7 — 4 a = 5
x , Here we h ave
u x
2
.

2
4x 5 O

therefore 4x 2
7x 5 0

7x 5
therefore 4 4
0 .

T hus in this e x am pl e we h ave p

24 1 o ve
. S l
B y tra spo siti o n
n ,

e trac t the s quare root

x £3 : 4
J(p 2 4 g)
,
2 2

ll
—p *
J (p
2 —4
q)
therefore _

2
i
2 2

24 2 . We h ave thus obt ai n e d a g en er al f o r m ul a for

th eroots o f the qua d r tic equa ti o n a n am e l y ,

that v m t be e qual to
. us

—4
q) p
— —
J ( P 4 Q)
2
or to
-

2 2

We sh all n ow e e from this ge eral formul a s ome

d duc n
very import n t a i fere c es which will hold fo r an y q ad
n n ,
u

ratio e q ation by Ar t
u , . 24 0 .
 Q UA D R A TI C ‘

E Q UA TI ON S . 1 67

24 3 . A q ua dr a t ic eq ua ti n o ca n n o t h a ve mo r e th a n
two r oo ts .

we have see th at the root

Fo r n m us t be one or the
o ther o f t wo ass i g ed e pre s io ns n x s .

24 4 .
q u a dr a t ic e q ua t i n wh er e th e ter m s a r e
In a o
a l l o n o n e s id e , a n d th e co efi c ie n t of th e s q u a r e of th e
u n kn o wn q u a n t i ty is u n i ty , th e s u m of t h e r ts is e q u a l oo
o
to th e c o efi cie n t of th e s ec n d te r m wi th i ts s ign c h a n ged ,

an d th e p od c t f th e r oo ts is eq
r u o u al t o th e la s t ter m .

Fo r l e t the e qua tio b e +p v n .

q 0

the m o f the roots is

su

—4
q)
—p —
d (p
’ —4 Q)
2
+
2
th at is —p

the produc t of the roots is

— e —4 —4
Jo g) Ju
n
p p 2)
-

x
2 2

—
P (p
Z2—
4 q)
4
th at 1s q .

24 5 pre e di g A rticl e de erves spec ial atte tion

. Th e c n s n ,
f r it f r i he
o very goo d e mpl e b oth of the at re o f
u n s s a xa n u
the ge eral re sult o f A lgebr a d o f the m ethods by
n s a, n

whic h these ge eral re l ts e o bt i ed Th e t de t

n su ar a n s u n
hould verify thes e res l t i the c e o f the q d r tic
.

s u s n as ua a
e q atio s l re dy s olved T ke for e mpl e th at i
u n a a . a ,
xa ,
n
A t 2 3 2 ; the e q t io n m ay be p t i the form
r . ua u n

an d the roots a re 5 an d th s the sum o f

u th e roots i s

an d the prod c t o f the roots is

u
 168 Q UA D R A TI C E QUA TI ON S .

24 6 o e
. S lv 2
a w + ba +0: 0 .

B y t ra spo s itio n
n ,
a v ? by

d ivi de by a ,

c b2 b2 — 4 a c
+
a 4 a2 4 a2

/ b —4 a c2
b N ( )
e tract the s q are root
x u , v
. +
2a
i .

—b i J (b2 — 4 ao )
therefore 2a

The ge eral form l e gi e in Arts 2 4 1 an d 24 6

24 7 . n u a v n .

m y b e e m pl o ye d ol i g a q dr ti c e q atio T k e v n
y
a ln s n ua a u n . a
for e mpl e the e q atio 3 4 x 5 5 0 ; divi de by 3
xa u n x :
,
th s We h ave
u

Take the formul a whi ch gives the roo t s of in A r t 2 4 1 , .

55
a d p t p a d q= — n ; we hal lu :
n -
s
3 § ,

thus obtain the root of the propose d e quation s .

B t itu m ore o e ie t to se the form l m A r t 2 4 6

13 c nv n n u u a
a we th oi d f t o The 1 p e d e q tio b ei g ,
s u s av 1 ac i ns 31 o os ua n n
3x 2
4 55 x 0 we m t p t 3 b
: —4
, d c —5 5 us u a :
,
z an :

in the form l a whi h g ive the m ot of

, ,
u +c=0
c s s
,

2
b i
(b 406)
th at I S ,
1n
2a

T h s we h ave
u
4 4
J ( 1 6 + 6 6 0) th t i a s,
7
6

th at i s, th at is , 5 or
 E XA M PLE S XX VI . .

1 2
x + v
9 x + 4 2
~
.
x +
v —l x + 2 5
'
—4
+
.
v
. v
.
-
2

(2
) —2 v
.
—4 14 (Ir —3 x —l
v —3 v —l ctr —2
°
. . 15 v
.
—4

v —l v —3 11 1 2
3
. .

v —4 v —2 12
° °
—2
. .
v
. x + 2 5

3 1 1 v
. 1 5 — 7v .

—1
'
2
2 ( v
.
-
1) 8 v2
.

2x + 1 3x —2 11 2x —1 2x
+
v —l 3x + 2 2
'
—2
"

6
.
v
.

3x + 1 2v 7 5 2ax—3 c —5
32 5
-
.

+
3 (
v -
5) 2 x —8 2 3 37 —5 2w
°

3 2
.
-

3x — 2 2v 5 10 x + 2 4 —2 7
-
. ‘

3 x —2
+
2x —5 3
'
—l
v
.
3
49 .
(v .
50 . —x 2) .

5 14 4 5 12
v + 2 v x + 4 v + 1 +2
.
x +3
.
. v
.

x + 1 v —l —1 v —2 v + 2 3
.
. . x +
v +2 —2 —l —2 2
. v
. v
.
v +
. 2 v
. v
.
—3 '

v -
1 5 2 4 5 12
.

'
d + l 6 7 (:c v +
. 2 x + 4 v +
. 6
v 1 v —2 2x + 1 3 +1 2
-

x x + 2v + 1 3
. .

+ +
.

—1
'
—2
'
v
. + 1 x + 2 ~
v l 16 v v x + 1
- -
. . .

—1
23 ; 3 x —1 5 x —11 1 4 3 2 —9 {0 2 — 3
1 2 —l 60 ’ x
x +
8x — 3
“

v + f
c '
°

a + 1
. . -

a x
2 2 —2a 3 x + a ‘ 62 2
. 4a x =
( a
2

v a x b
1 1
1+ 1
.

= + +
w b
.

a a
’
 E Q UA TI ON S LI KE Q UA D RA TI CS . 171

XXVII . E qua tio n s wh ich may be so lved l ike

Qu a dr a t i cs .

2 48here a e m y e qua tio s whi ch a e o t stri c tly

T r an n r n
r ti whi h o ve the ethod o f co m
.

q ua d c b t
a cs, m ay b e
u l d b y m s

p l e t i g th e sq ua r e ; we will g ve two e am p l e s
n l x .

24 9 . S lv o ex ‘
6
8 .

3
v
. 7x

e trac t the s qua re root

x ,
a
s

therefore w3 or —1 ;

ext ac t r the cube root thus x = 2 o r ,

1 .

25 0 . o ve A) 3 x 3 J ( + 3 x —2)
S l ?
x
2
6 .

Su b tract 2 fro m b oth s i d e thus s,

2
x + 3x

h o n the l eft h d s i de we h ve t wo e pre sions

T us -
an a x s
+ 3 x —2 ) d the l atte r i t h e
,

n am e ly J ( d x2
"
, 3 2 an a x ,
an s
sq ua re o f the form er ; we can n o w c o mp l e te th e s qua r e .

2
a2 + 3 x q( x + 3x

e t
x rac t the sq are root th usu ,

'

a2
J( + 3x

ther e for e d a; ? 3x 2) 1 or 4 .
172 E QUA TI ON S LI KE QUA D R A TI CS .

First s ppo se J(v 1

u .
2
.

S q are b oth s i de s th us x
u 3 2 1 ,
2
x .

Th i is a ordi ary q dr ati c equatio n ;

s n n ua by s ol vi ng it
—3 J2 1 4
we sh al l obtain x
.
:

e t ppos e J ( 3 2) 4
N x su x
2
v
. .

S q re b oth i de s th s
ua 3 2 16 s ,
u x
2
x .

Thi s is or din ary q drati c e quation ; by s ol vi g it

an ua n

we h ll obt i = 3 o 6
s a a n v
. r .

Th s o the whol e we h ave fou r valu e s for v n am ely

u n .
, ,

3 or —6 0r
2

i mport an t ob ervation m t b e m ade with respe ct

An s us
t o the s e v l e S ppo e we pro c ee d to verify the m
a u s . u s .

If w p t = 3 we fi d th t
e u x a d th n a n us

N /(wh 3 $ 4 If we t k e the
x l e 4 the ori gi al . a va u n
e q tio will o t b e ti fied ; if we t k e the l e —4 it
ua n n sa s a va u
wi ll be ti fie d If we p ut sa — 6 we rrive at the s m e
s . a
}
:
a a
re l t A d the re l t might h ve b ee a ti ip te d
su . n su a n n c a ,

b e c us e the v l e
a = 3 or 6 were obt i ed from
a u s fv
. a n
2 — 4 whi c h wa d e d c e d from the ori i al
N (
/ 1x3 x g s u n
- -

e q ation If we p t
u . we fin d th at u a:

x
2
+3 x d the ori gi al e q tio wi l l b e s ati fie d
an n ua n s

if we t ke S ( + 3 a + 1 ; a d as b efore the re
x
2
lt x n , ,
su
mi ght h ve b ee a ti cip ate d
a n n .

I f c t we sh al l fi d th t we ar ri e at the sa m e fo r
n a n a v u
val es o f v by sol vi g either of the foll owi g e q ation s
u .
, n n u ,

m g
+ 3 a —3 J( a
3
+ 3x

bu tthe v l e s 3 — 6 b el o
g stri tl y o l y to the firs t
a u or n c n
3 J 21 4
equatio a d the val ue s b el on g stri c tly o l y to
-
.
n, n n
2
the econ d equatio
s n .
 1 74 E Q UA TI ON S LI KE Q UA D R A TI CS .

E qu at n s ar e s m im
25 5 . io o et es propos e d
i t e
n e n d d to b e s l d, a l y b y o ve p rt i p ec tio a ns n, n d pa rtly by
or di n a y mr o ds ; we ll g eth wi ive two e amples x .

v +
. 4 v
.
—4 9 +x 9 —v .

25 6 S o l ve
9 —v
“ '
x _
4 v +
. 4 . 9 +v .

B ri ng the f ction s o each side

ra n of th e e quat ion to a
c o mm o n d e o m i tor ; th us
n na

(9 + x )
’

2
81 -
v
.

1 6x 3 6x
tha t 18 ,
33
2—
16 8 1 —v .
2
°

Here it is ob vious th at x = 0 i a r o o t To s . fin d t he
other root we b egin by divi di g both s i des o f
s n
tio by n thus
4 9
“ 2
a 16 81 x

therefore 4 (8 1 x
2
) 9 ( a:
2
1 6)

therefore 1 3 x2 3 24 14 4 4 68

therefore v
.
’ z36

therefore v
. 4 6 .

Thus there a re three roo t s of the propose d equation ,

n am e l y 0 6 —6 , , , .

o ve
25 7 . 7v aS l v
.
’
.
2
6a 3
0 .

Here it is ob io s th at v u v
. = a is a root We m y . a
write the equa tio n x
3 —a
) an d t o fin d th e
other roots we begin by di vi di ng by v
.
—a . Th us
-
t

By sol vi ng th i s q adr ti we h ll ob tai m= 2a o r 3 0

u a c s a n .

Th us there ar e three roots o f the propo e d e qua tio s n,

n am el y
, a, 2a , — 3 a .
 XA M PLE S XX VII 170
V

E . .

EX AMPLES XX VI I . .

3 4 —5
1 .
4 -
1 3x 2
36 =o . 2 . x 4 x

3 .
4 .

’
5 . 2 J (x
J(
“ 2
v
. 7 . x

2
9 J(x
2
2 x + 6 x = 22 6
'

—
w 4x42—
2 J(w4

13 . m= 7 J (2 —w2) .

—3 . 15 .
J (x + 8 )
5 S (I
J (3 x
J ( 2x + 1 ) + J ( 7 x
2
J ( + ax)
b

2 x J (a ’
2m 2z 2 —a
v
.
) a .

1 1 3x
1 —v
'
—w 2
‘

) . 1 +v . 1 +x

1 1 1 1
x + 7 v
.
—l x + 1 v
.
—7
1 1
— v2 — —x 2
) . x J( 2 )
1) v
2
)— l
—l
_
.

)
2
— —1 —1 ) 8 J( v
. .

J(
2
x x )
m+ a x —a b+ v . b —x
—a b —x
'
x x +a b+ x
z
m 3d m 2
) (v 3a)
a 3 2
27 . 4a . 28 . 5x 2
(a v
.
) (a 29 . .
 XXVI II . Pr o blems wh ic h lea d to Q ua d r a t i c
on s E qua ti .

25 8 Fi d two n umb ers such that their

. n sum is 1 5 ,
an d their pro d c t is 5 4 u .

Le t v d e ote o e o f the n mb ers then

. n n u , 15 —v . wil l
d en o t e the oth e r n umb er ; a d by suppo i t ion n s

v
.
(1 5 x ) 54 .

By t ran sposition ,
x
2
54

therefore 50
2 54

t herefore v
.

3—
therefore -

2
9 or 6 .

If we t ke v 9 we h a vea 1 5 — = 6 a d if we t ke
.
: v
.
,
n a

6 we h a e 1 5 — v = 9 Th v the two mb er e 6 d 9 . . us nu s ar an .

Here al tho ugh the q dr tic e q tio gi e two v l e s o f ua a ua n v s a u

v ye t there is re al ly o l y o n e s o l tio
.
,
o f the probl e m n u n .

25 9 pe so l i d o ut a c ertai sum of m o ey i
A 1 n a n n n

oo whi h he o for o t h
.

g d s c ,
l d ag i £ 2 4 a d l s s as m c p e a n , n u 1

c e t as he l id o t
n . fi d h w m h he l id o u t
a u : n o uc a .

Le t de ote the v
.mb er of po d whi c h he l ai d o ut
n nu un s
the —24 will de ote the n mber of po ds whi c h he
n x n u un

l o st N o w by s ppo itio he l o st at the rate o f v per c en t

. u s n . .
,

v
th t is the l o w the fractio
a o f the c o s t ; t herefore
ss as n
.

v
. 24

therefore 2 4 00
"3
.

From thi q dr ti e q atio we sh all obtai n a 4 0

s ua a c u n ':

o 60
r Th s ll w
. i fer th t the m o f m o ey l i d
u a e c an n 1s a su n a
o t wa s either £ 4 0 o r £ 6 0 ; for e c h o f the s e n u mbe r s
u a
s ati s fie s al l the c o ditio ns o f the pro bl e m n .
 PR OB LE M S .

26 2 ol vi g probl em s it is oft e fou d as in Ar t 2 6 0

. In s n n n , .
,

th at re t ar e obtai e d whi h do n o t ppl y to the probl em

su l s n c a
t lly propo e d The re o ppe r to b e th at the
ac u a s . as n a a s ,

a l geb ra i c l m o d e of e pre io is m ore ge eral th

a ordi x ss n n an

n ry l
a g age an d th the e q tion whic h is a preper
u an us ua
repre e t tio of the c o ditio o f the probl em will l o
,

s n a n n ns a s
a pp l y to other o d itio E perie c e will c on vin c e the
c n n s. x n
t d e t th t he wi l l l ways b bl e to s el e t the re l t
s u n a a e a c su
whi h b el o g to the probl e m he i ol i g A d it will b
c n s s s v n . n e
ofte po ibl e by s it bl e ch a ges i the e
n ss ,
i tion f the
u a n n n un c a o

o ri gi l pro bl e m to for m
na
a y re s l t whi c h w s i
n u
n e w probl e m c orre po di g to
,
a s n n
ppl ic bl e to the origi al probl em ;a na a n

thi i ill trate d i A rti l e 2 6 1 a d we wil l o w give a o

s s us n c ,
n n n
ther e ampl e x .

2 63 Fi d the pri c e o f eggs per sc ore when t e n more

. n
,

i h al f a c row s worth l owers the pri c e threepe c e per

’
n n n
s c ore .

Le t x d en ote t he n umb er o f pen c e in t he pri c e o f a

a:
s c ore of e ggs the e ach e gg c o ts 20 pe c e an d therefore
,
n s n

the n mb er of eggs whi c h ca be b o ght for h al f a c row

u n u n
6 0
a:
th at is 2 If the pri c e were threepen e c

per ore l ess e ach e gg wo l d c ost W pe ce an d the

sc ,
u n ,

numb er o f e ggs whi ch c o l d be b o ght for h al f a c ro wn u u

6 00
Therefore by suppos i tion
"

wo l d b e
u , ,
c 3 ”

6 00 6 00

therefore 6 0 (w

therefore x 3x 180 2
.

From thi s q adratic e quatio we sh ll obtai m 1 5 u n a n z

or —1 2 He c e the pri c e re q ire d i l sd per c ore It

. n u s . s .

wi ll be fo d th t 1 2d i the re l t o f the foll owi g p a

un a . s su n r

bl e m ; fi d the pri c e o f e ggs per c ore whe

n te f ez e s n n r r
in h al f a c rown s worth r a ises the pri c e threepe n c e per
’

SCO Y O .
 E X A M PLE S . X X VI I I . 179

EX M A PLE S XXVI II . .

1 i i de the n umb er 6 0 in t o two p ar ts such th at

. D v
their pro d t may b e 8 6 4 uc .

2 Th e s m o f two umb er is 6 0 an d the sum o f

. u n s ,

their sq re i 1 8 72 fi d the m ber

_

ua s s : n nu s.

3 Th e differe c e o f t wo n mb ers is 6 an d their pro

. n u
,
duct is 720 fi d the n mb ers : n u .

4 Fi d three n m bers such th at the se on d sh all b e

. n u c
two third of the fir t d the third h l f of the fir t ; d
-
s s ,
an a s an
th at the s m o f the s q re o f the m b ers sh l l b e 5 4 9
u ua s nu a .

5 Th e d i ffere e of two
. mb er is 2 an d the sum o f
nc nu s ,

their s q res is 2 4 4 fi d the mber

ua : n nu s.

6 D i i de the
. mb er 1 0 i to two p art
v c h th at
nu n s su
their pro d c t a dde d to the sum o f their s q are s may make
u u

76 .

7 . Fi d the
n n umb er whi ch a dd ed to its q r root
s ua e
w ill ma ke 2 1 0 .

8 . O n e n umb is 1 6 mer
ti e s a other ; an d th e pro duct n
of the er n u mb the n mb ers
s is 1 4 4 : fin d u .

9 O n e h dre d a d t e n bus hel s f c o al s were divi d e d

. un n o

am o g a c ert i
n mb er of poor per o s ; if e ac h p
a n nu s n e r so n
h d re c ei e d o e b shel more he wo l d h ave re c eive d
a v n u u as

m y bus hel s as there were pers o s fi d the n umber

an n : n

of per o s s n .

10 A c o mp n y di i g together t a i n fi d their
. a n n a n n n

bi l l m o t s to £ 8
a un two o f them were o t all owe d to
. n

p y a d the re t fo d th t their h re s am o te d to 1 0
, an s un a s a un
hill i gs a ma more th a if all h ad pai d fin d t h e n m b e r
'

s n n n : u

of m e in the c omp y
n an .

11 A c i ter
. ca b e s pplie d with w ter b y t w
s n no u a
pipe ; by o e of the m it wo ld b e fi ll e d 6 ho r oo er
s n u u s s n
th by the other d b y b oth together i 4 ho rs fi d
an ,
an n u : n
the ti me in which e ach pipe al on e would fill it .

12 -
2
 PR OB LE M S .

262 ol vi g probl em s it is ofte fou d as in Art 2 6 0

. In s n n n , .
,

th at re t r e obtai e d whi h d o n o t ppl y to the probl em

sul s a n c a
t ll y propo e d The re o appe r to b e th at the
ac ua s . as n a s ,

al ge b r i c l m o d e
a f e pre io is m ore ge er al th
a ordi o x ss n n an

n ry l
a g ge an d th uathe eq tio whi ch is a proper
an us ua n
repre e t tio of the c o ditio o f the probl em will l o
,

s n a n n ns a s

a pp l y to other o d itio E perie c e will c o i c e the

c n n s. x n nv n
t d e t th t he wi l l l ways b e b l e to s el e t the re l t
s u n a a a c su
whi ch b el o g to the probl e m he i ol i g A d it wi ll he
n s s s v n . n
ofte po ibl e by s it bl e ch a ge s i the e
n ss ,
i tion f the u a n n n un c a o
origi l probl em to form a n e w probl e m c orre po di g to
na , s n n
a y re s l t whi c h w
n u i pplic bl e to the origi al probl em ; as na a n

thi i i ll trate d i A rti l e 2 6 1 a d we wil l n o w give a o

s s us n c ,
n n
ther e ampl e x .

263 Fi d the pri c e o f eggs per score when t en more

. n ,

i h al f a c row s worth l ower the pri c e threepe c e per

’
n n s n
s c ore .

Le t x den ot e the n umb er o f pen c e in the pri c e o f a

s c ore o f e ggs the e ach e gg c o ts 57) pe c e n d therefore

,
n s n a

the n mb er of eggs whi ch ca be b o ght for h al f a c row

u n u n
m 6 00
th at is If the pri c e were t hreepe e nc

per ore l e ss ea ch e gg would c ost W pe c e an d the

sc ,
n ,

numb er of e ggs whi h c ould be b o g ht for h al f a c ro wn c u

6 0°
wo l d b e 0 3 Therefore by s pposition
‘

u ,
u ,
"

6 00 6 00
G

therefore 60 (i .

therefore a 1 80
’
L
.

From thi s qu adrati c e qu tio we h ll obtai 15 a n s a n 33 :

or —1 2 He c e the pri e re q ire d is 1 5 d per ore It

. n c u . sc .

will b e fo d th t 1 2d i the re l t of the foll owi g p d

un a . s su n r

bl e m ; fi d the pri c e f e ggs per c ore whe

n t e f we o s n n e r
in h l f a c rown s worth a ises the pri c e threepe c e per
’
a r n
sc ore .
 E X A M PLE S . X X VI I I .

12 per on b o ght a c ertai

. A mb er o f pi ec es o f
s u n nu

c l oth for £ 3 3 whi h he s ol d gai at £ 2 8 pe piec e

. c a n . 3. r
a d he g i e d as m h i the whol e as a si gl e pie c e c o t
,
n a n uc n n s :
fi d the n m ber of pie c e s o f c l oth
n u .

13 A a d B tog ether c perform a piec e o f work i

. n an n
1 4 % d y ; a d A al o e c
a s perform it i 1 2 d ys l e s
n n an n a s
th B al o e fi d the ti m e i whi c h A al o e can pe r
an n : n n n
form it .

14 A ma . b o ght a c ertai n q a tity o f m e t for

n u u n a
1 8 s hi ll i gs I f m e t were to ri e i pri c e o
n . pe y a s n ne nn
per lh he wo l d g t 3 l bs l ess for the sam e sum Fi d
.
,
u e . . n
h o w m c h m e at he b o ght
u u .

15 Th e pri e o f o e ki d of s g r per s to e o f 1 4 lb s
c n n u a n .

is 1 9 d m ore th that o f other ki d ; d 8 l bs l e s o f

.

3 . an an n an . s
the fir t ki d b e go t for £ 1 th an o f the s e c o d : fi d
.

s n c an n n
the pri e o f e a h ki d per to e
c c n s n .

16 A p er o
. pe t c ert i s m o f m o ey i goods
s n s n a a n u n n ,
whi h he ol d g i for £ 2 4 d g i e d m h per c e t
c s a a n ,
an a n as uc n .

as the g oo d s c o s t him fi d wh t the goo d s c o t : n a s .

17 The i de f a q are is 1 1 0 i ches l o g : fi d the

. s o s u n n n
e t a d bre dth o f re ct gl e whi h sh l l h e it
l ng h n a a an c a av s
peri eter 4 i he l o ger th th t f the q are a d its
m nc s n an a o s u ,
n
are a 4 qu a re i c he s l e s th a th t o f the quare
s n s n a s .

18 Fi d the pri c e of egg per doze whe two l e s in

. n s n, n s
a s hil l in g worth r i ses the pri e e pe y per d ozen
’
s a c on nn .

19 Two m e e gers A
. d B were de p at he d t the
ss n an s c a
s m e ti m e to
a pl e t the di tan c e f 9 0 mil e ; the
a ac a s o s
form er by ridi g e mi l e per ho r m ore th the l tter n on u an a
arri e d t the e d o f h is jo r ey o e ho r before him : fi d
v a n u n n u n
at wh at r te per ho r e a c h tra ve ll e d
a u .

20 A per o re t a c ertai n
. mb er o f acre o f p
s n n s nu s as
t re l d for £ 7 0 he k eep 8 c re in h i o wn po s e io
u an s a s s s ss n,

an d s bl et s the re m i der a t 5
u hil l i g per a m ore th an a n s n s cr e
he g ve an d th he c overs h is re t an d h as £ 2 e v
a ,
us n er :
fi n d the n m b er of ac re s u .
 XA M PLES XX VI I I E 181 . .

21 From t wo pl c es at a di t ce o f 3 20 mil es two

. a s an ,

perso s A d B e t o t i order to meet e ac h other

n an s u n

A t a e l l e d 8 m i l e s a d ay m ore th a B ; d the mb er o f
.

'

r v n an nu
d y i whi ch the y m e t wa s e q al to h l f the n umb er o f
a s n u a
m il e s B we t i a day Fi d h o w far e ac h travell e d b efore
n n . n
they me t .

22 A pers on drew a q a t ity o f wi n e fro m a f ll ve s sel

. u n u
whi ch held 8 1 gal l o a d the fill e d p the ve el with n s, n n u ss

w ter He the drew from the mi t re m h a be

a . n x u as uc s
b efore drew o f p re wi e ; a d it wa s fo d th t 6 4 gall o n s
u n n un a
o f p u re win e re main e d Fi d how m ch he drew e ach tim e . n u .

23 A c er tai c omp a y o f s ol dier s can b e for m e d i t o

. n n n
a s ol i d s q re ; a b tt lio c o si ti g o f seve s h eq al
ua a a n n s n n uc u
c om p ie s c a b e form e d i to a holl ow q are the m en
an n n s u ,

b ei g fo r d eep
n Th e hol l ow s qu are for m e d by the b at
u .

t al io i si teen ti me s as l arge as the ol i d s q are form ed

n s x s u

by o e c om p an y Fi d the
n m b er of m e i the c o mp a y
. n nu n n n .

'
24 There a e three eq al ve s els A B an d C ; t h e
. r u s , ,
first c on t i s w ater the s ec o d b ran dy a d the third
a n ,
n ,
n

bra dy an d water
n If the c o te ts f B d C be p t
. n n o an u

together it i fo d th t the fr tio ob t i ed by di idi g

s un a ac n a n v n
the q tity of br dy by the q tity of w ter i i e
,

u an an u an a s n n
tim e g re t
s if the o te t f A d 0 h d b ee
as a as c n n s o an a n
tre ted i l ik e m er Fi d the preportio o f b ra dy to
a n an n . n n n
w ter i the ve el C
a n ss .

25 A pers o l e ds £ 5 000 a t a c er tai rat e o f i n te res t ;

. n n n
a t the e d f a y e a r he re c ei e h i i tere t spe d £ 2 5 o f
n o v s s n s ,
n s
it d add the remai d er to h i c apit l ; he the l e ds
, an s n s a n n
h is c apit l a t the s m e r ate o f i tere t b efore d at
“

a a n s as ,
an
the d o f a other y e ar fi ds th t he h as al together
en n n a
£ 5 3 8 2 d etermi e the r ate o f i tere st
: n n .
 S IM UL TA N E G US E QUA TION S

X XIX . S imu l t a n e ous E qu a ti on s o

i n v l v in g Q uad r a t ics .

2 64We sh all n o w s ol e om e e m pl es f si m l tan e v s xa o u

e q tio s i ol i g q dr tic There e two as es
.

ous ua n nv v n ua a s . ar c

o f fre q e t o cc rre c e for whi h r l e

u n u b gi e ; i n c u s c an e v n n

b oth the e es there e two k ow q a tities d two

.

s c as ar un n n u n an
e q a tio s The k own q titie s wil l al w ys b e den ote d
u n . un n uan a

by t he l ett e r s v a d y . n .

26 5 . ppo se th t o e o f the e quatio

Fi r s t Ca se . Su a n ns

is o f the firs t d egree a d the other f the e c o d d egree ,

n o s n .

R le u Fr o m th e eq tio of th e fi t d egr ee fi d t h e
. ua n rs n
v l e
a u f e ith e f th e
o kn o w q t i t ie i
r te m
o
f un n ua n s n r s o
th e o th er a d bs tit te th i a l ue in th e eq ua tion of
,
n su u s v
th e s ec o d d egr ee n .

Exam pl e S ol ve 3 4y 18 . S y 2 x , a z: .

