MODULE 2: PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY

Session 2.1 - Overview of Biodiversity

OBJECTIVES:

 Define biodiversity.
 Identify the levels of biodiversity
 Discuss the functions and benefits of biodiversity.

ABSTRACTION/GENERALIZATION:

BIODIVERSITY is constructed from two words. The first is from the Latin bios, which refers to all
kinds of living things both in the present and in the past. Diversity means variety of differences. Thus,
biodiversity literally means the variety and extent of differences among living things.

It includes all millions of microorganisms, plants and animals – from genes and species to the
ecosystems that they live in and the valuable functions they perform. All of the ecosystems and the
living organisms that have evolved with them, including the diverse expressions of human cultures are
all part of the earth’s biodiversity.

Biodiversity occurs in three levels of biological organization:

 Genetic Diversity. Refers to the variability of individuals within species. It is any variation in
the chromosomes, genes, alleles or nucleic acids within the cells of organisms (Sinha and
Heaney, 2006). It is responsible for trait differences among individuals of the same species and
geographic variations among breeding populations of wide-range species.

Genetic variation is crucial for species to survive. The level of genetic variation indicates
possible adaptation to environmental changes and the potential for the persistence or survival of
species. Often, individuals that adapt well tend to produce more offspring than those that do
not. When there is genetic variation, at least some individuals have a better chance to
inherit genetic characteristics that are vital for their survival.

 Species Diversity, this refers to the variety of species within a discrete geographical boundary.
It can be measured in two ways: 1) species richness – where diversity is measured in terms of
the total number of species found in a particular are, and 2) species evenness – where diversity
is measured in terms of the evenness of distribution of species within a specific place at a given
time.

A defined area supporting a large number and wide variety of organisms is said to be
“biodiversity rich”.

 Ecosystems Diversity. This refers to either the variety of ecosystem found within a particular
geographical or political boundary, or the variety of species within the different ecosystems.
The more diverse the ecosystems, the more species they accommodate.

There are nine (9) recognized ecosystems in the Philippines: forests, marginal, agricultural,
urban, freshwater, mangrove, seagrass, corals and soft bottom.
 An important part of earth’s diversity is the Human and Cultural Diversity. The wealth of
human cultures is evident in our numerous languages, traditions and practices, arts, music, diet,
social structures and other attributes of human society

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY

Why do we need to study biodiversity and how does it affect our everyday lives? Let us take a look at
the importance of biodiversity and the different functions it performs for the environment and for all the
creatures living within it.

The importance of biodiversity may be divided into three categories:

Economic Importance

 Food. All types of food are organic products because they are all derived from living organisms
in their natural state. Everything we eat: rice, burgers, chicken, bread, spices, fish, seaweeds,
etc. come from biodiversity. Outside of humans, all of the other organisms living in this planet
eat products from biodiversity. Cows eat grasses, birds eat fruit, snakes eat frogs, fishes eat
planktons and earthworms eat decomposing matter that also comes from living things. Without
biodiversity, what would sustain us and the other living organisms?

 Medicine. Eighty percent (80%) of the world’s population uses plants as source of medicine.
The roots, leaves and bark are often used for this purpose. Thirty percent (30%) of
pharmaceuticals use plants and animals as source of medicine rather than synthetic or chemical
sources.

The use of alternative treatments using native medicinal plants has increased in the past couple
of years. Aromatherapy, herbalism, homeopathy and similar natural therapies use
materials from the natural environment to heal diseases. “Life begets life” as the saying
goes, and what else can heal living organisms but products that also come from those that
have life.
 Fuel, timber, fiber and other resources. Biodiversity is a major source of raw materials in the
world. Fuel like wood and ethanol/”bio-gas” come from biodiversity. Buildings, houses,
clothes, shoes, and many other products that we use every day come from biodiversity.

Important as biodiversity is to our daily lives, we must also ensure that the next generations of
humans have something to use for their consumption. Today’s utilization of the different
species shows a trend of depletion, which means humans are not using resources in a
sustainable manner. If the present generation cannot be supported by the present supply of raw
materials, then how can it support the coming generation?

 Recreational and aesthetic values. Economic value doesn’t only mean gathering, selling and
making a profit. Economic profit. Economic value is also present in the natural beautiful state of
the environment. It is also derived from enjoying the ecological services of nature because its
integrity has remained intact. In keeping the healthy environment literally pristine, economic
value in the form of money can be brought in, through ecotourism.
 Before Palawan became a world-known tourist destination, it was unthinkable for people to visit
the place due to its reputation as the haven of malaria and penal and leper colonies. In the early
eighties, Palawan was discovered to cradle many world-class natural wonders. The local
population suddenly increased creating a high demand on its resources, and as a result forests
were denuded and seas were overfished. Realizing that their future depends largely on their
natural resources, Palawenos started protecting their environment. Palawan’s experience has
proven that environmental protection and economic development can work together through
ecotourism.

Ecological Importance

 Air and water purification. Biodiversity does this for us through plants and trees in the forest.

Humans and other animals exhale carbon dioxide. Factories, machines and vehicles also release
large amounts of carbon dioxide. All these are absorbed by trees and plants, and through
photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is transformed into oxygen.

From the roots to the leaves, plants and trees absorb water and purify it in the process. The
water is then release to the environment as clean water either through the roots or the leaves.

 Climate Stabilizer. Forests keep the world cooler because they absorb massive amounts of
solar radiation for photosynthesis (production of food that has an end product of oxygen).
Forests with canopy trees keep shaded areas cool, the soil moist and trap clouds for cooler
general temperature.

With the rapid loss of forest around the world, the capacity of the environment to absorb solar
radiation has decreased. Without trees to absorb and transform it into good use, solar radiation
gets dispersed around the world and together with the increasing production of carbon dioxide
emission from factories, vehicles and other living organisms, heats up the world’s climate.
Increase in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have led to a
phenomenon known as GLOBAL WARMING. This is worsened by the increasing amount of
ultraviolet radiation that enters the earth through the continuously expanding hole in the ozone
layer. Unstable climate causes the disruptive weather phenomena such as the El Nino and La
Nina.

 Drought, erosion and flood control. Biodiversity through our indigenous forest trees ensures a
supply of water especially during the dry months. Forest trees, like the dipterocarps have
massive roots that absorb and hold a great amount of water. They act as giant tanks of water that
assure people a definite source when it doesn’t rain.

