Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Partial Revision
Partial Revision
Marcher 9, 2019
ii
To the
College of Pharmacy
by
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis proposal entitled “TABLET BINDING ACTIVITY OF
SODIUM ALGINATE EXTRACTED FROM Sargassum polycystum
(SAMO) ALGAE” was prepared and submitted by Agot, Clarissa Mae A.,
Albenda, Ednie Caitlen R., Bersalona, Mary Angelou E., Fermin, Brandon
William L., Sarip, Jamillah Lovely R., to the Proposal Committee for
Proposal Hearing as endorsed by:
ACCEPTANCE OF APPROVAL
This thesis proposed entitled “TABLET BINDING ACTIVITY OF
SODIUM ALGINATE EXTRACTED FROM AND Sargassum polycystum
(SAMO) ALGAE” in accordance with the approval of the PROPOSAL
HEARING COMMITTEE with a grade of PASSED is hereby accepted for
implementation in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy.
March 9, 2019
Mae Quenie T. Pontanar, RPh, MSc
Research Mentor
ii
Table of Contents
Page
TITLE PAGE ii
APPROVAL SHEET iii
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES vi
CHAPTER
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Rationale 1
Theoretical Background 4
Review of Related Studies 10
Conceptual Framework 15
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem 16
Significance of the Study 17
Scope and Limitation 18
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design 19
Research Environment 19
Research Subject 20
Research Instruments 20
Research Procedure 21
Gathering of Data 21
Treatment of Data 27
DEFINITION OF TERMS 29
2 PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION 30
AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
ii
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A TRANSMITTAL LETTERS 34
B TIMETABLE OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 36
C RESEARCH BUDGET 38
D DATA SHEET 39
E CALCULATIONS 41
F RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS 43
CURRICULUM VITAE 44
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Tablets, together with capsules, are known to be one of the most
used oral dosage form. These are solid medicaments that are intended to
hydrophilic carbohydrate sodium salt of Alginic acid extracted from the cell
their recognized lack of toxicity (Karlsen & Tonnesen, 2002). This trend
urged us to delve more into the idea of finding proof of another source of
natural binders.
ecosystem. Among its abundant produce are algae of varied colors. Brown
appear to have fewer studies concerning them and their possible uses.
free- floating seaweed; its movement depending on the sea current. Samo
serves as a shore plant fertilizer and it binds the sand and dunes, but to
3
greatly avoided due to its notoriety for being irritating to the skin. As a
and can be tailor-made for whatever instance it is used and has a massive
Theoretical Background
Brown Algae are the most familiar large seaweeds belonging to the
and polar rocky coasts. Many brown algae are relatively large, and are
the tropical zone and is commonly known as ‘gulf weed’. Sargasso weed
has spherical air bladders that keep the small, leaf-like blades afloat at the
sea surface. Most species grow on rocks, but later on floats offshore in
The color varies from olive green to dark brown in color due to a
laminarin are the primary food reserve that is dissolved in the cell sap. The
reproductive cells, both zoospores and gametes, are motile and have two
appearance. For the most part they are found near shore in water not
micro benthic algal flora of the Philippines, holds one of the most
5
lamella and occurring in both the intracellular regions and the cell wall.
Figure 1.0
frontier island of Palawan and numerous islands with in the vast Sulu Sea
grounds, particularly its rough and spinous main branches which make
field identification rather easy (Modelo & Umezaki, 1995). Most authors
the main branches, described as beset with short spines (Tsutsui, et al.
