STRUCTURE SYSTEMS PROF.DR. SHAFAK EL WAKILDEFINITIONS A structure is a relatively permanent enclosed construction over a plot of land, having a roof and usually windows and often more than one level, used for any of a wide variety of activities, as living, entertaining, or manufacturing . Astructure can also be defined as anything built or constructed. The structural system is that system, which transfers loads through interconnected structural components or members. The role of any structure system is to transmit the applied loads to the foundations. Two main kinds of structures : The multistory structures and the large span structures , with a span larger than 20 meters .CLASSIFICATION OF structures SYSTEMS Multistory structures Large span structuresGenerally the multistory structures are Section active structural systems ... systems of rigid, solid, linear elements, in which redirection of force is effected by mobilization of sectional forces. => eS hE S- Terie LartonionS, ted fees) ES * Hs ES Ls: | Typical load transfer systemsSection active structural systems Load transfer systems The loads that a beam or a slab carries are led to columns or walls, which lead the force to the next 1 element. craiyiowThe major components of the frame system are horizontal members, vertical members, and some sort of foundation. Similar to the arch, these member work together to resist both vertically and horizontally applied loads . Portal Frame system a Ss TE UY, 4)Cantilever Beam A cantilever is a rigid structural element, such as a beam or a plate, anchored at only one end to a support from which it is protruding Cantilevers can also be constructed with trusses or slabs. DIVINGIBOARD) CUERANSING BEAMCantilever Beam /Slabearing structures The load bearing structure , is a structure ,where every wall acts as a load carrying element. A load-bearing wall or bearing wall is a wall that bears a load resting upon it by conducting its weight to a foundation structure. Punching holes in a wall to connect two rooms damages the structure. The immense weight of the walls holds the building together and stabilizes it against external forces such as wind and earthquake. The materials most often used to construct load-bearing walls in large buildings are stone , concrete blocks, or bricks. The skeleton structure , consists essentially of a skeleton or framework, with horizontal (beams) and vertical members (columns) , which support all the loads acting on the building , and through which all loads are transferred . The skeletal structure cannot enclose the space , therefore enclosing elements are needed. It could afford large openings. The materials most often used are reinforced concrete for medium rise buildings , and steel for tall buildings. External wall construction : bricks or hollow blocks in case of concrete structures , cladding in steels structures.Wall bearing structuresWall bearing structuresSkeleton structures — classic Timber skeletonSkeleton structures — Medium height buildings — reinforced concreteSkeleton structures — Tall buildings These vit intern colsA spiral skeleton structure, tall, straight and with strong tension, to meet the requirements of residential, sightseeing and scientific research .The A REN Building The building takes its form from the Chinese character for person A (ren) and combines two buildings, one symbolic of mind and the other symbolic of body. Materials for the building are mainly clear glass and white concretoryRect ScotSection active structural systems A vault is a roof or floor constructed in an arch form. It can be considered as a long arch thrusting against the supporting walls along their whole length. In an cross vault all the thrusts are concentrated where the arches springs. A dome is a vault, having a circular plan and usually in the form of a portion of a sphere, so constructed as to exert an equal thrust in all directions. ‘A dome can rest upon a drum, and can be supported by columns or piers that transition to the dome through squinches or pendentives. Vault & Dome are load bearing elements. Pontes emisynecal 222 Sagmeister Fecaed Heisplercal Hemistecal On pendtves Onsmuinces Geist dome cpenderives onsquiches ‘owesVector active structural systems g are systems of short, solid, straight lineal members, in which the redirection of forces is effected by multidirectional splitting of single force simply to tension or compressive elements 1. Flat trusses ‘aul Tw Bearing Points ‘Vault Three Bearing Poins Sp 9 Ce Hm CinVector active structural systems _Flat Space trussesVector active structural systems Flat Space trussesVector active structural systems 2.Curved truss A truss having an arch like form but unlike a true arch in that it is free to move horizontallyVector active structural systems 2.Curved trussVector active structural systems 3- Curved Space trusses 7 JVector active structural systems Curved Space trussesVector active structural systems 3.Space trusses «a system utilizing a three-dimensional truss to resist lateral forces. Unlike a normal truss, in which horizontal, vertical, and gn diagonal members work together on a single plane, a space truss uses diagonal connections which branch outside of the plane. A space truss usually looks like several interlocking pyramidal outlines. TRUSSES IN TWO DIRECTIONS. FORM. ORI a >) Py / DEFINITION Three-dimensional framework of members pinned at their ends. Peon SC TWO-WAY TRUSS SYSTEM Diagram ofa planar space frame such aVector active structural systems 3.Space trussesSpace trusses Used verticallyThe tree theme was inspired by the trees ,that serve as a natural canopy for street-level activities.Surface active structural systems Systems of rigid planes , able to resist tension , compression or shear, in which the redirection of forces is effected by mobilization of sectional forces. In this system ,usually used for free form designs, the enclosure is the structural system. Example of structures: 1. Folded Plate structures 2. Shell structures : concrete shells , grid shells... f ‘@ THE CONCEPT1. Plate structures A plate is a structural element characterized by two key properties + Its thickness is very small when compared with its other dimensions. * The effects of the loads are exclusively normal to the element's thickness; i.e. parallel to its surface. + Folded plate construction is one in which loads are carried in two different directions. They are usually constructed of reinforced concrete, 3 in to 6 inch thick.ak 7" 2 Folded Plate structures E = E2 Folded Plate structures2 Folded Plate structures3 Shell structures - Theory + The term shell is used to describe structures occurring strength and rigidity , due to its thin and curved forms such as eggs, tortoise , skull and sea shells. + A shell structure is a thin curved slab , usually of reinforced concrete ,that functions at the same time as structure and covering . * A thin shell is a shell with a thickness which is small compared to its other dimensions and in which deformations are not large compared to thickness. 