Our forests also serve as umbrellas and shock absorbers during very heavy rains. The
complicated root system of our indigenous trees, like mangroves, prevents soil from eroding.
The larger the roots and the more interlaced they are under the soil, the greater their capacity to
hold the soil and even increase its quantity. Mangroves also act as natural barriers by breaking
down waves and slowing down wave action as it reaches the coastline.

Social and cultural values of biodiversity

  Biodiversity is used and valued by people in their customs and traditions. For indigenous
people, it is a foundation for their religious beliefs and practices. The loss of biodiversity may
result in the loss of these religious beliefs and practices.

In summary, the most important function of biodiversity is to sustain life. Its interconnectedness
ensures that life is passes on from one organism to another. To break this interconnectedness is
to break the cycle of life. To quote the Indian Chief Settlement when he spoke to a white man,
“All things are connected… this we know. The earth does not belong to man, man belongs to
the earth. This we know. All things are connected like blood, which unites one family. All
things are connected. Whatever befalls the earth befalls the sons of the earth. Man did not
weave the web of life, he is merely a strand in it. Whatever he does to the web, he does to
himself…”
Why Conserve Biodiversity?

Categories of Values derived from biodiversity components

CATEGORIES SUB-CATEGORIES
Direct Value/Use Consumptive Use
-extractive value: seldom registered in
the national income accounts; harvested
resources are for domestic consumption
and not sold in the marketplace;
consumed directly.
Productive Use
-extractive value: resources are
harvested for commercial reason and
sold in the marketplace; the economic
earnings at the production end are
reflected in the national income account.
Non-consumption Use
-non-extractive value: economic benefits
accrue from non-consumptive use; may
be reflected in the national income
account.
Indirect Value Non-consumptive use or non-extractive
value: not traded in the marketplace
and/or recorded in the national income
account.
Non-use Value Option value: assigned to future values;
associated with the probable risk of
losing biodiversity components due to
unknown and uncertain events in nature.
EXAMPLES
Food, timber and non-timber
forest products. Water, fish,
construction materials,
medicines, game meat, resins,
rattan, etc.
As above; sold at “farm gate”
price, retail price or wholesale
price.
Tourism and recreational (except
game hunting), wildlife
watching, scientific research,
public education using the
media, cultural and historic
values.
Photosynthesis, pollination,
watershed protection, erosion
control, pollution abatement,
hydrological cycle, nutrient
cycle, carbon sink.
Willingness to pay for future
options to use, or access to
ecosystem foods and services;
willingness to wait until the
economic potential of natural
resources have been discovered;
willingness to delay
developmental projects in the
absence of measures to mitigate

Existence value: associated with the
ethical view of valuing biodiversity
components for their intrinsic worth
even though they are yet to be
discovered or the knowledge about them
is nil or uncertain.
Bequest value: biodiversity is preserved
for the future generations as inheritance
or legacy.
adverse environmental and social
impacts.
Setting aside protected areas as
reserve areas to maintain
ecosystem goods and services;
production and non-consumption
of species in their natural
habitats (especially rare and
endangered species).

Session 2.2 - Philippine Biodiversity

OBJECTIVES:

 Cite factors that make Philippine biodiversity one of the richest in the world.
 Differentiate endemic from exotic species.
 Describe the status of local biodiversity by producing a transect showing the different
ecosystems and species within these ecosystems.

ABSTRACTION/GENERALIZATION:

The Philippines is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of biodiversity. It is so rich that
literatures describe the country as a “mega-diversity” not only in terms of species richness but also in
terms of endemicity. There are many factors that contributed to the rich biodiversity of the Philippines.

Geological Origins of the Philippines Archipelago

Philippine biodiversity, based on the Plate Tectonic Theory, is a result of 50 millions years of formation
of the Philippine islands. Tectonic plates moved from around the world causing volcanic activities. The
movements, plus the volcanic activities, eventually gave rise to the lands from beneath the sea. For 50
million years this movement continued until the Philippine archipelago was formed.

None of the Philippine islands, except for a group of islands at the southern tip of Palawan, has had a
direct connection through direct land. The parts of the Philippines that are “continental rocks”
(Mindoro, most of Palawan, and parts of other islands) were all below sea level for millions of years
before they emerged from the sea, and so they functioned as oceanic islands for the organisms that
eventually reached them. This means that the ancestors of every organism that occurs naturally in
nearly all parts of the Philippines today reach the islands by crossing over the seas of the Southeast
Asia.

Pleistocene/Ice Age History of the Philippines

From the geological history of the Philippines, the rise and fall of the sea level during the “Ace Ages”
brought about the appearance and disappearance of the land bridges that connected the different islands
of the Philippines. This allowed the movement of both flora and fauna to the different “islands” of the
country.

After the melting of the ice, the plants and animals were trapped in the islands. The different species
that reached these islands eventually adapted to the environment and evolved to become unique species.
The melting of the ice also led to the formation of the four sea systems in the Philippines where
different life forms can be found. These are the Pacific Ocean, South China Sea, Sulu Sea and the
Celebes Sea.

Location

The geographical location of the Philippines also contributes to the richness of the biodiversity in the
country. The Philippines is a tropical country. Tropical countries are biologically richer than other areas
because of its year-round favorable climatic condition that supports different ecosystems, habitats and
species.

ECOSYSTEMS DIVERSITY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Due to its unique geological history and geographical location, the Philippines today plays host to
several habitats and ecosystems that support a wide variety of species. Let us take a look at the nine
major ecosystems that can be found in the country.

Forest Ecosystem

This ecosystem is one of the most diverse ecosystems due to the presence of various living organisms
and the existence of abundant and integrated cycles of minerals and elements. Among the organisms
that may be found in the forest are trees, flowering plants, shrubs, herbs, animals and microorganisms.
The Philippine forest is also known as the “tropical rainforest” due to the large amount of rainfall it
receives annually.

Importance of forest ecosystems:

 Forest acts a giant sponge that absorbs most of the rain that pours on the mountains, slowly
releasing it through springs, rivers and wells. They provide a vital function as watersheds, and is
major supply of drinking water in the Philippines.
 Trees, shrubs and forest plants serve as vital habitats to various life forms.
 Rich forests help prevent soil erosion and maintain soil stability.
 It provides the gene pool that may protect commercial plant strains against pests and changing
conditions of climate and soil. The gene pool can also provide the raw material for breeding
higher-yielding strains.
 Wide-ranging forests absorb solar radiation and carbon dioxide and thus stabilize climatic
conditions.
 Pristine forests serve as an important recreational destination for an increasing number of nature
enthusiasts.