18 3v
From the first e qu tion y ti t u t e thi s
-
.

a : subs
4
val u e i the se c on d e quation ; therefore
n

therefore 2 owz 9x 2
8

therefore 5 4x 8 .

From this q u ad a r t i c e q ation we u fin d v =

. 2 or

the n by sub s ti tutin g in t h e val ue o f y we fi nd =

y 3 or

26 6 o ve 3 w + 5 x —8 y = 3 6
. S l — 3x — 4
y 3
2
,
z .

Here l tho gh n either o f the given e q tion s is o f the

a u ua
firs t d egree et we ca i mme di at ely de d c e from them an
equation o f tIye first degree
,
n u
.
 S I M UL TA N E O US E QUA TI N S O
From thi s quadrati c e quation we sh ll ob tai n v = 2 o 3 a r
I n the e q tio n thus
.

2
(1 ua p t 2 f r x u o v
a : d i c e y = x we h a e y = 4
an s n A ga in i the v , v £ .
, n
sa m e e q atio p t 3 for v
u th a n J2 an d si c e
u us : 4 n

y = x we h ave
v ,

O we mi ght pro c ee d th s
r mul tiply t h e firs t o f the u :

g ive n equa tio s by 2 ; th s n u

2x 2 + 2 x y + 4 312 : 8 8

the sec o equ ation isnd xy y 1 (3 ?

,

B y s b tr ac tion u 3y 72 therefore y 24 vy
2
,
?
. .

A gai m l tipl y the s e c on d eq atio n by 2 a d sub tr a c t

n, u u n
the first eq tio ; th s ua n u

3 3 xy 12 x therefore x cy 4
2 2: ‘
. .

Hen c e by mul tipl i catio n

,

£0
2
21
2
( 24 we ) (we
2:3 2y 2 2 8 x 31

By ol i g this q adra ti c we obt i

s v n u a n v
.
y = 8 or 6 . S ub
s titut e the form er i the give e qua tio n n ns ; th us

2 2 2=
x 2y 3 6, y 24 .

Hen c e we can fin d x
2
an d y
2
. i i r
S m la l y we may ta ke the
other val e o f my u ,
an d the n
2
fin d x an d y g
.

2 68 . o ve 2x
S l 2
+ 3 xy y
2z
7 0, 6 402 + xy —y ? = 5 0 .

A s su me y = x v ,
an d subs tit t e for y ; thus
u

2
x (2 x2 (6 + v
T herefore by divi io s n

2
2 + 3v+ v 70 7
6 + v — v2
’
50 5

therefore
therefore 1 2 v2 8 1: 32 0

therefore 3v 2
2v 8z0 .
 IN VO L VIN G Q UAD R A T I CS . 185

From thi s quadratic equ tio we sh all fi a n nd v or -

2 .

In

v
. : 3 ;
the eq
4 an
ua

d i c e y = v we h a e y
tion
24
s n
thus
Th e v al e v. v
p ut
: 4
for
.
v ;

u
v = 2 we h l l fi d to b i
-
ppl i cabl e for it l ead to the
s a n e na s
i dm i ibl e re l t
na ss 0 z 70 I f t the e q tio
su from
a}
?
x . n ac ua ns
whi ch the l u e o f v wa obtai e d m y be writte thus
va s n a n ,

an d he e we nc se e th t the v l e o f v foun d from 2 + v = 0

a a u
is i appl i cabl e
n ,
an d th a t we an o l y h e c n av

Z an d therefore v
3 —v
’
50 5

269 tio s may b e propo e d whi c h do n o t fall

. E qua n s
un der either o f the two c e whi h we h a e di c ed as s c v s us s ,

b t whi h m y b e ol e d by
u c t ifi ce s whi c h
a o ly be
s v ar c an n

s gge s te d by tri al an d e perie c e

u We will give s ome x n .

e ampl es
x .

2 70 S ol ve . x +y 5 x + y = 65 z
,
3 3
.

65
B y divis io n,
5
2 2=
x vy
.
y 13

then from thi s equ tio c ombi e d wi th x + y = 5 we can a n n

fi d a a d y by the fir t c as e
n n O r we may c ompl ete the s .

s o l u tio n thus ,

x +y z 5

s qu a re x
2
2x y y
2
25
o Al s x — y +y = l 3
2
x
2

Therefore by sub t ra ctio n ,

3 ,
xy 12
therefore vy = 4 ; .

therefore 4x y 16

S b tr ac t ( 3 ) fr om ( 1 ) thus
u

2
2x y y 9
e tract the square root
x ,
v
.
y 4 3 .
186 S IM ULTA N E O US E QUA TI ON S .

We h ave n o w t o fin d v . an d y from the simpl e equation s

3: y z i 3
thes e l ead t o
271 S ol ve x + y = 4 l
. v y = 20
2 2
,
. .

The s e e qua tio s ca b e ol e d b y the s e c on d cas e ; o

n n s v r
they m y b e ol e d i the man n er j us t e em plified Fo r
a s v n x .

we c a de d ce from them
n u

2
a + y 2 + 2x y = 4 l

x
2
+ y z— 2 x y = 4 1 —4 0 = 1
;
then by e x tra cti ng the s q re root s ua ,

v —y
.
z 4 1 .

An d t hus fin all y we s h all obt ai n

or 4 4, y = 4 4 or =
h 5 .

2 72 . o e
S lv a;
‘
2 '“
v 4
.
-
l y
-
4
133 .

4
a + x 2y 2 + y4 13 3
By d ivision ,
19
’

th at is , w —x y B '
z
-
Fy z
l
We h ave n o w to s ol ve the e qua tions
Z
x

By a dd itio n an d s ub tract ion we ob tain s u cc ss e ively

2 2: =6
x + y 13, vy
. .

T he pro ceedi
n n g as in A r t 2 7 1 , . we h all fin d s

we S or 4 2, y = = 2 or 4 3 h .

2 73 . o ve
S l x v
.
5 —y 5 z 24 2 .

x
5 —y 5 24 2
B y di vis ion , — 2
.

v
.
y

—
x y=2 ;
x2 —2 x
2=
y +y 4
x + y = 23 y + 4
2 2
188 E XA M PLE S .
'

X
. XI X .

x+J _
2, x y = ab .

a b

2,

d 2
+ evy = 2 8 , xy — gz
3
y .

2
y + xy z 3 6 .

2x2 — x y z 5 6, 2xy — y 2 r 4 8 -
.

—2 x 15, wy — 2y 2 = 7
.
y z .

v +v
2
y
—6 2:
21, —2 = 4. 9
. .
y ay y
2
x + 3 xy = 5 4 , xy + 4y2 = 1 15 .

—
x +y x y 5 x
?
y
2=
90
v —y
’ .

. v
. +y 2
2 2

z7
v +
. . 25
— wy = 4 8
z 2 , o

z _

w+ y v
.
—y 10
$2 y
2=
3
v —
_
0

.
y v
. +y 3

y (2 v
2
x .

2x 2 2d 2 + 4 x y = 5 y .

x + v — a2+ 1
y .
y
x2 + y
2z
b3
v —y
.
’
. v +y
. a

2 2 z
x + y
2:
a + b .

x +
2
2x y y
2=
a
2
+ 2a —1 ,
—
( a y)
v
.
—
y =2
,
a3 —y3 = 1 5 2 .
 PR O B LE M S .

X XX . Pr oblem s wh ich l ea d to Q a d r a tic E q ua tio n s

u
wi th m or e th a n o n e u n kn ow n qu t ity an .

274 here is a c ert ai mb er f two digit ; the sum

T n nu o s

o f the s q res o f the digit i e q l to the mber i

.

ua s s ua nu h

c re a e d b y the pro d c t o f it
s d i git s ; d if thirty i b e
u s an s x
-

dd e d to the mb er the digit a e rever s e d : fi d the

'

a nu s r n

nu mb er .

Le t a: de ote the digit i the te s p l ac e a d y the

’
n n n ,
n

di git i the it s pl c e The t h mber i 1 0 + y ; a d

’
n un a . n e nu s v
. n

if the digit b rever e d we obt i 1 0y + z Therefore by

s e s a n a ,

su ppo sitio we h ave n,

From (2) we obt in9y = 950 + 3 6 ; therefore y = x + 4

a .

S b st i tut e in
u th s u

therefore x 7x + 1 2 0 2
.

From thi s q adr tic e q ation we obtai = 3 o r 4 ;

u a u n v
.

a d therefore y = 7 o r 8
n He e the re q ire d n mber . nc u u

m t b e either 3 7 o 4 8 ; e c h o f the e n umb ers sati sfies

us r a s
al l the c on ditio s o f the probl e m n .

2 75 . t r fro the foot o f a moun tain to

A man s a ts m
w k to
al it
it s s u m m r te f w l ki g d ri g the
His a . o a n u n
e o h f the t e h f mil e p r ho r l e th n
s c nd al o f dis an c is al a e u ss a
r te ri the fir t h f
h is a d u n g s he re che the s mm it i
al , a n d a s u n

55 ho r He e e
u s . ho r s by w lki g t
d sc n ds in 3 5} i u a n a a un
for r te whi h
m a , c ie ho r m ore th h i rate
is o n e m l p e r u an s
ri the fir t h
du n g s the e t Fi d the di stan c e to
alf o f asc n . n
the it r te of w i g
s u mm , an d h is a s alk n .

Le t 2a: d e ote the n mb er f m il e s to the sum m it

n d u o ,
a n
s ppo se th at d uri g the fir st h al f o f the as c e t the m
u n n an
 E XA M PLE S . XXX .

EX AMPLES . XX X .

The um o f the q re s o f t wo mb ers is 1 70 an d

1 . s s ua nu ,
the differe ce o f the ir sq res i 7 2 fi d the umb ers
n ua s : n n .

2 Th e pro d c t o f t wo
. mb er i 1 08 a d their s um
u nu s s ,
n

is t wi c e their di ffere n c e : fin d the n u mb er s .

3 Th e pro duc t o f two umb er s is 1 9 2 an d t h e sum o f

. n ,
their sq re i 6 4 0 : fi d the mb ers
ua s s n nu .

4 Th e pro d c t o f t wo
. mb er is 1 28 a d the differ
u nu s ,
n
e c e o f their sq are s is 1 9 2 fi d the umbers
n u : n n .

5 Th e pro d c t o f two n mb er is 6 ti m es their sum

. u u s ,

a d t h e s m of their s q are s i 3 2 5 : fi d the n m b ers

n u u s n u .

6 Th e pro d c t o f two
. mb er i 6 0 ti m e their differ
u nu s s s
e c e a d the sum o f their s q re i 2 44 : fi d the m b ers
n ,
n ua s s n nu .

7 Th e s m of two
. mb ers is 6 ti m e their di ffere c e
u nu s n ,
a d their p r o duc t e c ee ds their s m by 2 3 : fi d the n um
n x u n

b ers .

8 Fi d two n mbers c h th t twi c e the fir t with

. n u su a s
three ti m es the s ec o d m y m ake 6 0 d twic e the q re n a , an s ua

o f the firs t with three ti m e s the s q are o f the e c o d m ay u s n

m ke 8 4 0
a .

9 Fi d two n mbers s ch th at their differe c e mul ti

. n u u n
pl ie d i to the d i ffere e o f their sq re hall mak e 3 2
n nc ua s s ,

an d their s m m l tip l ie d i to t h e sum o f their s q are s

u u n u
sh l l m ak e 2 7 2
a .

10 Fi d two n mbers such th at their differe c e adde d

. n u n
to the differe c e o f their s q ares m y m ake 1 4 a d their
n u a ,
n
sum a dd e d t o the s m o f their q ares m y m ke 2 6 u s u a a .

11 Fi d two mbers s ch th at their pro d t i e q l

. n nu u uc s ua
to their s m a d their sum added to the sum of their
u , n
s quare s e q ual to 1 2 .
 E XA M PLE S . X XX .

12 Fi d two um b ers su ch th at th eir s m in c eas e d

n n u r

by their pro d c t i e qual to 3 4 ; an d the s um o f their

.

u s
s quare s d im i is he d by the ir sum e q al to 4 2
n u .

13 Th e differe c e o f two
. m b er s is 3 nd t he dif
n nu , a
feren c e o f their c ub es i 2 7 9 : fi d the n mb ers s n u .

14 The sum o f two n umb er s is 2 0 an d the sum o f

.
,
their cub e s is 2 24 0 fin d the n mbers
‘

: u .

15 A c ert i re ct gl e c o t ai s 3 00 s qua re fee t ; a

. a n an n n

s e c o d re c tan gl e is 8 feet s hort er a d 1 0 feet b ro a d er

n ,
n ,

an d l o c o tai s 3 00 q are feet : fi d the l e n gth a d

a s n n s u n n

b re adth of the fir s t re c t a gl e n .

16 A pers o b o ght two pie ce s o f cl oth o f d iffere t

. n u n

s ort ; the fi er ost 4 hill ing y ar d m ore th n the

s n c s s a a

c o r er
a s d he bo ght 1 0 y r d m ore of the c o rs er th
,
an u a s a an
o f the fi er Fo the fi er pie e he p i d £ 1 8 n d for the
n . r n c a ,
a

c o a rs er pie c e £ 1 6 Fin d the umb er o f y rds in e a ch piece

. n a .

17 A ma h
. to tra vel a ert ai di stan c e ; a d whe
n as c n n n
he h as tra vel l e d 4 0 mil e s he i creas es h is pee d 2 m il e s n s
per ho r If he h d tra ell e d with h i i reas e d sp ed
u . a v s nc e
d ri g the whol e f hi jo r ey he wo l d h e rrive d 4 0
u n o s u n u av a
m i te e rli er ; b t if he h d c o ti e d t his ori gi l
nu s a u a n nu a na
s pee d he wo l d h e rri e d 2 0 m i te s l ter Fi d th e
u av a v nu a . n

whol e di st c e he h ad to tr ave 1 an d h is origin al spee d

an , .

18 A . m b er o i ti g of two di gits h a o e d e c im al
nu c ns s n s n
pl c e ; the difi
a e o f the q e of the digit i 2 0 d
er en c s u ar s s s an
if the digit s b revers e d the sum o f the two umb ers is 1 1 1
,

e , n
fin d the m ber nu .

19 A per o n b y a q
. tity of whe t whi h he s ell s
s u s u an a c
s o t o g i 5 per e t
as a n h i o tl y d th s c l e r £ 1 6
c n . on s u a , an u a s ~

I f he h d ol d it t a g i o f 5 hi ll i g per q rter he
s a a a n s n s ua ,
wo l d h ve cl e re d as m y po d
u a a e h q rter o t an un s as ac ua c s
h im hil l i g s fi d how m a y qu rter s he b o ght an d
n s : n n a u ,
wh at e ac h quarter c o t s .

20 d workme A a d B were e mpl oy e d by the

. n, n ,
d y t d iffere t rate ; A at the e d o f
a a n c ert i sn mb er n a a n u
bf days re c eive d £ 4 l 6 s b ut B who was ab s e t si . of .
, ,
n x

T A .
 XA M PLE S XXX E . .

thos e days re ceive d o l y £ 2 1 4 3 I f B h ad worked the

,
n . .

whol e tim e a d A h d b ee ab e t ix day they wo l d

,
n a n s n s s, u
h e rec eive d e ctl y lik e Fi d the n umber o f days
av xa a . n
,
a d wh at e ac h w s p ai d per day
n a .

21 Two tr i s s tart t the sam e tim e fro m t wo towns

. a n a
a d e a c h pro c ee d s t a u i form r te towa r d the other
,
n a n a s
town Whe they m eet it is fo d th t e tr i h as un
. n un a on a n r
1 08 mi l e s m ore th a the other a d th t if they c o tin e n ,
n a n u
to u t the sam e rate they wi l l fi i h the jou rn ey i 9 a d
r n a n s n n
1 6 ho rs re spe c tivel y
u Fi d the dist an c e b etween the . n
t o wn a d the r tes of the trai s
s n a n .

22 A d B a
. two t own s sit ated 1 8 mil e s apart o n
an re u
the am e ba k o f a ri er A m a goe from A to B i
s n v . n s n
4 hou r b y rowi g the fir s t h l f of the di t
s, c e an d w l ki g
n a s an a n
the s ec o d h al f I ret r i g he wal ks the fir t h al f t
n . n u n n s a
the sam e rate as b efore b t the tre am b ei g with h im he ,
u s n
,
rows 1 5 m il e per ho r m ore th an in goi g an d a e om
s u n , c

p li h e the who l e di st a c e in 3 5 hours

s s Fin d h is rates o f n .

wal kin g a d rowin g n .

23 A an d B r u a r a c e rou d a two m il e c our s e

. I n n . n
the fir t heat B re che the wi i g po s t 2 m i te b efore
s a s nn n nu s

A . I the e c o d he t A i c re e hi s peed 2 m i l e per

n s n a n as s s s
ho r a d B d im i i he h i
u ,
n m h; d A the rri e
n s s s as uc an n a v s

a t the wi i g po t two m in te b efore B Fin d at what

nn n s u s .

rate e ach m r an i the fir t he at an n s .

24 T w tr a el l ers A a d B s e t o u t fro m two pl ace s

. o v ,
n , ,

P d Q an t the m e ti m e ; A t rt s fro m P with the

,
a sa s a
d e ig to p s thro gh Q
s n d B t rts fro m Q
a s d tr e lu ,
an s a an av s
i the am e d ire tion
n s A Whe A o ertook B it was c as . n v
fo d th t they h d together tra el l e d thirty m il e s th t
un a a v , a
A h d p a ed thro gh Q fo r ho r b efore d th t B t
a ss u u u s ,
an a ,
a
h is r te o f tra e l l i g wa i e ho r jo r ey di sta t fro m ’
a v n , s n n u s u n n
P Fi d the di s tan c e be twee n P an d Q
“

. n .
 IN V L O UTI ON .

T hus ,
fo r e xampl e ,

2 3 z 4 6 z
a b o3 4
8 12
(
2 3 3 6 9 4
(a b ) a b; a b) a b ) a b0 ;
2 3 6 20 2 3 6 6 6 12 18 6 12 1 8
(2a b c )
1 0 15
“ 6 0 9 a b c ; 2 611 5 0 6 4 61 17 0 0

28 0 R ul fo r b a n n g an y
. e o ti i power o f a f ac tion R a i e r . s
o
b th th e n u m er a t r a n d d en m in a t o o o t o th a t p ower a d r ,
n
o
g i ve th e p r p e r s ign to th e r es u l t .

Thi s foll ow s fro m A r t . 145 . Fo r e x am pl e ,

4 4 8 8
2 a 1 6a
4 "
3 17
4
8 1b

28 1 . S m o e e x ampl es o f I vol tion in the n u cas e of

o
bin m ia l exp r ess i o s h ave al re ady b ee
n give n n . Se e
r
A t s 8 2 an d 88
. . Th s u

2
2a b + b ,
3 3 z 3
(a b) r a 3u b 3 a b2 b .

Th e t e t may fo e erc i s e ob tain the fourth fift h

s ud n r x ,

an d s i th power s o f a + b I t will be fo d th at
x . un

3 2 2 3 ‘
(a b) 4
a
4
4a b 6a b 4 ab b,
s 4 2 2 3 4 5
(a b) 5
a 5a b 1 0a b 3
1 0a b 5 ab b .

2 ’ “
(a b) 6
a
6
6a b
5
15 a b 4
2 Oa b 3 3
l5a b 4
6c 5 b .

i e
I n l k man n er the foll owi ng re s l ts m ay b e obt ain e d
u :
'
2= 3
( a b) a 2a b + b
3 2
(a b) a
3
3a b 3 a b2 b, "

4 = a4
(a b) 4a b 3
Ga g g
b 4 a b3 b‘,
5'3 “ s
(a
5 4
b) a 5a b 1 0a b 3 2
1 0a b 5 ab b .

(a
6 s s 5 6
-
b a Ga b 15 a b " 2 2 0a b 3 3
Ga b b

Th s i the re l t obt i ed f the power o f a b

u n su s a n or s ,
where y dd power of b o
an o r the eg ti e ig i pre c cu s , n a v s n s
fi ed
x d th an y power f b cus b e i m m e di tel y
an o a an a
d e d ce d fro m the
u m e power o f a + b b y c h a gi g t h e sa ,
n n

si gn s o f the t er ms whi ch in vol v e t he o dd power s o f b .

 I N VO L U TI O N . 1 97

e t will s ee here fter that by th e aid

Q '

28 2 . Th e s ud n
t a ,
o f a theore m call e d the B i o m ial T h e o e m y power n r ,
an
o f a b i o mi al e pre io can be ob tai e d without th e
n x ss n n
labo ur o f ac t al m l tipl i catio u u n .

2 83 . Th e m ul a gfor e ive
n in A rti l e 28 1 m ay b e u se d c
in the way we a al h ve re
a dy e p i ed i A r t 84 S p
x la n n . . u

o se for e ,
xam l , we pe
qu re ire the fo rth power o f 2x — 3 y u .

n the for m ul a for

(a b) put 2 x
4
for an d 3 y for b ; thu a, s,

“ 4 3
3 y) ( 59
2 4 ( 25 06 9 ) 6 4 (2 3 96 9 ?
4 2
1 6x 9 6x y 3 2 1 6x y 2
2 1 6xy 3 8 1 y4 .

2 84 wi . ea ily see t h at we ca ob tai re q ire d

It ll b e s n n n u
resul ts o tio by differe t proc e e S ppos e f r
in I n v l u n n ss s . u ,
o
e ampl e th at we req ire the i th power o f + b We
x ,
u s x a .

m y o bt i th i by repe ate d m l tipl i catio by a + b

a a n s O u n . r
we m y fir st fi d the c b e f + b
a nd the the q are o f u o a ,
an n s u
thi re s l t ; i c e the q re of ( + b) i ( +
s u s n O we s ua a 3
s a r
my fi t fi d the q are o f a + b d the the b e f thi s
a
‘

rs n s u ,
an n cu o
re l t ; i c e the c b e of (a b) is (
su s n I l ike m
u er 2
a n an n
the eighth power o f a + b m y b fo d b y t k i g the a e un a n
s q are o f ( + b) 4
u by t k i g the fo rth power f
a ,
or a n u o

28 5 S om e e m pl e s of I ol tion i the cas e o f

. xa nv u n
tr i omi l e p r e io
n a h ave al re ady been given Se e
x ss ns .

A rts 8 5 a d 8 8
. Th s n . u

he e for e
T s mul a may b e us d in man n x l a n d in e the er e p i e
A r t 84 . Su ppo e for e
s ,
. xam l , qu (1 p e we re ire
In the for for
m ul a u t 1 fo r a —2x fo r b, an d
p ,
3x 2
for th
0; us we o ti
b an

(1 2x 3x 2 ?
)
-
2x)2 + ( 3 a z)z 2x ) 2(

1 + 4 x 2 + 9 x 4 —4 x — 1 2x 3 + 6 x 2
1 -
4 x + 1 0x 2 —1 2x3 + 9x 4 .
 E XA M PLES XXX] . .

Si mi l arly, we h ave
(1
2 "
2x + 3 x )
13 2x )3 ( 3 x ?) 3
3 2x 3 x 2) 3 2
2x ) ( l 3 x ?) 3 (3 x 2 2
) (1 2x )

3 6
1 8x 2 7x
3 — 2x + 3x 2
) + 1 2 x
2
( 3 )
1 + x 2
2 7x 4
( 1 —2x ) —3 6 a
s

1 —6 x + 2 1 x 2 —4 4 x 3 + 6 3 x4 — 5 4 x 5 l 2 7x “ -
.

286 foun d by observation th at the square o f an y

. I t is
mul ti o i e pre io may b obtai ed by either o f t w
n m al x ss n e n o
r l e T ke for e ampl e (a b c d) It will b e fo d
u s . a ,
x ,
2
. un
that this

an d this may b e obtain e d by the foll owi g rul e ; th e squa e n r

f
o an y m l ti o m i l e p e io
u con s i t
n f th e q ua r e of
a x r ss n s s o s
ea c h t e m t oge th er with t wice th e p r od c t of e e r y p a i r
r ,
u v
o f t er m s .

A ga i we may put the re sul t i this form

n, n

(a b c d) i

this may be obt i e d by the fol l owi g r l e ; th e s qu r e

an d a n n u a

f a y m l t i m ia l e p
o n i u o s i t f th e q e f
no x r e ss o n c n s s o s ua r o
ach te m
e t oge th wi th t wice th e p o d c t of ea h te r m
r ,
er r u c
by th e s um o f a ll th e t e r m s wh ich f o l lo w it .

EX AM PLES . X XXI .

s
1 . u
(at n t
-
. 2 .

3 .
2 00 EV L O UTI ON .

XXXII . E v l u ti o o n .

287 vo tio is the i verse o f I vol tion ; so th t

. E lu n n n u a
E vol tio u the m etho d o f fi di g y propo e d root o f
n is n n an s
a gi e v n er o e pre ion I t i s l to e mpl oy t h
n u mb r x ss . s u ua e
word ex t ac t n d it d eri tive i o e io with the
r a s va s n c nn x n
word oot ; thus for e mpl e t e tr ac t th sq ua e oo t
r xa o x e r r
me ans the sam e thi g to fi d th e q r e r o o t
, ,

n as n s ua .

I the pre e t Ch apter we h al l b egi b y tati g th ree

n s n s n s n
simpl e c o e q e c e o f the R l e f S ig we h al l the
ns u n s u o n s, s n
co nsid er i e io the e trac tio o f the roots f s impl e
n suc c ss n x n o
e pre io s the e tr c tion o f the q re root o f c om po d
x ss n ,
x a s ua un
e pres io
x d s m b ers d the e trac tion o f the c b e
n s an nu , an x u
root o f c ompo d e pre io s a d mb ers un x ss n n nu .

2 88 A y e e r oo t of a p o it ive q u a n tity m a y be
. n v n s
e ith e p osi t ive o
r eg t i r n a ve .

Thus for e m pl e a , a a d —a = a
xa
; there ,
x a :
2
, n a x
g

fore the s q are root o f a 13 e ther a o r

u th at i either 2
1 _
a, s,

2 89 . An y o dd r o t o o f a qu a n t ity h as th e sa me s ign
as t h e q ua n t i ty .

Thu s , fo r x am l e pe , t
he cub e roo t o f a 3
is a , an d th e cu b e
r oot of — a 3 is —a .

2 90 . Th er e ca n be n o e ve n r oot of a n ega t ive q ua n t ity .

h
T u s, fo r x am l , e
p e there c a b e o s qu are root o f ; n n a
2

fo r if an y qu an tit
y b e mul tipl ie d by itsel f t h e r esul t i s
o
a p si t i ve q u antit
y .

Th e fac t th t there c an b e n o eve n root o f a n ega ti e

a v
qua tity i om eti m e e pre e d by c al li g s ch a root an
n s s s x ss n
'

u
i mp o ibl e q ss t i ty o im g i y q a t i ty
ua n r an a nar u n .

291 R l e for o b t i i g an y root o f a i m pl e in teg ral

. u a n n s
e pre io
x D i v i d e th e i d x f e e r y f t o r i
ss n. th e n e o v ac n
e p es i o
x r by th es m be r d e o ti ng th e r oo t a n d g ive
n n u n ,

th e p r op er ign t o th e r es l t s u .
 E V L UTI O ON 2 01

T hus ,
fo r e xampl e , J( 1 6 a b)
2 4
J (4
2
a
2
b) 4 4 4 ab”
6 2 3 4
)
3 9 ‘2
6 9 u
8a b 0 ) 2/ 2 a bc 2a b c .

s e sa m) e
J ew s e a n
e
R ul fo r b ai n n g an y
292 of a o t i root fraction Fi d . n

o or a n d give th e
.

th e r oo t of th e n u m e r a t o r a n d den m inat ,
r o e r sign t o t h e r es u l t
p p .

Fo r e xampl e ,

ppo s e we re q ire the c b e root of In this

2
2 93 . Su u u a .

c as e the i d e 2 i n o t di i i bl e b y the umb er 3 whi c h

n x s v s n
the re q ired root ; d we have at pre e t o
u an , s n ,
n
other m o d e o f e pre i g the re l t th i/ S im il rly
x ss n su an a
z
. a ,

Ja i/ c a ot t pre e t b e otherwi e e xp r e e d
s s
‘
J
. a, . ,
a ,
nn , a s n ,
s ss .

S h quan titie a e call e d

uc rd o
s i r ti o l q tities su s r rra n a u an
a d we h all c ons i der the m i the n e t two Ch pter s
n s n x a .

2 94 We n o w pro c ee d to the m etho d o f e tracti g th e

. x n

q re root o f a c o m poun d e pre io

s ua x ss n.

The s qua re root o f 2 ab b i b ; a d we sh al l b e

a
2 2
s a
“

n
l e d t o a ge er l r l e for the e tr tio
n a u f the s q are root x ac n o u
o f a y c o mpo
n d e pre io b y o b s ervin g the man n er i
un x ss n n

whi ch + b may be deri e d from a + 2 b b

a v
2
a
2
.

