Professional Documents
Culture Documents
i`"BHkwfe
1
v/;k;&izFke
vè;;u dh i`"BHkwfe
1-1 çLrkouk %
f'k{kk vkRek ds laokn dk ekè;e gSA mlh ls O;fä viuh
2
rRor% f'k{kk yksd dk v{k; vkyksd gSA yksdra= esa
3
esa ,drk ds oS;fäd vge ;k LokFkZ vFkok nyh; fuEurk dh
[kkstus gksaxsA
ijkèkhu gksrs gq, Hkh 19oÈ 'krkCnh esa Hkkjr esa
4
mUgksaus ejkBh esa ,d vkstiw.kZ rFkk l'kä x| 'kSyh dk
kj&?kj igq¡pk;kA
fdlh Hkh jk"Vª esa f'k{kk ds y{;ksa dk fuèkkZj.k ml
5
% Þlkekftd –f"V ls fHkUu&fHkUu vkèkkj okyk ;g ns'k
6
uSfrd] lkaosfxd] 'kkjhfjd rFkk vkUrfjd Kku dks ckgj ykus
mls çf'kf{kr djrh gSA t‚u LVqvVZ fey ¼ John Stuart Mill½ us
;ksX;rk cuk, j[kus ds fy, ;k Lrj dks mUur djus ds fy, djrh
7
gSAß fey ds fopkjkuqlkj f'k{kk ,d mís';iw.kZ çfØ;k gS tks
fd O;fäxr f'k{kk dks çHkkfor djrh gSA ts0 ,l0 j‚l dh –f"V ls
'kSf{kd çfØ;k esa nks O;fä gksrs gSa] f'k{kd ,oa Nk=]
vfèkd #fp dk fo"k; ekuk gSA y‚t ¼Laws½ esa mlus fy[kk
8
çfo"V ugÈ gksrk] f'kf{kr ugÈ dgk tk ldrk gSA bl lanHkZ
t;iqj% r:.k tkrh vkSj blh dkj.k ge çk;% f'k{kk gsrq vè;kiu]
9
f'k{kk'kkL=h ;g ekurs gSa fd thou gh f'k{kk gS vkSj
O;kid vFkZ esa os lHkh çHkko vk tkrs gSa tks O;fä dks
ldrk gS&
f'k{kk og çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ckyd dh tUetkr 'kfä;ksa
gSA
t‚u ,MEl ds vuqlkj Þf'k{kk ,d f}eq[kh çfØ;k gS
10
;g çfØ;k u dsoy pSrU; gh gksrh gS] oju~ lksp&le>
11
vkèkqfud lekt esa ,drk dk y{; f'k{kk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ
gSA lR; dk vkHkkl ftl ckr ds }kjk gks ogh n'kZu gSA
12
gSA çkjEHk esa n'kZu] czãk.M ds vè;;u ;k
pkfg,A
13
nk'kZfudksa ds erkuqlkj f'k{kk n'kZu dk fØ;kRed
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn fl)karksa dks O;ogkj esa u yk;k tk;s
rks O;fä vFkok lekt dks mlls dksà Hkh ykHk çkIr ugÈ gks
14
ldrk gSA vr% f'k{kk&n'kZu ds mís';ksa dks O;kogkfjd :i
esa Hkh fopkj fd;k gSA lqdjkr] IysVks rFkk :lks ls ysdj tku
15
^cqfu;knh f'k{kk* dk fuekZ.k dj MkykA blh çdkj
16
vuqdwy gksuh pkfg,A f'k{kk dk jk"Vªh; laL—fr ,oa
17
O;kogkfjd i{k ij bl –f"V ls fopkj djuk pkfg, fd orZeku ds
esa muesa erHksn ik;k tkrk gSA t‚u Mhoh vkSj muds
18
ds vè;;u esa O;rhr fd;k ftudk dksà lekèkku gks gh ugÈ
dh tkrh gSA
19
çLrqr vè;;u viuh ç—fr esa nk'kZfud Hkh gSa D;ksafd
Mkyrk gSA
çLrqr vè;;u f'k{kk ds euksoSKkfud i{k ij Hkh çdk'k
20
vkUnksyu dk vxznwr dgk tkrk gSA fMczsth dgk djrk Fkk
21
djus dh fuf'pr ;kstuk cuk yh FkhA bl Ldwy ds f'k{kd
22