Types of Forest Ecosystems

 Lowland Tropical Rainforest or Dipterocarp Forest
 Montane or Mid Montane Forests
 Mossy or Cloud Forest
 Pine Forest
 Limestone or Karst Forest
 Ultrabasic or Ultramafic Forest

Marginal

Ecosystem

Marginal ecosystems are disturbed ecosystems that are trying to regenerate. These are usually
ecosystems that have been altered for socio-economic reasons, and often located between two major
ecosystems. When humans alter the ecosystem, the change usually causes the dwindling of biodiversity
in both the marginal and the natural ecosystems
Importance of marginal ecosystems:
  Marginal ecosystems’ primary importance is economic. This is where commercial and other
economic activities such as logging and agricultural production occur.
They also serve as habitat to certain species of rats, snakes and insects.

Agricultural Ecosystem

This ecosystem is also known as agro-ecosystem. It is an artificial or man-made ecosystem. Lands for
farming, aquaculture and animal husbandry comprise this ecosystem.

Importance of agricultural ecosystems:

 Agricultural ecosystems are crucial for supplying basic needs such as food and medicine.
 As an agricultural country with three major crops: rice, corn and coconuts, this ecosystem is
economically important to the Philippines. It is the backbone of the Philippine economy.

Urban Ecosystem
This is where human settlements can be found. It is where offices, houses, shopping malls, schools,
churches, markets and factories are located.

Importance of urban ecosystems:

 Human and economic development takes place I this ecosystem. This is the center of trade and
politics.
 The lifestyles of humans living in this ecosystem greatly affect the whole ecological balance.
Consumption and waste production in urban ecosystems is very high and this creates impact on
resources and other ecosystems like the forest.

Freshwater Ecosystem

These ecosystems include all inland bodies of flowing water (streams and rivers), standing water (lakes,
reservoir, ponds) and other man-made water impoundments. They are usually located in areas where
there is periodic flooding. Many plant species such as nipa, palm, gabi, etc., as animals like herons,
ducks, rails, etc., and fresh water fish such as catfish, mudfish, etc. are commonly found here.

Importance of freshwater ecosystem:

 Freshwater ecosystems serve as water reservoir in the water cycle and provide a convenient and
cheaper waste disposal system.
 They provide the most convenient and cheapest source of water for domestic and industrial
needs.
 Lakes and rivers are also used as transportation and navigational pathways for ships and boats.

Mangrove Ecosystem

This ecosystem is located in brackish waters (salty and muddy) with woody tree species and associated
animal and plant species. It is a forest ecosystem located in the coastal area. It is considered one of the
most productive ecosystems due to the very rich organic content that the muddy substrate (where
mangroves grow) contains.

Importance of mangrove ecosystem:

  Mangrove ecosystems provide food and shelter to various coastal and marine life forms.
 They serve as breeding, feeding, nursery and spawning ground for important marine species.
 The unique root system of the mangrove trees provides protection from waves, acts as filter
against pollutants, presents soil erosion and increases land area through soil accretion.
 They also provide a rich supply of hard wood for poles, houses, corral posts and even small
bridges.
 They serve as source of fuel wood and high-grade charcoal.

Seagrass Ecosystem

These ecosystems are also known as the meadows of the sea. These shallow water marine communities
are dominated by flowering plants that can live under seawater. Seagrasses have extensive rhizome root
systems, which enable them to fasten to substrate.

Importance of seagrass ecosystems:

 Seagrass ecosystems recycle nutrients from the sediments back to the open sea. The dense,
intertwined root systems of seagrasses act as sediment or soil stabilizers by forming a strong
mat that helps bind loose sediments.
 They act as natural buffers/breakwaters against wave actions and thus provide protection against
storm damage.
 Seagrasses are important nursery areas and feeding grounds especially for juvenile fishes and
other reef organisms.
 Detritus from decomposing seagrasses supplies the coral reef food web.

Coral Reef Ecosystem

Coral reefs are massive deposits of calcium carbonate found throughout the world’s shallow marine
ecosystems. The Philippines forms part of the Coral Triangle, the most luxurious growth of coral reef
that covers half of the world’s total coral reef area. Other countries found within the Coral Triangle
include Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Fiji and Maldives. Part of this is the Verde Island in
the Philippines that has been found to be the center of the center of marine biodiversity in the world!

Importance of the coral reef ecosystem:

 Coral reefs serve as nursery, breeding, spawn

 ing and feeding grounds for all fish species and other marine organisms. They play host to
photosynthetic algae and other marine plants that absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.
 The reefs act as natural, physical coastal barriers or breakwaters and thus reduce strong wave
energy during storms and minimize damage to the coast.
 Corals that have been damaged or crushed eventually become the coralline sand found on white
sand beaches.
 They also serve as traditional fishing grounds of coastal communities.
 Healthy coral reef produces up to 35 metric tons of fish per square kilometer per year. A
degraded reef produces only 5 metric tons.
 As haven for fish and other marine organisms, coral reefs have extensive aesthetic, recreational,
educational and eco-tourism.
  Extensive studies have also shown that the coral reefs can supply raw materials for new life-
saving medicines.

Soft-bottom ecosystem

These ecosystems are found in the areas in open seas that are beyond light penetration, around 50 to
100 meters deep

Importance of soft-bottom ecosystems:

 Soft bottom communities recycle nutrients from the water column and rocky habitats. Organic
detritus from kelp and other macroalgae, dead animals, zooplankton, phytoplankton and other
sources of nutrients and carbon rain to the bottom. As burrowing species churn the sediments,
they incorporate nutrients into the sediments that feed deposit feeders. Bottom dwelling fish,
invertebrates, decomposers and microbial life consume the contaminants and other organic
materials, converting it to living biomass. These processes link the health and productivity of
the soft and hard substrate communities with those communities living in the water column.

SPECIES DIVERSITY IN THE PHILIPPINES

As mentioned previously, the Philippines is considered a mega-diverse country, being home to a large
number of flora and fauna. Though the country’s land area is only 300,780 square kilometers, which is
32 times smaller than the United States, it is estimated to have more than 52,177 described flora and
fauna species, half of which is endemic.

