‘The SI system: It is the international system of units. ‘At present internationally accepted for measurement. In this system there are seven fundamental and two supplementary quantities and their corresponding, units are: Unit Symbol mete mm kilogram =| kg second | Jampere | A kelvin K 6 Luminous intensity candela | cd 7, Amount of substance |mole mol Supplementary 1, Plane angle radian | rad 2. Solid angle steradian | sr D Piarerionar Saas abeP ee ge the unio 8 physical quantity > Uses of dimensions (i), To check the correctness of a physical relation. (ii) To derive relationship between different physical quantities. (ii) To convert one system of unit into ancther. nIMPLire] = malSUy Significant figures : In any measurement, the reliable digits plus the first uncertain digit are known as significant figures. Error: Itis the difference between the measured value and true value of a physical quantity or the uncertainty, in the measurements ‘Absolute error : The magnitude of the difference between the true value and the measured value is called absolute error. tq =8=a4) Say Mean absolute error pgalialelaagtenttaal © 154145) * Met Relative error: Itis the ratio of the mean absolute error > , to its true value of relative error = “* > Percentage coo Itis the relative error in per cent. PHYSICS Percentageerror={ 2 ) 10% MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE ‘Averagespeed, Vay= S12 93 Pe tty “at tant Averageacceleration ag. 41122 ‘The area under the velocity-time curve is equal to the displacement and slope gives acceleration. Ifa body falls freely, the distance covered by it in each subsequent second starting from first second will bein. theratio1 :3:5:7 ete. Ifa bodys thrown vertically up with an initial velocity 1, it takes «/g second to reach maximum height and. 1u/gsecond to return, fair resistance is negligible. Ifair resistance acting ona body is considered, the time taken by the body to reach maximum heightis less than, the time to fall back the same height. For a particle having zero initial velocity if s 2, then particle's acceleration increases with, time. For a particle having zero initial velocity if st", where « <0, then particle's acceleration decreases with time. Viv Vive Viv vos Kinematic equations: is venta, ();v2=u?+2a, (9) 1 a + 4a, @%5, Ifacceleration is variable use calculus approach. > Relativevelocity: Spy = Ty Tq MOTION IN A PLANE > lFTisthe time of flight, h maximum height, R horizontal _ range of a projectile, its angle of projection, then the relations among these quantities. raFora given initial velocity, to get the same horizontal ‘range, there are two angles of projection a and 90° -a. ‘The equation to the parabola traced by a body projected ‘horizontally from the top of a tower of height y, witha velocity u is y = gx2/2u’, where x is the horizontal distance covered by it from the foot ofthe tower. . ax’ Equation of trajectory an is parabola Equation of trajectory ofan oblique projectile in terms Vv ofrange @)is y =xta0(1-*) Maximum height is equal to n times the range when the projectile is launched at an angle 0 = tan-'(4n). Inauniform circular motion, velocity and acceleration are constants only in magnitude. Their directions change Inauniform circular motion, the kinetic energy of the body isa constant. W=0,d + 0, B+ constant, C=constant Wi MO we Centripetal acceleration, a, oy (always applicable) &, <0 Pel a ont (el > Newton's first Iaw of motion or law of inertia : It i resistance to change Newton’ssecond law: F= mi, # = 4 /ét Timpulee 25 Fax pp, = [et ‘ Newton’s third law: fi), =-Fy Frictional force f, <(F,)gax = HR fy =14R Gircular motion with variable speed. For complete Circles, the string must be taut in the highest position, uw > Sga. Circular motion ceases at the instant when the string, becomes slack, ie, when T= 0, range of values of u for which the string does go slack is /2ga Theacceleration of lift actual weight ~apparent weight vVYVV V Cobar sy LU m Mal ad Work done W=FScos0. B Relation between kinetic energy E and momentum, mE i E.=1/,mV2;P-E.=mgh ‘ Ifa body moves with constant power, its velocity (v) is relate toGtance wavelet) by theormulay 8 Work due to kinetic force of friction between two contact surfaces is always negative. It depends on relative displacement between contact surfaces. Wix =F (Gia) EW-=EAK, EW=> total work due to all kinds of forces, © AK > total change in kineticenergy. EWecnserative = -E AU i EWeomenative =? Total work due to all kinds of conservative forces. ZAu= Total change inall kinds of potential energy. velocity of seperation velocity of approach The total momentum of a system of particles is a constantin the absence of ext Coefficient of restitution e = al forces, de Gate ay rehired > ‘The centre of mass ofa system of particlesis defined as the point whose position vectors x = 24 > ‘Theangular momentum ofasystem ofn particlesabout a Thetorque or moment offorce onasystemof n particles > about the origins x= "5 F, > ‘The moment of inertia ofa rigid body about an axis is «defined by the formula 1 = m1? > Thekinetic energy ofrotation is K = ‘The theorem of parallel axes: 1, = 1, +Ma* ‘Theorem of perpen axes:1, “1, + For rolling motion without slipping v,., = Ro. The “Kinetic energy ofsucha rolling body is the sum of kinetic