A rran ge the terms ac c ord a 2 b b \a 6 2

a
2

i g to the dim e io s o f o e
.

n ns n n 2
a
l etter a ; the the fir t term is n s
a
2
a n
,
d it s q re root i ss a ua
2 “ b) 2 b b
,
a
2

whi ch is the fir t term f the s o

re q ired root S btract its
u . u

q are th t is a from the whol e e p e ssm and brin g

2
s u ,
a , x r n,
d ow the re m ai der 2 ab + b
n D ivi d e 2 a b by 2 a a d t h e
n
2
.
,
n

q oti e t is b whi h i the other term o f the re q i re d root

u n , c s u .

T k e twi c e the fir t term a d dd the e c o d term th t i

a s n a s n ,
a s,
t k e 2 + b ; mul tiply this by the ec o d term th at i by b
a a s n ,
s ,

a d sub tra c t the pro d ct th a t is 2 a b b fro m the re main ”

n u , ,

de r This finishes the operatio in the pres en t case

. n .
202 EV L O UTI ON .

If there were more t er ms we shoul d pro cee d wi th a + b

as we did form erl y with re th at is a + 2 ab + b 2
; it s q
2
a s ua , ,
h as l re dy b ee b tr c te d fro m the prepo e d e pre io
,

a a n su a s x ss n,
so we ho ld divid e the rem i der by 2 ( + b) for a n e w
s u a n a
term i the root The for e w s btr he d we m l tiply
n . n a n u a n u
the s m f 2 (a + b) a d t h e n e w term by the e w term
u o n ,
n .

The proc ess mus t be c on ti u e d u til the requi re d root n n

is fo n d
u .

295 . Exam l p es .

4 x2 1 2xy 9g2 ( 2x 3y

4 x + 3 y ) 1 2x y + 9 y 2

1 2x y + 9 y 2

—2oxs —3 0x
(
2
4x 4 -
1 3 7x
- -
l 9
-
2x2 5x +3

2
4x 2
5 x) 2 0x ?
3 7x 3 ox 9
2 Ox s 25 x2

4 x2 l ox + 3 ) 1 2 x 2 — 3 0x + 9

1 2x 2 —3 0x 1 9 -

2 2 4
(
3
x 4 4x y 1 0x y 1 2xy 3 931 x
?
2x y
4
x

2 3 3
2x 2xy ) 4x y 1 2x y 9g 4

'
4 x y33
4 x 9y 2

)
? 2 2
2x2 4 xy 3g 6x 1 2x y 3 9 g4
3 “
1 2x y 9y
2 04 EV L O UTI ON .

exac tly . We so m etim es fin d su c an h e x am pl e as the foll ow

in g propose d ; fin d four ter ms o f th e squ ar e roo t o f 1 —2x .

—x
1 — 2x
k l

2 —x ) — 2x
— 2x +x
2

2 -
2x
l

2 —2 x —x 2

5 s
x
x3 +x +
4 —
2 4

4 5 6
5x x x

4 2 4

5 6
x x
Th we h ave a remai n der
A

us
4 2 4
fi n di n fo u r terms o f the ar e roo t o f 1 —2 x; u an d s o we
g q s
4 5 6
2 5x x x
kn o w t h at —x x
—— = 1 —2 x + —
2 2 1

2 99 The pre c e di g i vestigatio of the square roo t o f

. n n n
an A l geb i l e pre io wi ll e bl e
ra ca x t o d e m o ns tra t e
ss n na us
the r l e whic h i gi e i A rithm eti c for the e trac tio n o f
u s v n n x
the s q are root f
u m b er o a nu .

Th e s q are root o f 1 00 is 1 0 the s quare roo t o f 1 0000

u ,

is 1 00 the q re root o f 1 000000 is 1 000 a d o o

, s ua he c e ,
n s n n

i t foll ow s th t the q are root o f a

a ,
mb er l e ss th an
s u nu
must c o n si st o f o n ly o n e fi gure the s quare root o f a ,
 EV L O UTI ON 2 05

n umbe r be tween 1 00 a d 1 0000 o f two pl ac es o f figur es o f n

,
a n umb er b etwee 1 0000 an d 1 000000 o f three p l ac e s o f
n
fig e ur d so o
s, a n If the a poi t b e pl ac e d over every
n. n n
s e c o d fig re i a y n mb er b egi i g with the fi g re in
n u n n u ,
nn n u
the its pl c e the mb er o f poin t will hew the m ber
un
’
a , nu s s nu
o f fi g re s in the s q re root
u Thus for e ampl e the ua .
,
x ,
s q are root of 4 3 5 6 c o s i t o f two fi g re
u a n d the s qu are
n s s u s,
r oot o f 6 1 1 5 2 4 c o s i st s o f three figure s
.

n .

3 00 . Su ppo s e the squ are r oo t o f 3 24 9 require d .

Poin t t h e er acc ordin g t o the n u mb

r l e ; th it appe r th at the root
u us a s
m t c o i t o f t wo pl a e o f fi gu re s
us ns s c s .

Le t + b d e ote t h
a root where a is n e ,

the v l e f the fi g re i the te s

a u o
74 9 u n n
’

pl c e d b f th t i the it pl ac e
a ,
an o a n un s
’
.

The m t b e the gre test mul tipl e

n a us a
of te whi h h it q re l e th a 3 200 ; thi s is foun d
n, c as s s ua ss n
to b e 5 0 S b tr c t th t i the sq are o f 5 0 from the
. u a a
2
,
a s, u ,

g ive n m b er d
nu t h re m a i d er i 7 4
,
9 anD ivi d e thi r e;e n s s
th t i by 1 00 d the q otie t i 7
.

m i d
a n by 2 er a, a s, ,
an u n s ,
whi h i the l e o f b The (2a + b) b th at i 1 07 7 o
c s va u . n ,
s, x r

7 4 9 i the
, m b er to b
s b tr ac te d a d s there i n o w
nu e su n a s
n o re m ai d er we c o cl u de th at 5 0
n ,7 o r 5 7 i the req ire d
n s u
sq are root
u .

ove th t
I t is s at d ab t e a a is g at s t mul l o f t en the re e tip e
whi h c re e th
h a s it s s qu a l ss an 3 2 00 Fo r a d n l y c an evi e t
.

tip e
n o t b e a g r e a te r m ul l o f te n If ss b l , s u pp o se it po i e
.

to o e tip e of th thi the i e

_

b e s m m ul l t e n l es s an s , s ay x ; n s nc

the te p e
x is in ns
’
l ac , an d b in un s
’
l a c , x + b is l ss the it p e e
th therefore the
an a ; re s ua
q o f x + b is l ss an a
2
,
an d e th
o e e t e th
c n s qu n l y x + b is l ss an u s qu a the tr e re root .

the root o i
If three p es o f fi gures l e t a e
c n s st o f l ac ,
r
pre e t the h re
s n un d the te s ; the h i g ob
ds, an d b n n av n ;

efore
t ain e d a an d b a s b ,
the h dre d
l et d ten s un s an
to th r o i re v e o f a a d fi d a n ew
g e e b e c n s de d as a n e w al u ,
n n
"

v e
al u for the it
of b un s:
 EV L O UTI ON .

3 01 . Th e phers may b e omitte d for the sake o f

cy
‘

bre it v y, an d t he foll owi g r ul e m y be obtai n e d from the

n a
pro c ess .

Po in t e ve r y s ec n d o figu r e, begin n i n g
’
w i th th a t in th e u n i ts p la ce, a n d t h us
d ivide t h e w h l e n u m be r i n t p e r i d so o o .

Fin d th e g r e a tes t n u m ber wh s e sq u a r e 1 07 7 4 9

) o
o
i s c n ta in ed i n th e fir s t p e r i d ; th is
74 9
o
is th e fir s t figu r e i n t h e r t ; s u btr a c t i ts oo
o
s q u a r e f r m th e fi r s t p e r i d , a n d t o th e o
r e m a in der br i n g d w n t h e n ex t p er i d o D iv id e th is o .

o
qu a n t i ty , m itt i n g th e l a s t fig ur e, by t wic e th e p a r t of th e
o o
r o t a l r ea dy f u n d , a n d a n n e x th e r esu l t t o th e r t and oo
a ls o o
to t h e divis r ; th en m u l t ip l y th e d ivis o r as i t n o w
s ta n d s by th e p a r t of th e r t l a s t bta in e d f o r th e s u bt r a oo o
h en d If th e r e be m r e p e r i ds to be br ugh t d wn , th e
. o o o o
o o
p e r a ti n m us t be r ep ea ted .

3 02 . Exam l p es .

Ex t ract the sq are roo t o f 1 3 24 9 6

u ,
an d o f 5 3 222 4 9 .

5 3 2224 9 ( 2 3 07
4

In the first e mpl e after the fir st fi gure o f the root is

xa ,
fo un da d we h ve b ro ght d ow
n the remain der we h e
a u n , av
4 24 ; c or di g to the r l e we div id e 4 2 by 6 to give the
ac n u
n e t fi g re i t h e root th appare tly 7 i the e t
x u n : us n s n x
fig re B t o m l tiplyi g 6 7 by 7 we obtai the pro d ct
u . u n u n n u

4 6 9 whi c h i gre ter th

,
4 24
s Thi h o w th t 7 i t o
a an . s s s a s o

l arg e fo the e c o d fi g re of the root an d we

r s n c or d i gl y u ,
ac n

t y 6 whi h
r ,
c ee d We a e l iabl e o c casio ally i thi
c su c s . r n n s
m er to t y too l rge a fig re e pe ially a t the e rly
an n r a u ,
s c a

s t age s o f t he e x trac tio o f a s quare root n .

2 08 E VO L UTION .

3 05 . Th e fo ll o win g is the e xtraction of the s qua re roo t

to e i p es :
_

f 4 Se v n dec mal l a c
°
o

0
36

.
5 05 7 6

6 3 24 2 5

l 2 6 4 905 ) 6 9 9 7 5 00
6 3 24 5 25

1 2 6 4 9 1 05 ) 6 72 9 7 5 00
6 3 24 5 5 2 5

4 05 1 9 75

3 06 . We
proc eed t o the m etho d o f extrac tin g th e
now
c ub e root f a c o m po d e pre ssio
o un x n .

The c b e root of + 3 b + 3 a b + b i a + b ; a d we
u a
3
a
2 3 3
s n
sh al l b l e d to ge er l r l e for the e tr tio
e a f the c b e
n a u x ac n o u
root o f y Compo d e pre io by ob er i g the m er
an un x ss n s v n an n
i whi c h
n b m y b e d eri e d fro m a + 3 b 3 b + b
a a v
3
a
2
a
2 3
.

Arr ge th e t m an o a +3 b+ 3 b + b t + b
‘

er s a
3
a
9
a
2 3
a
c ord i g to the d i m e
n io ns ns
of o l etter
ne ; the the a n
fi r t term i
s d it c b e s a
3
3 ) 3 b 3 b +b
,
an s u a
?
a
2
a
2 3

root i a whi ch i the firs t

s , s
+3 b +b a
9 3

term of t h re q ire d root e u .

S b tr t its c b e th t i
u ac u , a s
a
’
from the whol e e pre ssion an d brin g down the re;
, x
,
 E V L U TI O ON . 209

main de r 3 a h ivi de 3 b by 3 a an d th e qu o
’
3 ab + b
2 3
. D a
9 2
,

tie t is b whi c h is the other term o f the re q ire d root

n u
the s btr t 3 b + 3 bz+ b from the rem i d er a d the
,
2 3
n u ac a a a n ,
n
whol e b e f + b h bee btrac te d Thi fi n i hes the
,

cu o a as n su . s s
oper tio in the pres e t c as e
a n n .

here were more t erms we ho l d procee d wi th a b as

If t s u

we did form erl y with a ; it c b e th t is 3a b 3c b s u ,

a a
3 2 2 3
,
re dy b ee btr cted from the propo se d e pre io
h as al a n su a x ss n,

o we ho l d d ivi d e the re ai er by 3 (a + b) f r a e w
z
s s m
u d n o n
term in the root ; a d o o n s n.

3 07 will be con ven ie

. It n t in e xtracti n g th e cub e root
of m ore c o mp l e e pre io x x ss n s, an d of mb er to arr genu s, an
the pro c e o f the prec ediss ng A rti cl e i three c ol um s n n ,
as fo l l o ws :

3c +c 3a 2

( 3 a + b) b
2
3a 3 ab b? 3a b 2
3a b 2
b3
2 3
3 a 2b 3 ab + b

Fi d the first t erm o f th e roo t th at is a ; p ut a un der

n ,
3

the gi en e pres io i the third c ol m a d s b trac t it

v x s n n u n n u .

P t 3 a i the fir t c ol m
u n a d 3a i the se o d c ol m ;
s u n, n
2
n c n u n
d ivi d e 3 b by 3 d th s o b t i the q otie t b A d d
u
z
a
2
,
an u a n u n .

b to the e pre io in the firs t c ol m ; m l tipl y the e

x ss n u n u x
pre io w i th e fir t ol m by b d pl ac e the pro
ss n no n s c u n ,
an
d c t i the e c o d ol m
u n a d a d d it t o the e xpre s io
s n c u n, n s n
al re dy there ; th s we ob t i
a 3 + 3 ab + b M l tipl y
u a n a
2 2
. u
thi by b d we ob tai 3 a b + 3 ab + b whi ch is to b
s ,
an n
2 2 3
, e
pl e d i the third c ol m n d sub tr c te d We h a e th s
ac n u an a . v u
compl ete d the proce o f s btracti g (a + b) from the ss u n
3

origi al e pres io If there were more term s the Opera

n x s n.
tion woul d h ave t o be co n ti n u e d
21 0 E V L UTI N O O .

3 08 o ti uin g the O pe ration we mu st ad d suc h a;

. In c n n
term to the firs t c ol m s to ob t ai there th r ee times th e u n, a n

p art f thoe r oo t a l r e dy f o d Thi i c o ve n ie n tl y

a un . s s n
effe cte d th ; we h e l re dy i the fir t
us av a a n s
c ol m 3 + b ; pl c e 2b b el ow b d dd ;
u n a a an a
th we ob t i 3 + 3 b whi h is three ti m e
us a n a , c s
a + b th t i
,
three tim e s the p rt of the root
a s, a
al re dy fo
a d M oreo er we m st dd
un . ch a 3a + 3 bv ,
u a su .

term to the e co d ol m to ob tai there

s n c u n, as n
t h e e t im e t h e q
r f th p a t f th e r oo t a l r e ad y
s s ua r e o e r o

j hun d Thi is c o e ie tl y effe c te d thus ; we ha ve l rea dy

. s nv n n a
i the e o d c ol m
n s c n d b el owu n an
2
el o w
i th e tg
2
+ 3 b + b ; p l ce b ( 3 a + b) b
2
th t ti d
ree i a
a a a a n
a d ét1 e e pre io x sse ; 3 “ + 3 ab + bz
ns n u s 2

th s we obt in 3 + 6 a b+ 3 b whi h i
u a a
2 2
,
c s
three tim e th t is th ree tim es
s a

q are o f the p art o f the roo t al re ady 3 a 4 6a b 4

s u ?
tte
henn d
. .

3 09 . E x am l pe . Ex t ract the cub e root o f

8x 6 —3 6 x 5 1 02x4 — 1 7 1 z3 + 2 04 x 2 —1 4 41z+ 6 4 .

— 3 :v 6 x 2 — 3 x
( )
6 x 2 —9 x + 4 1 2 w4 —1 8 x 3 -
l 9x’
-

l 2x 4 —3 6 x 3 + 2 7x 2
—9x +4)

1 2x 4 — 3 6 x 3 5 1 x 9 — 3 6x + 1 6
6 — 3 6 x5 + 1 02x4 3
1 7 1 x + 2 04 x 2 9
8x 64 k2 x 4

1 02x 4
1 7 1 56 3 l 4 4x + 64
5 4 x4

4 8 3 1“ 1 4 4 :L 3
'
64
‘
4 8x 64
 E V L U TI O ON .

a nu mb er l e ss th an 1 000 musto i t o f on ly o e figure c ns s n ,

the c b e root o f a n mb er b etween 1 000 a d 1 000000 o f
u u n
two plac es o f fig res d so o If then poi t b e plac e du ,
an n . a n
o er every third fig re i a y n umb er b egi n i g with the
v u n n ,
n n
fi g re i the its pl ac e the mb er o f poi t wil l hew ’
u n un , nu n s s
the m b er o f fi g re i the c b e root Th s fo e ampl e
nu u s n u . u ,
r x ,
the c b e root f 4 05 2 2 4 o i t f two fi gure s a d the
u o c ns s s o ,
n
cub e root o f 1 28 1 29 04 c o i t s f three figure ns s o s.

S ppo s e the cub e root o f 2 74 025 requir e d

u .

1 80 + 5 1 0800 2 746 2 5 ( 6 0 5
9 25 2 1 6 000

1 1 7 25

Poi n t the er acc ordi g to the rul e ; th s i t appe rs

n umb n u a
th at the root m st c o i t f two pl ce s o f fi gures Le t
u ns s o a .

a + b d e ote the root where

n is the al u e o f the fi gure in
, a v
the te s pl c e a d b f th t i the un it pl ac e The a
n
’
a ,
n o a n s
’
. n
m st be the gre ate t m l tipl e o f t e whi c h h s it s c b e
u s u n a u
le ss th a 2 74 000 ; thi i fo d to b e 6 0 Pl ac e the ub e
n s s un . c
o f 6 0 th at i 2 1 6 000 i
, the third c ol m un d er the gi en
s ,
n u n v
n m b er a d s b tra c t
u Pl c e three ti m e s 6 0 th at is 1 8 0
n u . a , ,

i the fir t c ol m
n d three tim e s the s q are o f 6 0 th t
s u n , an u , a
is 1 08 00 in the e c o d c ol m
, D i i d e the re main d er i
s n u n . v n
the thi d c olum b y the n mb er i the s e c o d c ol m
r n u n n u n ,

th t is divi d e 5 86 25 by 1 08 00 ; we thus ob t i 5 whi h

a ,
a n , c
i the val e o f b
s A d d 5 t the fir t c ol m
u . d m l tipl y o s u n , an u
the s m thus forme d by 5 th at i m l tipl y 1 8 5 by 5 ; we
u , s, u
th s o btai 9 2 5 whi ch we pl c e i the ec o d ol um a d
u n ,
a n s n c n n

ad d to the mb er l re dy therenu Th we ob t i 1 1 7 25
a a . us a n

m l tipl y thi s by 5 p l ac e the pro duc t i the thir d c ol m

u ,
n u n,

a d
n btrac t
su The rem i der is zero a d therefore 6 5 is
. a n ,
n
the re quire d c b e root u .

Th e c ypher s m ay b e o mi tt e d fo r brevi ty an d t h e pro ,

c e s wi ll s t
s d th us an

1 85

1 1 725
 E V L UTI O ON .
21 3

3 11 . Exam l pe . Ex t rac t the cub e roo t o f 1 09 2 1 5 3 5 ?

1 002 1 5 3 5 2 4 78
0
64

6 74 04 4

A fter o t i i the fir two fi re the roo

b a n ng st gu s o f e
t, n am l y
4 7 , we a d usj t the fir eo o
s t an d s c n d c l u m n s in the m an n er
e p i e
x l a n d in A r t 3 08 We l a c w c 7 un d th e s
. p et ie . er fir t
o
c l u m n , a n d add the two i e ivi
l n s, g n g 1 4 1 an d we l ac p e
the s qu a re er the e o o
o f 7 un d s c n d c l um n , an d a d d the t l as
three i e i i
l n s, g v n g 6 6 2 7 The the oper io
n o ti e
at n is c n n u d
.

as b f e ore Th e c ub
. e root is 4 7 8 .

I the c o s e o f worki g thi s e x ampl e we mi ght h ave

n ur n
i m agi e d th at the s e c o d fi g e o f the root wo l d b e 8 or
n n ur u
eve 9 ; b t o n tri al it wil l be fo d th at thes e mb ers
n u un nu
ar e too l rg e A s in the c s e o f the s qua re root w
a . a e , e ar
l i abl e o cc io all y to t y t o o l arg e a figure e spe ci all y at t h e
as n r ,

early st age s o f the Operation .

3 12 . Ex am l pe . Ex
t act t r he cub e root o f 8 6 5 3 0028 77 .

86 5 30028 77k205 3
s

1 2 3 025

1 2 6 25 9 5 9

In thi s
e ampl e the stu den t shoul d n o tice
x th e o ccur ~
ren c e o f the cypher i the r oot n .
2 1 4: EV L O UTI ON .

3 13the root h ave a y n umb er o f decimal plac e s

. If n ,
the c b e w h ave thri c e as m y ; a d therefore the n um
u il l an n
be o f d e i mal pl a e s i a d e i m al n m b er which is a
r c c n c u ,
perfec t c be a d i it si mpl e t tate wi l l n ec es ri ly b e a
u ,
n n s s s ,
sa
m l tip l e f th r ee
u d the
o mb er f d e c i m l p l c e s in the
,
an nu o a a
cu b e root wi ll e c e rily b a third of th at m ber He e
n ssa e nu . nc

if the gi ve b e n m b er b e
n d e c i m al we p l c e
cu u poi t a ,
a a n
o ver th e fig e i th e it p l ce d over every third
ur n un s
’
a ,
an
fi g re to the right a d to the l eft f it a d pro c ee d i
u n o ,
n as n
the e tr tio o f the c b e root o f a i teger ; the the
x ac n u n n n
n mb er o f p o m t s i
u the deci mal p rt o f the propo e d
n a s
n mb er wi ll i n di cate the n umb er o f d e c i mal p l ac e s i
u the n
c b e roo t
u .

Ex am l pe . Ex tract the cub e roo t o f 1 4 1 02 3 27296 .

1 4 1 023 2 72 9 6 l 2 4 1 6
'

1 73 5 2 1

1 7 4 6 77 1 6

3 15 If an y n u mb , n gral er i te o d ec imal h as n o e xac t r ,

r e pher a d pro c ee d Wi th the

.

c ub e o o t, we m ay an n x c y s, n

a ppro i tiox ma n to c ub the e root to an y de sire d e te t x n .

fo owi n g is the e
Th e ll x tract io n o f the c ube r o ot o f ‘
4 to
o r e i pl ace s
t u d c mal
21 6 E XA M PLE S XXXI I . .

17 . 18 . 1

19 . 20 . w4
21 . 1 —4 x + 1 0x 2— 3
1 2 x + 9x 4
.

22 . 4x 8 —4 a s 7x 4
+ 4x + 4
2
.

4 3 2 2 3
23 . x 2a x 5d x 4a x 4 a4 .

‘
3 2 2 "
24 . as
“
2a x 3
(a
2
2b )ee 2a b x b .

6 b 2
25 . x l 2a + 2 4 0x 64 .

5 “
26 . a
s
4 aw 5
l oa m 3 3
4a x a .

27 . 1 —2x + 3 x
2 -
4x + 5 x 3 4 — 4 x 5 + 3 x 6 — 2x7 + w8

2
to 9g
2
+ 2 +
9y 2: 1 5 y5 1 6z

Fi nd th e fourth roots o f the foll o win g e pression s x

2 3 4
1 4x 6x 4x $ .

4 2 2 3 “
30 . 1 6 a: 96 x3 y 2 1 6x y 2 1 6 xy 8 1g .

31 . 1 4 x + 1 0x 2
1 9x 4 —
1 0w 4 x + a;
7 68

2 2 2 2 2
32 .
{x
4
2 (a b)a: 3
(a 2
4 ab b )x 2 a b(a b)a: a b}

Fin d the eighth roots o f the foll owi ng e pressio

x ns

8 7 5 4
+ 5 6 x + 2 8 $2 + 827 + 1
3
33 . 627 + 8 33 + 5 6x +7 0x .

4 2 z
{
' 3
34 . x 3x y 2a y

Fi nd the s uaq re roots of the foll owi n g n umb ers

35 . 1 15 6 . 36 . 2 02 5 . 37 . 3 72 1 . 38 . 5 184 .

39 . 75 6 9 . 40 . 9 8 01 . 41 . 1 5 1 29 . 42 . 1 03 04 1 .

43 . 1 65 64 9 . 44 . 45 . 4 12 1 64 .

'
46 . 8 3 5 3 96 . 47 . 1 5 22 75 6 . 48 . 29 3 76 4 00 .
 E XA M PLE S XXXI I . . 217

49 . 3 8 4 5 2 4 01 . 50 . 4 9 8 1 5 3 64 . 51 .

52 24 3 7 3 9 6 9 53 1 4 4 1 6 8 04 9 54 2 5 4 07 6 4 8 3 6
‘
. . . . . .

55 . 3 2 5 5 1 3 76 4 . 56 . 4 5 44 9 9 76 1 .

57 5 6 8 75 73 05 6 58 1 9 6 5 4 06 022 4 1 .
“
. . .

Ex trac t the s q re roo t o f each o f the foll owin g

ua n um
bers to five pl ac es o f de ci mal s :

59 9 60 62 1 61 43 62 0 08 5 2
‘ ‘

. . . . . . . .

63 . 17 . 64 . 1 29 . 65 . 3 4 72 5 9 . 66 .

Fin d the cube roots o f the foll owin g e pre ssion s x :

67 . 8 x3 3 6x y 2
5 42 g 2
2 7y 3 .

68 . 1 7 2 8 x 4373 5 76 x y 2 6

3 2 2
69 . {L 3x (a b) 3 i; (a
. b) (a b) 3
.

70 . 1 .

71 . w —3 M 6 5
5a 3
x 3 —3 a 5 x — a s .

5 301 3 °
72 . 4 86 x 8 06 9 06 702 4
1 08 022: 2 76

73 . 1 — 1 4 4x 5 + 6 4x
6
.

74 1 —3 a: +
.
— 1 02 3 1 2x 5 — 6 x 7 + 3 $8 —x 9

Fi n d the si th roots o f the foll owin g expressions

x

2 3 4
75 . 1 + 1 2x + 6 0x + l 6 0x + 24 Ox +
6
76 . 7 9x
2 1 4 5 8x 5 + 1 2 1 5 x 4 1 8 27 + 1 .

Fi nd t he c ub e roots o f the foll owi n g n umb ers

77 . 1 96 83 . 78 . 4 2 8 75 . 79 . 1 5 74 6 4 .

80 . 22 6 9 8 1 . 81 . 6 8 1 4 72 . 82 . 77 8 68 8 .

83 . 2 6 2 8 07 2 . 84 . 3 24 1 7 9 2 . 85 . 5 4 01 01 5 2 .

86 . 6 02 3 6 2 8 8 . 87 . 88 . 2 203 4 8 8 6 4 .

89 . 1 3 7 1 3 3 06 3 1 . 90 . 2 09 1 05 1 88 7 5 .

91 . 9 1 3 98 6 4 84 6 3 1 2 5 . 92 . 5 3 4 01 04 3 93 2 3 9 .
21 8 IN D I CE S

x xxn r . I n dices .

We h ave d efi ed i d
3 16 . e po t i Ar t 1 6 n an n ex o r x n en n .
,
an d ordi g to th t d efi itio
a cc n i d e h hi thert o a n n, an n x as
po itive whol e mb er W
,

al w y b ee
a s n a s w bo t nu . e ar e n o a u
to e tend th e d efi itio f
x i de by e pl i i g the n n o an n x, x a n n
m e in g o f fr tio l i di e
an d of n eg tive i di ce
ac na n c s an a n s .

'

3 17 I f m an d n p os itive wh o l e mber s
‘

. a re an y n u
m n m +n
a x a z a .

Th e t u r th
of t hi s s atem e t has al ready b een shewn
t n

it c on v en ie t to repe a t the d e mo ns tr
,

A t 5 9 , bu t is
i fiere
n . n a
1o n .

a x a x a x to m fact ors ,
by A r t 1 6 , .

a x a x a x te n fac to r s, by Ar t 1 6 ; .

therefor e
x a x a x a x to m + n f act or s
m“
a ,
b y Ar t 1 6 . .

In l ike ma er if p nn ,
is al s o a po si tive whol e n umb er ,
” p mfl l p
a
"
x a x xa z a ;
an d s o o n .

3 18 . If m an d n ar e positive whol e n um bers, an d m

g reate r th a n n ,
we h ave by Ar t . 3 17
m —n ” m n l 'n
- -

a X a : a

therefore
h
T i s al s h as b o een al rea dy shewn se e A r t 72 . .

3 19 r to
A s f ac i n al n di c s an d n ga i i e e t ve in dic es ha ve
i ert ve wh at de fi i
.

n o t y et b ee
n de fi n e d we a r e at l b y t o gi w
n

o pe he fo c o n v e m e n t to
.

ti ns we l as e t o t m ; an d it is un d
220 I N D I CE S .

3 21R eq u ir e d th e mea n in g Qf
. a
"
wh er e m an d n a r e
o
a n y p s it ive wh le n u m ber s o .

By su pposition ,
m 3 +
Z
"
+
a
”
x a
”
x a
"
x t o n fa c t o r s = a "

therefore a "i
mu st b e e qui al v e t to the n roo t o f a
n
th “
,

t ha t i s, a

11;

Hen c e a m e a s the n roo t o f the m po wer o f a ;

"
n
th il l

th t is i fractio al i d e x the n m era tor den o te s a po wer

a ,
n a n n u

an d the de o m i n ator a rootn .