Global estimates of species diversity usually range from 5 to 30 million species, although many
estimates are in the range of 12-14 million. The Global Species Assessment project reports a total of
more than 1.5 millions described species of plants and animals. However, these estimates may
represent only 12% of the number of species estimated to occur worldwide.

The number of known species in the Philippines represents only 3% (53,328 out of the 1.5 million
species) of globally known species. However, this is far more than would be expected on the basis of
the land area of the Philippines, which is far less than 5% of the global land area.

 On the average, all the described plant species in the Philippines represent about 5% (14,000 –
15,000 out of 287,655) of all the species globally described so far. For many specific groups of
plants, species diversity in the Philippines is highest in the lowland tropical rainforest, although
others (like orchids, oaks, ferns, mosses and conifers) are most diverse in montane rainforests.
 The described species of animals in the Philippines represent about 3% (38,000 out of 1.2
million species) of the globally described species in the animal kingdom.
 The lower forms of organisms (bacteria, protists, and unicellular algae) are extremely numerous
but largely unknown with only 1% described.

For Philippines species documented so far, the levels of endemism are about 45-60% for plants, 70%
for arthropods, 66% for reptiles, 77% for amphibians and 49% for breeding land birds. The average
endemism of known terrestrial vertebrates is at least 60%. Of the terrestrial mammals, about 67% are
considered endemic.
Session 2.3 - Threats to Biodiversity in the Philippines
OBJECTIVES:

 Identify the threats and pressures affecting biodiversity both at the national level and local
levels
 Identify the causes of these threats and where they occur.
 Discuss the socio-cultural and economic implications of these threats to biodiversity.

ABSTRACTION/GENERALIZATION:

Overview of Philippine Biodiversity Loss

Though the Philippines is mega-diverse in terms of biological diversity, it is also considered a mega-
hotspot due to the rapid loss of biodiversity in the country. Most of our endemic flora and fauna are
disappearing due to the indiscriminate and excessive use of our natural resources.

We have learned that the Philippines has one of the highest number of endemic species in the world,
thus contributing much to worldwide species diversity. Ironically, it ranks third in the world in terms of
the number globally threatened species. It also has the highest number of endangered species.

THE VANISHING ENDEMIC SPECIES: Threats to Extinction

The Philippines has the most endangered species in single country endemics. Let us take a look at the
different factors that caused this alarming state in the Philippine species diversity.

There are two kinds of extinction or disappearance of a certain species: natural and human-induced
extinction. Natural extinction results from physical and biological changes in the environment (Sinha
and Heaney, 2006). The physical changes are effects of events such as natural calamities (earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, typhoons) or natural geographical changes (gradual sinking of an island, gradual
soil erosion). Biological changes may be result of natural processes occurring among species like
predation and competition.

Human-induced extinction, on the other hand, are disturbances caused by human activities. Examples
are:

 Human habitat loss and degradation/Encroachment on habitats (e.g. logging, kaingin, real estate
development, and conversion of mangroves areas into fishponds).
 Direct Exploitation (e.g. over-use of timber, over-harvesting of fisheries products, hunting and
wildlife trade).
 Introduction of exotic/invasive species (e.g. golden kuhol, janitor fishes, and bullfrogs).
 Pollution (e.g. chemicals from pesticides and fertilizers, carbon monoxide from vehicles, non-
biodegradable materials like plastic. All of these pollutants affect biodiversity).
 Global warming and climate change (e.g. El Nino and La Nina).
 Use of illegal fishing methods (e.g. dynamite, cyanide, and muro-ami).

Categories of Threats: IUCN Red Kist Categories

Using the definitions from the IUCN red List Categories, we can identify if species are extinct,
endangered or vulnerable.
Extinct Category

 Extinct (EX) – This is used when the last individual of a species is very likely to have died or
have disappeared on earth.
 Extinct in the Wild (EW) – This is used when the only representatives of the taxon are found in
captivity or under human-controlled conditions.

Threatened Category

 Critically Endangered (CR) – The taxon is considered to be facing an extremely high risk of
extinction in the wild in the immediate future.
 Endangered (EN) – The taxon is not critical but is “considered to be facing a very high risk of
extinction in the wild in the near future.”
 Vulnerable (VU) – The taxon is neither Critical nor Endangered but is “considered to be facing
a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium term future.”

Lower Extinction Risk categories

 Near Threatened (NT) – The taxon is “likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near
future.”
 Least Concern (LC) – The taxon is widespread and abundant.

Others

 Data Deficient (DD) – The taxon’s distribution and/or population status are unknown or
inadequately documented, and assessment of extinction risk is not possible. DD is not a
category of threat.
 Not Evaluated (NE) – Taxon has not yet been evaluated.

VANISHING HABITATS: threats to Ecosystems

The geological structure and geographical location of the Philippines have blessed it with so many
natural habitats, some of which have remained unspoiled. However, due to over-exploitation of our
natural resources, the condition of these habitats has steadily declined over the years. In order to help
mitigate the worsening conditions of our habitats, we should study the different threats and their root
causes so that these may be addressed.

Threats to forest ecosystems

 Logging (both legal and illegal)

 Conversion of forest lands into agricultural plantation and human settlements
 Fuel wood gathering
 Exploitation of non-wood products including wildlife
 Invasion of alien species

Threats to Grassland ecosystems

 Fire
  Land conversion
 Invasion of alien species (rodents and weeds)
 Overgrazing
 Soil erosion

Threats to agricultural Ecosystems

 Soil erosion
 Chemical pollution (excessive use of fertilizers)
 Occurrence of pests due to mono-cropping
 Invasion of alien species

Threats to Urban Ecosystems

 Pollution
 Over-exploitation of resources

Threats to Freshwater ecosystems

 Pollution/Chemical contamination from domestic, municipal, industrial and agricultural sources

 Over-exploitation of aquatic resources
 Extensive aquaculture development
 Sedimentation from upstream sources
 Human settlements

Threats to Mangrove ecosystems

 Conversion to fishponds/salt beds

 Deforestation
 Pollution
 Industrial expansion and development
 Human settlements

Threats to Sea grass ecosystems

 Siltation/sedimentation
 Pollution
 Habitat destruction due to the development of coastal areas for tourism, human settlements and
aquaculture

Threats to Coral reef ecosystem

 Siltation/Sedimentation/Run-offs
 Over-fishing
 Use of destructive fishing methods (dynamite, cyanide poisoning)
 Pollution
 Harvesting of corals
  Unregulated coastal area development

Threats to Soft-bottom ecosystem

 Pollution
 Climate change

Underlying Causes of the Loss of Philippine Biodiversity

 Overpopulation. The increasing population is one of the underlying causes of biodiversity loss
and environmental degradation. This has increased the demands for natural resources resulting
in over-exploitation and in some cases, extinction of some elements of biodiversity.