^^yksdekU; cky xaxkèkj fryd ds 'kSf{kd
lekt esa fo"kerk dks vkSj vfèkd xgjk dj fn;k gSA lEiUu
gSa tcfd xjhc turk dks cgqr deA bldk çeq[k dkj.k f'k{kk
23
ços'k gks x;k gSA jktuhfrd ny vius LokFkZ gsrq f'k{k.k
esa f'k{kd Hkh vius nkf;Ro dks Hkwy pqdk gSA 'kk;n
Kku] fou;] 'kkS;Z vkfn ls lEiUu djds fujUrj jk"Vª dk;Z djus
24
dh ftEesnkjh ftu ij gksrh Fkh] os O;kogkfjd yksHk ls nwj
FksA 'kkUr] fu%Li'kZ lR;'khy gksdj Kku nku djrs FksA ,sls
fy, iwT; cqf) dk Hkko j[krs FksA ;qok ih<+h dks jk"Vªh;
25
foÜofo|ky;h f'k{kk ds lEcUèk esa fryd ds fopkjksa dk
vè;;u djukA
f'k{kk ds fofHkUu vk;ke ds lEcUèk esa yksdekU;
ewY;kadu djukA
1-9 'kksèk fofèk%
çLrqr vè;;u esa ,sfrgkfld] nk'kZfud rFkk
tk;sxkA
1-10 'kksèk&çfØ;k%
çFke pj.k
26
lwpukvksa dk ladyu
¼1½ çkFkfed lzksr % yksdekU; cky xaxkèkj fryd dh —
27
lEcfUèkr lkfgR;
dk
vè;;u ,oa
vuqlaèkku
fofèk
28
v/;k;&f}rh;
:ijs[kk rS;kj djus vkSj dk;Z dks vkxs c<+kus esa lgk;rk
feyrh gS
leL;k ds p;u ds mijkUr nwljk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z
29
egRoiw.kZ voèkkj.kkvksa dh tkudkjh fey tkrh gS rFkk
30
vyZ csch ds vuqlkj lEcfUèkr lkfgR; ds vè;;u ls ge tku
vkSj bUgs dSls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA gkVZu rFkk gUV dh –
çR;sd {ks= esa ekuo }kjk fd;s x;s ç;klksa dh lQyrk dks
mls Kkr u gks fd ml {ks= esa fdruk dk;Z gks pqdk gS\
fdl fofèk ls dk;Z fd;k x;k gS\ rFkk mlds D;k fu"d"kZ vk;s
31
gS\] rc rd og u rks leL;k dk fuèkkZj.k dj ldrk gS vkSj u
egRo dks Li"V djrs gq, MCyw vkj cksxZ us dgk gS fd fdlh
çnku djrk gS] rFkk çR;sd çR;; vkSj èkkj.kk dks Li"V
djrk gSA
çR;sd vuqlaèkkudrkZ ds fy, ;g vR;Ur vko';d gS fd
32
blds }kjk ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd lEcfUèkr leL;k esa
gSA
;g bl rF; dk Hkh vkHkkl nsrk gS fd fd;k tkus okyk
33
esa lqèkkj djus ds ;ksX; cukrk gSA blds vHkko esa
x;kA
M‚- ,l-ch- xksxVs ¼2001½] us ^ç—fr rFkk 'kSf{kd
34
1- U;w bafXy'k Ldwy] iq.ks dh LFkkiuk]
2- Msôu ,tqds'ku lkslkbVh] iq.ks dk fuekZ.k]
3- QxqZlu dkyst] iq.ks dh LFkkiuk]
4- Msôu ,tqds'ku lkslkbVh dh vkthou lnL;rk ls fryd dk
R;kx i=A
Msôu ,tqds'ku lkslkbVh ds lafoèkku fy[kus ds nkSjku
ladYiuk çpkj djus ls igys Lo;a vH;kl djrs FksA gekjs vU;
35
dà jktuSfrd usrkvksa dh rjg fryd us Hkh vius lkoZtfud
36
ds ekè;e ls mUgksaus fy[kk fd çR;sd jktuhfrd ç.kkyh ,d
jktuhfrd ç.kkyh ds dk;Z djus gsrq lgh Kku çnku djrh gSa]
37
esa ekU;rk çkIr gSaA Hkkjrh; n'kZu dks mudk eq[;
;ksxnku&