It was Chiang and his colleagues who first studied the details of
(Ohba et al., 2007) from the main branches. The most distinctive features
issued from the lower portion of the main axis and used to attach the
mature thalli secondarily (Belleza et al., 2013). This species are locally
bonding strength and cohesiveness to the granules. This ensures that the
tablet remains intact after compression (LFA Tablet Presses, n.d.). These
natural polysaccharides have the ability to form stable gel due to the
20-50% shows a significant retardation in the rate of drug release from the
tablet (El-Gamal & Salib, n.d.). When introduced to gastric juices, the free
7
dosage form at the site of application. With this property, Samo can be
similarly with many natural binders; in fact, it can substitute natural binders
Corn starch acted as the binder (Ciosek et al., 2016). The formulation of
For the Disintegration Test, start the test with 6 tablets by placing
them inside vessel; the vessels must be introduced into the basket in the
basket assembly at the same time. The immersion fluid will be purified
will ascend and descend within the immersion fluid for a specified amount
repeat the test on another 12 tablets. The total amount of tablets will then
For Friability Testing, weigh 10 tablets together for the initial weight.
Place the 10 tablets carefully in the drum of the friabilator and adjust the
minutes, de-dust and weigh the tablets as a group for the final weight. The
collective weights will be used in the calculation of weight loss with the
formula as follows:
The sample fails the test if any of the 10 tablets is cracked, cleaved
or broken. If the weight loss is more than 1.0%, the test is to be repeated
two more times and the mean of three tests is calculated. If the mean of
the three tests is not more than 1.0%, the batch is considered acceptable.
purposefully crushing the tablets by measured force. The force applied will
kilograms will be the minimum applied force and 8 kilograms will be the
maximum applied force. When all tablets are crushed, an average of all
Sodium Alginate, the procedure uses stems, leaves, and root of the algae.
Phaeophyceae
Fucales
Sargassaceae
Sargassum
polycystum
Sodium Alginate
Figure 2.0
Theoretical Framework
These plant parts shall undergo drying and transformation into fine
powder. The powdered form of the algae shall undergo extraction to obtain
the Alginic acid, which will then be treated with alkaline to garner Sodium
natural origin of the Sargassum spp, has immense potential to replace the
forms.
alginate from the seaweed, S. subrepandum by using the two methods, (i)
extraction and conducted several tests to point out binder influence on the
friability (Fr), and disintegration time (DT) which were selected from the
standard.
11
spp. showed how reagents affect the yield of Sodium alginate. Six different
reagents were employed for the extraction of the alginate from Iran
Hydrochloric acid with EDTA, Sulfuric acid with EDTA, and Calcium
By the end of the study, the tabulation of results showed that there
weight of Sodium alginate was obtained using EDTA and Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid alone. On the other hand, 16.51% dry weight of Sodium
alginate was obtained using EDTA with Hydrochloric acid compared to the
alone. Calcium chloride with EDTA as the extraction reagent had the
the 25.0% dry weight of Sodium alginate (Babavalian, Latifi, & Nejad,
2015).
the alginic yield due to the variation of the extraction method. The study
The alginates were extracted via two different methods: the hot
water, and then soaked in 5% Hydrochloric acid solution for 1 hour and
250 milliliters of distilled water was added into the mixture before it was
residue via centrifuge at 14,000 x gram then was added with water-
washed again with ethanol, dried in air, and then finally dried in a vacuum
oven.
The hot method is similar to the cold method except the storage
Carrageenan are primarily constituents of brown algal cell walls and are
a binder and disintegrant and has also been used in the preparation of
major polysaccharides that is extracted from brown algae has the ability of
rats (Basha et al., 2011). And Calcium cross linked Sodium alginate has
Sodium alginate per kilogram body weight for a further 16 days. The
overall result showed that Sodium alginate only acted as a fecal bulking
and (d) blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations. The only effects
Conceptual Framework
Tablet Formulation
Figure 3.0
the Sodium alginate from the Samo leaves, stems, and roots, which would
THE PROBLEM
elements that thrive in the rockiest shores of the Philippines and are
(Santiañez & Trono, 2013). This study promoted another use of the specie
polycystum).
can include the water and climate conditions with respect to temperature.
These factors could alter the composition and quantity of the bioactive
constituents present.
effect on the outcomes of the study. Lastly, the human factor errors such
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Research Environment
seaweeds were placed in dark plastic bags along with seawater to avoid
The preparation and extraction of the alginate from the brown algae
as two out of the three tests to determine the binding activity of Samo
namely the Friability test and Hardness test was conducted in Herbanext
Research Subjects
were assigned into two groups (experimental group and positive controlled
the assigned positive controlled group have Gum Arabic as its binder.