 Poverty. Most human activities that threaten biodiversity are related to livelihood and
economics. In the Philippines, where unequal distribution of wealth has led to increasing
pressure on resources, exploitation of resources has become a way of life. Unless the economic
needs of the people are addressed, the natural environment will continue to be exploited.

 Apathy. Disregard for environmental degradation and biodiversity loss is usually caused by
lack of awareness and knowledge of the implication of these issues on one’s personal life. For
this reason advocacy and educational campaigns on biodiversity and the environment should
bring down abstract issues to easily understandable levels so that people can relate to them.

 Conflicting laws and policies and poor law enforcement. The Philippines has the most
number and best-written environmental laws that ideally would have protected our natural
resources. Beautifully written as they are, most laws related to environmental conservation have
provisions that conflict with each other. Aside from this conflict, these laws are not properly
enforced or not implemented at all. This aggravates the dwindling status of our biodiversity
because the laws that were supposed to protect it become useless in the end.

 Lack of education resulting in low levels of knowledge and awareness. The lack of
appreciation of the Filipinos for their natural environment is a product of the lack of venue,
access and opportunities for environmental education. To quote Baba Dioum, a Senegalese
conservationist, “In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we
understand, and we will understand only what we are taught.”
ACTIVITY:

Draw or collect pictures of the different ecosystems found in your locality (place of origin/residence)
five years ago and today. Identify the different species that can be found within these ecosystems and
list down the direct value, indirect value, and non-use value that can be derived from these biodiversity.
 CATEGORIES SUB-CATEGORIES EXAMPLES
Direct Value/Use Consumptive Use Food, timber and non-timber
forest products. Water, fish,
construction materials,
medicines, game meat, resins,
rattan, etc.
Productive Use Meat from the animals like
pig,cow, carabao, and etc which
are being solved in the market
place
Non-consumption Use Tourism and recreational,
wildlife watching, scientific
research, public education using
the media, cultural and historic
values.
Indirect Value Photosynthesis, pollination,
watershed protection, erosion
control, pollution abatement,
nutrient cycle,
Non-use Value Preservation of marine and forest
living things.

ANALYSIS:

1. From the activity and in your own words formulate a definition of biological diversity.
 Biological Diversity refers to the varieties of all living things both in present and in the
past.

2. Why should we value the biodiversity from these ecosystems?

 The following are the reasons why we should value the biodiversity from these
ecosystems

A. Ecological Importance
 Air and water purification-biodiversity does this for us through plants and
trees in the forest.
 Climate stabilizer- Forests keep the world cooler.
 Drought, erosion and flood control-Biodiversity through our indigenous
forest trees ensures a supply of water especially during dry months.

B.Social and Cultural Values of Biodiversity-It is a foundation for their religious beliefs
and practices.
 The most important function of biodiversity is to sustain life.
3. Which is more prevalent from each ecosystem the direct or indirect value/uses or non-use
value? Justify.
 The more prevalent from each ecosystem is the Direct Value because those
are the basic or daily needs of the people.
 4. Are there differences in the derived benefits from these ecosystems five years ago and at
present? If yes, cite these changes.
 Yes, there are differences in the derived benefits from these ecosystems five
years ago and at present in terms of its natural and fresh nutrients.
Furthermore, pollutions in the present really affect our ecosystem.
5. Identify the causes and effects of changes in biodiversity components and benefits derived from
these ecosystems.
 The causes of changes in biodiversity can be the continuous development of it
or can be the threats existing.
 The effects of changes in biodiversity can be the continuous preservation of it
or destruction.
 The benefits derived from these ecosystem are the following:
-The minerals got from these that can be used in Industrial businesses.
-The more improvements or beautification of it.
APPLICATION & LEARNING

1. Make a short reflection paper about the status of your ecosystems (biodiversity) by answering
this question: “If this was how biodiversity looked like in your area five years ago, how would
you describe it now?”

Talking about the status of my ecosystem five years ago was definitely well-developed
because of its healthy and green environment. I can say that the people in the said area were
very aware about the consequences of their action especially when it comes to the
environment.
In fact, the pictures in that certain area show how much they value the creation of God.
Of course, they derived benefits from those resources but they reciprocated it through planting
trees for the continuous conservation of the living things around them.
Furthermore, the area I am referring to is still developing right now by its conducive air.
Even it is summer, you do not need to use electric fan.I do believe that the continuous
conservation of our ecosystem depends to us.
2. Which among the nine ecosystems in the Philippines is most pressured or under great threat?
Justify
 Among the nine ecosystems in the Philippines, Forest Ecosystem is most pressured
or under great threat.In fact, the number of our trees are decreasing which result to
the warm environment, landslides, and floods.

3. What are the existing threats and/or pressures on biodiversity have you observed in the different
ecosystems of the Philippines? What are the root causes of these threats?