1- fn vksfj;u& osnksa çkphu dkyhu fo"k;oLrq esa
'kksèk]
2- fn vkdZfVd& osnksa esa ?kj]
3- fn xhrk jgL; rFkk
4- oSfnd dkyØe vkSj osnkax T;ksfr"k gSaA egkHkkjr
38
vrqy xqIrk ¼2009½] us ^yksdekU; ckyxaxkèkj fryd
39
çLrkfor 'kksèk yksdekU; cky xaxkèkj fryd ds 'kSf{kd
fy;s [kkst gSA xqM ,.M g‚V ds vuqlkj Þbfrgkl lEiw.kZ lR;
40
èkS;Z ,oa vè;olk; dh {kerk dk fo'ks"k è;ku j[ksxkA
lkexzh dks vkèkkj cuk;k tkrk gS mldk ,slk dky lwpd {ks=
<ax ls Hkh vè;;u fd;k tk;sxk blesa bldk Hkh vè;;u fd;k
x;k fd cky xaxkèkj fryd }kjk fy;s x;s fu.kZ; dgka rd lQy
gq, gSa\ D;ksa muds lHkh fu.kZ; vkt ds le; esa mfpr Fks
41
vè;;u djrs le; ge fo'ys"k.k ds vHkko esa dke ugÈ pyk
42
thou n'kZu
,oa
f'k{kk n'kZu
43
v/;k;&r`rh;
FksA
oh-ih- oekZ ds vuqlkj fryd dks vius firk ls oS;fäd
44
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mudk 'kwjRo vkSj vfèkd nSnhI;eku
45
usrkvksa us bls ^E;wfVuh* o *xnj* dgk] ijUrq ;g LorU=rk
jgsA 1818 esa dksjxk¡o vkSj v"Vh ds ;q) esa ijkftr gksdj
ikoZrhckà Hkh iwuk tkus dks m|r gqb±A ;k=k esa gSts
46
dh e`R;q ds mijkUr mudk ikyu iks"k.k mudh pkph us
fd;kA
,u-th- tksx us fy[kk% ^^,d lukruh ifjokj esa tUe ds
lekl pØ vkSj :i Hkh ;kn gks pqds FksA nlosa o"kZ cyoUr
esa xaxkèkj iar çfl) laL—r ds va'k i<+dj cky dks lqukrs
47
og xf.kr dh ,d tfVy leL;k gy dj nsxk rks dknEcjh mls fey
esa gks x;kA lu~ 1866 esa cky dks iwuk flVh Ldwy esa
f"V esa cky ,d foæksgh Nk= Fks] tks ijEijkxr f'k{kk i)fr ls
gVdj f'k{kk xzg.k djuk pkgrs FksA xf.kr rFkk laL—r fo"k;
esa os ikjaxr FksA xf.kr fo"k; esa rks cky dsoy dkih ij
rhu ckj vk;k FkkA mls ckj&ckj ,d gh :i esa fy[kus esa D;k
48
vkf[kj ds nks 'kCn xyr dkV fn,A cky gsMekLVj ds ikl x,A
dhA*
psru 'kekZ us fy[kk gS% Þcky ds vusd lgikBh] dqN
ugÈ dj ikrs FksA ijUrq cky ds fy, xf.kr fo"k; mruk ljy Fkk
ftruk ikuh ihuk vkSj laL—r rks muds fy, dsys dk fNydk
49
lksyg o"kZ dh voLFkk esa eSfVªd dh ijh{kk
mPp f'k{kk ds fy, ços'k fy;kA bl le; iwuk esa mPp f'k{kk
x;kA os ,Q-,- esa ikl ugÈ gq,A Þgk¡] nSfgd 'kfä [kwc gks
esa O;Lr jgsA QLVZ b;j esa Qsy x;sA mUgsa [ksn ugÈ
lq[kh le; ;gh FkkA** Msôu d‚yst esa lgh ek;uksa esa
50
vPNs f'k{kd FksA ÞoM~lZoFkZ vkSj çksQslj 'kwV
x;s rks çks- Nk=s dks ,ÇDVx Ççfliy cuk fn;k x;kA bl ij
51
fudkydj Vhpjksa rd dks pfdr dj nsrs FksA ;ksa os vkn'kZ
lkFk ,d gh dejs esa jgrk FkkA ,d Hkh çlax ;kn ugÈ fd fryd
52
mikfèk çkIr djus ds i'pkr fryd us fdlh U;k;ky; esa odkyr
ugÈ fd;k] cfYd tgk¡ rd lEHko gks ldrk Fkk] Lo;a nwljksa