Research Instruments
A Friabilator was also used to test for the friability of the tablets and
through a Hardness tester, where the apparatus itself readily gave data on
A data sheet was used for proper tabulation and comparison of all
Research Procedure
Gathering of Data
Preliminary Procedures
the sea, as these have higher Alginic yield as compared to those found on
2011. The collected fresh algae was washed with purified water to remove
traces of salt water and other impurities, and then dried and grinded into
allowed to stand for about two hours and then filtered using muslin cloth.
22
Alginic acid, which was filtered out to dry. The Alginic acid obtained from
the above step was treated with excess of 2% w/w Sodium carbonate to
produce Sodium alginate within the mixture. The solution was then added
Lastly, the mixture was filtered and the precipitate was allowed to
yield. A portion of the yield was set aside for confirmatory testing. The rest
of the preparation was labeled and stored for the tablet formulation
Confirmatory Test
for the binding activity of Samo was determined by two tests, using
Pharmacopeia, 2004.
Calcium chloride TS. For this test 50 milliliters from the solution was
Solution was obtained and place in a clean 250-milliliter beaker. This was
were properly cleaned and prepared for use prior to any procedures done.
added to create a damp mass which was passed through sieve No. 18
dry tray. Subsequently, the granulation was dried at 60° Celsius for 30
minutes in an oven.
mesh screen and collect in another clean tray. Stearic Acid (0.77 grams) ,
0.96 grams of Gum Arabic, and 0.58 grams of Talc were mixed and added
the produced tablets were labeled as the positive control group. The
0.58 grams of Talc, previously screened through No. 35 mesh screen were
blended altogether.
added to create a damp mass which was passed through sieve No. 18
mesh screen and was collected on a clean dry tray. Subsequently, the
mesh screen and collect in another clean tray. Stearic Acid (0.77 grams),
0.96 grams of Sodium Alginate, and 0.58 grams of Talc were mixed and
added into the dried granulation. The compression procedure was done
and the produced tablets were labeled as the negative control group. This
produced.
25
Disintegration Test
The water bath was filled with 900 milliliters distilled water heated and at
37° Celsius with the allowed variation of +/- 2° Celsius, as the immersion
group was placed individually in the vessels and was placed into the
twenty-nine cycles per minute with the highest point of the upward stroke
of the wire mesh at 2.5 centimeter without breaking the surface of the fluid
and descends 2.5 centimeter from the bottom of the vessel. It was
tablets for a palpable core. The data collected was whether or not the
The procedure was repeated two more times. Finally, three new sets of 9
tablets from the experimental group were subjected the same treatment
Friability Test
taken from the positive control group, weighed as a group (initial weight)
within the drum at 25 revolutions per minute for 100 revolutions. The
tablets were removed from the friabilator, de-dusted and weighed again as
a group (final weight). This procedure was repeated three times by taking
tablets were removed from the friabilator, de-dusted and weighed again as
a group (final weight). This procedure was repeated three times by taking
The initial weight, final weight, and weight loss were recorded as
Figure 4.0
Hardness Test
tablets, having 5 random tablets per set from the positive controlled group.
placed in the Tablet Hardness Tester. The machine was allowed to crush
the tablet and the force required to crush the tablet was measured in
kilograms.
27
Finally, three new sets of tablets, having 5 random tablets per set
from the experimental group were subjected to the same apparatus. Each
set represents each trial. Data was collected and recorded in the data
sheet.
Treatment of Data
Thereafter doing all the trials, gathering and tabulation of the results
followed.
The hardness of the tablet was evaluated based on the USP limit
aim to measure the hardness of the tablet, not to standardize it. The
bigger the value in kilograms, the better the binding activity (source).
scale with numbers 1 to 3.3 which signified a good tablet binding activity,
“Partial disintegration” has a scale with numbers ranging from 3.31 to 6.6
all.
mean of the tablets’ weight loss of not more than 1% and the mean of the
tablets that would not break on 4kg force and below possess a good
DEFINITION OF TERMS
and final weight of the tablet(s), divided by initial weight of the tablet(s).