Threats to forest ecosystems

 Logging (both legal and illegal)

 Conversion of forest lands into agricultural plantation and human settlements
 Fuel wood gathering
 Exploitation of non-wood products including wildlife
 Invasion of alien species

Threats to Grassland ecosystems

  Fire
 Land conversion
 Invasion of alien species (rodents and weeds)
 Overgrazing
 Soil erosion

Threats to agricultural Ecosystems

 Soil erosion
 Chemical pollution (excessive use of fertilizers)
 Occurrence of pests due to mono-cropping
 Invasion of alien species

Threats to Urban Ecosystems

 Pollution
 Over-exploitation of resources

Threats to Freshwater ecosystems

 Pollution/Chemical contamination from domestic, municipal, industrial and agricultural sources

 Over-exploitation of aquatic resources
 Extensive aquaculture development
 Sedimentation from upstream sources
 Human settlements

Threats to Mangrove ecosystems

 Conversion to fishponds/salt beds

 Deforestation
 Pollution
 Industrial expansion and development
 Human settlements

Threats to Sea grass ecosystems

 Siltation/sedimentation
 Pollution
 Habitat destruction due to the development of coastal areas for tourism, human settlements and
aquaculture

Threats to Coral reef ecosystem

 Siltation/Sedimentation/Run-offs
 Over-fishing
 Use of destructive fishing methods (dynamite, cyanide poisoning)
  Pollution
 Harvesting of corals
 Unregulated coastal area development

Threats to Soft-bottom ecosystem

 Pollution
 Climate change

Underlying Causes of the Loss of Philippine Biodiversity

 Overpopulation
 Poverty
 Apathy
 Conflicting laws and policies and poor law enforcement
 Lack of education resulting in low levels of knowledge and awareness
4. How can do the government and other organizations address the issue on biodiversity loss? Cite
and react to at least five solutions (programs, projects/activities) introduced either by the
government/private organizations to address the issues and problems in biodiversity.
a.Simplify lifestyle. Lesser consumption would mean lesser pressure on the environment.
b.Practice the three R’s: reduce, Reuse and Recycle!
c.Be sensitive when relating to your natural surroundings. Be careful during recreational
activities – do not step on the corals when swimming/diving; instead of cutting down trees,
design structures around its natural environment; let buildings merge with the trees; etc.
d.Stay away from products made from animals, especially those from endangered species.
e.Use environment-friendly materials.

Reaction: Those strategies will be effective if the government officials, organizations, and the
people of the Philippines will be united to practice those things.

5. Suggest/recommend at least three solutions in counteracting biodiversity loss in the Philippines.

 Educate the people about the importance of biodiversity.

 Propose programs about biodiversity.
 Conduct awareness raising activities.

MODULE 3: BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION: STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES

Session 3.1 - Biodiversity Conservation Initiatives

OBJECTIVES:

 Share students’ personal experiences and contributions to biodiversity conservation.

 Cite examples of local collective efforts in conserving biodiversity and their immediate impact
on local communities.
 Express the importance of conserving biodiversity at different levels of engagement

ABSTRACTION/GENERALIZATION:
As humans become increasingly aware of the importance and benefits of biodiversity and their direct
connection to the human lives, increasing efforts have been made to mitigate its rapid loss. Let us
discuss the different examples of conservation initiatives that humans have engaged in to conserve
biodiversity.

Different levels of Biodiversity Conservation Initiatives

 Individual Level. You do not have to become a member of an international or local

organization to work for biodiversity conservation. There are several actions that an individual
may perform to help conserve biodiversity, primary of which is to adopt an environment-
friendly lifestyle. Here are some examples:
1. Simplify lifestyle. Lesser consumption would mean lesser pressure on the environment.
2. Practice the three R’s: reduce, Reuse and Recycle!
3. Be sensitive when relating to your natural surroundings. Be careful during recreational
activities – do not step on the corals when swimming/diving; instead of cutting down
trees, design structures around its natural environment; let buildings merge with the
trees; etc.
4. Stay away from products made from animals, especially those from endangered species.
5. Use environment-friendly materials.

 Community Level. Since the early eighties, local communities have been recognized as the
major stakeholders of local resources. As such, they assume the basic right and lead role in the
management of local resources. So far, most of the more successful conservation initiatives are
those based on the community-based natural resources management framework. Examples of
community-initiated resource management activities are:

From Haribon’s experience of working with communities:

1. Establishment of Marine Protected Areas (Bolinao, Pangasinan; Anilao, Batanga; Brgy.

Handumon, Bohol)
2. Formation of a federation (Anduyog Isarog, Inc.) of different people’s organizations
(formed under the guidance of Haribon) that became the community representative to
the Protected Areas Management Board (PAMB) of Mount Isarog National Park in
Camarines Sur.

Other examples of community efforts for biodiversity conservation are:

1. Tree planting/Mangroves planting activities.

2. Observances of environment-related celebrations like Earth day, Coastal Clean-up, and
Ocean Month, etc.
3. Conduct of environmental education and other awareness raising activities on
biodiversity.

 Government Level. The government has shifted its approach from centralized to more
participatory governance when it comes to natural resources management. However, there are
still so many tasks that only the government may perform to conserve biodiversity and these
include the following:
 Formulation of policies/ordinances that support biodiversity conservation.
  Dutiful implementation of laws and policies that protect biodiversity (examples of these
laws will be discussed in the next session).
 Formation and deputation of law enforcement groups (bantay Gubat, bantay Dagat).

 Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) Level. NGOs have always been at the forefront of
environmental conservation. They are catalysts working to protect both the environment and the
communities that live within these environments. Here are some of the examples of
conservation initiatives that were implemented by the Haribon Foundation:

 Community-Based Resource Management Programs (Mount Isarog in Camarines Sur;

Bolinao, Pangasinan; Sablayan, Mindoro Occidental; Anilao, Batangas, etc.).
 Formation of a nationwide alliance of Marine Protected Areas Managers (PAMANAKA
sa PILIPINAS).
 Environmental Research (Inventory of flora and fauna in different protected areas in the
country, Resource use identification, Resources Valuation).
 Researches on alternative technology and indigenous knowledge.
 The Advocacy, Networking, Education, Support Mobilization and Training for
Biodiversity Conservation (A NEST) Project that aimed to improve the level of
awareness of and support for biodiversity conservation by the general public,
organizations and donors; and build the capacities of academic centers and capabilities
of a core of resource managers, experts and professionals in biodiversity conservation.
 Environmental Defense (suing for environment).

 International Level. Conservation efforts at the international level are important to ensure
harmonization of goals, efforts and resources in the protection, conservation and sustainable use
of natural resources. These are achieved through the signing of international treaties or
agreements.

Session 3.2 - Environmental Laws

OBJECTIVES:

 Identify the different environmental laws and their salient provisions.

 Articulate the importance of legal support in biodiversity conservation.
 Name existing local ordinances in the communities that help support biodiversity conservation.

ABSTRACTION/GENERALIZATION:

With the increasing awareness on environmental issues, especially during the late 90’s, several laws
were passed to protect and support environmental conservation initiatives. Let us take a look at the
existing national and international laws that support biodiversity conservation.

PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY LAWS

 Republic Act (RA) 7586 or The National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act.
The NIPAS Act was introduced with the objective of developing a comprehensive protected
areas system and integrating the participation of local communities in protected areas
management and decision-making. The Act provides that the management, protection,
 sustainable development, and rehabilitation of protected areas shall be undertaken primarily to
ensure the conservation of biological diversity and that the use and enjoyment of protected areas
must be consistent with the principle.

 RA 8550 or The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998. This law integrates all laws on fisheries
and aquatic resources of the country. It aims to promote sustainable development of the
country’s fishery resources based on ecological limits. However, the successful implementation
of this code will largely depend on the genuine collaboration between the government, civil
society and private entities.

 RA 9147 or The Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act. This Act aims to
protect our country’s fauna from illicit trade, abuse and destruction, through (1) conservation
and protecting wildlife species and their habitats, (2) regulating the collection and trade of
wildlife, (3) pursuing, with due regard to the national interest, the Philippine commitment to
international conservations, protection of wildlife and their habitats, and (4) initiating or
supporting scientific studies on the conservation of biological diversity. The provisions of this
Act shall be enforceable for all wildlife species found in all areas of the country, including
critical habitats and protected areas under the National Integrated Protected Areas System
(NIPAS) Act. Exotic species, or species which do not naturally occur in the country, are also
covered by this Act. All designated critical habitats shall be protected in coordination with the
local government units and other concerned groups, from any form of exploitation or
destruction, which may be detrimental to the survival of species dependent upon these areas.

 RA 8371 or The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA). IPRA seeks to recognize, promote
and protect the rights of IPs. These include the Right to Ancestral Domain and Lands; Right to
self-Governance and Empowerment; Social Justice and Human Rights; and the Right to
Cultural Integrity.

 RA 9072 or The National Caves and cave Resources Management and Protection Act. This
Act aims to conserve, protect and manage caves and cave resources as part of the country’s
natural wealth. Towards this end, the State shall strengthen the cooperation and exchange of
information between government authorities and people who utilize caves and cave resources
for scientific, educational, recreational, tourism and other purposes.
Species-species laws that support biodiversity conservation

 Philippine Eagle Act of 1970 (RA 6147). An Act declaring the Pithecopaga jefferyi, commonly
known as monkey-eating eagle, as a protected bird in the Philippines, providing for the
preservation of the same and authorizing the appropriation of funds for this purpose.
 Conservation of Marine Turtles and Soft-shelled (freshwater) Turtles, 1979 (MNR AO No. 12).
 Protection of Whale Sharks and Manta Rays, 1998 (FAO185).
 Tree Planting Decree of 1976 (PD 953). A decree requiring the planting of trees in certain
places and penalizing unauthorized cutting, destruction, damaging and injuring of certain trees,
plants and vegetation.
 Traditional and Alternative Machine Act of 1997 (RA 8423). A law protecting indigenous and
natural health resources and technology.
 Animal Welfare Act of 1998 (RA 8485). An Act promoting animal welfare in the Philippines.
Other laws that affect biodiversity conservation:
 The Revised Philippine Forestry Code of 1975 (PD 705).
 Mining Act of 1995 (RA 7942).
 Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA 8749). An Act providing for a Comprehensive Air Pollution Control
Policy and for other purposes.
 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003). An Act providing for an
Ecological Solid Waste Management Program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms
and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, and appropriating
funds for these and other purposes.
 Proclamation No. 2146 (1981). A law defining Environmentally Critical Areas (ECAs) and
Environmentally Critical Projects (ECPs).
 Clean Water Act of 2004.
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
Five international conventions focus on biodiversity issues, these are:
 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The objectives of the CBD are: the conservation
of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing
of the benefits arising from commercial and other utilization of genetic resources. The
agreement covers all ecosystems, species, and genetic resources.

 Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS). Also known as the Bonn

Convention, CMS aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout
their range. Parties to the CMS work together to conserve migratory species and their habitats
by providing strict protection for the most endangered migratory species, by concluding
regional multilateral agreements for the conservation and management of specific species or
categories of species, and by undertaking cooperative research and conservation activities.

 Convention and International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES). CITES aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants
does not threaten their survival. Through its three appendices, the Convention accords varying
degrees of protection to more than 30,000 plant and animal species.

 Ramsar Convention on wetlands. Popularly known as the Ramsar Convention, this provides
the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise
use of wetlands and their resources. The convention covers all aspects of wetland conservation
and the wise use, recognizing wetlands as ecosystems that are extremely important for
biodiversity conservation in general and for the wellbeing of human communities.

 World Heritage Convention (WHC). The primary mission of the WHC is to identify and
conserve the world’s cultural and natural heritage, by drawing up a list of sites whose
outstanding values should be preserved for all humanity and to ensure their protection through a
closer cooperation among nations.
 Each of the biodiversity-related conventions works to implement actions at the national,
regional and international level in order to reach shared goals of conservation and sustainable
use. In meeting their objectives, the conventions have developed a number of complementary
approaches (site, species and/or ecosystem-based) and operational tools (e.g., programs of work,
trade permits and certificates, regional agreements, site listings, funds).

 Other examples of Conservations that affect biodiversity include:

1. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1994
2. Kyoto Protocol, 1997 (Convention on Climate Change)
3. Cartagena Protocol, 2000 (Biosafety)
ACTIVITY:

Identify the different environmental conservation efforts and actions that are already institutionalized in
your community. Examples: existence of environment-related people’s organizations/environmental
clubs, Bantay-Dagat, Bantay-Gubat, annual activities like tree planting an coastal clean-up; annual
celebrations like Earth Day, Ocean Month, Piyesta ng Dagat, Piyesta ng Gubat etc. Determine the
strengths, weaknesses and the impacts of these efforts/actions to the lives of the people and in their
involvement to environmental protection.

ANALYSIS:

1. What will happen if these conservation efforts and action do not exist today?
 If those conservation efforts and action do not exist today, our biodiversity is already
deteriorated .We don’t have resources to use. Aside from that ,the ozone layer is already
depleted.

2. Among these efforts/actions, which do you believe are the most effective and less effective in
conserving biodiversity? Why?
 Among those efforts/actions, I do believe that the most effective in conserving
biodiversity is the annual activities like tree planting and coastal clean-up because the people in
the society are really cooperative especially the youth while the less effective in the Bantay-
Gubat because there are still hidden illegal logging activities which are existing.
3. How do these strengths, weaknesses and impacts contribute in the conservation of biodiversity
in our community?