vkfnA bu lHkh dks vkxs pydj thou esa dkQh [;kfr feyhA
53
nh FkÈ fd os Lukrd gksus ds ckn D;k djsaxs vkSj bUgÈ
gksuk pkfg,A
fo".kq 'kkL=h fpiyw.kdj çeq[k çsj.kk lzksr %
fo".kq 'kkL=h fpiyw.kdj ejkBh ds ç[;kr ys[kd FksA
xouZesaV gkà Ldwy esa f'k{k.k dk;Z fd;k vkSj mlds ckn
54
R;kx i= nsdj ,d çkbosV Ldwy [kksyus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA
djuk FkkA
fucUèkekyk ds igys vad esa fo".kq'kkL=h us ejkBk
55
blls iwoZ lu~ 1872 esa 'kkyk i=d uked ekfld if=dk
Nk=ksa esa R;kx] dke ds çfr leiZ.k] lknk thou rFkk lcls
56
fpiyw.kdj nksuksa LoHkko ls èkkÆed Fks fdUrq U;w
ps"Vk djsaAÞ
ÞU;w bafXy'k Ldwy ds lHkh f'k{kd vius fo"k; esa
n{k] [kkl mís'; ls ,d= gq, vkSj th rksM+ ifjJe djus okys
dejk Lo;a ltk;k vkSj jkr gksus ij Ldwy esa gh csap yxkdj
lks x,A igys lky mUgksaus osru Hkh ugÈ fy;kA os xf.kr
57
ds fy, u, {ks= dh ryk'k djus yxs vkSj mUgsa ;g eglwl
djus esa nsj ugÈ yxh fd ns'k dks iquthfor djus dk lekpkj
fudkys x,A
58
Msôu ,tqds'ku lkslk;Vh dh LFkkiuk%
;qok ih<+h ds ân; esa ifo= fopkj dk lapkj fd, fcuk
rks mUgsa jktuhfrd 'kfä ls oafpr ugÈ j[kk tk ldrk Fkk blfy,
gksxkA**
Msôu ,tqds'ku lkslk;Vh dh LFkkiuk dh i`"BHkwfe
59
vkjEHk fd;k] rks ;g tkudj mUgsa cM+h çlUurk gqà fd lekt
60
lj tsEl QxqZlu ds uke ij 2 tuojh] 1885 dks vLFkk;h :i
ls d‚yst xnjs ckMk] iq.ks esa [kqy x;kA Þ;|fi QxqZlu d‚yst
tks loZçFke Ççfliy Fks] laL—r i<+krs gSa vkSj fryd xf.kr]
61
,oa ,aXyks bafM;u ds lEiknd dh ekufld 'kkafr Hkax gks
Fkh fd Msôu dkyst dks vius laj{k.k esa ysus dks rS;kj
FkhAß
3-4 fo}ku f'k{kd%
Q;qZlu d‚yst ds 'kq: gksus ls fryd o vkxjdj ds mPp
d‚yst esa i<+ jgs Fks] mUgÈ fnuks muds ledkyhu fo|
62
FkkA ml le; ds ,d fo|kFkÊ 'kkajxik.kh ds ,d laLej.k ds
dk rjhdk ugÈ crk;k x;k gSA bls fdlh vU; Loar= rjhds ls gy
dkyst esa xf.kr i<+krs le; fryd jax tk;k djrs FksA flQZ rst
dkO; dk vè;;u djrs gSa vkSj :[ks yksx xf.kr vkSj foKku dh
63
Fkk\ß ikaxjdj us tc Þgkaß dgk rc fryd cksys% Þxf.kr esa
dkO; gksrk gSa vkSj dkO; esa xf.kr gksrk gSA exj mls
le>us ds fy, cqf) dk rst gksuk t:jh gSA** ;g crkrs gq, fryd
tkrh gSA ftls xf.kr esa jl ugÈ vkrk mldh fopkjèkkjk esa
nks"k jg tkrk gSAß dfork esa xf.kr ds ckjs esa le>krs gq,
lkFk ,d:i gks tkus ij jfld ;g crk ldrs gS fd vkxs os D;k dgus
okys gSA
64
Msôu ,tqds'ku lkslk;Vh ls R;kxi=%
tc lkslk;Vh vkSj d‚yst fnu çfr fnu vfèkdkfèkd mUufr
65
gqvkA dkSafly ds vè;{k M‚- jk-xks- HkkaMkjdj us ;g ?