RESEARCH FLOW
29
28
Chapter 2
Disintegration
Disintegration test. The following table shows all the results including the
All the tablets tested were each palpated for a core. The test
showed a score average of 4.4 for the positive control group whereas the
experimental group showed a score of 3.5; both fall under the category of
Partial Disintegration.
All the tablets tested showed a weight loss of not more than 1%
Hardness
minimum weight of 4 kilograms which means all tablets pass the USP
standard.
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Positive 5 5.3 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.7 5.0 5.4 5.
control Group
(Gum Arabic)
Chapter 3
and recommendations.
positive result.
Summary of Findings
groups disintegrated within 30 minutes and from the results obtained, the
positive control group had an overall mean of 4.4 which displayed partial
For the friability test, the results showed a weight loss of less than
1% for both the positive and experimental. This indicates that both groups
Lastly, the results of the hardness test showed that both positive
control and experimental had values greater than 4kg which means that
Conclusion
favored comparatively with Gum arabic which was used as the standard
binder.
Recommendations
researchers:
Sodium Alginate.
compare and contrast which method gives better yield for the local
Sargassum.
experimented seaweed.
.
30
REFERENCES
Books
Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (9th Asian Edition ed.).
Health.
Education.
Journals
Contam, pp 237-248
Basha, N. S., Letensie, A., Mensura, S., Rekha, R. (2011, May 18).
Berget, A., Corn, S., El Hage, R., Lacroix P., & Lacoste, C. (2018, March
Polymers, pp 1-8.
Chee, S. Y., Wong, C. L., Wong, P. K. (2010, June 3). Extraction and
Ciosek, P., Pucilowska, A., Szekalska, M., Szymanska, E., & Winnicka, K.
Karlsen, J., & Tonnesen, H. H. (2002, June 17). Alginate in Drug Delivery
Shailendra, P., Shikha, A., & Singh, L. B. (2012, June 11). Natural Binding
Online Sources
Builders, P. F., Emeie, M., Kolling, W. M., Kunle, O. O., & Manek, R. V.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nig.gov/pubmed/1019194
Kay, A. (2015, April 8). Sargassum – Good or Bad? Retrieved August 30,
2018, from
https://www.pinelandscreativeworkshop.org/sargassum-good-or-
bad/
https://www.lfatabletpresses.com/articles/tablet-binders
APPENDIX A – 1
TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO THE DEAN OF CDU-COLLEGE OF
PHARMACY
September 7, 2018
With Regards,
Noted by
Approved by
APPENDIX A – 2
TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT OF HERBANEXT
LABORATORIES
February 6, 2019
Philip S. Cruz
President
Herbanext Laboratories, Inc.
Km. 11 National Highway,Brgy. Taloc
Bago City 6101, Philippines
With Regards,
Noted by
Approved by
Philip S. Cruz
President, Herbanext Laboratories, Inc.
28
APPENDIX B
TIME TABLE OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITIES JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR
CONCEPTUAL PHASE
Formulation of
Research Title
Submission of
Rationale
Submission of
Related
Literature
Formulation of
Hypothesis
Development
of the
Conceptual
Framework
DESIGN PHASE
Research
Design
Finalized
Proposal
ACTIVITIES JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR
EMPERICAL PHASE
Transmittal Letters
Preliminary
28
Preparations
Extraction of
Sodium Alginate
Preparation of
Acetaminophen
Tablets
Determination of
Binding Ability
Analysis of Data
Interpretation of
the Results
DESSIMINATION PHASE
Communication of
Findings
Utilization of
Findings
Submission of the
Final Paper
38
APPENDIX C
RESEARCH BUDGET
COST
Seaweed ₱2000
Transportation ₱3800
TOTAL ₱16,800
APPENDIX D
CONFIRMATORY TEST RESULTS? IN TABLE?