3 22 . We h ave thus a ssign ed a m ean i n g t o an y po itive s

i de whether whol e o fr ction al ; it re m ins t o
n x, r a a as i g
s a n

me an i g to n ega tive i d i c e s
n n .

Fo e ampl e re q ire d the m e a i g o f a fl

‘

r x u n n .
,

B y suppo s i t io n 3 ” 3 2 1
‘
-

a 41 4 a ,
x a ,

a 1
therefore
We will n o w give the d efin ition in g e ern al sy mb ol s .

3 23 . R e qu ir e d t h e m ea n i n g of wh er e n is any

p os iti ve o
n u m be r w h l e o r f r a c t io n a l .

By suppo s ition wh atever m m ay b e we ar e to h ave

, ,

m
a x

No w we may su s ppo e m po itive a d gr e ater th an s n n,

an d the
n , by at h a s g wh on e before we h ave ,

an d therefore
'
" "
a x a :

Therefore a
'
"
x a
‘ "

therefor e
 I N D I CE S . 221

In or er to e pre ss thi s in w r d s we will defi n e t h e

d x o
wor d r ec ipoc l O e qua tity i r ai d to b
a the r ecip
. n n s s e ro
c a l o f another when the pro d c t f the t wo is equ l to u o a
1
un ity ; th us for e xamp l e a: is the r ecip oca l of
, ,
r
v .

He n c e
is a
‘
"
the re ciproc al o f ; o we m ay put this a
”
r
re t sul s ymb l cal l y in oi an y o f the fo ll owin g w y s a ,

1 1 ‘
"
a x a

will foll ow from the m e i g whi ch h a s b een

3 24 . It an n

give to a eg ti e i d e x th t whe m i l e m
n n a v n a a n s ss
th n a well as whe m is gre a ter th an n For suppos e
an ,
s n .

m l ess than ; we h e n av

Su ppo se m =n the n a
'
"
a
”
is o b vio u sl y z l ; an d
t ym bol h as o t hitherto re c eive d
Th e l as s n a
m e a i g s o th t we
n n e a t l i b ert y to g ive it the m e a i g
,
a ar n n
which at ral ly prese t s itsel f ; hen c e we may s y that
n u n a

3 25 or der t o form a c ompl ete theory o f I dice s it

. In n
woul d be ec e s ry to gi e d em o tr tio s f s e er l pro
n s a v ns a n o v a

p o ition whi c h wi l l b fo d i the l rg er A l ge bra

s s B t e un n a . u
the e propo itio foll ow
s at r all y fro m the d efi i tio
s ns so n u n ns
an d the propertie s o f fr c tio s th t the s t d e t will t a n , a u n no
fi d a y diffi ul ty i the i mpl e as e s whi c h wil l c o m e b e
n n c n s c
fore h im We sh all therefore refer for the c ompl ete theory
.

t the l arger A lgeb r a an d o ly give here s om e e amp l es as

o ,
n x
sp e c i me n s.

3 26 . If m an d n ar e positi e whol e n umb ers we kn owv

th at e e A t 279
s N o w thi re l t wil l al o
r . . s su s
hold whe n m an d n a e n o t po sitive whol e n umb ers
r For .

e x m pl e
a ,

For l e t
‘

the by raisin g b oth i des to the n s

fourth power we h ave a 5 = v ; then by rai si g b ot h si des .

4 n
 IN D I CE S .

to th e i d po th r wer we h ave a x
”
therefore v = a .
’ ’
f i
l
, whi ch
was t o be s n hew .

3 27 . po itive whol e n mb er we k ow th at
If n is a s u n
hi re sul t will al s o hol d when i o t
T s n s n

a po itive whol e n mb er
s For e am pl e a i u . x ,
x

For if we rai e eac h i d e to the third power we ob tai n in

s s ,
e ach c se a b ; so that e ch id e is the c be root of a b
a a s u .

I n l ike man er we h ave n

1 l
1
"
a

Su ppo s e now th t there a e m o f t he s e q a titie

a r u n s
a, b, a nd th at ll the re st a e eq al to a ; thus we
a r u

o b ta i n 1 1

th at is, Z/a) “
2/
Th s the on power of the
u
“
n
th
root of ais e qual to the
n
th
root o f the m l power of a "
.

3 28 i ce a fraction may t ake d iffere t form s wi thout

. S n n

an y c h nge i aits l e we m y e pe c t to b e bl e t o g ive

n va u ,
a x a

d i ffere t for ms to a q a tity with

n fr c tio l i de withu n a a na n x,

o t l teri g the al e of the q tity Th s for e xampl e ‘

u a n v u u an . u , ,

2 4
we m y e pe c t th a t a %= a l an d this is the
a x
3 6
c as e Fo if we rai e e h s i d e to the i th power we
. r s ac s x ,
o bt i a ; th t i e ch id e i the i th root o f
“ “
a n a s, a s s s x a .

3 29 . We wi ll
i e some e ampl es o f Algebrai c al
now g v x
oper tio s i ol i g fr c tio al a d eg tive e po e n ts
a n nv v n a n n n a x n .

ll g l 3 3
M ul tipl y a b c by a b c
§

therefore a
ll bi cl x a
l bl c%
‘

a
7
il
6 17 6.
 E XA M PLE S XX XI II . .

EX AMPLES XXXIII .

Fin d the val e o f u

i
i 4 3 ( an
-

1 . 9 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 .
.

i/a
“
Ja 9
‘

7 . 8 . . .

l " l
l
10 . a
l x a x a
i

M ul tipl y
l i i — l 12
11 p . ug/ by x y . .

13 .
é
x +x + 2 by x +x
3 -
2 .

4
by w
‘

14 .

l + 1 by
-

li — l
15 a
-
.
.

16 . a —2
i -
'
t a
-

3
by a %— a % ‘

17 . a +a b3 5 — a y
% 3 é l
by a + a b + x y § ’

l — l d — g w3 3
y by x
? +
18 . te v h ar y
.
y y +y .

D ivi de
’
i i a —b by
l l
19 . fi —
y
fi
by x — y . 20 . a b

21 .
2 7y
‘
2
by 4 x
" )
5
3y
'
%

22 g— rlf l l
'
‘
d — § b il —y
. i
.
g e d y y y a

23 .
% l
a +a b
i é b% b y a
8
?
2 a
li bi bl .

1
24 % b% c
%
"
2 a
3 bl b d l bi 03 2
. a y

25 . x
i i
M n g a3 by d
a 2a é
xé a .

26 .
'i
Ga y g
t d
la y g é
y by « x i Qx iy i y
}

Fin d the sq are roots o f the foll owi u ng e pre io

x ss ns :

27 . .v
~
28 .
(x + 6 .
—4 (se —:v l ) -

29 . x ? i 2 l mg .

30 .
1 23 3 25 1 6x
'
8
 S URD S . 225

XXX IV . S u r ds .

3 30 . When
root of a mb er can n ot a nu be e x ac tl y
ob tai e d it i c ll e d
n i ti o a l q
s ti ty
a an r r a n ua n or a s ur d
Th s for e am pl e the fo ll owi g a e s r d s
, .

u x ,
n r u
,

/é
2 3
3
‘

N :
1
1
:

if root
An d a o f an al g b e r i al e pre io c n ot b e
a c x ss n a n
e ote witho t the
d n d u u se o f a fr c tio l i d e it i l o
a na n x, s a s
e o
c a l l d an i r r a t i n a l qu an y tit a u d Th
or for e s r . us , x
p e the fo o i
am l , ll w n g a r e s u ds r
3
J s/
s
. a, , a ,
2

Th e r l es for oper tio with r d fol l ow from the

u a ns su s
propo itio o f the pre e di g Ch pter ; d the pre e t
s ns c n a an s n

Ch pter c o si t
a l m o t e t ire ly of the pp l i atio of tho e
n s s a s n a c n s
propo itio s to i thm eti l e mpl e
s n ar ca xa s .

331 N mb er s o e pre io
. u m ay o cc r i the f o r m
r x ss ns u n
of rd which e t
su s, l ly d Th s for e mpl e
ar no r ea sur s . u ,
xa ,

J 9 i i the form of
s n r d b t it i t re ll y rd f r a su ,
u s no a a su ,
o

J9 3 ; a d
z n i i the form f a rd b t s n o su ,
u
it i o t re all y a rd for J ( 2 b
s n su b ,
a
2
a a .

3 32 It i ofte c o e ie t to p t
. s ratio al qua tity
n nv n n u a n n
i to the form f
n i g ed rd ; to d thi we r i e the
o an as s n su o s a s

q u antity to the power orre po di g to the root i di c te d c s n n n a

by the s r d d prefi the r d i c l s i g
u ,
an Fo e am p l e x a a n . r x ,

=
$
2:
3 J3 J9 ; N/
=
£764 ;
4
bz f/( bf
3 3
4 :
4 a : 61 ; a + a -
l -

3 33 pro d ct f a r tio l q tity d

. Th e u o a na u an an a su rd
may b e e pre e d e tire r d by re d i
x ss as an n su ,
uc n g the
r tio al q tity to the form of the rd a d th e
a n u an su ,
n n m l ti u

pl yi g ;n A t 3 27 F e m pl e 3 J 2 J 9
se e r . . or xa ,
z x

zx
2/8 x
J4 z
a z
J a

3 34 o er ely a e tire s rd m ay be e presse d s

. C nv s ,
n n u x a
the pro d ct of a r tio l q a tity a d a s rd if the root o f
u a na u n n u ,

o ne f tor c b e e x trac te d
ac an .
 S UR D S .

For exampl e , J
.3 2 = J( 1 6 x x
J 2 =4
N /z;
f/ 4 8 =
2/8 x 2/6 z 2 i/6 ;
{M x gb 3/b
3 2 2
z a ' .

3 35 rd frac tio c a b e tran sforme d i to

. A su n n n
eq ival e t e pre io with the s r d part i tegr l
u n x ss n u n a .

6
For e ampl e x
1
,
6

7
£ 2
3 x 9
£7
18

336 r whi ch h ve t the sam e i de x c a b

. S u ds a no n n e
tr s for e i to e q iv l e t r d whi ch h ave ; se e A t 3 2 7
an m d n u a n su s r .

Fer e ampl e t ake J5 an d i/ l l J 5 = 5 % f/l l fll )

x , . 7 z

95 3 :

3 37 . We oti c e a ppl i catio of the p e c e di g

m ay n n a n r n

A rti e S
cl u ppo e we Wi h to k ow whi h i the gre ter
s s n c s a
Whe we h e ed e d the m to the m e
.

J5 f/ 1 1
01 . n av 1 uc sa
i de w e
n x e s eth at the f0 m e r is the greater be cause 1 2 5 is
1 ,

g1 e t e th a
a 1 n 121 .

3 38 r a e s ai d to b e s im il r whe they h a e or
. S u ds r a n v ,

c an b e re e to h a e the me irratio l f c tor

du c d v ,
sa na a s .

T h s 4 J7 a d 5 J 7
u e i mi l r s r d ; 5 i/2 a d 4 2/1 6
n ar s a u s n

a e al o s i m i l a r s r d
r s for 4 6 z 8 i/2 u s, .

339 To a dd o s b tra t si mil ar s rds add o s b tra ct

. r u c u , r u
their oeffi c ie ts a d a fii to the re s l t the c omm o
c n ,
n x u n
irratio l f ctor
na a .

For e ampl e x ,

4 3 3
 S UR D S .

o
Th e n l y cas
3 44 . e i i io o p
o f d v s n by a c m o un d s u dr
whi hc is o f an y mi port e th t whi h the i i or
an c is a in c dvs is
the i ere e of two
su m o r d ff nc r th t
qua d r a t ic su ds , r
a is , su d s
i o i
n v l v n g s q uare root s i i io pr ti
Th e d v s n is e e te
ac c all y ff c d.

b y an m i port t pro e w i h
an c ss e o
h c is c all d r a t i n a l is in g th e
o o o For e p e t ke the fr tio
d e n m i n a t r of a f r a c ti n x am l , a ac n .

4
f w m ul t p l y b oth n um e t 0 a d d e o m
0

I e l 1a 1 n n i
5
n ator o f thi fr ac tio b y 5 J2 — 2 J 3 the v al e o f the fr c ;
s n . , u a
tion is n o t al tere d whi l e it s de om i to i m d e r tio n l ;
, n na r s a a a

4
2 —2
“

5 J2 + 2 J3 (5 J 2+2 J 3 ) (5 J J3 )
1 0 9 2 —4 J3
5 0 —1 2 19

S imil arl y,
2 3 ( 2 N/3 ( 2 .J3 + J ?)
8+3 J6 8+3 J6
1 2 —2 10

3 45 . We sh all n o w shew how to

the s quare root o f fin d
a bi o m i al e pre
n io o e o f who e ter m is quad r tic
x ss n, n s s a a

su rd S ppo e for e m pl e th t w re q ire the q are

u s xa ,
a e u s u
it is
.
,

root o f 7 + 4 J 3 S i c e (J r . 2 n r -

ob io s th at if we fi d l es f an d y from + y = 7
v u n va u o a: x ,

a d 2 J( y ) = 4 J3 the
n x the q re root f 7 + 4 J 3 will be
, n s ua o

4 3 7 + /y We m y a rr ge the whol e pro c e ss th s

N . a an u

S ppo e u J( 7 + 4sJ ) Jx Jy ;
3 = . .

s q are u ,

A s sum e v y ==7 then . 4 J3 ; ,

s qu re d s b tr ct (a: y ) 2
a ,
an 4 y 4 9 48 1
u a ,
x ,

th at i ( —y ) = 1 therefore v —y = 1
s, v
.
2
, . .

S i c e v + y = 7 a d —y l we h ave v = 4 y = 3
n . n v
. z
, .
,

therefore J 3 = 2 + V3

S i m i l a rl y (7 4 J il l 2 Q 3
, .
 EXA M PLE S . XXX I V 2 29

EX AMPLES . X XXIV .

Sim l y p if
1 . 3 .J2 + 4 J8 , 4 32 . 2 .
mos .

3 . 2 J3
. 3 4 .

Mul tipl y

5 .
J5 + nag)
5 5
by

6 .
— 1
-
l
-
3
1
by
J 6
1 2

—
7 . 1+ J 2 by J 6 J2 .

8 .
J3 + J2
. by

Ra tio i e the d e om i tors o f the foll owin g fractions

n al s n na

2 —4 2
'

J2
‘

Js 2 J3 + 3 J2

Ex tr ct the s qu re root o f
a a

13 . 14 + 6 J 5 . 14 . 16 —6 J7 . .

16 . 4 —J 1 5 .

i p f
S m li y
1 1

“O H M/3 )
1+ . l3
20 .
N/ 5 )
 XXXV . R a ti o .

346 .tio is the rel atio whi ch o n e qua tity b e ar

Ra n n s
t o a other with re pe c t to m agn it d e the c o m p ri o
n s u ,
a s n
b ei g m ad e by c o i d eri g wh at m l tip l e p ar t o p arts
n ns n u , ,
r ,

the fir t i o f the sec o d

s s n .

Th s for e ampl e i c om p ri g 6 with 3 we ob er e

u ,
x ,
n a n ,
s v
th at 6 h s a ert ai m g it d e with re pe t to 3 whi ch
a c n a n u s c ,
it c o tai twic e ; ag i i om pari g 6 with 2 w ee th t
n ns a n, n c n ,
e s a
6 h s a o w a di ffere t r e l ti e m ag it d e for it c o t i s
n n a v n u , n a n
2 three ti m e s ; o 6 i g re ter when c o mp are d with 2 th a
r s a n
it is when c o mp are d with 3 .

347 r tio
.Th e ato of a b is u su ally x e pres e d by two s

poi t p e etwee the th

n s l ac d b n m, us , a b ; an d the form er i s

e the
c all d the r tio
a n tece de n t o f a ,
an d t h e l a tter the co u e s
the r tio
q u en t o f a .

348 r tio i m e a ure d by the fr c tio whi ch h as for

. A a s s a n
its n umerator the a te c e d e t o f the r atio d for i t n n ,
an s
d e o min ator the c o s e q e t f the r atio
n Th s the ratio
n u n o . u

of a t o b is me as re d by
g th en for short e ss we may
u n

b
s ay t h at the ratio of a to b is e q u al to E
b
o r is

349 . He n c e we m ay s y th at the ratio of a t o b is equal

a

to the ratio o f c t o d whe n

a 0
,

35 0 [ f th e ter ms of a r a t i be m u l tip lied

. o or d i vided
by th e s a m e q ua n tity th e r a t io is n o t al ter ed .

( Ar t .

35 1 . We c omp a r e two or
ore ratio s by re d c i g m u n
the f r ac l t o s whi c h m e as re thes e r t io
.

n t o a c o mm o u a s n
de om
n ina tor Thus suppose o e ratio to be that o f to b
.
, n a ,
 23 2 R A TI O .

the r atio a c bd is s ai d to b e c ompoun ded o f the t wo ratios

a b an d c d .

When the r tio a b is c om poun de d with itsblf the

a
res l ti g ratio i
u n b ; thi r atio i s o m eti m e s call e d the
s a
2 Z
s s
d p li a te ra tio f
u c b A d the ratio a
o a b is s bme t imes
. n 3 3

cal l e d t h e t ip l ic te ratio of a
r b a .

356 . Th e foll owi ng is a very impor ta n t theorem co n

c ern i ng e qu al ratios .

Su ppos e th at then e ach o f these ratio s

where p , q, r,
'
n ar e an y n um b ers wh atever .

a c e
Fo r l e t h ;
f
h bz a, kd z c, hf z e ;
therefore p (hb)
"
qH
ad)
"
r (kf )
"
=
pa
"

qc
"
re
”

" " "

qc + r e
therefore p
— "
_
a

rf
)
pb qd
"n

therefore
Th ee m od e of dem o tratio m y b e ppli ed a d
sam ns n a a , n

a i s i r re l t ob t i ed when there e m ore th an th ee

m la su a n ar r
ratios give e q al n u .

A a p rti l ar e amp l e we m y s ppo s e = 1 the n we

s a cu x a u n ,

see th t if
Z a e ach of the s e ratio is e q al to s u

w “
an dthe pe i l c ase we m ay s ppos e
n as a s c a u
p b q d r)
p q r , so
:z th a t e ach o f the g1 ve n e qual rat o s 13 equal to i

a +c +e
°

b + d +f
 E X A ZlI PLE S . XXX V 23 3

AMP LES XXXV EX . .

1 . Fin d the ratio o f fourteen shilli gs to three gu in e as n .

2 . A rr g e the
an fo ll owi g r tio s i the or d er o f m agn i n a n

tu de ;
3 F in d the ratio c ompoun de d o f 4 1 5 an d 2 5 3 6
. .

4 Two mb er a e i the r tio o f 2 to 3 an d if 7 b e

. nu s r n a ,

add e d to e ac h the r atio i th a t o f 3 to 4 fi d the mb er s : n nu s.

5 Two mb ers a e i the r tio o f 4 to 5 d if 6 b e

. nu r n a .

,
.
an
t k e f m e ach the r tio i th t o f 3 to 4 : fi d the mb er
a n 1o a s a n nu s .

6 T wo m b ers e i the r tio of 5 t o 8 ; if 8 b e

nu ar n a

a dd e d to the l e d 5 t ake f m the gre ate

.

mb ss nu e 1 , an n 1o 1

n mb e
u the ratio i th t f 2 8 to 2 7 fi d the m ber
i, s a o : n nu s.

7 Fi d the mb er whi ch dd e d to each term o f the

. n nu a

ra tio 5 3 m k e s it t h i f t h of wh t it wo l d h
a e be e e -
o ru s a u av

c o m e if the s m e m b er h d b ee t k e fro m e ac h term

a nu a n a n .

8 F i d two m b er i the r atio f 2 to 3 s ch th t

. n nu s n o ,
u a
their difie e ce h as to the differe c e o f their s q ares the
'
r n n u

ratio o f 1 to 25 .

9 Fin d two umb er i the ratio of 3 to 4 s ch that

n s n ,
u
their sum h as to the um o f their s quare s the ratio o f
.

7 150 5 0 .

10 . Fi
two m b er i the r tio of 5 to 6 ch th t
nd nu s n a ,
su a
their sum h as to the differe c e f their s qua re s the ratio o f n o
1 to 7 .

11 Fi d v so th at the ratio : 1 may be the dupl i c te

. n . x a
o f the r tio 8 a : v
. .

12 Fi d so th at the ratio a —x b —x may b e t h e

. n a:
d pl i cate f the r tio
u b
o a a : .

13 A per o h
. 2 00 c oi s c o i ti g o f gui e
s n as h al f n ns s n n as ,
s o ereig
v d h al f crow ; the
ns , an m of m o ey i g i eas
-
ns su s n n u n ,

h l f— e g
a s o ve 1 d h l f c row
1 ns , e an 3 ; fi d a -

ns ar as n
the m b ers f the differe t oi s
nu o n c n .

14 . If b —b 6 a —b, fin d a b .

I
15 If —b 0
b —c
. .
’
a c a
 PR O P0 1 8TI O N .

XXXVI Pr op or tion . .

35 7 Fo r n umb ers a e s i d to b e proportion al whe

. u r a n
the firs t is the s am e m l tip l e p rt or p rts of the sec o d u ,
a ,
a n

as the thir d is of the fo rth ; th a t is whe t h e fo ru n u

n mb er a b c d
u s e call e d proportio
, , ,
l Thi i usu ally
ar na s . s s
e pre s e d by yi g th at a i to b
x s sa i to d ; an d it is
n s as c s
repre e ted th s b c d o r thus b = c d
s n u a ,
a .

The terms a an d d ar e c all e d the ex tr emes an d b an d c ,

the m e an s .

358 Th s whe two ratio s a e e qual the fo r n umb ers

. u n r ,
u
which form the ratios a e c l led proportio l s ; d the p e r a na an r
s e n t Ch apter i d evote d to the s bjec t o f two eq al r atio s
s u u .

359 Wh e f o r m be a e p r op o r ti o als th e p r o
. n u n u rs r n
d c t f th e e t e m es i e q al t t h e p r o d uc t f th e m ea s
u o x r s u o o n .

Le t a b c d be proportio al
, , ,
n s

a c
’
b d
mul tiply by bd th s a d be u z
.

If y three ter m s i
an proportion a e given the fo urth n a r ,
m y be d eterm i e d from the rel atio a d be
a n n .

If b = c we h e a d = b th a t i if t h e fi s t be t th e
av
2
s, r o
s co d as th e
e n o d i t th e th i d th e p r oduc t of th e
s ec n s o r ,

ex tr e m es is e qu a l to th e s q ua r e of th e m ea n .

Whe n a : b, d
b b d the n a, ar e sai d to b e in co n
o o
t in u e d p r op r t i n ; a n d b is c all d e the mea n p r op or t io n al
betwee n a an d d .

3 60 . od uc t f two n m be r be eq ua l to th e
If th e p r o u s

p r od c t u o th e th e f o a e p op or tio n als th e
of t wo r s, ur r r ,

te m s f e ith e p o d ct be i g ta ke n f r th e m ea
r o r r and u n o n s,
th e te r m s f th e oth er p o duc t f o th e ex tr e m es
o r r .

x b
For l e t xy a b ; divi de by a y thus
z
,

or x za b zy ° °
 PR O P O R TI ON .

3 66 . o
A l s th e fir s t i s t o th e ex ces s of th e fir s t o
ab ve th e
s eco n d a s th e th ir d i s t o th e ex cess of th e th ir d a bo ve th e
o
f u r th .

“ b d
the l ast Arti cl e E
By
0

5
a —b b c—d d
therefore b a d
x x
E ’
a

or a —b a e —d 0 ; therefore a a —b c c —d .

367 . h en f W o ur n u m be r s a r e p r op o t io r n a ls, th e s u m
of th e fir s t a n d se c n o
d i s t o th e i r d ifi e r e n c e a s
'
th e su m
of th e t h ir d a n d fo u r th i s t o th e ir d ifi e r e n ce ; th t i if
’

a s,
a b e at, the n a + b a —b c+ d c— d .

a + b c+ d —b c —d
-

By A rts . 3 64 an d 3 65 —
b d
a

b d
a+ b a —b c+ d c— d a + b c+ d
therefore b b d d
th at 1 3 _

a —b c d
’

or + b : a —d a

3 68 I t i obvio s fro m the pre c e di g A rti l es th t if

. s u n c a
fo r mb er e proportio l we c d erive f om them
u nu s ar na s an r

ma y other proportio ; e
n lso A t 3 5 6 ns s e a r . .

3 69 I the d efi itio of Proportio it i s p po ed th at

. n n n n s u s
we d etermi e wh t m l tip l e or wh t p rt
c an n e q tity
a u a a on ua n
is o f other q a ti ty o f the m e ki d B t we
an u n ot sa n . u c an n
a lw y d a s thi e ctly For e mpl e if the i d e o f a
o s xa . xa ,
s
s q re i
ua i h l o g the l e gth o f the di go al i d e
s one nc n n a n s
n ote d by J2 i he ; b t J2 , ot b e t ly fo d so
nc s u , c an n e xa c un ,

th t the r tio o f the l e gth of the d i go l of q re

a a n a na a s ua

to the l e gth o f a i d e n ot b e tly e pres ed by s c an n e xac x s

nu mb er Two q titie
s . e ll e d i o mm
u an ble s ar ca nc en s u r a
whe the r tio f o e to the other a ot be e actly e x
n a o n c nn x

pre e d by mb er
ss nu s .

The t d e t s u
q i t e with A rith m etic wi ll g
n
’
s ac ua n an c su

ge st t o h im th t if two q titie a re l ly i mm e u an s ar e a n co n
sur ab l e sti l l we m y b b l e to e pre the r tio f o to
a e a x ss a o ne
the other by m b er e rly s w pl e e F or e am pl e
nu s as n a a e as . x
fi d two m i e d m b er l e s th an d the
,
w a
e c n n x 2 nu s, o n e s ,
an
other gre ter th a V2 a d o differi n g from t 0 other by
a n ,
n ne
a s small a frac tio as we p l e as e n .
 PR OP OR TI ON . 23 7

3 70 . Wepropo sitionwi th re spect to th e

will g ive one

c o mp ari s o of two i c o mm e r bl e q a titie

n n n su a u n s.

L t e a d y d e ote two q
x n titie s ; a d ppo s e i t n u an n su
k ow that howe er gre t a i teger q m y b e we c fi d
n n v a n n a an n

an other i teg er p s c h th a t b oth

n a d y lie b etween u x n

pi —1
13 then x an d y a e e q al
p

4 r u
: .

Q 9
For the differe c e b etw e e x a d 3 ca o t b e so gre at n n n 1 nn

as I ; d b y t
an aki g q l a rg e e o g h 1 ca b e mad e l e ss
n n u n
q Q
th an a ny a i gn e d q a tity wh te er
ss B t if d y wer e
u n a v . u x an

u e q l their d i ff ere e c o l d
n ua t b e m a de l e th a y nc u no ss n an

a ss ig e d q tity wh tever Therefore a d y mus t be

n u an a . x n

eq lua

3 71 I t wi ll b e
. ef l to c ompare the defi itio of p o us u n n r
portio whi h h s b ee
n e d i thi Ch apter with th at
c a n us n s

whi ch i gi e i the fifth b ook o f E l i d E l i d d fi i

s v n n uc . uc
’
s e n
tio m y b tate d th fo r q titie a e proportio ls
n a e s us : u u an s r na
whe if y e q i m l tipl e b e t ke of the first a d the
n an u u s a n n
third d l o y e q i m l tipl e of the e c o d d the
,
an a s an u u s s n an
fo th the m l tipl e o f the third is greater th e q al to
ur ,
u an , u ,
or le th the m l tipl e o f the fo rth a c ord i g the
ss an , u u , c n as
m l tipl e of the fir t i gre ter th
u e qu l to o l e s than
s s a an , a ,
r s
the m l tipl e of the e c o d
u s n .

3 72 We will fir st shew th t if fo r q tities sati fy

. a u uan s
the algebr i al d efi ition o f proportio they wil l al o
a c n n, s
sati fy E li d s
’
s uc .

For suppos e th at a b c d ; the therefore n

5g3re ter52th e q l to o l e s th qd a cordi as a is

a
wh atever n u mb er s p a d q m ay b e
,

an ,
He c e p e is

ua r s
n

an c
.

n
n

g p , ,

gre ter th
a e q l to or l e th qb Th t is the fo r
an , ua ,
ss an . a u

q a titie s ti fy E cl i d defi itio of proportio

,

b d
’
u n a, ,
c, sa s u s n n n .

3 73 We h ll n e t hew th t if fo r q a titie ti fy
. s a x s a u u n s sa s
E l i d d efi itio o f proportio the y will l s o ti fy the
’
uc s n n n a sa s
al g e b r i l d efi itio
a ca n n .