gsrq mUgsa i;kZIr le; fey ldsA blfy, muds fy, ,slk O;olk;
<w<auk
vko';d Fkk] tks muds lkoZtfud dk;ks± esa ckèkk u
vlkekU; FkhA
3-5 jk"Vªh; ioksZ }kjk yksd f'k{k.k%
66
fryd dk ekuuk Fkk fd lekt mRloèkeÊ gksrk gSaA bl
rFkk leLr foinkvksa dks nwj djus okys gSA Þfryd }kjk bl
gqÃA
67
3-6 Qsyks] uxjikfydk o foèkku ifj"kn lnL;%
jk"Vªh; ioksZ ds eukus ls fryd yksdfç; usrk ds :i esa
kjk gksrk Fkk vr% fryd vklkuh ls pquko thr x;sA vxys
68
pkiywl vkaXy&Hkkjrh; i=ksa us ekax dh fd fryd dk
fnuksa esa Hkh dsoy 36 ?k.Vs ghA fQj Hkh fryd us cgl
f'k{kk {ks= esa Hkh lfØ; FksA lu~ 1916 esa mUgksusa
69
LFkkiuk ij fopkj&foe'kZ fd;kA iwuk ykSVus ij fryd us dsljh
70
lu~ 1906 esa gh fryd us vukFk fo|kFkÊ x`gk;sa
71
1892 esa fy[khA ml o"kZ vk;ksftr çkP;fo|k ifj"kn~ ds
HkstkA
72
f'k{kk dk vFkZ]
mís';] ikBîØe]
f'k{kkFkÊ ,oa
vuq'kklu
73
v/;k;&prqFkZ
gSA
4-1 egkjk"Vª esa rkRdkyhu 'kSf{kd fLFkfr%
fryd ds f'k{kk lEcUèkh fopkjksa dks tkuus ds iwoZ]
74
tkudkjh vko';d gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i fryd rFkk muds
75
f'k{kk&lfefr ds lnL;ksa us dqN gh o"kks± esa fe'kufj;ksa
ldhA
4-2 rkRdkfyd f'k{kk&ç.kkyh ls fujk'kk%
fryd us fczfV'k dkyhu f'k{kk ds nq"çHkkoksa ls tu
76
f'k{kk dk ,dek= y{; eè;e Js.kh ds DydksZ rFkk vQljksa
j{k.k rFkk fodkl esa vaxzstksa dks dksà #fp ugÈ FkhA
yxkA ,d ,slk i<+k fy[kk oxZ lkeus vk;k tks Lo;a vkRe
77
rFkk ikBîiqLrdsa] Hkkjrh; èkeZ] Hkkjrh; laL—fr dh iw.kZr
ugÈ gks ldrsA vius dks ghu rFkk rqPN le>us dh Hkkouk
gSA blds mís'; vfr ladh.kZ gSA gekjs fy, ogh f'k{kk
78
vHkko] f'k{kk ds çfr vfHk#fp tkx`r djus okys lkèkuksa
79
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk dh voèkkj.kk%
fofiupaæ iky ds vuqlkj% Þjk"Vªh; f'k{kk og f'k{kk
80
jk"Vªh; psruk dh bl èkkjk dks th-oh- tks'kh] egknso
81
usrkvksa ds lkFk ,d jk"Vªh; foÜofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk ij
dh LFkkiuk dh xÃA
4-4 fryd ds vuqlkj f'k{kk ds mís';%
f'k{kk ,d çfØ;k gS tks fufgr mís'; ij vkèkkfjr gksrh
82
Hkh ugÈ tkurk fd mls dgk¡ tkuk gSA mís'; ds Kku ds fcuk
dsoy ;gh ukjk ugÈ fn;kA ^LojkT; esjk tUefl) vfèkdkj gS]
83
ds çcy leFkZd FksA 23 flrEcj] 1902 dks dsljh esa
ç;Ru'khy gSaAß
fryd dh ;g ekU;rk Fkh fd f'k{kk }kjk Hkkjr
dks nwj fd;k tk;s ftuds dkj.k dfri; lkekftd dqjhfr;k¡ iui vkÃ
84
