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Geo Tol PDF
Geo Tol PDF
Geo Tol PDF
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GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE 2
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Geometric tolerances are used to control more precisely the shape and form of a
component. They are use only when the shape or form has a particular function
and errors would result in poor performance. Geometrical tolerances are applied in
addition to dimensional tolerances.
2.0 SYMBOLS
The symbols used to control the geometrical shape and form of a component are
themselves simple but their application needs to be considered very carefully. The
application of a geometrical tolerance symbol to control a feature or shape may
affect control of another; e.g. positional tolerance may also control squareness and
straightness
The basic dimension (size) is the value used to describe the theoretically exact
size, shape or location of a feature. It is the basis from which permissible
variations are established by tolerances on other dimensions in notes, or in feature
control frame ( Fig 2a).
Datum established by two or more datum features. The letters identifying the
datums should be placed in separate compartments.
The datum target frame should be a circle divided into two compartments by the
horizontal diameter.
A leader from the datum target frame terminating a in a arrowhead should point
towards the datum symbol.
STRAIGHTNESS
A straightness tolerance
specified a tolerance zone
within which an axis or
element must lie Fig 9.
Straightness is a
condition in which an
element of a surface or
an axis is a straight line.
FLATNESS
A flatness tolerance
specifies a tolerance zone
defined by two parallel planes
within which the surface
must lie (Fig 10). Flatness is
the condition of a surface
having all elements in one
plane.
ROUNDNESS
A roundness (circularity) tolerance specifies a tolerance zone bounded by two
concentric circles within each circular element of the surface must lie. Roundness
is a condition of a surface of revolution in which, for a cone or cylinder, all points
of the surface intersected by any plane perpendicular to a common axis are
equidistant from that axis.
CYLINDRICITY
A cylindricity toerance specifies a tolerance zone bounded by two concentric
cylinders within which the surface must ile. Cylindricity is a condition of a surface
of revolution in which all points of the surface are equidistant from a common axis.
PROFILE
A Profile tolerance specifies a uniform boundary or zone along the true profile
within which all elements of the surface must lie. Profiles are formed by
projecting a three-dimensional figure onto a plane or by taking a cross section
through the figure.
ANGULARITY
PARALLELISM
PERPENDICULAR
A Perpendicular tolerance is a condition of a surface, median plant, or axis at 90O
to a datum plane or axis.
b) A cylindrical tolerance
zone perpendicular to a
datum plane within
which the axis of the
feature must lie.
CONCENTRICITY
Concentricity is a condition
in which the axes of all
cross-section elements of a
feature’s surface of
revolution are common to
the axis of a datum
feature. A concentricity
tolerance specifies a
cylindrical tolerance zone
whose axis coincides with a
datum axis and within which
all cross-sectional axes of
the feature being
controlled must lie.
The use of various feature control symbols in lieu of notes for position and form
tolerance dimensions as abstracted from ANSI Y14.5-1994 is illustrated in Fig 15.