For s ppo e th t b c d a e four qua titi e s s ch th at

u s a a, , ,
r n u
wh atever n um b ers p a d q m y b e p c i greater th n a , s an ,
 PR O POR TI ON .

eq u al or l e s th an g t
to , s e ,
ac c ordin g as p a is greate r th an ,
eq u al to o l ess th a qb
,
r n .

F ir s t ppos e th at c d d
su an ar e c om m e n su r a bl e ; t ake
p an d q s c h th t p c qd the
u a z n h pothe is p q
by y s a : thus
pa a
Therefore a b e
73 9

d
ther efore d .

qb q

e t ppo e th t c d d e i com m en s u r a ble

N x su s a an ar n .

The we n ot fi d whol e mb er p d q
c an n h th t n nu s an ,
s uc a

p c qd z B t we m y t k e
.
y m l tip l e wh a te er f d as
u a a an u v o ,

qd d thi will l i b etwee t wo o e c ti e m l tipl e s of c

,
an s e n c ns u v u ,

p
i l e ss th a u ity
c
say b etwee n p e a d Thus n _ _

s n n ,
d q
is g re ater th an un ity . He n c e , by h ypothe si s,

(p +l )a
IS l ess th an un ity ,
a n (1 13 greater th an un ity .

qb
an d
(t

i
ar e b oth gr e ater th a n an d b oth l e ss t h an
An d s nc i e this is tru e h owe er great p v an d q may
q
b e , we i fer th at Zan d 5 c an ot b e u eq al ; th at i they
n n n u s,

mu st b e e q al se e A r t 3 70
u Therefore a
: b c d . . .

Th t is the fo r q a tities a b c d sati fy the l go

a , u u n , , , s a
b ai l d efi itio
r ca f propor tio n n o n .

3 74 I t i us ll y s tate d th t the Algebr ai cal d efi itio

. s ua a n n
o f proportio c ot b e se d i G eom etry b e c e there i
n an n u n aus s
n o m etho d o f repre e ti g g eo m etri ll y the re s l t of the
s n n ca u
O per tio o f d i i io
a n S tr ai ght l i e a
v s b e repre se t e d
n . n s c n n

g eom etri ll y b t t the a b tr t

ca ,
m b er whi c h e pre e s
u no s ac nu x ss
how ofte o e tr ight l i e is o t i e d i a other B t it
n n s a n c n a n n n . u

sho l d b e o b er e d th t E cl i d s d efi itio i ri goro us d

’
u s v a u n n s an
a pp l i c bl e to i co m m
a bl e a we l l
n to c m m r en s u r a s as o e ns u
a bl e q titie ; whil e the A lgebrai cal defi itio is stri c tl
u an s n n ,
y
spe k i g o fin e d to the l tter He c e thi s c on si deratio
a n ,
c n a . n n
al o e wo l d f rn is h a
n u uffi ie t re as on for the d efi itio
u s c n n n
a d op t e d by Eucl i d .
 XXX VII . Va r ia t io n .

3 75pre se t Ch pter c o i ts o f a serie s o f p o

. Th e n a ns s r
po itio s c o e ted with the d efi itio o f ratio a d pro
s n nn c n ns n
portio t te d i n e w phr eol ogy wh ich is c o ve ie t
s a n a n as
'

n n n
for s om e p rpo se u s.

3 76 tity is aid to va r y d ir ec tly as an other

. O n e qu an s
whe the two q titi e depe d o e h o ther d i ch
n u an s n n ac an n su
er th t if o be c ha ge d the other i ch ge d i
,
a m an n a ne n s an n
the m e proportio
sa n .

S o m eti m e for short e ss we o m it the wor d d i ec tl y

s n r

y i m pl y th t o e q tity varies as a other

,

a d n sa s a n u an n .

Th for e ampl e if the l tit d e o f a tri gl e b e

3 77 . u s, x ,
a u an
i ri bl e the rea rie
n va a the b e ; for if the b e b
,
a va s as as as e
i c re se d o dim i i hed we k ow from E l id th t the
n a r n s ,
n uc a
a re a i i re e d o d im i i he d i the m e proportio
s nc as r n s n sa n
We m ay e pre thi re l t with A lgeb r i c l sym b l th ;
.

x ss s su a a o s us
l t A
e d b
an mb whi h repre e t the re o f two
a e n u er s c s n a as
tri gl e h i g a o mm o l tit d e a d l e t B d b be
an s av n c n a u ,
n an
nu mber whi ch repre e t the ba e o f the e tri a gl e
s e s n s s s n s r

s e ct ive l then 4 B A d fro m thi s we d e d c e

p y; n u
a b

g e l tit e s the two l re ad c o sidere d the the r tio

_
there b e a thir d tri n l e h avi n g the
by A r t 3 63 . . If a g

s m
a d a y
u a a n , n a

o f the n mb er whi c h repre e t s it

u re to the mber whi ch s n s a a nu
(1
repres e ts its b e wi ll al o b e e q al to 5
n as s u °

ll

B
i -
: Here
m, A may repre e t the
an d As . s n

a re a of y o e of a i
an f tri g l es whi h h e a c
n s er e s o an c av o n 1~

m onal tit d e a d B the orre po di g bas e a d m e

u ,
n c s n n ,
n r

m in s co t t
a H c the t te m e t th t the re a ar e
n s an . en c s a n a a v i s

a s the b a e m ay l o b e e pre s e d th
s the a re a h as a
a s x s us ,
 VA R I A TI ON . 24 1

o t t ratio to the base ; by whi c h we me an th at t h e

c n s an
n u m be whi c h repre se t the a re a b ears a c on stan t r atio
r n s
t o the u m ber whi c h repre s e t s the bas e
n n .

Thes e remarks a e i te de d to e pl i the n otatio d r n n x a n n an

phra eol ogy whi h e u e d i the pre e t Ch apter Whe
s c ar s n s n n
we y th t A v rie s B we m e a th t A repre e t the
.

sa a a s a ,
n a s n s
nu m eri l v l e f a y o e of c ert i
ca a u eries f q a titie
o n n a a n s o u n s,
an d B the m eri cal v l e o f the orre po di g q a tity
nu a u c s n n u n
in c ert ai
a other erie d th t A s
n where m is s s, an a ,
s om e m b er whi h re m i s c o t a t for every c orre po n d
nu c a n ns n s
ing p a1r of qu an t l t ie s .

i co
I t w ll b ee ie t to give a form l dem o tration nv n n a ns
f the re io A s
lat de duc e d fro m the defin itio n in
Irt
n ,
3 76. .

3 78 .
If A B , th en A is equ al to B m u l tip lied
va r y a s
by s om e c o n s ta n t n u m be r .

Le t a an d bd e ote o
p ir of c orre spo di g al es o f
n ne a n n v u
the two q tities d l e t A a d B de ote y other p ir ;
u an ,
an n n an a
4
11 Q by defi itio l
He c e A — B = m B Where n n. n ,
a b b
(
m is equ al t o t h e c o n s an t t 5
.

3 79 . Th e s ymb l 00 is u s d o e to e press variatio x n ; thus

A oc B t
s an ds for
A va r ies a s B .

3 80 tity i s id to v ry i ve r sely as n other

. O n e qu an s a a n a ,

whe the first varies as the r ecip o ca l o f the s e c on d S e e

n r .

A r t 3 23
. .

O r 1f A _

B ’
where m IS o t
c n s an t, A 13 s a1 d to vary
i n vers ely a s B .

3 81 q n tity is sai d to vary as t wo o thers join tly

. One ua ,

whe if the form er i h ge d i a y m a er the prod c t

n , s c an n n nn ,
u

o f the other two i c h a ge d in the am e proportio s n s n.

O if A = m B 0 wher e m is c o stan t A is sai d t o var y

r ,
n ,

Joi tl y as B a d C
n n .

r A . .
 VA RI A TI ON .

3 82 One qua tity is sai d to v ry dir ect ly as a s e c on d

n a

a t h ir d whe it v rie s j oi tly as the

.

an d i n ve r s e l y a s ,
n a n

eo
s c n d an d the re cipro cal of the thi r d .

mB
O r if A = here m i c o ta t , ,
w s ns n ,
A is sa id to vary
0
d ire ctl y as B a d i ver el y as 0 n n s .

38 3 . If A 00 B, an d B a c, th en A a e .

Fo r l e t A = m B , 0, an d B = n where m an d n ar e co n
s t an t s the n A = m n C ; a n d, a s m n is o t t
c n s an , A at C .

If A
3 84 . oc C, an d B 00 0 , th en A=
E B cc C, an d

4 (AB) cc C .

Fo r l e t A = m 0, ’
an d a C, where m d n ar e an co n
s t an t s ; then therefore 0 cc .

Al s o J ( AB ) J (m 720 ) 2
therefore /(A B ) N cc (7
.

3 85 .
17 11 a B C, th en B cc an d C oc
-

Fo r l e t A m B O,
= ’
then B therefore B cc

i i r
S m l a l y, 0 00

3 86 . If A at B, an d C cc D ,
th en A C at: BB .

Fo r l e t A = m B , an d C= n D ; then A C= m n B D ;
therefor e A O cc BD .

i i r
S m la l y , if A at B, an d (
J
oe D , an d E cc F, then
A CE cc B D F; an d s o o n .

3 87 EA B , th e n A B
“ “
. of: cc

For l ot A = mB then ,
therefo r e A ”
at: B
”
.
 EX A M PLE S . XXX VI ] .

EX AMPLES XXXVI I . .

1 . A varies as B an d A = 2 whe n
, B = 1 ; fin d the
val e u of A when B =2 .

2 . If A B 2 2
varie s as A 2
B 2
, s hew th at A +B
varie s as A — B .

3 . 3A 5B varie s as 5 A 3 B, an d A=5 when B =2;

fin d the ratio A B .

A v arie s B C; an d A =4 when
’

4 . as n B r an d
C= 2 ; an d A = 7 whe n B = 2, an d fin d n .

A
5 . varie joi tly ; an d A = I whe
s as B an d 0 n n
B = 1 , an d the v al e o f A when B = 2 a d
fin d u n

A rie s s B a d C joi tly ; d A = S whe

va a n n an n
B = 2, a d
n fi d the v al e of B C whe A 10n u n .

7 . A v rie a B a d C joi tl y ;
a s d A = I 2 whe
s n n a n n
B = 2, and fi d the v al e o f A B whe n u n

8 . A v rie a s B a d C joi tl y
a s d A whe n n an a n

s , a d n fi d the v al e of A whe B b an d
n u n :
2
2
C : 0 .

9 . v rie
A a s as B di c l y re t an d a s C i versely ; a d A
n n a
when B = b, an d fin d the val u e o f A whe n B c an d -

U z b .

10 e pe se s o f a Ch arit bl e I tit tio a partly

Th e x n a ns u n re

co st t d p rtly v ry s the mber f in mate

.

n an ,
an a a a nu o s .

Whe the i m ates e 9 6 0 a d 3 000 the e pe e a e

n n ar n x ns s r re

s p ct i e l y £ 1 1 2 an d £ 1 8 0
e v Fin d the e pe s e for 1 000 . x n s

i mates
n .

11 Th e w ge s of 5 m e
. for 7 weeks b ei g £ 1 7 1 0s
a n n . .

fi d how m a y m e n c an b e hire d to work 4 week for £ 3 0

n n s .

12 If the c o t o f m k i g
. emb a k m e t ry as the
s a n an n n va

le gth if the re
n f the tr er e s e tio
a d height b e
a o an sv s c n an
o t t the height if the re f the tr er e s ectio
c n s an ,
as a a o an sv s n

an d l e gth b e o t t
n d the a re a o f the tran s er e
c n s an ,
an as v s
s e tio
c if the l e gth d height b e o t t a d
n n m an c n s an ,
n an e
b k me t 1 m i l e l o g 1 0 feet high a d 1 2 feet broa d c o s t
an n n , ,
n
£ 9 6 00 fi d the c o t f n emban kmen t h al f a mil e l o g
s o an n ,

1 6 feet high an d 1 5 feet b ro ad , .

 A RI THM E TI CA L PR O G R ES SI O M 24 5

X X VII I X . A r ith metica l Pr ogr ess io n .

3 91 .
Quan tities id t o be in A i thmeti cal
ar e sa r Pr o
gr es sio n when they i cre as e o r dec re as e by a c omm o
n n dif
fere c e n .

Th us the foll owi n g . se rie s ar e in ri h e ical

A t m t Pr o
gr e ssio n ,
14,

a, a + b, a + 2 b, a + 3 b, a + 4 b

o
Th e c mm n diff nc o
ere e i fo d by subtract in g a y s un n
ter fro th t whi h i e di tely fol l ow it I the fir t
m m a c mm a s . n s
serie the
s o ffere e i 3 ; in the s e c on d s eries it is
c o m m n di nc s
the thir erie it b
2 ; in ds s is .

3 92 e ote the fir t t erm o f an A rithm etic al

. Le t a d n s
Progre sio b the omm o d iff ere c e ; the the e c o d
s n, c n n n s n
term i + b the thir d term is 2b the fo rth term i
s a ,
a +
,
u s
a + 3b a d o o ,
Th the term is a + (n — l ) b
n s n. us n
th
.

3 93 T o f in d th e s um of a given n u m ber of te r ms of
.

a n A r i th m e tica l P r o g r e s s i n , th e f ir s t te r m a n d th e c o mo
m o n d if er e n ce be i n g s up p o s e d k n o wn .

Le t a d e ote the first term 6 the c omm o differen ce i

n ,
n ,
t
the n u mb er of term I the l as t term s the s m o f the
s, ,
u

ter ms T . hen
s =a +

A n d, by w riti ng the series i the revers e order we have

n ,

al s o
— 2b +
s : l + (l )
T herefore ,
b y ad d itio n,

to n te r ms

therefore s
24 6 A R I THM E TI CA L PR O GR E S S I O N .

—1 b
)
—l b
) }

Th e equatio ( 3 ) gi e s the v l e o f s i t erm of th e

n v a u n s

q u an titie whi h were ppo e d k ow E q atio ( 1 ) l o

s c su s n n . u n a s

gi e a c o
v s e ie t e pre io for
nv n nd f r i he the
x ss n s, an u n s s
fo ll o wi g r l e the s m f
n u :
y mb r f te m iu o an n u e o r s n

A ith m ti l P r og es io i e q l t th e p o d t f th e
r e ca r s n s ua o r uc o

nu mb er o f th e t er m i to h lf th e u m f th e fir t
s d n a s o s an
l as t t e r m s .

We h ll o w ppl y the e q atio s i the pre se t Articl e

s a n a u n n n
to s ol e om e e am pl e s rel ti g to A rithmeti cal Pr o
v s x a n

gr e ssio n .

3 94 . Fi nd the s u m o f 20 terms o f the s eries 1 ,

2, 3 , 4

Here a = 1 b= l
,
n = 2 o ; therefore

3 95 . Fi nd the s um o f 20 terms o f the s eries ,

5,
Here a= 1 b = 2, n : 2 0 therefore ,

(2 + 1 9 x 2 ) x

3 96 . Fi nd the sum o f 1 2 terms of the series 20 ,

1 8,

Here a : 20 b —2
,
1 2 ; therefore
,
n

(4 0 —2 x

3 97 . Fin d the s u m of 8 t erms o f the serie s

Here a n 8 therefo re
 E X A M PLE S
'
. XXX VI II .

9 . ert 7 A rithmetical me ans b etween 8 an d —4

In s .

10 I n sert 8 A rith m eti c al m e ans b et wee n —1 an d 5

. .

11 Th e firs t t erm of a A rith m eti c l Progre io is

. n a ss n

1 3 the s e c o d term i 1 1 the s m is 4 0 fi d the

,
n m b er
s ,
u : n nu

o f term s.

12 Th e fir t ter m o f an A rith m e ti cal Progre ss ion is

. s

5 a d the fifth ter m i 1 1 fi d the

,
n m o f 8 term s s n su .

13 Th e s mo f fo r term s i A rith meti cal Progre ss ion

. u u n

is 4 4 a d the l as t term i 1 7 fi d the ter ms

,
n s : n .

14 Th e s m o f three n mb ers i A rith m eti cal Pr o

. u u n

g e ssio n is 2 1 an d the
r m o f the ir qua re s i 1 5 5 : fi d the
,
su s s n

n mb ers
u .

15 Th e sum o f five n mb ers in Arith me ti cal P o gr e s

. u r

s io n is 1 5 an d the sum o f their s q are s i

,
5 5 : fi d the u s n

n mb ers
u .

16 Th e s eve n th term o f an A rith m eti cal Progre ss io n

.

s 1 2 a d the twe l fth ter m is 7 ; the sum o f the s erie s is

,
n
1 7 1 fi d the
: mb er o f ter ms
n nu .

17 A tr avel l er h as a journ ey o f 1 4 0 m il e s to perform

.

He goe s 2 6 mil es the fir st d y 2 4 the ec o d 22 the

.

a ,
s n ,

third a d o o n In how ma y d s doe he perform the

,
n s . n av s
jo r ey 2
u n

18 A s ets o t fro m a pl c e a d tr el s 25 mi l e
. u n a n av — s a
hou r B et s t 3 ho rs fter A d tr el i the
. s ou u a ,
an av s n
sa m e d ire c tio 3 m il e the fir t ho r 3 5 m i l e the e o d
n, s s u , s s c n ,

4 m i l e s the thir d an d so o I how ma y ho rs wi ll B

,
n . n n u
overt ak e A l
19 Th e s m of three n mb er s in A rith m e ti c l P o
. u u a r

g e s io
r is 1 2 ; a d the sum o f their s q are s is 6 6 : fi d
s n n u n
the umb er
n s .

20 If the s m of n term s o f an A rith me ti cal Pr o

. u

g e sio n i
r s l ways eq al to n fi n d the fir st term an d the
s a u
2
,
c o m m on differe c e n .
 GE OM E TR I CAL ’
PR O G B E S S I ON . 24 9

XXXIX . G eo m etr ical Pr ogr essi on .

4 00 .
Quan tities i d to b e in G eom etri cal P o
ar e sa r

gr e i whe e ac h is e q al to the pro duc t o f the pre ce di g

ss o n n u n

an d s om e c o t t f c tor n s anTh e c o t t f c tor is c l l e d

a . n s an a a
the omm on r a tio o f the eries o m ore hortly the tio
c s ,
r s ,
r a .

Thus t h e foll owi g s erie s ar e in G eo me t ri cal Pr o gr es

n
sio n .

1 , 3 , 9 , 2 7, 8 1 ,

1 1 l 1
1

2 3 “
a, a r , a r ,
ar ,
ar ,

The c omm on ratio is fo d by d ividi g an y t er m by un n

th at whi c h i mm e di ately pre ce des it I the fir t e mpl e . n s xa
1
the c ommon ratio is 3 in the s eco d i t is Q in the thir d
,
n ’

it is r .

4 01 Le t a de ote the fir st ter m of a G eo m etri cal P o

. n r

gr e ssio r the c o mm o
n, r tio ; the the e o d term is
n a n s c n ar ,
the third term i the fourth term is r an d so 0
s ar
2
,
a
3
, 11 .

Th the term i a
us n
th
s r
m"
.

4 02 T o fi n d th e su m of a gi ve n n u m ber of ter m s of a
.

o
G eo m e t r ic a l P r o g r es s i n , th e fi r s t ter m a n d th e c o m mo n
o
r a ti bein g su o o
pp se d k n wn .

Le t a d e ote the fir t ter m

n the c omm o ratio s ,
r n ,
n the
n u mb er o f term s s the m of the ter m s
,
The su . n

s = a + a r + a r + ar 3 +
2

therefore sr ar ar
2
ar 3 ar
’“ 1
ar
"

T herefore ,
by sub tra c t ion ,
"
sr s ar a

therefore
25 0 GE OM E TR I CA L PR O G B E S S I O N .

If l d en o t e the l ast t erm we h ave

therefore
E q atio
u ( 1 ) g
ni e s the v l e o f i term s o f the
v a u s n

q a titie whi h we e s ppo e d k ow

u n s c E q ation ( 3 ) is
1 u s n n. u
s o m eti m e s o e ie t form
a c nv n n .

We sh ll w ppl y the e e q tio s to s ol ve s om e e

a no a s ua n x
am pl e s rel ti g to G eo m etri cal Pro gre ssio
a n n.

4 03 . Fi d the s m o f 6 term s o f the s erie s 1 3 9

n u
, , ,

Here a = 1 r 3 n = 6 ; therefore
,
_ -

3 6
1 729 — 1
3 64 .

3 1 3 1

4 04 . Fi nd the sum o f 6 terms of th e se rie s 1,

Here a = 1, r = —3 , n = 6; therefore
—1 729 — 1
1 82 .

3 1

4 05 . Fi nd the sum o f 8 term s o f the s erie s 4 , 2,

Here a = 4 ,
r n =8 therefore

25 5 2 25 5
x
64 1 32

4 06 Fi nd the sum o f 7 terms of the s eries , 8, 4,

Here a 8, r n 7; therefore

1 29 2 43
x
16 3 8
25 2 E XA M PLE S XXX I X . .

e cu rri n g decimal s a e e ampl es o f wh at a e

4 10 . R r x r
c al l e d i fi ite G eo m etri c l Pro gre sio
n n Th s for e mp l e
a s n . u xa
3 24 24 24
de n o t e s
10 W W
Here the terms after for m a G eome tr ica l Pr o gr e s

s io n, o f whi ch the first term is an d the cemmo ratio n

He ce we
n may say th at the s um o f an in fi ite
n

n u mb er of terms of thi s serie s is th a t is

T herefore the valu e of the re curri n g d e cimal is

The valu e of the re c rrin g d e ci mal may b e foun d pr ac

u
t i c l l y th us :
a

Le t s= 3 24 2 4
‘

then 10s 3 2 4 24
an d 1 000 s 3 24 2 4 24

Hen c e , b y sub traction , ( 1 000 1 0) s z 3 2 4 3 z 3 21

3 21
therefore 990

An d an y o ther exampl e may b e t re ate d in a s i milar

man n er .

EX AMPLES . X XX IX .

Sum the foll owi ng s eries

1 1,

3 . 25 ,

4 . 1, g 2, 2 , 2 4 2,
 E XA M PLE S XXXI X . . 25 3

to 6 terms .

to 7 t erms .

to i fi ity n n .

to i n fin ity .

to in fi ity n .

10 . 6, —2 to i fi i ty n n .

Fi nd the val e o f the fol l owi

u ng re cu rri ng e
d cimal s

11 1 5 15 15 12
‘

. .

13 . 14 .

ert 3 G eometri cal me s b etwee 1 an d 25 6

15 . In s an n .

16 I ert 4 G eom etri cal me an s b etwee n 5 4 an d 4 03

. ns .

17 I s ert 4 G eo m etri cal m e a

. n b etwee n 3 an d 72 9 ns -

18 Th m of three ter m i G eo m etri cal Pro gre s io n

. e su s n s

i 6 3 a d the differe n c e o f the firs t an d th ir d terms is 4 5 :

s ,
n
fi d the ter m
n s.

19 The s m o f the fir t four t rm o f a G eom etri al

u s e s c
Pro gre io i 4 0 d the sum o f the first ei ght terms is
.

ss n s ,
a n

3 28 0 fi d the Progre s io
: n s n .

20 The s m o f three term i G eomet i cal Pr o g e s

. u s n r r
sio is 2 1 a d the s m o f their s q are is 1 8 9 fi d the
n ,
n u u s : n

terms .
25 4 HA R M O N I OA L PR O GRE SSI ON

XL . H a r m o n ical Pr og r es sio n .

hree q a titie A B C e s i d to be in Har

411 . T u n s , , ar a

mo i c l Pro gre io whe A C A B B

n a ss0 n n -
.

A y m b er f q
n titie a e i d to b i H rm o i cal
nu o u an s r sa e n a n
Pro gre io whe e ery three c o e tive q
ss n tities a e in
n v ns cu uan r

H rm o i c l P g e
a nn a ro r ss 1 o .

4 12 Th e ip o
. l of q t i t ie i
e rH m o ic l
c r ca s ua n s n ar n a

P og e io a r e i A r ith m t i l P og
r r ss n io n e ca r r e ss n .

Le t A B 0 be i H armo i c l Progre s io then

,
n n a s n
—C
,

A : C "

A —B B .

Therefore A (B C) C (A — B ) .

1 l 1 l
D 1 V1 d e th 5 by A B C , us ——
19 B A
Thi s d e m o tr te the p ns a s r e p o s it io n .

The property e tabl i he d i the pre c e di g A rti cl e

413 . s s n n
will e bl e to ol e om e q e tio rel ti g to H
na us s v s u s ns a n ar
m ic l Pro gre io
on a For e m pl e i ert fi H rm o i cal
ss n . xa
,
ns ve a n
2 8
m e an s b etwee Here we h a ve to ms e t five
n r
5
.

15

A r i th m e tica l m e an s b etwee n
3 an d He ce n ,
by eq ua

tio n ( 2) of Ar t 3 93 , .

therefore 6b therefore b

He c e the
n A rith meti cal Progre s sion is
27 28 2 15
16
’
16
’
1 3
2
,
8
; an d therefore the Har m o m c al Pr o
16 16 16 16 16 8
«
p
r es8 1 0 11 IS , , ’
3 25 26 27 23 29
25 6 PE R M UTA TI ON S A N D COM B I N A TI ON S .

XLI . Pe r m u ta tio n s an d Co m bina tio n s .

4 15 i fere t orders i whi c h a e t o f thin gs ca

. Th e d f n n s n
be rr a e e their p e r m ta t ion s
an g d ar e c al l d u .

Th s the perm t tio o f the three l e tters a b 0 t ake

u u a ns
, , ,
n
two at a ti m e a e b b a c be o b ,
r a ,
a, c, a, , .

4 16 Th e o m bi a ti on s of
. s t o f thi gs a e the
c n a e n r
d i ffere t c ol le tio
n whi h c b e form ed o t f them
c ns c an u o ,

witho t reg rd i g the order i whi ch the thi g e pl a e d

u a n n n s ar c .

Th us the c o m b i tio of the three l etter b 0 t k e

na ns s a, , , a n

two t tim e e b c b ; b d b tho gh differe t

a a ,
ar a , a ,
e a an a, u n

p r m t t io
e u aform the sam e combin a tio s o al s o do a c
n s, n,
a n d c a , an d be an d ab

4 17 Th e n u m be r o f p er n m ta tio ns of 11 th in gs t a ke n
—
.

r a t a tim e is n ( n —l
)( 2) n (n
Le t there
be n l etter b d we sh l l fir t fin d s a, ,
c, ,
a s
the n um b er of per t tio s f the m t ak e tw t ti me
mu a n o n o a a .

Pu t a b efore e h the other l etter ; we th obtai

ac of s us n
n —l per t tio
mu a n s in whi h t d fir t P t 6 b efore c a s an s s u
e h the other etter ; we th ob t i —l permuta
.

ac of l s us a n n
tio i whi ch b t d fir t S i m il rl y there ar e — l
ns n s an s s . a n
perm t tio i whi h t d fir t A d o Thus
u a ns n c 0 s an s s . n so n .
,
on the whol e there a ( , 1 ) per m t tio of l etter re n n u a ns n s
tak e tw t ti m e We h ll e t fi d the m ber of
n o a a . s a n x n nu
perm tatio of l etter t ke th ee t a tim e It h s
u ns n s a n r a . a
j t b ee he w th t t of l etter we c form ( l )
us n s n a ou n s an n n

perm t tio e ch f two l etters ; he c e o t of the — l

u a n s, a o n u n
l etter b d
s we c form ( 1 ) ( — 2 ) pe r m t tio
,
c, ,
an n n u a ns,

e ach of two l etter p t b efore e ch of thes e d s : u a a ,

an
we h e ( 1 ) ( —2) perm t atio e ch o f three l etter
av n n u n s, a s,

in whi c h t d fir t S
a s ani m il r l y there a
s e ( — l )(
s — 2) a r n n

p erm t tio e h of three l etter i whi ch b ta ds first

.

u a n s, ac s, n s n .

S i mi larl y there ar m y i whi ch c s t ds firs t A d

e as an n an . n
so o n Th
. o the whol e there a e n (n — l ) ( n 2) per
u s, n ,
r -

mutatio n s o f n l e tte rs t ake th r ee at a ti me n .

 PE R M UTA TI ON S AN D O
C M B I N A TI N S O . 25 7

From c on si derin g the se case s it might be co njecture d

th at the n umb er o f permu tatio s o f l etters t ke r at n n a n a
time is (u —l ) ( n a d w hal l hew
n n e s s
that this is the ca e Fo r s ppos e it kn own that the n m s u u
l etter s t ken r —l a t a ti m e is
.

b e o f perm t atio s o f
r u n n a
n (n l ) ( (r l )
n we h l l shew th t a i m il r s a a s a

formul a will gi e the umb er o f perm t tio s f l etter

v n u a n o n s,
t ke r at ti m e Fo r o t o f the —l l etters b c
a n a . u n , ,
we c an fo r m ( — l ) (n 2 ) { 1n— (r 1 } p rm ta -
n e u
tions e ach o f —l l etters p t a b efore e c h of the s e a d
,
‘

r : u a , n
we obt i a s m a y perm t tio s e ch o f r l etter i
a n n u a n , a s, n
which a st ds firs t S imil rl y there e s m a y p e mu
an . a ar a n r
t at io s e ac h of r l etter i whi c h b s t a ds fir t
n , S imi s, n n s .

l a l y there a e as ma y perm t atio s e c h o f r l etter

r r n u n ,
a s,
in whi c h 0 s t ds first A d so an Th s o the whol e n on u n
there ar e n ( —l ) (
. .