Fkk fd% ^^fczfV'k KkrO; gks fd oqM ?kks"k.kk&i=]
85
¼y{;ksa½ dh çkfIr gsrq dqN fuf'pr fØ;kvksa dk lewg
gSA
fryd dk lq>ko Fkk fd ÞikBîØe esa ,sls fo"k; 'kkfey
esa lgk;rk
86
4-7 ikBî&iqLrdsa%
fryd fczfV'k dkyhu ikBîksa&iqLrdksa ls Hkh vlarq"V
foLr`r tkudkjh fuR; çfr dke vkrh gS] mudk mYys[k ;=&r=
mnkgj.k lfgr bruh vPNh rjg ugÈ crk;k x;k gksrk gS] ftlls
pkfg,A ;fn muds ikl blds fy;s le; u gks vFkok oSlh tkudkjh
87
fryd us vius ys[k ^Ldwyksa gsrq ikBî&iqLrdksa dh
88
vuqdj.kh; vkpj.k okyk gksuk pkfg,A og iwoZxzg rFkk
uhjl fo"k; dks Hkh os cgqr fnypLi cuk nsrs FksA og fo|
dHkh Øksèk djrs ugÈ ns[kkA mudh d{kk esa dHkh Hkh
89
4-9 fo|kFkÊ%
fryd dh èkkj.kk Fkh fd fo|kFkÊ dks la;eh]
90
rd igq¡p tkrs FksA d‚yst&dky ds lg;ksxh nkth lkgsc [kjs
odhy½ gks x;s Fks½ dgrs Fks fd fryd iyd >idrs gh leL;k
91
f"V ls ugÈ gksrh] u u;s vuqlaèkku gh gksrs gSaA ftl ns'k
fo}ku~ gks x;s gSa] ogÈ ij ,Mhlu] Lisalj ,oa fey tSls
dekus gsrq yk;s x;s xq# ,oa ijh{kk ikl djus gsrq jVus
çHkko Mkyus gsrq xq# dks fo|k O;luh ,oa Nk= çseh
92
f'k{kk ds
fofHkUu
vk;ke
93
v/;k;&iape~
fopkj %
çR;sd lekt esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk vR;Ur
mUufr esa iwjk ;ksxnku djrh gSA ;fn lekt dks lq–<+]
94
muds fy, i`Fkd f'k{kky;ksa dh O;oLFkk ugÈ dh] ijUrq
O;oLFkk ugÈ FkhA fdUrq bl fo"k; esa gekjs ikl dksà fuf'pr
fL=;ksa dks la?k esa ços'k djus dh vkKk çnku dhA ,0 ,l0
95
eqlyeku fL=;ksa dks ,dkUr esa cUn j[kk] ftlds dkj.k
fopkj%
Hkk"kk fopkj fofue; dk ,d l'kä ekè;e gSA euq"; vius
96
gSA f'k{k.k çfØ;k Hkk"kk ds ekè;e ls gh lEHko gksrh
97
tks fd O;fä rFkk lekt ds fodkl gsrq vko';d gSA muds
nsuk gSA
5-4 O;kolkf;d f'k{kk%
yksdekU; fryd ds O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dk vè;;u muds
98
ç'uksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dhA muds eq[; fo"k; Fks eqæk]
99
fy[kus ds ifj.kkeLo:i bfrgkl esa mUgksaus fo'ks"k #fp
yhA
ejkBk bfrgkl esa fo'ks"k #fp%
egkjk"Vª dh rkRdkfyd fLFkfr us mUgsa ejkBk bfrgkl
djrs gSaA
,sfrgkfld 'kksèk dks c<+kok%
fryd dh èkkj.kk Fkh fd ,d fodflr jk"Vª ds fy, ,sfrgkfld
viuk lkezkT; [kks fn;kA ;fn vkius bfrgkl Hkh [kks fn;k rks
100
vkidh lUrku viuk èkeZ o drZO; Hkh Hkwy tk,xhA
ugÈA ;g ek= le; dh cckZnh gSA vr% bls R;kx dj dksà vU;
rRdky ugÈ gks ldrkA 'kksèk dk;Z esa #fp j[kus okyksa
101