 Those strengths contribute in the conservation of biodiversity in our community through

continuously implementing it for the reason that it is effective.
 Those weaknesses contribute in the conservation of biodiversity in our community
through determining the problems/gaps to be solved..
 Those impacts contribute I the conservation of biodiversity in our community through
supporting its program.

APPLICATION & LEARNING:

1. Identify at least two local ordinances related to biodiversity conservation that are being
implemented in your locality. Evaluate the extent of its implementation and the problems
encountered in its implementation.
  The Bantay Gubat ordinance which is being implemented in present to protect the forest
but still, there are still problems arising because not all the people in the locality are
supporting the said ordinance.
 The Bantay Dagat ordinance which I can say that it is effective in some way .
Furthermore, the fishermen are aware about te consequences if they will violate the said
ordinance.
2. Who do you think is the most responsible and could be effective in providing conservation
initiatives? Justify.
 I think the most responsible and could be effective in providing conservation initiatives
are the people in the locality because they are the one who are using the resources and
being benefited by it.In fact, they are living in that area.
3. At individual and community level, what are the most practical means you can do to help
support biodiversity conservation? Discuss.
 As an individual and community level, the most practical means I can do to help support
biodiversity conservation is to practice the 3R’s:Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.Through
this, the garbage will be reduced by reusing the things/materials that can be recycled.
This will be effective in preventing the depletion of the ozone layer which is caused by
burning plastics.
4. What is the importance of the environmental laws to the lives of individual and society as a
whole? Discuss the limitations and problems in the enforcement of these environmental laws.
 The importance of the environmental laws to the lives of individual and society as a
whole is to protect and conserve the ecosystem.
 The limitations and problems in the enforcement of these environmental laws are the
following:
-If the people will not follow the said laws, it will be useless
-If personalism occurs
-If the implementation are not also following
-If there are hidden businesses or transactions

5. Propose two feasible bills that you may suggest related to biodiversity conservation
and natural resources management. Justify
 Climate Awareness Bill-This bill states that the people must positively contribute to the
resolution regarding Climate Change. All families are oblige to plant 50 growing trees
that will be forwarded to the Provincial Government then to the National Government.
 Blue River Bill-This bill aims the individual to maintain the cleanliness and protect the
river within their municipality, barangay, or area.

MODULE 4: ACTION PLANNING

Session 4.1 – Summing Up: Preparing Action

OBJECTIVES:

 Recognize the gaps in biodiversity conservation efforts in the locality.

 Identify specific issues and concerns related to biodiversity conservation in their areas that may
be addressed in the action plan.

Pre-Planning Matrix
  Fill out the pre-planning matrix using the results of the previous module.
 Describe each column using short and simple sentences.

Local Status Threats/Pressures faced Local GAPS: VISION

of by Local Biodiversity Conservation
Biodiversity Efforts
Our country  Overpopulation  Republic -The issues that  To
is one of the  Poverty Act (RA) need to be continue
countries in  Apathy 7586 or The addressed are conserv
the world  Conflicting laws National the causes of e,
rich in and policies and Integrated the destructions preserve
biodiversity. poor law Protected of our , and
enforcement Areas ecosystem. protect
 Lack of education System Therefore, we our
resulting in low (NIPAS) need action Mother
levels of knowledge Act plan that can be Earth.
and awareness used for the
 RA 8550 or actual action of
The those problems
Philippine concerned with
Fisheries our
Code of environment.
1998

 RA 9147 or
The
Wildlife
Resources
Conservatio
n and
Protection
Act
 RA 8371 or
The
Indigenous
Peoples
Rights Act
(IPRA).

 RA 9072 or
The
National
Caves and
cave
Resources
Managemen
 t and
Protection
Act

Session 4.2: Action Planning

OBJECTIVES:

 Formulate a plan of action based on the pre-planning matrix.

 Commit themselves to support and get actively involved in biodiversity conservation efforts by
pledging to carry out their action plans.

ABSTRACTION/GENERALIZATION:

Action plans that will be formulated by each group will serve as their commitments to biodiversity
conservation. This will become their guide for re-entry activities once they return to their respective
areas. To facilitate the planning of each group, it is important that they understand each component of
an action plan.

COMPONENTS OF ACTION PLANS

1. ISSUES. This states the problem the group wants to address.

2. OBJECTIVES. These state what the group wants or intend to achieve.
3. ACTIVITIES. These are specific initiatives and actions that will be implemented to realize set
objectives.
4. KRA/DESIRED RESULTS/BENEFITS. These are specific and tangible outcomes of the
activities.
5. INDICATOR. These are specific units of measure that will be used to gauge success in
accomplishing desired results.
6. TIMEFRAME. The estimated period or duration needed to implement the project and achieve
set objectives.
7. RESOURCES NEEDED. Materials, budget and other logistics needed to implement the
activity.
8. PERSONS RESPONSIBLE. Specific names of people responsible for specific tasks.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTION PLANS (SMART)

1. Specific
2. Measurable
3. Attainable
 4. Realistic
5. Time-bound

APPLICATION & LEARNING:

Action Plan

Objective Program/Project/ Key Result Areas/ Indicat Resources Responsible Timefra

Activities Desired Results/ or/ Needed Person/s me
Benefits unit of (Materials/
measur Budget
e Supplies/
Equipment)
1.To  “Berdeng  The air will 100 %  Growing  People  2
conserve Kapalibuta become trees in the years
and n, Marhay refreshing to  Seeds commu or
protect na Istaran” breathe.  Planting nity/mu more
the  The trees equipmen nicipalit
ecosyste will be ts y/barba
m conserved. rian.
 The  Officials
ecosystem is a (Barang
good habitat for ay
everybody. captain,
 The floods kagawa
and landslides d,
will be Mayor,
prevented. ant etc.)
2.To  “Kagayona  The beauty  People
develop n asin of the 100%  Equipme in the 1 year
the status Pagpapami environment nt in commu
of the ntir, Kaiba will be planting nity/mu
ecosyste ka! enhanced. and nicipalit
m  The beautifica y/barba
preservation of tion rian.
the ecosystem  Different  Officials
will exist. kinds of (Barang
plants. ay
captain,
kagawa
d,
Mayor,
ant etc.)