—r + l ) permutatio s o f n
,

u n n
letter s t ake n r at a ti m e .

I f the n the form l a holds whe n the l etters a e ta ken r 1u r

at a ti m e it wi l l h e l d whe they ar e t k en r at a time n a .

B t it h as b ee
u hew to hold when they a e take th r ee
n s n r n
time therefore it hol ds when they a e t ke f ou t a
,
r a n r a
tim e a d therefore it hol d whe they a e t aken fi e at a
,
n s n r v
tim e a d so o n : th s it holds i ersally
,
n u un v .

4 18 Hen c e the n mber o f perm t ation s of n thin gs

. u u

taken all tog ether is n (n 1 ) (n 1 .

4 19 Fo r the sake o f bre ity ( n l ) ( n

. is ofte v n n
de ote d by th L n d e ote the pro d c t of the n t r l
n
L us n n s u a u a

n umb er s fro m 1 t o n in cl us ive Th e symb o l [ a may be .

read f ac tor ial n

, .

4 20 A n y co m bin t io n of r th i gs w il l p o d ce [
. a n r u r

p e m ut a t i o s
_

r n .

For by Art 4 1 8 the r thin gs whic h form the given

.

comb i ation c an b e a rr a ge d i
n
L d iffere t order n n r n s.

4 21 ; Th e n u m ber o f c om bin a tion s of 11 th in gs ta ke n r

—2 l)
at a time is
n ( u -
l ) (n ) (n -
r +
2 5 8 PE R M UTA TI O N S AND O
C M B I N A TI N S O .

For the n mber o f p er m t t ion s f n thi gs t k e r at

u u a o n a n

a tim e i ( l ) ( — 2) ( —r + 1 ) by A t 4 1 7 ; d e h
s n n n n r . an ac

combi atio pro d c e li perm tation s by A r t 4 20 ; he c e

n n u s u . n

the n u mb er o f c ombi ations m t be n us

72 ( n l )( n —r + 1 )
l i

Ifwe mul tipl y b oth m er tor d d e om i n ator f nu a an n o

this e pres io by I r it t kes the form

x s n n
ls:-
a

v al ue o f c ours e b ei g ch a ge d n un n

4 22 T fi d th e om b r f p e r m u ta t io n s of 11 th i g
n n u e o n s
ta ke a l l tog e th er wh i h a e
.

n t l l d if r e t c r no a e n .

Le t there b e n l etters ; a d s ppo e p f them to be n u s o a,

q o f the m to b b r o f the m to b e
e ,
d the re t o f the m 0 , an s
to b e the l etter l e e ch o c rri g i gl y the the
s c , , a cu n s n : n
n mb er o f per m t tio
u of them t ke a ll together will b e
u a ns a n

Fo rppose N to represe t the re quire d n umber o f

su n
perm ta tio u If i y e o f the perm t tio s the
n s. n an
1 on u a n 7

l etters were ch ge d i to 1 e w a d differe t l ette r

a an n ) n n n s,
the witho t h gi g the it tio o f a y o f the other
.

n, u c an n s ua n n

l etter we c o ld fro m the i gl e perm t atio pro d ce p

s, u
| s n u n u

d i ffere t perm t tio s

n d th if the p l etters were
u a n : an us a
c h ge d i to p w d differe t l etter the whol e n mber
an n ne an n s u
of perm t tio wo l d be N L
u a g nsS i mi l r ly if the g l ett ers
u _
x . a

b were l o h ge d i to q n w a d d iffere t l etter s the

a s c an n e n n
whol e mb er o f perm t tio s we o ld o w ob t i wo l d
nu u a n c u n a n u
b N L x A d if the r l etter 0 were l o h ge d
e
g Q
x . n s a s c an

i to r ew d differe t l etters the whol e m b er of per

n n an n nu
m t tio
u a wo l d b N U} [g x (
ns u B t thi
e m ber x x r . u s nu

m t b e q l to the
us e m b er o f perm t tio s of
ua differe t
nu u a n n n
l e t ter t k e
s ll together th at is to w
a n a
,
.

Thus N [p x g
l l L; therefore N
x x fi n

An d s i m i l rl y
a an y other case may b e tre ated .
 B IN OM I A L TH E OR E ZII .

XLII B in om i l T e or em . a h .

We h a e al re ady ee th t (
i
2
4 24 . v 2x a s n a a: a ,

a d th t ( the objec t f the

3 2 2 3
n ) a 3 a 3
x a 3 x x xa a o
pre e t Ch pter i to fi d e pre ssion f r
s n a s where n an x o
n is a y po itive i teger
n s n .

4 25 B y a t al mul tipl i cation we obt ai n

. c u

(x +
(x + a) (a + b)

(abc bcd c da dab) x a bc d .

N o w in the se re s ul s t we se e th at the foll owin g la ws

ho ld :

I . Th e n um b er o f term s o n the righ t h an d ide is o n e -

s
m ore tha the n nu mb er o f bin o mi al factors whi c h ar e mul ti
plie d together .

II Th e e pon e t o f x inthe firs t t er m i the sam e a

. x n s s
the umb er f bi omi l f tor
n d i the other ter m
o n a ac s, an n s
e h e pon en t i l ess th an that o f the prec e di g term by
ac x s n
i mity.

I II oe ie t
Th e c ffi c n o f t h e
. fir t ter
s it the
m is un y ;
coe ie t the e o ter
ffi c n o f s c nd m is the s um o fthe e o
s c nd
letter the i o i f tor the oe ie t the thir
s of b n m al ac s; c ffi c n o f d
term is the su m o fthe pro t du c s o f the e os c nd let er
t s of
the i o i f tor t e two
b n m al ac s ak n at a ti e the oeffi ie t
m ; c c n of
the fo th ter
ur m isthe s um o fthe pro t du c s o fthe e o
s c nd
et er the i o i f tor t e three ti e
,

l t s of b n m al ac s ak n at a m ; an d .

so o n ; the t ter
l as m is t hepro t du c o f a llthe e o ett r
s c nd l e s
of the i o i f tor
b n m al ac s .

We h ll shew th at the s e l aws al ways h ol d wh ate ver

s a ,

h e the mb er o f b i o m i l f c tors
nu S ppo e the l w n a a . u s a s

to h e l d whe n n 1 factors ar e mul tipl ie d tog ether ; th a t i s,

 B IN OM I A L TH E OR E M 26 1

su ppose t he re ar e n 1 factors a: a, a b, a: c, a: k,
an d th at
2
b) + u,
-

w here p = the s the l etters a b c l

um o f , , ,
o,

= t h e s m o f the pro du ct s o f thes e l e tt er s tak e n

q u
two at a tim e ,

r = t h e su m o f t h e pro du cts o f the s e l e tt ers take n

three at a tim e ,

pro d c t o f all the se l etters

u = th e u .

M l tip
p l y b oth s i d e s o f thi s i d e n tity by an other fa ct or
u
x +l ,
d a rr a ge the pro duc t o n the right h n d acco rdi n g
an n a
to po wers o f x ; thus
( 50 -

Pk)
+ (q -
y a] ,

No w + lc + l

the sum o f al l the l e tters a , b, l;

g +p l

the sum o f the pro ducts taken t wo at a

ti me o f al l the l etters a b h l ; , , .
,

the s the produc ts taken thre e

um o f at a time
o f al l the l etters a b l; , ,

the pro d c t o f all the l etters

ul = u .

He c e if the l ws hol d when — l fac tors ar e mul ti

n ,
a n
pl ied together they hold whe
‘

,
f ctors a e m l tipl ied n n a r u
together ; b t they h ve b ee hew to ho ld whe f o r
u a n s n n u
f tors a e m l tipl ie d together t h f0 e they h l d whe
ac r u ,
er e 1 e n

five f c tors a e m l ti pl ie d together an d s o o n : thu s they

a r u ,
hol d un iversal ly .
 B IN OM I A L T HE OR E M
We sh al l write the re sul t for the mul tipl ic ation of n
f ctors th for
a us ab b re i tiov a n
—l g
(x + a ) Q$
n
-

+
+ Ex "
V .

the s m f the l etter b c h l whi ch a e

N o w P 1s u o s a, , ,
. .
, ,
r
n er Q is the um o f the pro d ct o f the e
in n umb ,
s u s s

( 1) n n
l e t ter s t wo a d t wo s o th at there ar e n o f the s e ,
1 2
n ( —ln)( n — 2)
pro du cts ; R IS t he sum o f 1 2 3 0
pro d uc s ; t an d so

on . S e e A r t 4 21 . .

ppo e b
Su s ,
l e ach eq u al to a . T he n P b e c om e s
—1
( — )( — 2)
( n u ) n n l n
na Q b e c o me s
, a
2
,
R b eco me s

a d so o
n T h us fi n . n all y

n (n l ) 3 —3
(a: ) 1
” ” ’” "
a x n aat a :c
1

92 n ( —1
>
( 7l
a
‘
V
” _
4
+
1 . 2 3 4:

4 26 formul a j st ob t ai e d i cal l e d the B i omi l

. Th e u n s n a
Theore m ; the s erie s o the ri ght h d i de i c all e d the n -
an s s
e pa io of (m+ ) d whe we p t this s eries i te d
x ns n a an n u ns a
of we e i d to exp a n d ( + ar Th e theore m
sa x

wa di c overe d by N ewto
s s n .

I t will b e s ee th t we h ve d e m o s trate d the theore m

n a a n
i the c e i whi c h the e po e t
n as n i a p i ti e i n tege ; x n n n s os v r
an d th t we h e a e d i thi s d e mo stratio the m etho d
av us n n n
of m a th em tic l i d tio a a n uc n .

4 27 Take for e xampl e ( + a )

. Here 6 a
' s
. n ,

—1 —l —2
n ( u ) n ( n )( n )
1 .

( — )( — —
n ln n 2 )( n 3) 3 _
"

1 . 2 . 3 . 4

n (
u — l )( n —2 )( n —3 )( n — 4) 6 . 5 . 4 .

1 . 2 3 . .
 B I N M I A L THE
O OR E M .

Hen c e, c oll e cti ng the te rm s, we ob tain ( 1 + 2x

2 3 — 4 6- 7
-

1 2
8 x + 0x + 8 x 2 6x -
5
8 x + 2 0x 8w + a s .

4 29 . I n th e exp a n s i n o f ( 1 + x)
o th e co efi ic ien ts of
n

te r m s e q ua ll y dis ta n t f r om th e beg in n in g a n d th e e n d
a r e th e sa me .

'

Th e co e fii c ie n t o f the r
01
term from t he begin nin g is
—r + 2)
n (
u l )( n
by mul tiply in g both n ume ra tor

an d d en o min ato r by ln r 1 this b e c omes

Th e r term fro m the e d is the
“
n (n t er m fr om
th e b g e i n i g an d its c oeffi cie t is
n n ,
n

—
n (n (n th at is

by mul tiplying b oth n um erat or an d den omin at or by

I r 1

this al so bec omes V J

4 30 . Hither t o in
peaki g f the e xp an sion o f s n o
we h ave a s m e d th t d e ote s s o me
s u i t i e i t gea n n os v n e r
B t the B i o mi al T heorem is al o pp c d to e p d
.
'
u n s a x an
whe i po sitive frac tio o a egati e q an
n n s a n, r n v u
tity whol e or fractio l Fo r a di c ss ion o f the B in omi l
na . s u a
Theorem with a y e po e t the t de t is referred t o the
n x n n s u n
l rger A l g eb r a ; it wil l however b e a us eful e erc i e t o
a x s
ob tai vario p arti c l r ca se from the ge eral form l a
n us u a s n u
Th s the t de t wil l as me for the pres en t th at wh atever
.

u s u n su
be the v al e s o f a a an d nu
'
, , ,

n ae
“ 1
a x
2
n n ( l )(n 2) , “
a c
‘

n (
n —1 )( n —2 )( n — 3) 3 °
a i .

If n is not a po sit ive i n teger the serie s n ever en ds .

 B IN O l ll l A L THE R E M O .
26 5

A s an e x am l p e take Herc in the for mul a

431 .

we 1 fo r a y '
fo r
;
d f
pu t
of Ar t 4 3 0 a, an or n
5
.
. ,

n ( u —l
)(n—2)

n (n 1 ) (n 2 ) (n 3)

an d s o o n . T h us

is = 1 1 1
— 2+ — 3
(H e) l +
é u
§ y
16
y

A s an other e x am pl e take ( 1 5 Here we p u t 1 fo r '

y) . a,

—1 for
y fo r a , an d n .

2
n u ( —l) 3 n (u 5
’ ’
1 - 2 8 16

” n —l ( l( —2 —
X 3) 35
nn

1 28
, an d so o n . T hus
2 1 g + 2y 2
”

( 1 + y) — 1 _

2 8

A ga n i e pa
, x nd (l Here we p u t 1 fo r x, y fo r a ,

an d —m for n .

n (u 1) m (m 1)

n ( —ln)(n —2)

n ( n —l
)( —2
n )( n — 3)
1 2 3 4
2 66 EX A M PL E S . X LI I .

2)
T h us (1 +y
” m — l —m
y4 .

y
”

3) '
y

As a parti c ul a r c ase s ppo se m u : 1 thus

— 2
(1 3 4
y + 2
/ z
l +e
-

This m y b e veri fied by di i di g 1 by 1 y

a v n .

Agai e p a d (1 + 2x a ) i powers of y for

— i
n, x n 2 f
n 33 . Put
2x x ; th
2
s we h ve ( 1
u Z k at )
é yfi a a - ?

1
1 + 1y y +
2

s y
_

2 16

1
— 2 —
) ( 2r
2
2x a ) (2w
'
1 “
a a:
s 6

No w e p d (2
x an x ( 2x an d c oll ec t the
terms : thus we sh l l o bt i a a n

( 1 + 2x —x 2 + x
3 —
gx
4
+

EX AMPLES . XLI I .

1 . Write d own the first three a nd the l as t th ree te rm s

o f (a
2 . Write d own the e xp an sio n of (3
3 . p n d ( 1 2y )
Ex a -
7

4 . Write d ow the first n terms e p an sio

x n

(s q

5 . Ex pa nd (1 l - ~
a
'

6 . Ex pa nd (1 a:
 S CA LE S O F N O TA TI ON .

XLIII S cal es of N ota tio . n .

4 32 Th e s t de t wi ll o f c o r e h a e l e ar e d fro m
. u n u s v n
A rithmeti c th a t i the ordi ary m etho d o f e pressi g
n n x n
whol e n mb ers by figure the mb er repre e te d by e h
u s, nu s n ac
fi gure i al ways om e m l tip le f o me p ow f ten Th
s s u o s er o . us
i 5 2 3 the 5 repre e t 5 h dre d th at is 5 tim e
n s n s un s, s
the 2 represe t s 2 te th at is 2 ti m es 1 0 ; d the 3
n n s,
1
an ,

whic h repre e t s 3 un its may b e sai d to represe t 3 ti me s

s n ,
n

see A r t 3 24
. .

hiT s m d o e of e pre si g whol e n mb ers i cal l e d the

x s n u s
o o
c m m n sca l e f ota t i o d t e n is s ai d to b e the bas e
o n n ,
an
-

o r r a dix o f the c ommon s c al e .

4 33 We sh all n o w she w th at a y positive i tege r

. n n

gre ter th an un ity m y b e us e d i ste ad o f 1 0 f

a a the ra dix ; n or
an d the e pl ain h o w gi en whol e n um be r may be
n x a v
expresse d i an y p o p o d c al e
n r se s .

Th e fi g re by m e s o f whi c h a
u s mb er is e pre ss e d
an nu x

a e ca l l e d d ig i ts
r Whe we pe k i f t e o f a y r ad i
. n s a n u ur n x
we h all al w ys m e a th at thi s radix is some positive
s a n
i teger gre ater th an u ity
n n .

434 . T o h ew th a t a y wh ol e n umber m ay be exp r ess

s n
ed i n ter ms f
o a n y r a dix .

e ote the whol e n mb er r the ra di S ppo s e

Le t N d n u ,
x. u
h t the hi he t power o f whi ch i o t gre ater th
t a r " is g s r s n an
ivi e
N ; d d N by r ; l t the q otie t b e a an d the re
"
e u n ,
i er
ma n d P : thus
N ar
"
P .

Here by ppositio , su n, a is l es s th a r an d P is l es sn ,

th an r D i i d e P by W
"
. v
“
; let the q otien t b e I) an d t h e
u ,
remain der Q : th s u

P br '
“ 1
Q .

Pro c ee d in thi way til th s un e , r e m ain d e r is l e ss th an r :

thus we fi d N e pre s e d i the
n x s n m an n er s h ewn by the
foll owi n g i de tity n ,
z+
N = ar "
br " l "
+ kr + k
‘ ‘

+ er .
 S CA LE S O F N O TA TI ON . 26 9

E ac h ofth e d g i its a b c h h is l e ss th an r ; a d
, , , , n

an y o n e o r m e of or them after th e first may happen to be

zero .

435 To exp r es s
. a given wh l e o n u m ber in an y pro
p o sed s ca l e .

By whol e n mb er we mean a whol e n umb er

a gi ven u

e pre s e d i
x s words o el e e pre e d by digit i s o me
n ,
r s x ss s n
a sig e d
s nle If o sc al e is m e tio e d the c o mm o n sc al e
s ca . n n n

is t o be u d ers too d n .

L t N b e the give whol e n mb er r the radi x o f the

e n u ,

s cal e i whi c h it is to b e e pre e d S ppo e h

n b x ss . u s , ,
a
the req ire d digits n + 1 i
u mb er b egin i g with th at
, n nu , n n
o n the ri ght h an d : the n
1 ”
N = ar "
br " n
hr k
‘ ‘

cr .

Di i de N by r a d l e t M be the q otie t ; then i t is

v ,
n u n
ob io th at M
v us +h d tha t t h e , an
rem ai der is k He c e the fir t digit is fo d by thi s
n . n s un
rul e d i ide th e gi e u m be by th e p op osed r a dix
: v v n n r r
,
an d th e r em a i n der is th e fir s t o f th e r eq u i r ed d ig i ts .

A ga n , d v d M b y i i i e r ; then it is ob io s th at the v u
r ema in d e r is h ; an d th us the s e c o d o f the req ire d
n u
it fo
dig s is un d .

B y pro c ee di g i thi s way we sh all fi n d in su cc es sio

n n n
al l the re q i re d d i git s u .

436 We h all o w s ol ve s o m e e am pl e s
. s n x .

T ra sfor m 3 28 8 4 i to the s cal e o f whi ch t h e r a di i

n n x s
s eve n .

7 4 6 97 5
7 671 o

hus
T
so th a t the . n u mb er e pressed x in t h e s cal e o f whic h the
r ad i x is s eve n is 1 6 4 6 05 .
 S CA LE S O F N 0 TA TI O N

Tra form 7 4 1 9 4 ns in to the s c al e of whi h the ra dixc is

twel ve .

12 17 4 194
12 15 332 10
12 5 15
12 11

Thu s 1 24 4 6 -
12 4 11 3 -

In to e pre the n mb er m the c l e f whi ch

o r de r x ss u s a o
the r di twel e m the
a l m a er we re q ire two
x is v us ua nn ,
u
ne w ymb ol so e for t d the other for l e e : we wi ll
s, n e n , an e v n
use t fo the form er d e for the l atter Thus the m ber
r ,
an . nu
e pre se d i the sc al e o f whi ch the radix is twel ve is
x s n
3 6 e 2t .

ra sform 6 4 5 03 2 whi h is e pre s ed i the cal e o f

T n ,
c x s n s
whi h the ra di
c i e i to the sc l e o f whi ch the radix I S
x is n n ,
n a
eight .

8 [ 6 4 5 03 2
727 8 2 4 .

i i io by eight is performe d thu s First eigh t is

Th e d v s n :
n o t c o t i ed i 6
n a n o we h e to fi d how ofte eight i
n s av n n s
o t i ed 6 4 ; he e 6 t d f i ti m e i e t h t i
,

c n a n in i s an s o1 s x s n n ,
a s
fift y fo r s th t the q e tio i how ofte i ei ght
-
u ,
o a u s n s n s co n
t i e d i fift y ei ght
a n n d the wer i e e ti mes with , an an s s s v n
two o e N e t we h e to fi d how oft eight i c
v i . x av n en s on
t i d i 25 th t i how ofte ei ght i c o t i e d i twe t y
a ne n ,
a s n s n a n n n
three d the wer i twi e with e e o er N e t we
,
an an s s c s v n v . x
h e to fi d how ofte eight i o t i e d i 7 0 th t i how
av n n s c n a n n ,
a s
ofte ei ght i o t i e d i i ty three d the wer is
n s c n a n n s x -

, an an s

se e v tim e with e e o er N e t we h e to fi d how

n s s v n v . x av n

ofte eight i o t i e d i 7 3 th t i how ofte eight i

n s c n a n n ,
a s n s
c o t i e d i i ty— i
n a n d the wer i eight ti me with
n s x s x , an an s s s
two o er N e t we h ave to fi d how ofte eight i c
v . x n n s on
t i d i 2 2 th t i how ofte ei ght i c o t i e d i twe ty
a ne n ,
a s n s n a n n n
d the wer i twi e with fo r over Th s 4 is the fir t
,

an an s s c u . u s
of the re q ire d digits u .

We will i di cate the remai der o f the pro ce ss ; the

n n
s t ude t sho l d ca e f l l v w0 k it for hi ms el f a d the
n u 1 co m u 1 ,
n n
 XLIV . I n ter es t .

Th e sub ct o f In
4 38 . s is d s cus s d in t je tere t i e re ati e s s
on A rit eti
hm c ; b u t by a id o f A l g b a cal n the e ri ot tio a n
the r e
u l s can b e s n d in a m asy t o un d pre e te for e . erstan d
an dto re e er
m mb .

439 . on ey pai d fo r the us e of m on ey

I n te r es t is m .

Th e m o e y l e t is c all e d the P i ip al
n n The A m t t r nc . o un a
the e d o f give tim e i the s m o f the Pri cip al an d t h e
n a n s u n
I tere t a t the e d o f th t t im e
n s n a .

4 40 In tere t i o f two ki ds s imp l e an d co mp o u d

. s s n , n
Whe i n teres t is ch arged o n the Pri c ip l al o e it is c ll e d
.

n n a n a
s imp l e i tere t ; b ut if the i tere t as oo as it b ec o m es
n s n s s n
d e is a d de d t o the pri cip al
u d i teres t c h arg e d o the n ,
an n n
whol e it is call e d comp o d i terest
, un n .

441 Th e a te o f i teres t i the m o n ey p ai d for the u se

. r n s

o f a c ert ain sum for a c ert i tim e I p t ice the s m is a n . n r ac u

u l l y £ 1 00 a d the ti m e i o e y e ar ; a d whe we s y
su a ,
n s n n n a
th t the r te i £ 4 5 s per c e t we m e a th a t £ 4 5 s th at
a a s . . n . n . .
,

£ 4 5 is p i d for the
,
e o f £ 1 00 for o e y ea r
a I th e y us n . n or
it is o e ie t as we h all se e to e a symb ol to d e ote
c nv n n ,
s ,
us n
t h e i tere t o f o e po
n sd for o e y e r n un n a .

4 42 To fi d th e a m o u n t of a g iven s um i n a n y g i ve n
. n
t im e a t s imp le i n te r es t .

the
Le t P b e er of poun ds i the pri cip al n the
n u mb n n ,

er
n u mb e r the i tere t o f o e po d for o e y e r
o f y a s, r n s n un n a
e pre e fr tio d M the m b er f
,

x ss d as a ac n of
po a un , nu o
po the o t i e i the i tere st o f o e po d
un ds in am un S nc . r s n n un
e r the i tere t o f P po d for
fo r o n e y a , P r is n y ea r s un s one ,

the i tere t
an d n Pr is n po ds for n years ; therefore
s of P un

From the e q atio

4 43 . u n M = if an y three o f
P ( 1 + n r ),
the fo r q an tities III P
u u , ,
n ,
r ar e give the fo urth can be
n,
 I N TE R E S T . 273

4 44 . To fi n d th e am o unt of a g iven s um in any

g ive n tim e omp o d i te e t at c un n r s .

L t P b e the
e mb er o f po ds i the pri cipal the nu un n n ,
n
nu m b er f y e r r the i tere st f
o po d for o e y ear
a s, n o one un n
e pre e d fr tio f po d M the mb er o f po ds
,

x ss as a ac n o a un , nu un
i the m o
n t L t R de ote the am o t o f o po d in
a un . e n un ne un

o ne y e r ; th at R 1 + The PR i the m o t o f P
a so : r . n s a un

po d i un e ye r
s The m o t o f PR po d i o
n on a . a un un s n ne

y e r i B R R o PR ; whi h i therefore the m o t fP

a z
s ,
r c s a un o
po d i tw ye ar S i mi larly the m o t f P R po d
un s n o s . a un o
2
un s

y e r i PR R PR whi h i therefore the am o t 3

i n one a s
Z
,
or ,
c s un
o f P po d i th ee y e arun s n r s .

Pro c ee di g i thi w y we fi d th at t he am o un t o f P
n n s a n
po d i y ears is PR th at i
un s n n
” :
s

Th e i tere st gai e d i
n n n n e r is
y a s

PR — P "
or P (R "
l ) .

Th e Pr esen t v a l u e
445 . o t the o f a n a m u n d u e at end
i e ti e th t
of a g v n m is a wh h with i tere t for the
s um ic it s n s

gv ni e ti e wi
m e to the o t Th t the
ll b e qu al am un a is P r in .
,
'

c ip a l isthe pre e t v e the

s n al u of A m o un t ; se e A r t 4 3 9 . .

446 o . n all ow
D isc u n t is c e ma de for the paym e t a an n

of a o e efore it i d e
su m o f m n y b s u .

F rom the d efi itio of p e e t l e it foll ow s th tn n r s n va u a a

d eb t i f irly d i ch rg e d by p yi g the p e
s a t l
s t a a n r se n va u e a
o ce he e the di o t i e q l to the am o t d e
n : nc sc un s ua un u

di m i i he d by it pre e t v al e
n s s s n u .

4 47 T fi d th e p e
. t l of m of m o n ey d e
n r se n va u e o a su u
a t th d f a g i e t im
e en d th e d i o
o t v n e, a n sc un .

Le t P b e the mb er of po d i the pre se t l enu un s n n va u ,

n
the mb er o f y e r
nu the i tere t f o po d for a s, r n s o ne un one

y e r e pre e d s
a x fr ctio o f a po d M the n mber o f
ss a a a n un ,
u
po ds i the m du D the di c o t
un n su e, s un .

Le t R z l +r .

n a .
 E XA M PLE S . X LI V .

At sim pl e in te rest
M = F ( I + n r ) , b y Ar t 4 4 2 ; .

M
therefore P
1 +nr
D =M P

At co mp o rm d i terest
n

M : PR ”
,
by Ar t 4 44 .

therefore P D = M —P

4 48 pr ti e it
In
. ac c ver o o
is y c mm n to al l ow t h e
o e p i efore it
i n te r e s t o f a s um o f m n y a d b i tead o f
is d u e n s
the o
d isc u n t as here efi ed n d h p e i tere s t i
T us at s im l n . a

s te ad o f
1
the p ayer wo ul d b e all owe d M n r fo r im

m e di at e p aym e n t .

EXAM P LES XLIV . .

1 . At wh at rate pe r c e t will £ pr oduc e the same

n . a
i tere t
n s in o n e ye ar as £ b pr o duc e s w h e n t h e r at e is £ 0
per c e nt ?

2 hew th at a s m o f mo ey at c ompou d in te re st
S u n n
b e o m e gre te t gi e r te per c e t f0 gi e mb r
.

c s a 1 a a v n a n . 1 a. v n nu e
o f y e r th a st d oe t twi c e th at rat e p e r c e t fo hal f
an i s a n . r
th at n umbs 1 of y ears .

3 Fi d i h o w m a y y e ars a um o f mon ey will doubl e

. n n n s
i tsel f a t a give n ra te of simpl e in tere st .

4 Shew b y t ki g the fir t three terms o f th e B i

.
, a n s
n o m i al s erie for s th t t fi pe c e t co mpo d a a ve r n . un
i teres t a sum of mo ey wi ll b e m ore th a do bl e d i fi fte e
n n n u n n

ye r a s.
27 6 M I S CELLA N E O US E XA M PLE S .

12 . If a = 1, b = 3, an d c = 5 , fin d the val e u of

3 —c) —b2
2a ( 2a
2 —b — a 2 b — 2 — b2
1 3 Simp y ( + )
l
. if a b ) { ( ) (
14 . D i i de
v
3 2 t’ s z
2x 5
x 4
y 4x y 5x y 4 y 5 by x
3
xy 2y 3
.