HkkSfrd ykHk ugÈ gksrkA euq"; viuh vkRe larqf"V rFkk
nsrk gSA 'kksèk dk;Z djus rFkk Kku vÆtr djus ls euq";
ldrkAß100
èkkÆed iqLrdksa dk vè;;u leh{kkRed gks%
fryd bl i{k esa u Fks fd jkek;.k rFkk egkHkkjr ds
102
fryd us ;g Hkh fy[kk% Þ;g iqLrdsa fgUnqvksa esa jk"Vªh;
gSA
103
'kSf{kd fopkjksa
dh
lekykspuk
rFkk
vkèkqfud ifjçs{;
esa çklafxdrk
104
v/;k;&"k"Be~
'kSf{kd fopkjksa dh
lekykspuk rFkk vkèkqfud
ifjçs{; esa çklafxdrk
yksdekU; fryd ds 'kSf{kd 'kSf{kd fopkjksa dh
105
dkaxzsl ds vkthou lnL; jgsA xks[kys rks 1905 esa
jk"Vª curk gS] vr% Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ksa us] çR;sd ;qx esa
106
rRdkyhu 'kklu&O;oLFkk ds fu;U=.k ls mls eqä j[kus dk
107
nksuksa esa fofHkUurk FkhA fryd dh ekU;rk Fkh fd gksrs
gSaA vr% gesa èkeZ dh f'k{kk nsdj bl deh dks nwj djuk
dk fopkj Fkk fd Þgekjs ns'k esa çFke ckj tks ik'pkR; lH;rk
108
yksdekU; cky xaxkèkj fryd Hkkjr esa mxz jk"Vªh;rk
ltk mijkUr mUgsa ek.Mys lsUVªy tsy esa j[kk x;kA 1914
gks ldkA
6-3 çklafxdrk%
yksdekU; fryd ds 'kSf{kd fopkjksa dh çklafxdrk ds
109
fy[ks ys[k ls gksrh gS ftlesa mUgksaus dgk fd vkt dh
gq, fryd us bls ftu pkj çeq[k rRoksa ij vkèkkfjr fd;k mlesa
110
dh lcls cM+h detksjh èkkÆed f'k{kk dk vHkko o mis{kk
FkhA
KkrO; gks fd ml dky ds leLr fopkjdksa us èkkÆed
gSA ,slh f'k{kk euq"; dks nl xquk vfèkd LokFkÊ cuk nsrh
gSA**
vxLr 1959 esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk Jhçdk'k dh vè;{krk
111
rFkk fo|ky;ksa ds ikBîØe esa lalkj ds lc èkeks± dks mfpr
112
çklafxdrk%
orZeku Hkkjrh; ifjçs{; esa èkkÆed rFkk uSfrd f'k{kk
,oa uSfrd Lrj Hkh Å¡pk gksxk vkSj ,sls O;fä jk"Vª dh
113
gksrs FksA çR;sd fo|kFkÊ dks czãeqgwrZ esa mBuk
gksrs gSa\
vkJeksa esa lSfud f'k{kk Hkh nh tkrh FkhA {kf=;
ftlus vkRek dks igpku fy;k] mlus lc dqN tku fy;k gSA 'kjhj
dks Hkh blh ds fy, latks,] vè;;u Hkh mlh ds fy, djsaA
gSAß
114
;|fi ;g lgh gS fd orZeku esa gekjs ns'k esa 'kkjhfjd
f'k{kk dh vksj dkQh è;ku fn;k tk jgk gSA çR;sd fo|ky; esa
vkSipkfjdrk cu dj jg xà gSA
gesa è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd 'kkjhfjd çf'k{kd dk dk;Z
115
yksdekU; fryd dk vkjksi çklafxd Fkk fd fczfV'k dky
esa Hkk"k.k nsrs gq, fryd us dgk fd% Þgekjs ;gk¡ m|ksx
ksx dk iru gks jgk gS vkSj ;fn dgÈ dksà deh fn[kkÃ
vaxzst ljdkj ;gh djrh gSA ijUrq gekjh ljdkj ;gk¡ ,slk dqN
116