DATA SHEET
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4
Positive 5 5.3 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.7 5.0 5.4 5
control Group
(Starch)
APPENDIX E
Hardness Test Data
CALCULATIONS
1. Calculation of Ingredients
Acetaminophen Tablet Experimental Group Controlled Group
41
10 tablets for X3 30
Experimental group
APPENDIX F
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
YD – 2 Guoming Tablet
Pharmaceutical Hardness Tester
APPENDIX G
RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION
Drying of Samo
Grinding of Samo
Filtration Process
Sieving of Samo
Collected precipitate
(Alginic acid)
46
3. Compression of Tablets
46
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Background
Name : Ednie Caitlen R. Albenda
Address : 1160, Hernan Cortes, Mandaue City,
Cebu
Contact No. : +639 173 341 426
Email : aedniecaitlen@yahoo.com
Education Background
2004-2010
Elementary Level
Maningcol Central School
National Highway, Ozamiz City
2010-2014
Secondary Level
La Salle University – Integrated School
St. Columban Drive, Ozamiz City, 7200
2014-2019
Tertiary Level
Cebu Doctors’ University
#1 Dr. P.V. Larrazabal Jr. Avenue, North
Reclamation Area, Mandaue City, Cebu
44
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Background
Name : Clarissa Mae A. Agot
Address : Mandaue City, Cebu
Contact No. : +639 561 500 248
Email : clarissamaeagot@gmail.com
Education Background
2005-2011
Elementary Level
Light and Life Learning Center
Guingona Subdivision, Butuan City
2011-2015
Secondary Level
Mt. Olives Christian Academy
Consolacion, Cebu
2015-2019
Tertiary Level
Cebu Doctors’ University
#1 Dr. P.V. Larrazabal Jr. Avenue, North
Reclamation Area, Mandaue City, Cebu
46
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Background
Name : Mary Angelou E. Bersalona
Address : Brgy. Basak, Lapu-lapu City, Cebu
Contact No. : +639 420 297 519
Email : maryangeloubersalona@gmail.com
Education Background
2005-2011
Elementary Level
Bohol Wisdom School
CPG North Ave., Tagbilaran City, Bohol
2011-2012
Secondary Level
Saint Patricia Foundation School
Western Bicutan, Taguig City, Manila
2012-2015
Secondary Level
Bohol Wisdom School
CPG North Ave., Tagbilaran City, Bohol
2015-2019
Tertiary Level
Cebu Doctors’ University
#1 Dr. P.V. Larrazabal Jr. Avenue, North
Reclamation Area, Mandaue City, Cebu
47
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Background
Name : Brandon William L. Fermin
Address : Hernan Cortes, Mandaue City, Cebu
Contact No. : +639 173 195 595
Email : brandonfermin@yahoo.com
Education Background
2004-2010
Elementary Level
Don Bosco Technical Institute Victorias
Vicmico, Victorias City, Negros Occidental
2010-2014
Secondary Level
Don Bosco Technical InstituteVictorias
Vicmico, Victorias City, Negros Occidental
2014-2019
Tertiary Level
Cebu Doctors’ University
#1 Dr. P.V. Larrazabal Jr. Avenue, North
Reclamation Area, Mandaue City, Cebu
48
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Background
Name : Jamillah Lovely R. Sarip
Address : Prk. 10 Cross, Brgy Tambacan,
Iligan City, Lanao del Norte
Contact No. : +639 661 622 128
Email : jammmyyylovelyyy@gmail.com
Education Background
2005-2008
Elementary Level
Grant’s Apostolic Institute
Eduria Street, Taguig City, Metro Manila
2008-2011
Elementary Level
Iligan City Central School
Roxas Avenue Mahayahay, Iligan City, Lanao del Norte
2011-2015
Secondary Level
Iligan City National High School
Mahayahay, Iligan City, Lanao del Norte
2015-2019
Tertiary Level
Cebu Doctors’ University
#1 Dr. P.V. Larrazabal Jr. Avenue, North
Reclamation Area, Mandaue City, Cebu