4
x 2x 3 x
2
l
15 . R duc e e t o its l owe st t erms x
4
x
2
1

16 . Fi nd the L C M . . . of x
2 —9x — 1 0, x
2—
7
x —30
,

17 . S m l y i p if
3 5
+
7x —3 0
'
x
2—
9x —1 0 x
2— x
2
+ 4x + 3

x —2 x + 15 x
18 . S ol ve
3

3 2 1
—l — ofi — 4
19 S OIVG ) )
_

. .

20 per so s A d B o w together 1 7 5 sh are s in

. Two n an n

a r ai l way o mp y They gree to di i de d A t akes 8 5

c an . a v ,
an
sh re whil e B t ke s 90 sh are s an d pays £ 1 00 to A F in d
a s, a .

the v l e of a h re
a u s a .

21 A d d together a + 2 v —y + 2 4 b 3 a —4 x —2y — s 1 b
. .
, ,
x + —
y 2a + 5 5 b ;
an d sub tract the re s ul t from 3a b 3x 2y .

22 . Fi nd the v al e u of ,J7a b( 2 c
’

ab ) ( 2a 3 b} ,
7
w he n a z 3, b an d c : 2 .

23 . S m l y i p if {x (x a ) a x ( a )} {x (x a ) n(a
0
1
.

t v 51 v 1
D W1 ( l 0
o 0 0 t
o
4 F “
q , an d ve 1 1 fy tl10
6 8 6 3
re l t by mul tipl i c tio
su a n .

25 Fin d the
. of x 4
3 x3 10 an d x 4 323 + 2 .
 ZlII S CELLA N E O US E X A IlI PLE S . 27 7

b
26 . i p if
S m l y 2— 2
b 4a b + 2a 2a — b
a
'

27 . Fi n d the L C M
. r . of x
2 —4
,
4 x3 —7x — 2 , an d
4 x 2 + 7x — 2 .

28 . S l o ve 6

29 o ght a it of cl othe f £ 4 7 6 d
. A m an b u su s or s
The trow er o st h lf as m h g i the w i t o t d
. . .

s s c a uc a a n as a s c a an
the c o at h l f m h agai the trow ers a d wai t co t
,

a as uc n as s n s a
together Fi d the pri c e of e ch garm e t
. n a n .

30 A f rm er ell s
. c ert i mb er o f b shel s o f
a s a a n nu u
whe at at 7 6 d per b shel d 2 00 b hel f b rley t
3 . . u an us s o a a
4 s6 d per b hel
. .d re ei e l together usm h if he
,
an c v s a as uc as
h d o l d b oth whe t a d b rl e y at the r ate f 5 6 d per
a s a n a o 3.
b us he l Ho w m h whe at did he e ll ?
.

. uc s

31 . If a = 1 b= 2 c
, ,
d = o, fin d the v al u e of
a — b+ c ad — bc

a — b— c bd + ae

32 M u l tipl y
together x a, x b, x a, an d x b;
d d ivi d e the re l t by
.

2
an su x (
x a b) ab .

—
33 . D i i de
v 8x 5 — x ‘’
y
3
g 5
y by 2 x y .

34 . Fi n d the of 4x ( x
2
+ 1 0 — 25 x
) —6 2 an d

x
2 — 7x + 1 0 .

'

1 2x — 1 5 xy + 3 y
‘
32

35 . e
R du c e to i ts l owe st ter ms
6x
3 2
6 x y + 2x y
z
2y "
’

36 . i p if
S m l y

37 . S lvo e
9
 M I S CE LLA N E OUS E X A M PLE S .

2x — l x +4 5 x —l
38 . S ol ve O

39 A work i o n e hour B an d 0
c an do a pie c e of n ,
’

e ach i two ho r h o w l on g would A B an d 0 take

.

n u s: , , ,

worki g together ?
n

40 A h i g three t i me s as mu ch m on ey as B ga ve
av n

t wo po d to B d the he h ad twi c e as much as B

.

un s ,
an n

Ho w m c h h ad e ac h at fir st !
"
h ad . u

41 A d d t oge t he r
. 2x + 3 y + 4 z x 2y + 5 z an d ,
-

7x —y + z .

42 . Fin d th e su m, t h e diff eren ce , an d the pro d uc t of

3x 2
4 xy 4 g2 an d 4 x2 2 xy 3y 2
.

43 . i p if
S m l y
2 a —3 (b —c ) {a 2(b c )} 2 {a 3 (b

44 . Fi nd the G C M . . . of
‘ 2
a + 6 7x + 6 6 an d 1 .

—1 x
4
x + 1
45 . S i mpl ify fi — x
x l

46 . Fin d the L e M . . . o f x2 — 4 , x
Z
5x 6, an d x 2 — 9 .

3x 3 —4 x '3 — x 14
47 . R duc e e t o its l owes t t erms 6x 3
l 1 x2 l ox + 7

48 . o ve
S l 3 (x 1) 4 (x 2) x ) .

49 . S ol ve J( 9 + 4 x )
. 5 2,J x .

50 Ho w mu c t e a
. h at 3 s 9d
. per lb m t b e mi e d
. . us x
with4 5 lb s at 3 s 4 d . . . per l b . that the m i ture may be x
worth3s 6d perlb ?. . .

51 M l tipl y 3 a
. u
2
ab b2 b y a
2
2ab 3b , 9
an d d ivi d e
the pro d c t b y + b u a .

52 Fi d the e
. n . o f 2x ( x 15 an d
2x 3 —5 x 2 —6 x -
l 15 .

53 . i p if
S m l y
 M I S CE LLA N E O US E X A M PLE S .

68 . S l o ve
x
Z—
x
‘
—6 5 x
69o e x+1 . S lv
2

7 0 A f ther s ag i d o bl e th t o f h is er
’
a e s u a so n ; 10 y a s

the f ther three ti me th t of

.

w h is fin d
’
a o g a s a e as s a so n :
g
the pre se t ge o f e ch n a a .

71 Fi d the val e whe = 4 o f

. n u n x

J ( 2x + l )
3 2
3x 1 6 x + 23 x 6
72 . R du ce e 2x 3 — l 1 x 2 + 1 7x — 6
to it s l owe st terms ;
an d fin d it s val u e whe 3 n x .

73 . R e ol ve i to s i mpl e f c tors a
s n a
”
3x 2, x
’
7x 1 0,
an d x
2
6x 5 .

1 3 4
74 ' S l mph fy 2 — 3x + 2 + 9 — 7x + 1 0 2 —6 x '
x x x +5

1
75 . o e
S lv x +
5 (4 x

76 . o e9
S lv x
2
68 0 .

77 ei p i for c ert i day work

A m an an d a b o y b n g a d a n s
’
,

the re ei e
m an c h i the b y wh h d b ee
v d 2 7 s il l n gs a n d o o a n
ab e t 3 d y
s n t of the ti m e re c ei e d 1 2 hi ll i g
a s ou h d the v s n s: a
m i te ad f the b y b ee b e t tho e 3 d y they wo l d
an ns o o n a s n s a s u
b oth h e cl i m e d a e q l av m F i d the wage o f e h
a n ua su n s ac
per d y
.

a .

78 E trac t the s q are root f 9 4 ’ 2

. x 6 + 7v 2v+ 1 u o x v
. .
-
.

an d hew th t the re s l t i tr e whe x 1 0

s a u s u n :
.

79 If a b . 0 d shew th a t ,
i
(t c
2 a
-
Fae b9 d + bd 2 ( a +c )
80 . I f a , b, c, d b e in g m eo etri cal prog essio r n , sh o w th ta
a,
2
d is g 2
re ter th
a an b
2
c
”
.

81 . I f n is a wh o le po itive s n u mb er +1 is d i i ibl e
v s
by 8 .
 M I S CE LLA N E O US E XA M PLES .
281

82 nd . l Fi the e ast c o mm o n m ul tip e l o f x

2
4 y 2,
i 9
2 2 3
an d
3 3
6 x y + 1 2x y
2 —8 3
a + 6 x y+ 1 x y + 8 37 , x y

83 . S l o ve 2
x y x y

84 . S ol ve x
2
+ 2x 2 , J(
2
33 + 2x 1) 47 .

Th e
85 . ertai mb er c o i ti g o f two
su m o f a c n nu ns s n
i it
d g s an d of the mb er form e d by re er i g the digit i
nu v s n s s
1 21 an d the pro d ct o f the digi t s i 2 8 fi d the mb eru s n nu .

86 N i e g ll o n s a e draw from a c ask f l l f wi e

. n a r n u o n ,

a d it is the
n fi ll e d p wi th w ter the i e g ll o o f th
n u a n n n a ns e
m i t re
x u e dr w a d the
ar a k i ag i afi ll e d p with
n ,
n c s s a n u
w ter If the q tity f wi e w i the k b e to the
a . u an o n no n c as

q u an tity of water i it a 1 6 is to 9 fi d how m ch the c askn s ,

n u

hol ds .

87 E tract the s q are root o f

. x u

6 6 ’
5 2
4 o x3 y a
4
1 6x 25 g 3 0x y 2 4 1: y
. .

88 . rithm etical progre ssio the fir t term 8 1

In an a n s 13 ,

and the fo rtee th is 1 5 9 I a geo m etri l prog re io

u n . n ca ss n
the se o d term is 8 1 a d the i th i 1 6 Fi d the
c n ,
n s x s . n

h rmo i c mea b et wee the fou rth term s o f the two pro
a n n n

gr e ssie n s .

89 . If fin d the v al u e to fi ve pl c e sa o f
6
d ec 1m al s of
J5 1

90 . If x be g reater than 9, s hew th at 4 x is g re ter

a

th a n

D i i de ( y)
3
2y (x y) by 2y ) 2
2
2
91 v x y) y (x (
x

92 . Fi d the G c M
n . . . an d the L . of
3 2 2 3
an d 1 6 (x 3 —x z— 3
24 (x + x y + x y + 31 ) y + xy y ) .

93 . i p if
S m l y
x 7
J l 1
+ 2 2 2
°

+ y2
2
3
+ xy —
3 3 "
x3 + x y + xy + y x x y y x y x
 M I S CE LLA N E O US E XA M PLE S .

6x + 7 2x + 5
94 . o ve
S l
13
+

\ 95 . S ol ve
(y —2z = 0
xy + 2 0 x ( yz + 3 0 3x .

96 . S o l ve 3 x —2 x + N/ ( 3 x — 4x 2
18 + 2 2
x.

97 . A rows at the r te o f 8 %m il e a ho r He l e aves a s n u .

Camb ri dge t the sam e ti m e th t B l e ave Ely A spe d

a a s . n s

1 2 mi nutes i Ely an d is back i C mbri dge 2 hours a d

n n a n

2 0 mi nutes afte r B gets there B rows at the ra te o f 745 .

m i l e s an hour ; an d ther e is n o s tream F in d t h e dis tan c e .

from Cambri dge to Ely .

An appl e woman fi n din g th at ap l es h av e thi s

“
98 .

y e a r b e c om e s m ch c he a per th at sh e c
o u d sell 6 0 more o
tha h e ed t o do for five hill i gs l owered h er pri c e an d
n s us s n ,
’

s ol d the m o n e pe y per d o zen c he aper Fin d th e pri c e

nn .

per dozen .

99 . Sum t o 8 t erms an d t o i fi n i ty 13
, n

1 00 Fi d three n umbers in geo metr i c l prog ession

. n a r
su c h th a t if 1 3 d 9 be btrac te d from the m in or der
, ,
an su
t h e y wil l form an a rithm eti c al progres s io n who e um is 1 5 s s .

1 01 . M ul tipl y x
’
t f —x S t -
x
g—z u x i —mm é 1 by x h
-
l ;

an d d ivi de l —x g by 1 l .

1 02 Fi d the L 0 M o f
. n . . . x
S —a 3 , x 3
+a s
,

x
s —axJ an d x3 + ax
’ — d ’ x —a ’ .

a
3 —b3

1 04 . S l o ve
x + 5 1 4x —14 x+ 10
“

(i 2
+ ( 13 4 258 )
-

10

i 7 18
1 05 . S l o ve x -
— +
l x —5 x + l
+
x +5
'
 28 4 M I S CE LLA N E O US E XA M PLE S .

\ 1 18i p if . S m l y
1 19 Th e thir d ter m o f an arith m eti c l pro gre s io i
. a s n s
1 8 ; a d the s eve th term is 3 0 fi d the s m o f 1 7 term s
n n : n u .

6
3
0
1 20 . If h arm o i c a] progre ssio
be in n n,

shew th at a ,
b, c ar e in g eo m etri cal progre ssion .

1
1 21 . i p if
S m l y a

1 22 . Ex trac t the q are roo t o f s u

z 2 3
3 7x y 3 ox y 9x 4 2 Ox y3

1 23 . R esol ve 3 x
3
1 4 x2 24 x i t o it s i mpl e f tors
n s ac .

x + 5 3 (5 x + 1 ) 4
1 24 ' s ome 2x — l 5x +4 2x — l
_

S lvo e x
3
4
x

1 26 . S ol ve x
2 —
y
2=
9, x + 4 = 3 (y

1 27 . S ol ve y+ J( x
2
J( x +1 ) -

J(x
1 28 . If a, b, c, d ar e in G eom etri c al Progre s sion ,
3
a b+ d 0 o
2
d + d3 .

1 29 . Th e c ommo ni feren c e i an arith m eti al pro

df n c

gr e ss io n is qu a e l to 2 , the mb er f ter m i eq l to
an d nu o s s ua

the e o
s c nd m ter : fin d wh at the fir t ter m m t b e th t the s us a

su m m a y b e 3 5 .

13 0 . Sum t o n terms the s eries whos e m th t erm is

3
"
2 x .

1 1 —
J ( 2 x)
131 . i p if
S m l y — 2x )
.

1 N/( 1

1 32
“
. Fi nd the M . of 3 0x ‘
1 6 x3 5 0x ? 24 x an d

2 4x 3 2x .
 M I S CE LLA N E O US E X A M PLE S .
28 5

133 . o ve
S l x
2 —x

134 . For m a quadratic eq atio who s e roo ts sh all

u n be
3 an d —2 .

1
135 S l o ve 4
+ ——= 4
a +
a
; . x

13 6 . S l o ve

137 . H vi g give
a n n fin d the val e of u
6
—1 to five pl ace s o f de cim als .

J 3

1 38 . Ex t rac t the s quare roo t of 6 1 28 J3

, .

139 . Fi nd the m ean propor tion al b etwee n

140 . I f a , b, c b e the fir t s e c on d an d l ast terms of an

s ,
arithm eti c al pro re io
g s s n , fin d the n umber o f terms A l o . s
fi d the
n su m o f the ter
ms .

14 1 . If cl , 0, b, a ar e 2, 3 , 4 , 5 , fi n d the val e s o f u

142 In
. the pro d t uc of 1 4x + 7 x
2
1 0x 3
15 x “
by
1 5x 9 x
2
1 7x 4
3
fin d the c o e fii c ie n t o f x
4

D ivi de 2 1x 5
2x 4 2
23x + 3 3 x 27 by 7x
2
4x 9 .

4 4
b
i p if a _

143 . S m l y 2 2 2 ’
a + b + 2 ab a + ab

—
1

~/x J x + Ja x +a
 M I S CE LLA N E O US E X A M PLE S .

o ve the foll owin g

S l
GO —x 3x 5
14 7
x 4 5x 12
x 3 4 3x
T
3x 5y 5x 3y
20 8
145 . o ve the foll owi
S l ng equatio ns :

8 —x
+
6 —x

J3 2 +1= 7 .

(3 ) 3 x 2 —4 x y z
7, 3 xy —4 y 2 = 5 .

146 . A b ll i of £ 2 0 is a d in s pi overeign s an d c rown s ,

an d 3 2 pie ces ar e e
us d : fin d h o w man y there were o f e ach
147 . herd c ost £ 1 8 0 b t o 2 ox en b ei g s tol e the
A ,
u n n n,
rest a verage £ 1 a he ad m ore th a at first : fi d the n umber n n
o f o x en .

14 8 Fi d two n mbers when their sum is 4 0 an d th e

. n u ,

s um o f their re cipro c al s is
£3
14 9 Fin d a m ea proportion al to 2§ an d 5 5 ; an d a
. n
third proportio al to 1 00 a d 1 3 0
n n .

\ 1 5 0 If 8 old c oin s an d 9 sil ver c o in a e worth as s r

.
g
m h as 6 g ol d c oi s
uc d 1 9 i l er o e fi d the r atio o f
n an s v n s, n

the val e o f a gol d c oin to th at o f a sil ver co m

u .

15 1 R em ove the b r ckets fro m

. a

(x—a )(x —b)(x —c b

) [ (
c x —a
) ’

15 2 . M ul tipl y a 2 (a b)
?
2 Jb by a
, 2 U( a b) 2
2 Jb .

15 3 .nd Fi O C H the . . . of x
4 —1 6x3 + 9 3x ’ —23 4 x + 2 1 6
an d 4 x —4 8 x + 1 8 6 x
3 ’
23 4 .
 M I S OE LLA N E O US E X A M PLE S .

1 62 . Fi nd the o f 1 8a 3
1 8a 2
x Ga x 2 6x3, an d
z 2
6 oe 75 d x 15 x .

163 . F in d the L C M
. . . of 1 8 (x
xi
3
24 ( y ) .

164 . S lv o e the foll owi n g e q atio

u ns :

2x 4 3x 2
7 5

9 x + 2o — 12 x
'
36 5x—4 4

3
2 (x —4 ) 1 4 (x + y )
y ,

16 5 . S l o ve the foll owi n g e q atio

u ns

(1) 3 21 2— 5 23
2:
12 .

/ —2
N/(2x 3) N (x ) 15 .

2 2=
03 ) x +y 2 9 0, xy 14 3
X
.

3 x —4 y2 r: 8, 5 x2 6 xy = 3 2 .

1 66 . B together c om pl ete
A an d a work
whi h wo l d h e o pie d A lo e
c u av ccu a n 4 days :
wo ld it e m pl oy B al o e ?
u n

9
fx
a
Fi
two mbers whose pro d ct i 5 of the s m
n d nu u s u

of their q re d the di ffere e of their q re s i

s ua s, an nc s ua s

9 6 ti m e the q otie t o f the l e ss

s um b er d ivi d e d by t h
u n n e

gre ter
a .

1
1 68 . Fi nd a fr ctio whi h b e come s 3; o n in creas i
a n c ng its

1
n um erator by 1 , an d
2
;
on s imi larly in cre i as n g its d e n o mi

na tor .
 M I S CE LLA NE o US E X A M PLE S . 28 9

1 69 . If a b c d, s hew th at
1 I
.

a b a b c d c d
1 70 Fin d a m e proportio l b et ween 1 6 9 a
. an na nd 2 5 6,
an d t h ird proportio l to 2 5 a d 1 00
a na n .

1 71 R e m ove the b ra ckets fro m the e pre ss ion

. x

b —2 b — 3 —
{ [ 4 (a
a

1 72 . i p if the foll owin g e xp re ions

S m l y ss

x 2x 2 y
2
3 xy 2
3x 3
y
3
4 xy3 2x zy 2 y
‘

z
y xy x z
r
— —m
(p q )p -

(m + q

1 73 Fi nd the G of x
4
ax
"
9 x
a
z 2
1l a 3
x 4a 4

m2
. .

an d x
4 3 3 “
dx 3e 5a x 2a .

1 74 . o ve the foll owi

S l ng e q ations
u

2x + 1 x + 7
(l )
.

x
3 5

l ox + 1 7 1 2x + 2 5 x —4
18 1 3x —16

(3 ) 9x 70, 7y

6x + 7 2x + 1 9 ~

3x + 1 x + 7
1 75 . o ve the foll owi
S l n g e qu tion s a

7x -
8
(1) x + 4
x
2—
( 2) 2x 3y 22
2, xy z 20 .

2—
(3 ) 2y 2 3x 4 xy z
7 .

3
(0 + y = 6, x
3
+ y = 1 26 .
 M I S CE LLA N E O US E XA M PLE S .

1 76 . When ar e th e cl c o k h an ds
-
at righ t an gl es first
a fter 12 o c l o ck ?
’

1 77 . er di ide d by the pro d c t o f its digi t

A n u mb v u s
s q otie t 2 an d the di gits a e i verte d by add in g
"

1 g ve1 s a u n ,
r n
2 7 : fi d the n mb er
n u .

1 78 A b i l l of £ 2 6 1 5 w p i d with h al f gui e as an d
. . 3 . as a -
n

c row s a d the
n m b er o f h al f g i e s e c ee de d the
n nu m u n a x nu
-

b e o f c row s by 1 7 : fin d h o w m y there were o f e ach

r n an .

1 79 S m t o s ix t erms a d t o in fi ity 1 2 + 8 5 %
. u n n

1 80 E tr ac t t he s q are roo t o f 5 5 — 7
. x u

/“ l
181 . If x
— N
fin d the v al u e of

3 x 2 — 1 6 x —1 2

two n umb ers f two digits be e pre e d by t h e

1 83 If o x ss

am e di git s i a revers e d ord er hew th at the di ffere c e of

.

s n ,
s n

the mb ers can b e d ivi de d by 9

nu .

1 84 S ol ve the foll owi g e q atio s

. n u n

3x — 3 3x —4 21
4 3

1 4 —x
(3 ) M _

x + 1

1 85 S ol ve the foll owi ng e q atio

u ns

( 1 ) J (x + 3 ) x ,J (3 x
( 2) 2 ) J (3 2 4) 8 . .

4 — 2 — = 2x + 8
( )
3 x x ( 2 x 3 ) .

Fi d two umber s i
1 86 . n n n th e proportion o f
uc
s h th at the s are o f their u su m s h al l be eq u al

c ube o f their d i ere n c e .

 M I S CE LLA N E O US E XA M PLE S .

1 95 . o ve the foll owi

S l n g e qua tion s
3 l
(1) —
e 3)
r 03
y 8

(2)
= 6,
(3 ) x +y

1 96 e pre tr ai b etwee Lo do a d C m
Th e x ss n n n n n a

b ri dge whi h travel t the ra te o f 3 2 m il e ho r per

.

c s a s an u ,

form the jo r ey i 25 hours l es th the

,

s u n n s an
tr i which travels at the r ate o f 1 4 mile s
a n
the di tan c es .

197 Fin d the n mb er c o si stin g o f two digits whi ch

. u ,
n ,

i e q l to three ti m e the pro d ct o f tho e di gits a d i

s ua s u s ,
n s

a l o s c h th at if it b e divi d e d by t h e s um o f t h e di gi ts the
s u

q u otien t is 4 .

1 98 Th e . mb er o f r eside n t m emb ers o f a c ertain

nu
c oll ege i the M i ch elm s Term 1 8 6 4 e ceed ed the n um
n a a ,
x
b r i 1 8 6 3 by 9
e n I f there h d b ee ac o mm o d tio in
. a n c a n
1 8 6 4 fo 1 3 more st d e t s i c o l l eg e roo m the
r u m ber in n n s, nu
c oll eg e wo ld h ve b ee u 1 8 tim e the a m b er i l o dgin g n s nu n s,
a d the
n mb er i l o dgi gs wo l d h a e bee n l e s b y 2 7
nu n n u v s
th the tot l n mb er o f reside ts in 1 8 6 3 Ifi n d the
an a u n .
'

n mb er f re s i de t in 1 8 6 4
u o n s .

1 99 E tr a ct the s quare roo t o f

. x

a
4
2a3b 3 a 2b2 2a b8 b“,
an d o f ( a b) ‘
2 (a 2 ?
b ) (a b)2 + 2 ( a 4 +

2 00Fi d a geom etrical progre ssio of fo ur term

. n n s
su ch th at the thir d term i gre ter b y 2 th a the sum o f s a n
the fir t a d e o d d the fo rth term is grea te r by 4
s n s c n , an u
th an the s m o f the ec o d an d third
u s n .

71 9 —5 5 4 3 03:
9 — 2x
-

6 —3 x

‘— ’
202 . Fi n d the G C M . . . o f x
‘
+ 4 x
9
+ 6 an d x
1 x + 8x -
8 .
 M I S CE LLA N E O US E X A M PLE S 29 3

1 23 ; — 5 x
2—
x + 6
2 03 A dd together ’ “
2 +3x (2 + 3 x
1
1 —x + x r

S lv o e the foll owi ng equatio ns

3x 5 21 x
—
3 9 5x .

8 3
—x
( 2) ) .

2x 3 31 g 4
16 12
7 3 2” 3 ‘

2 05 . S l o ve the foll owi ng e qua tio ns :

35
(1) 6x +
x
2
( 2) 4 ( x + 3 x)
2
x + xy = 1 5 ,
2
(3 ) y + x y = 10 .

206 per so w l ke d o t from C mb ri dge t o a vill age

. A n a u a
a t the rate f 4 m il e a ho r o d o re hi g the ail w y s n u ,
an n ac n r a

t tio h ad to w it t n m i tes for the trai whi ch w

s a n a e nu n as
the 4 %m il e fi O rrivi g at hi room s whi h were
n s o
'
. n a n s c
a m il e from the Camb ri dge s t tio he fo d th t he h ad a n un a
bee o t 3 4 ho r
n u F i d the di ta c e of the vil l ge
u s . n s n a .

2 07 The te s d git o f
. m b er i l e s by 2 th a the
n
i
a nu s s n
un i ts di git d if the digit a
,
an i erted the e w n umber s re nv n
i to the form er s 7 is to 4 fi d the
s mb er
a : n nu .

2 08 A sum o f m o ey c o i t s f hill i g a d c ro wn
. n ns s o s n s n s,
a d i
n sh th t the q e f the m b er of crowns i
su c ,
a s uar o nu s
e q l to twi e the mb er f hil li g ; al o the s m i
ua c nu o s n s s u s
worth s m y fi o i a there e pie c es of mon ey : fi d
an r ns as ar n
the m su .

2 09 E trac t the s qu re roo t o f

. x a

4
4x 8 ax3 1 6 b3 x 2 1 6 ab2x 1 6 64 .

Fin d the arithm etic al pro gre sio o f whi ch

210 . s n th e
fir t te rm is 7 a d the sum o f twel ve terms is 3 4 8
s .
,
n .
 M I S CE LLAN E O US E X A M PLE S .

211 . D i i de 6 x
v
5
25 x ‘y —4 9x 2y3 6 2xy4
by 2 x 2
7x y 9y 2

2 12 . Mul tipl y
2
1 + 4 1 x + 36 2 2 6 x — 8 x 3 —1 4
3 + 5x
x
by 5 —2x +
4 + 7x 3 —4 x

2 13 . e
R du c e to it s l owest terms
2
4 x3 -
4 5 x + 1 6 2x 1 85
°
4 3 2
x 1 5 x + 8 1x l 85 x + 15 0

2 14 . S l o ve the foll owi ng e q ation s

u

3 x —2 1 —5 x
5 11

1
2 x +
2y — 1 7 y+7 x
—
8
4 4

1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 5
(3 ) 2 ’
x
+
9
’
+
z 18
x y

2 15 . S l o ve the foll owi ng equation s :

1 l l
°

x x + 3 6
5 y —3 xy
‘
2: 3
(2) 1 0x y 7x z 20 .

4 4
(3 ) x +y -
6, x +y z 2 72 .

2 16 i i de £ 3 4
. D i to two p art s ch tha t the um
v . n s u n
be of c row
r i the o e m y b e eq al to the n mb er of
ns n n a u u
shil l i gs in the other n .

217 A n mb er c o si ti g of three d igit s who e um i

. u ,
n s n s s s
9 i e q al to 4 2 ti me the
, s u m f the m i d dl e a d l eft h an d
s su o n -

d igit ; al s o the ri ght h d di git is twi c e the sum o f the

s -
an
o ther t wo : fi d the umb ern n .

218 A per so b o ght a n mn b e r of rai l way s ha res whe n

. n u
they were at a c ertai price for £ 2 6 2 5 an d fterwards n ,
a
whe the pri ce o f each sh are was do bl e d s ol d the m all
n u ,

b t five for £ 4 000 : fi d how man y s h are s he b o ught

u n .
29 6 M I S CE LLAN E O US E XA M PLE S .

a dau g hter an d th e wi d ow £ 5 00 m ore th a all the five chil

, n
dre tog ether fi d h o w m c h e ac h pers on obt i e d
n : n u a n .

2 28 A c i ter c n b e fill e d b y two pipes i 1 2

. s n a ; ho rs n u
by its el f wi l l fil l the i ter oo er tha
.

Th e l rg er
the sm ll er piype2 ho rs Fi d wh at ti m e e ac h will s ep a
a c s n s n n
a u . n

r a t e ly t ak e to fill it .

229 The third term o f an arith meti cal progre ss ion is

.

fo r ti m e the first term ; a d the i th term is 1 7 : fin d

u s n s x
the erie s
s .

2 30 S m to n t erms 3 §
. u 1 35 + 2

23 1 S i m pl ify the foll owi g e pre s sion

. n x s

x x
a — l bH
- -

x
-

X x a -
l b
-
c
X
a -
bl
- -
c
X

2
b a + b (5 + b2
+
a —b
’
a +b 2a 2a ( )
— a b + b2 £1 —b
2 ?