dh foÜoO;kih j.kuhfr ds fy, 21 lw=h; dk;ZØe cuk;k FkkA
pkfg,A
117
f'k{kk lEcUèkh fu.kZ;ksa esa Nk=ksa vkSj vke turk
118
fu"d"kZ
,oa
lq>ko
119
fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>ko
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa 19oÈ 'krkCnh ds
çksRlkfgr fd;kA
yksdekU; fryd ewd Hkkjrokfl;ksa dh ok.kh FksA
fy, lnSo rRij jgs] vfirq mlds fy, ;kruk,a Hkh >syrs jgsA
120
mudk thou ;krkukvksa vkSj vkRecfynku dh yEch dgkuh
121
Hkkjro"kZ esa LorU=rk&nsoh dks inkiZ.k fd;s 67
gSa fd gesa vius thou esa dkSu&lk ekxZ pquuk gS\ vkt
122
jktuhfrd tkxj.k rFkk çxfr ds fy, 'kSf{kd lqfoèkkvksa dk
mís'; vfr ladh.kZ gSA gekjs fy, ogh f'k{kk mi;ksxh gS tks
uhfr gS vkSj ;fn ;gh uhfr pyrh jgh rks jk"Vª dk lewy
ge lcdk drZO; gSA ;gh fopkj ia- enu eksgu ekyoh;] ykyk
123
f'k{kk i)fr vusd nks"kksa ls xzflr gSAß yksdekU; fryd dk
fopkj Fkk% Þgekjs ns'k esa çFke ckj tks ik'pkR; lH;rk dk
ukjk fn;k Fkk] og vkt LorU= vkSj –<+ gSA jk"Vª f'k{kk
FksA
7-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFkZ%
dksà Hkh f'k{kk lEcUèkh 'kksèk ek= lS)kfUrd
esa tks phts iwjs lekt] jk"Vª ,oa foÜo dks fopkj eaFku ds
124
nqnZ'kkiw.kZ fLFkfr gSA vkt euq"; Kku ds {ks= esa
çrhr gks jgk gSA ,slh fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gesa f'k{kk
jgs gSaA buds vFkZ cny x;s gSa] pkjksa rjQ ,d ,sls
dks dksà egRo ugÈ fn;k tk jgk gS] f'k{kk dk mís'; dsoy
125
rFkk muds Åij c<+rk gqvk cLrs dk cks> muds O;fäRo ds
gSA ,slh dksà f'k{kk ç.kkyh vkt bl ns'k esa ugÈ tks
rks djs fdUrq Qsy u djs] ;ksX; rks cuk, fdUrq v;ksX; u
126
xq.k fodflr dj ldsA vkt Hkkjrh; uo;qodksa dks
dks f'k{kk dk leku volj fey lds rFkk muesa jk"Vª ds çfr
127
ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk gksA fryd ds fopkjksa ds vkèkkj ij
djukA
f'k{kk gsrq ekr`Hkk"kk dks c<+kok nsukA
ftKklk] eukso`fr ,oa 'kkÜor ewY;ksa ds }kjk dkS'ky
gS&
yksdekU; cky xaxkèkj fryd rFkk muds ledkyhu
128
fryd ds jk"Vªh; f'k{kk lEcUèkh fpUru ij LorU= Hkkjr
129
lanHkZ xzUFk
lwph
130
lanHkZ xzUFk lwph
1- cky xaxkèkj fryd ¼1915½] xhrkjgL; ¼ejkBh½- 1950
ok<+kA
6- yksdekU; fryd ¼1920½] jkbÇVXl ,.M Lihpst-
flrEcj] 1908
8- vFkkYys] Mh-ch- ¼1921½] nh ykbQ v‚Q yksdekU;
131
10- vkIVs] ih- ,l- ¼1958½] jk"Vªh; f'k{k.kkpk bfrgkl
ifCyÇ'kx dEiuhA
15- diwj] lquhjk ¼1991½- Jh vjfoUn ?kks"k vkSj cky
132