1/400 to 1/500 from the span .Surfaces of revolution 3 Shell structures - Forms SS SQ ( Cvinder : Hyperbolic paraboloids (Double curvature surfaces)3 Shell structures =3 Shell structures3 Shell structures4 Grid Shells - Theory + Ina Grid shell , a grid pattern replaces the shell material which enables the overall structure to benefit from the combined action of shell and arches and thus to achieve unique shapes. * Same structural behavior as shells, gain their stability from their geometric shapes. * Internal forces are carried by members and therefore have to follow a restricted number of paths. * A plain, continuous shell can resist normal and shear forces while the lattice shell can only resist forces in the direction of the lath i.e. axial forces. * The grid can be made of any material, but is most often wood, plastic or steel. The structural Idea + When a uniform distributed load is applied to a suspended line, it naturally shapes itself so as to be free of bending moments * Chains remain flyin tension * Once inverted, all the internal forces actin compression * Minimized shear forces4 Grid Shells - Plastic a4 Grid Shells - Steel 7 LP 34 Grid Shells — MiscellaneousFrequency series 5 Shell structures — Geodesic Dome RES ee + A geodesic dome is a spherical or hemispherical thin-shell S 9 Bruenoy sees structure (lattice-shell) based on a network of geodesics ‘Low profile (shown) (great circles) on the surface of a sphere or a hemisphere. Faeeeae * The geodesics intersect to form triangular elements, AN which have local, triangular rigidity, and so distribute the KS EA Low profi (shown) structural stress throughout the geodesic sphere. FOTO We pee: LEE Z CV fiameter ABS PO ‘pe ao (shown)5 Geodesic DomesForm active structures * Are those structures in which load is taken by the form or the shape of the structure. * They are non-rigid, flexible matter shaped in a certain way and secured at the ends. * Can support itself and span space. Only tensile and compressive stresses persists. These are mainly categorized into 3 types: 1 - Bending active structures 2 - Membrane structures 3 - Cable Structures -—> Tents Structures ” Pneumatic StructuresThe result is a bending-active structure made entirely of extremely thin, elastically-bent strips , made of plywood ,plastic or any other flexible material. a= Plywood stripsBending active structuresVideoBending active structures2 - Cable structures Are a form of long-span structure subject to tension and uses suspension cables for support. There are two different possibilities when using steel cables in roof structures: using the cables only for suspension of the main roof structure, which can be either conventional . ~ the steel cables are effective members of the roof structure itself, and not just conveyors of forces from the structure to the anchorages. Siig) saddle-shape/” Suspension bridge system Double curvature roof Inverted barrel roof system Double truss roof system Bicycle wheel systemInverted barrel roof systemSuspension bridge system — Stayed bridge Two tower stayed bridge | ee ‘Two Tower Stayed BridgeSuspension bridge system — Stayed bridge Two tower stayed bridgeSuspension bridge system — Stayed bridge Two tower stayed bridgeSuspension bridge system — ayes bridge one tower stayed bridgeSuspension bridge system — one tower stayed bridgeSuspension bridge system- Circular spacesCable structures — Bicycle wheel The bicycle-wheel roof involves two layers of tension cables radiating from an inner tension ring and an outer compression ring, which in turn is supported by columns. @ compression ving beom Grroulor on platCable structures — cable trussCable structures — cable truss Beijing National Hotel’s flowing shape is composed of three distinct rings connected by a single, dynamic surface. Its shiny fagade will be made from a lightweight cable-net structure with many windows and skylights providing an ample flow of natural light to the interiors .Cable structures — ca Olympic village -MuMembranes - Tent Structures Tent Structure: is a membrane structure , a thin flexible surface, that carries loads through the development of tension forces . Compression elements help to transfer loads to the ground . The form of the tent depends on the location / height of the hanging points . A strong anchorage to the ground is reauired . ~\ 7 1 SognMembranes - Tent StructuresMembranes-Pneumatic / Air Structures A pneumatic or air-inflated structure is a building that derives its structural integrity from the use of internal pressurized air to inflate an envelope made of pliable material ,so that air is the main support of the structure. The structure must be pressurized such that the internal pressure equals or exceeds any external pressure being applied to the structure All access to the structure interior must be equipped with some form of airlock such as a revolving door. Air-supported structures are secured by heavy weights on the ground, or ground anchors, attached to a foundation. The structure can be either wholly, partial, or roof-only air supported.Membranes-Pneumatic/Air StructuresMembranes-Pneumatic/Air Structures Air beamsMembranes-Pneumatic/Air Structuré Higher pressure inside the structureMembranes-Pneumatic/Air StructuresThe Monorail a a = = Beamwray = , Circular or + rectangular columns of steel or concrete 45! (4.5m) in, ‘Ground Surface.GOOD LUCK