2
x + 1 1x + 30
23 2 . R du c e e to its l owest t erm s 9 33
3
+ 5 3x 2 9x 18

23 3 . S ol ve the foll owin g eq ation s u

1 1 1 7
( I) x
+
2x 3x
'

3
°

—x
y,
-

23 4 . S l o ve the foll owi ng eq ation s

u

1 65
x + 3 x + 10

—c
(2) ) x Ja .

9 z=
x + y 4h
 M I S UE LLA N E O US E XA M PLE S 29 7
‘

23 5 A b dy o f . tr retre ti
0 0p s o e ore the e
a ng b f e n my,
fro whi h it
m c is a t a cert i ti e
a n ie t t r he
m 2 6 m l s dis an , m a c s
ie
1 8 m l s a da y The e e p r e it the r te
n my u su s at
. a o f 23
ie
m l s a day, bu t is fir t ter
s a d ay l a t rti the f er
in s a n g, n a t
two d ays m a c
’
r h i for e to h t for
s c d al o n e da y t orep ira a
ri e thi the h ve to i fter two ore
/

b dg , an d s y a do a a n a
g d a ys m
’

r hi
ma c n g A fter how m an y days
. fro the e i i
m b g nn ng o f the
retre t w
a ill t h e retre t for e overt ke
a in g c be a n ?

23 6 A m an h as a sum f m o ey am o ti g t o £ 23 1 5
. o n un n 5 .

c ons i ti g o l y f h al f c ro w
s n a d fio i s ; i
n o l l he h as 2 00 -
ns n r n n a
pi ec e s o f m o ey h o w m y h a he o f e c h s ort 2
n : an s a

23 7 Two n m b er s a e i the r atio o f 4 to 5 ; if o e i

. u r n n s
i cre ed d the other di mi i he d by 1 0 the r tio o f the
n as , an n s ,
a
re l ti g umbers i i erte d fi d the mbers
su n n s nv : n nu .

23 8 A c ol o e l wi he d to form a ol i d s quar e f h is
. n s s o
me n The fir t tim e he h d 3 9 m e o er ; the e o d tim e
. s a n v s c n

b i c re as e d the i d e o f the q re b y
e n e m d the
s s ua on an , an n

he f d he w nted 5 0 m t c o mpl ete it O f how ma y

o un a en o . n
me d id the regim e t o i t ?
n n c ns s

23 9 E tr ac t the q re root o f
. x s ua

6 4
a 2a b 5
32 6
2
4 a 3 b3 32 2
6 4 22 65 be,
an d of a +
2
4 bz+ 9 02 + 4 a b + 6 a c + 1 260 .

24 0 . M ul tip ly x
g
y
é 2x y 4x é
y
3b
y x
2

24 1 . i p if
S m l y
4 0x 31 ( 9x Sy ) (5 x 2y ) (4 y 3 x) (1 5 x
1 +x l —x l —x —
i x
2 -
1 +x + x
2

1 —x 1+x l l—x
-
z

24 2 . Fi nd the G . of x ‘
ax
”
2 a 2x 2 Sa 3 x a
‘
,
an d x
4 z ‘

ax 3 3 a3 x abx a
2 2
b

24 3 Two s. hopkeepers we t to the chee e f ir with the n s a

sa m e sum o f m o ey The o e Spe t al l h i m o ey b t 5
n . n n s n u 3
i c hees e o f whic h he b o ght 25 0 l bs Th e other
.

in buy ng ,
u .
 M I S CE LLAN E O US E XA M PLE S .

b o gh t at the same pri ce 3 5 0 1bs but was o bl ige d t o

u .
,

b orrow 3 5 s to c ompl ete the paymen t Ho w muc h h ad

. .

t he y at firs t i

The t wo digits o f a n umb er ar e i n vert ed ; the

n mb er th s for me d is s b tr c te d fro m the firs t
u u a d u a , n
le e av s a rem i der e q l to the s m o f the digits ; the dif
a n ua u

fere c e o f the d i git s is un ity : fi d the n m b er

n n u .

245 Fi d three mbers the third o f whi c h e ceeds

. n nu x
t h e fir t by 5 s h th at the pro d c t o f their m m l ti
,
suc u su u
pl ie d by the fir t i 4 8 a d the pro d ct o f their s m mul
s s ,
n u u
t ip lie d b y the third is 1 2 8 .

24 6 A per s o
. l en ds £ 1 024 at a c er tai rat e o f
n n
i tere t ; t the e d o f two y e a r s he re c eive ba k for h i
n s a n s c s
c apit l d o mpo d i t ere st o n it t he sum o f £ 1 1 5 6 :
a an c un n
fi d the r te o f i tere s t
n a n .

24 7 From a s m o f mo ey I t k e away £ 5 0 more

. u n a
th a the h l f the fro m the rem i der £ 3 0 m ore th n the
n a ,
n a n a
fifth the from the ec o d rem i der £ 20 m ore th the
,
n s n a n an
fo rth part ; at l st o l y £ 1 0 remai s : fi d the ori gi al
u a n n n n
su m .

24 8 Fin d su ch a fra ction th at when 2 is adde d to the

.

nu mera tor its val u e b e c om e s

5 an d whe n 1 is take n fro m ,

1
the de omi n val ue b e come s
na t or its

24 9 If I d i i d e the mall er o f t wo umb ers by the

. v s n

g re ater the q otie t i

,
2 1 a d the re mui d er i 0 4 1n6 2 if s
'
,
n a n s
‘

I di i de the gre ter

v mb er b y the m ll er the q otie t is
a nu s a u n
4 a d the re m i der i 74 2 fi d the mb e rs ‘

, n a n s : n nu .

25 0 . S hew th at ( ivy F
-

( il )
w l 2s a?

x y

25 1 . i p if
S m l y
6a [4 a {8b (2 x 4 b) —2 2b} 7 b]
—[ 7b {8a ( 3 6 4 a) 8b} be ] .

25 2 . M ul tipl y a x su c c ss v e i el y b y a x, a
2
x
3
,
a
‘
x
‘
,

al s o mul tiply a
m ” ’“ P
b
‘

b y b ?“
c.
 M I S CE LLA N E O US E XA M PLE S .

262 . M ul tipl y by x
2—
l ; an d
a 2x x 2a
_
l by
x a a

2 63 . Wh at qu an tity when,
mul tip l ie d by x

g ive x
3

264 . i
S mpl y t h e if foll owin g e pression s x

3x 3
1 3 x2 + 23 x -
21
6x 3
+ x
2 —4 4 x + 2 1

a + b a —b

2 Ww
— 2 m+ ® fi

265 . S l o ve the foll owi ng eq ations

u

5x +3 2 x —3
x —l 2x —1

<2) .
.
lx

(3) + 9x = 1 6 7 .

26 6 . S lvo e the foll owi n g eq atio

u ns :

g— — Gz o
( 1) x x .

x + 1 x + 2 2x + 1 3
+
x —l x —2 x + 1
2
(3 ) x x + y z 5 .

26 7 The r tio o f the s m to the di ffere c e o f two

. a u n
n m b er i th t
u s f 7 to 3
s aS hew th t if h l f the l e
o b . a a ss e
a d d e d to the gre ter d h l f the gre ter to the l es t e
a ,
an a a s, h

ratio o f the m ber o form e d wi ll be th t f 4 to 3

nu s s a o .

26 8 Th e pri c e o f ba rl e y per q a rte r is 1 5 s hi lli gs

. u n

l e ss th an th at o f whe at d th l e f 5 0 q rters f ,
an e va u o ua o

b rl e y e c ee d s th t of 3 0 q ar t ers o f whe at by £ 7
a x a u .

fin d the price per qu arter o f e ac h .

 M I S CE LLA N E O US E XA M PLE S 3 01
26 9 . S hew th at
'

(bc d + cda da b a bc 2 ) ( a b c d )2 a bc d
(be ad ) (ca bd) (a b ed ) .

2 70 . Ex tr act the square roo t o f

4 3
5 x2 x 1
x +x
12
an d of —2 0
33 J2 .

2 71 If a = — 2x , b = z + x —2
+ y —2z,
y + z an d c = x
y,
.

fin d the val e of u b + cz+ 2 bc —a 2

z
.

2 72 D ivi de x
.
4 —2 1 x 1 8 b 1 —
y 3-

x +x 2 -

2 73 . A dd t g o ether a x
,
a x a
?

Z—
x
2
'
d x x +x xz
_

2 7a z 3 xx 7x 2

3 a —x 1 5 x z+ arx .
—2 x 2

1 2a x 5 xZ

D in de 1
1 —x 2

2 75 . i p if
Sm l y
1
a +

2 76 .
o ve the foll owi
S l n
g e q ation s :
u
 JII S CE LLA N E O US E XA M PLE S .

2 77 . S l o ve the foll owi ng e q atio u ns

2
(1) e
2
(x a )
2=
b (x
x 5x + l
+
x 2 x 3

—1
(3 ) J (1 3 x ) -

J ( 2x
2 78 per o walk e d to the t 0 p of a m o tain at the
. A s n un
r te o f 2
a m il e ho r d d ow the sam e w y at the
s an u ,
an n a
r te f 3 m il e a ho r a d was o u t 5 hours : h o w f r
a o s n u ,
n a
id he w al k al together i
f 2 79 Shew th t the differe c e between the s quare o f
. a n a
n mb er c o
u i ti g o f t w di git
,
ns s d the q re o f the
n o s, an s ua

nu mb er for m e d b y ch a gi g the pl ac es o f the digits is divi n n

sibl e by 9 9 .

280 . If a b c d, s hew th t a

, J( a
2 ?
b) m e
?
d ?) ,3 (a
/ 3
6 3
) d3 ) .

28 1 Fmd the val u e of

NZ
.
, ?
“ b)
when a =3
,
b= 4 .

282 . Su b trac t (b a ) (c d) from ( b) (c

a wh at is
the v al u e of the re s l t when u a : 2 b, an d d 20 ? :

28 3 . R du c e e t o their si mpl e st form s

x
2 — 2 a x —2 4 a 2 . x —y x
f
. r
i‘ — ’
7a x —4 4 a 2 x + y x —y y
—x

2 84 . S l o ve the e q ation s : u

4 1 9
'
3 +x x 7x
3 x — 2y x —y
5 2

(3) J §2x 1) N/ (3 x + J ( 1 1x +
 M I S OE LLA N E O US E X A M PLE S .

(ao —bd )2 ( ad be )2
9
92 . i p if
Sm l y
0
2
d2

bc ( b 2 2
) + ab a ( b?)
~
a
2
c b
) + (c 0
.

2 93 . If hew th t
s a a
3
+b +fi 3 z 3 aba

294 . R d uc e e to it s l owe t ter m s s

2 x 3 + 6 x —9
x +
4

4 2 — '
3
x + 4 x + 4x 9

2 95 . S lv o e the foll owin g equatio ns

1 0x + 1 7 l 2x + 2 5 x —4
18 l 3 x —1 6 9

( 2) 6 x —5 y = 1 , —
y l z.

(3) + 8x = 1 2 9 .

2 96 o ve the foll owin g e q

S l ua tion s
x l 3x 1
4 x 4

( 2) N/ (2x 2) N/ (4 x 3 ) = 20 .

—
(3 ) , J( 3 x + 1 ) J (2 x
2 97 ipho wo l d e mpty a c i tern in 4 8 mi u te s
. A s n u s n ,

a c o c k wo l d fil l i t i
u 3 6 mi te ; whe it is mp t y bothn nu s n e
b egin to ac t fi d how s oo the c is ter wil l b e fi ll e d
. n n n .

A
2 98 A w ter ma rows 3 0 mi l e a d b ck m 1 2 hou rs
. a n s n a

an d he fi ds th t he c row 5 m il e s with the stre m i

,

n a an a n
the me ti m e s 3 agai t it Fi d the time s o f rowin g
sa a ns . n
up a d d ow n n .

299 I ser t three A rith m eti c al m e an s b e t ween a — b

. n
an d a + b
.

\
3 00 . Fi nd x if 2 1
2
$2
“
8 1 .
3 08 A NS WE R S .

3 3
+b
2 2
a +x . 35 . a . 36 . x -
dx i a - -
.

38 .

(
x —5 ) (x 40 .
(x 41 .
(x
( x 4 ) (x 1 43 .
(x 3 ) (x 2
3 ) (x +

(x 5 ) (x 5 x
2

—
(x 2) (x 2) (x + 4 ) (x
2 4

2
(x ( x

—G
( a 4 b) (a 5 b) . 48 .
( x y ) (x 7y ) .

—5 c a + b
( a + b )(
— —b x +
)( 3 b)
( 2 x + 2y a y 3a .

’
X II . 1 . 3x
2
2 . 4a b
2
.

2 3
4 . 7a b x3y 3 . 5 2.
(x l ) . 6 . 3 (x
7 . 8 . x
2—
y
2
. 9 . x + 5 . 10 . x —7 .

x —l o x —12
2
l l . . 12 . . 13 . x + 3x + 4 .

14 . x
2 —5x +3 . 15 . x
2 -

6x + 7 . 16 . x
2 —6x — 5 .

17 . x + 3 . 18 . x —4 . 19 . x
2 —x + 1 .

20 . x
2 —x + 1 . 21 . 3x + 2 . 22 . x
2 —x — 1 .

23 . 2
2 4 2 . 24 . 2 —2
. . 25 . x
2
+1 .

2 2
26 . x + 3x + 5 . 27 . 7x + 8x + 1 .

28 . x
4 — 2x 3 l 3 x 2 — 2x - -
+1 . 29 . x
2

30 . x + 1 . 31 . x + 7 . 32 . x + 3y . 33 . x +c .

34 . x —2a . 35 . x —
y .

XIII . 1 . l 2a b
2 2
2 . 3 6a 3
bc 2 3
. 3, 24 a b
2 2
x3y
3
.

4 .
( a b) (a b) 2
. 5 . l 2 ab (a 3
b) 3
. 6 .
( a b) ( a3 b3 ) .

7 . 8 .

9 x (2x + 1 ) ( 3 x 1 ) (4 3 + 3
.

( 4 5 + 6 ) (x 1 ) ( 517
2
10 . 2

(x 3 8 + 2 ) (x 3 ) (x +
2
11 .

( x + x + 1 ) (x + 1 ) (x + 1 ) (x
2 2

3 — 2
13 .
(x x 1 ) (x -

2 —
( x a x (1 ) (x a x a ) (x a )
2 2 2 2
14 . r .

2 2
2 3 2
3 6a b 6 16 1 2 0 (a
. b) (a b) .
 ANS WE R S . 3 13

ab —p q 1
a + b +p + q
55
2
( x+b l - -
3) 56

1
13
—b 2
60 . 50 61 . 25 .

81
° 63 .
( a ) . 64 . a.

X XI . 1 . 30 . 2 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 70 .

5 . 1 7, 3 1 . 6 . 7 . 28 . 8 . N ovem ber 2 oth .

9 . 52 . 10 . 11 . 12 . 1 4 , 24 , 3 8 .

13 . 14 . 1 03 . 15 .

17 . 18 . 10 . 19 . 20 .

21 . 22 . 14 . 23 . 24 . 21 .

25 . 26 . 2 4 , 6 0, 1 9 2 . 27 . 84 0 . 28 . 3 0000 .

29 . 4 20 . 30 . 24 . 31 . 5 00 . 32 .

33 . 34 . 5 0, 35 .

36 . 24, 37 . 8 8, 4 4 . 38 .

39 . 1 3, 27 . 40 . 41 . 85 , 3 5 . 42 . 1 000 .

1 8, 44 . 2 4 000 . 45 . 80 . 46 . 2 6, 1 6 , 3 2, 2 7, 4 2 .

48 . 1 04
203 .

1 . 72 . 2 . 2 0, 3 0 . 3 . 2 00 m l i e s from
E d n bu g i rh .
3 4 . 1 2, 1 6 . 5 . 6 .

7 48. . 8 . 9 . 10 30 . . 11 .

12 . 1 0, 60 . 14 . 10 s hill i n gs . 15 . 5 5, 45 .

16 . At the e nd of 56 hours . 17 . 2 7, 1 7 . 18 . 1 6 8, 8 4 , 4 2 .

19 . 20 . 1 4 4 days . 21 . 15 , 21 .

22 . 25 6 0 . 23 . 3 6, 5 4 . 24 . 60 25 12 . . 26 . 8 pe ce n .

27 . 8 75 , 1 1 25 . 28 . 25 . 29 . 1 0, 20 . 30 . 2 0, 8 0 .

31 . 32 . 4 0, 5 0 . 33 . 34 . 28 .

35 . 24 . 36 . 1 02 4 37 . 4 5 0, 2 7 0 . 38 . 2 2 00, 1 6 2 0,
1 1 00, 1 08 0 . 39 . 60 . 40 . 41 . 30 .

42 . 60 . 43 . 24 0 . 44 . 3 d 9 d 1 3 /i d
. . . . 45 . 5 0d .

46 . £ 13 3 4 . 47 . 24 . 48 . 60 . 49 . 41 12 0000 .

50 . 25 . 51 . 52 . 39 . 53 . 40 .
3 1 41 ANS WE RS .

54 . 00 2 00 00 00 . 55 . 68 . 56 . 48 . 57 . 4 9 711 m “
i n ut s e
p ast three . 58 . 3 3
23 1 m i utes past three 5 9 £ 288
n . . .

60 2 s ec o d
. n s . 61 4 0 mi te p as t el even
. nu s .

62 . £ 3 00 an d £ 2 00 . 63 . 14 . 64 64 0 .

X X III . 1 . 10 ; 7 . 3 . 2 ; 13 .

4 . 4 ; 1 . 5 5 5 7 . 20 ; 1 0 .

8 2 ; —3 l l 35 ; 4
“

. . . .

12 . 10; 7 15 . 6 ; 12 .

16 3 8 1 5 2' 19 2 0 ; 20
1 5 5 7 . .
‘
a

20 . 13 ; 5 . 23 . 4 ; 9 .

24 . 5 ; 7 27 . 10 ; 8 .

28 . 12 ; 3 . 31 . 3 ; 2 .

32 . 2 3 35 . a ; b .

We a
2
bc
37 . b; a .
2 2 2 2
’

a + b a + b

41 . a ; b .

c c
2 2
42 . a + b, a b . 43 .
.
b) . 44 .
’
'
a + b a + b

XX I V . l . 2 .
-

3 .

4 . 5 . 4 ; O; 5 . 6 . 5 ;
7 . 45 ; 8 .

2 3 2 1
—a
3
,
4
,
5
. 11 . a ), &c .

12 . x =
§ -

a bc
a, &c . 13 . x &c .

14 15 x — a, — b z—c
. .
y , .

16 . x = 4, y :
5,

XXV . 1 . 2 . 3 .

4
4 . 24 ; 6 0 . 5 . 3 0714 8 71 . 6 . .

15
8 . 4 5 ; 63 . 9 . 72 ; 6 0 . 10 . 3 0d ; l sd . . 11 . 5s ; 3s . .
3 16 A NS WERS .

53 . 54 . 0 . 55 . 13 56 . 6, -
34 .

57 . 5 , —1 58 . 59 . 60 . 2 g, 0 .

b (a + b)
62 ( ai b)2 . 63 . 64 . a, °

2a + b
.

XX VII . 1 . 2 . 49 3 . 4 . 4 . $4 .

5 . 5, —3 . 6 . 3 , —2 . 7 . 8 . 1 2, -
3 .

9 . 9, -
12 . 10 .
4 3 . 11 . 2, 12 .

3 4
13 . 14 . 14 . 16 . 15 . 1 .
’ ° 17 . 4 .

5 5
4 b ?
) a —l
18 . 4 . 21 . 3 a3 .

22 . 0, 4
$ 5
. 23 . 0, 4 5 . 24 . 0, 4 .

9 2 . 25 . 2, 4 1 .

26 . O, 27 . ( 7, — 2 a —2a . 28 . a,
,

XXVI II . 1 . 2 . 3 .

4 . 1 8 , 1 2, 9 . 5 . 1 2, 1 0 . 6 . 4, 6 . 7 . 1 96 .

8 . 9 . 11 . 10 .
.
7 . 11 . 12 . 15 .

13 . 24 . 14 . 2 7 lb s . 15 . 83 . 9d 76 .
,
. 16 . £ 20 .

17 . 18 . 8d . 19 . 1 0, 9 m l i e3s . 20 . 56 .

21 . 22 . 9 gall o n s. 23 . 64 . 24 . E qual .

25 . 4 per ce t n .

XX IX . l . 5, —4 ; 4, —5 .

3 . 4 8 °
$ 6 . 4 .
-
4 5 0 7, _
4 .
4, —7 0

7 — 24
.

1 0 6, 0 ; 5 , 0
. .

12 . 0 . 15 . a, b .
3 18 A NS WER S .

XXX . 1 . 2 . 6 ; 18 . 3 . 8 ; 24 . 4 . 8 ; 16 .

6 . 7. 7; 5 .

9 . 10 . 11 . 12 .

13 . 14 . 15 . 16 .

17 . 18 . 19 . 1 60 ; £ 2 . 20 . 24 ;
wal ki
‘

21 . 75 6 ; 3 6 ; 2 7 . 22 . 4; ng ; 4; r o win g at fir st .

23 . 1 0 1 2 m il e s per ho r u . 24 . 6 ml s ie .

3 9 12 6 6 9 ‘ s "
X XX1 . 1 . 8x y z . 2 . 8x y z 3 . Sl a b c .

4 “
4 95 x
6 3
2 7 31 y
°
z
“ 5 2 4 3 3 4 ’ 5
7 . 0 +
7
7a b 2 1 51 35a b 3 5 41 6 2l a b 7a b c
V .

“ “ 24 2 “ “ 2 ”
9 . a 3a b 3a b b . 10 . 1 3x 3x x .

11 . 12 . 27 5 4 x + 3 6x’ 8x 3
.

4 3 2
13 . 14 . x 8 x + 24 x -
16 .

15 . 16 . 2a 3 x 3 + 6 ax b2y 2 .

4 2 2 9 2 4 4
17 . 2a fi + 1 2a x b y + 26 y 18 .

19 . 1 -
4x + 2
6x 4 —4 xs + x 8 . 20 .

22 . l + 2x —x
2
23 .

— 2— 3 4
24 . 1 6 x + l 5 x 1 8 x + 9x . 25 .

26 .

28 . 1 3 16 5 —3 36 .

“
29 . 1 9 16 8x .

30 . l —9 x + 3 6x
2 —8 1 x 3 + 1 08 x 4
l — 2x + 3 x
‘

31 . 32 .

33 . 1 4x
34 . 4 ( ab ad be 35 . 2 (a 2
2a c c? 6 2
d
36 .

— 2— 3 4
1 1 2 x +6 0x 1 6 01 + 2 4 0x
4 7 3
38 . 1 8x 70x 8x £6 .

39 1 — 3x
.
3
+ 3x
6 —a:9 .

XXXII . l . 3a b 9 °
. 3 .
-
4ab ’
. 4 . 2611726 3 .

5 ab 3a a
3
ab 6 . 6 .
3
70 bc 2 b“
3 20 A NS WERS .

22 a: 23 a 24 b
?! 3
.
y . . , 0 .

1
2 i 1 1
4 —
1 4 1
25 . x
2 fi 8
+ 2x a + 3 x a + 2 x a
.

+ ca
?
26 . x 2x 8
y H A
5
5
x — 2x
i x — 2 —x
. _

1
‘
°
27 28 29
-

. . . . . x

30 . 2x § f
s + 4x 3 .

X XX IV . 1 .
N 2 . 2 .

3
5 ”
2
.

2 + 2 J2 — 2
6
3 7 J3 8 2+ -

. . . .

24 — J I5
10 . 5 + 2,J6 .

33

8+9 J6 + 4 J 1 5 +6 J1 13 .

5 3

7 5 2 3 8
’ ’ ’ ’ °

12 8 3 4 9
6 .

10 .

13 . 14 .

XX XVI . l . 14 . 2 . 18 4 . 12 . 5 . 4 .

6 . 4 . 7 . 8 . 5 . 13 . 4 5 , 6 0, 8 0 .

14 . 4 , 6, 9 .

X XXV I I . 1 . 4 . 3 .

6 . 5 . 8 . a bc . 10 .

11 . 15 . 12 . £ 15 3 60 .
3 22 A M 8 WE R S .

—s s
15 . 7 + 1 .

4 s 1é
(3 x ) y .

13 1 6
—
m 1 ,

b+ 65 a 63 +
'

a 8
17 . a.

19 ‘
1

as

2 04 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 6 00 3 1 1 1 01 00 1 0 1 0
X LII I 1
.
. . .
. .
.

4 . 2 07 6 . 5 . t4 5 9 2 . 6 . R ad ix 8 . 7 . Ra dix G

8 . 9 5 21 ; $
6 . 9 . R ad ix 5 . 10 . 6 66 .

X LIV . 1 . 3 . n

ELLAN E O US 2 4 1x —5 1 y
MI SC 1 7 2 9, 3 6 9 , 1 , 4 1 . .
.
. .

— 3
3 9 —3 0x + 3 7x
2—
2 0x 3 + 4x 4
.
4 . 1 +x x

—4
.

2
2x + 3x
6 (4 x 9
1 m+ a 4
4
a
0

3x 4
. .
_

8 3 9 10 £ 2, £ 23
a
7 33 7g 73 12 . l . 13 362.
’
6 6 6

14 .
—x y —2y 2
.

16 .
(x (x
20 £ 40 21 2a —2 b — x —2y ,
18 . 5 . 19 . 7 . . .
.

23 . 51
4 — 31 4

( l b —b
?

— 2 3
‘ ' 27 .
( 1 6r
b 4 a

29 1 43 , 5 2 33 . 30. 1 00 .

—
.

—a 2) (x2 —b? , a) —b)

( a ?
2
( v . .
 ANS WE RS .
3 23

34 x —2
2
.

3 (4 x — y )
36 1 37 4 38 2
. .
39 30 111 1 11 11 13638
40 41 1 0x + 1 0z —2w
.
.
42 7x 2 2
2
6m z y +y
x 7y 1 2x 4
1 Ow y 3 2 z
,
, x y 2 05 9 3 l 231 4
.

43 a + 6 —6 44 2 l
45 46 (a: 2_
.

w+ l 4 ) (w 9)
x2 +x +2
16
m u m—1
48 1 °
.
50 3 0 1bs
25

57 58
2 2

am + bu bm — a n
61 l +
1
w
.
1
1 1x + 2
'
7m 4
+ 7 m+ 2 64 I 65 4 .
3
’

66 2; 4 .

69 2
70 . 20 ; 4 0 y e ar s .
71 . 1 .

( —2
x
) (x ( —1 ) (x
x
74 0
2
. .

17 4
76
.

5
. .

3
, 77 3 s h flh n
gs, 2 s h flh n gs
3
.

3 w2 x 4 1 82 m
( g
-

83
-

3
.

85 . 47 or 74 86 . 4 5 gal l o ns
4 x 3 — 3 x y z—
i—
.

5 y3 88 5 25 89
"

.
91 . x -

y .

92 —y4 mM By z
)
-

93 94 1
°
4 — 4 95 . 4, 5 , 6
x y
96 3, 97 . 20 ml i es . 98 Pr e se n t p r ic e 3 p e n c e

per do ze n
3 24 A NS WE R S .

1 01 . 6
.
4
- —1
,
1 + xi + xi 1 02 .
(x
2 -
a
6
) . 1 03 . a .

1 04 . 1 . 1 05 . 1 3, 4
.

$ 1 06 .
4 3;

or $ 3 ; $ 5 ; $4 . 1 07 . 20 s hill i n gs .

1 08 . 48 . 111 .

9
2 4 5 33 5 1 0 6
or
- -

. 1 13 7
7
.

1 1 1 l
1 15 $2 ; $1
. .
, ; , .

3 2 2 3

g .

9 2
_
x
2
. 119 0 6 12 0

a b3
2
2 55 6 3 ab b
1 22 —5 vy + 2y 9

2 a bz— b3 + a
.

b
.
-

1 23 .

1 26 . 5, 1 27 . 1 1 29 . 3 .

130 . 132 .
-
4

133 . 4, —3 . 134 . x
2 13 5 . x
4 z a
‘
or

136 . $2 . 137 . 81 9615 . 138 . 7 — 2 ,J 3 .

a+ b — 2a ( a +c )( a+ b —2a )
141 .

b _
a 2 (b _
a )
142 . 1 9 7, — 2 5 3 —5 x — 3 . 143 .

11
)
1 44 .
( 2) (3 ) 5 ; 7 . 145 .
( 1) 3, ( 2) 8 .

4 5 . 146 . 14 7 . 20 . 1 48 . 1 6,

14 9 .

4
169 . 150 . As 5 to l . 15 1 . 15 2 .
’
a + 4b .

—3
15 3 . 6
. . 15 4 .
(1) 5 .
(2 ) 3 .
(3 ) 7; 4 .

15 5 .
( 1) 8 .
(2) 9 .
( )
3 $ 9 ; $ 7 . 156 . 30 pe n ce .
3 26 A NS WE R S
5
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