REVIEWER IN READING AND WRITING

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IDENTIFYING AND ANALYZING CLAIMS

A claim is a statement we make to an audience with an anticipation that they should agree with it.
1. CLAIM OF FACT: A claim that asserts some empirical truth.
a. Research studies are conducted to improve human condition.
2. CLAIM OF VALUE: A claim that asserts a judgment of some sort.
a. Musical comedy is the best form of entertainment.
3. CLAIM OF POLICY: A claim asserts that an action should be taken.
a. Fetal tissues should be banned in any research undertaking.

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FORMULATING EVALUATIVE STATEMENTS

Evaluative statement - It is a way of giving a better explanation to show the strength and weaknesses
of something through writing.
 It presents a value judgment based on a set of criteria.
 It is used in giving a sound judgment- a judgment that can be backed up or
supported by valid reasons or proofs.
 It is the writer’s way of explaining why a strength is a strength and a weakness is
a weakness based on the evidence gathered.
Formulating assertions about the content and the properties of a text read:
o Examine which ideas are facts or opinions
o Make inferences or conclusions
o Assess the overall quality of the text
Counterclaim - is the opposition you make about the claim of writer
o You must recognize the value of hedges when you state your counterclaims.
o Hedge is a word or phrase that minimizes negative impact of a criticism.
o Hedge is used to give a courteous tone in your writing.
Hedges could come in different forms:
o Modals- may, could, would, will, might, etc
o Frequency adverbs- usually, generally, commonly
o Probability adverbs- probably, possibly, presumably

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RESEARCH REPORT

Research Report communicates to others the procedure and the results of an investigation or inquiry.
PARTS OF A RESEARCH REPORT
o ABSTRACT
 The abstract summarizes the intent of the research, the significant findings, conclusion
and recommendations. For most research report, the abstract should not exceed more
than 300 words.
o INTRODUCTION
 Contains the rationale for conducting the research. It contains justification on the
importance of the research and how it contributes to the existing knowledge of the
discipline. It also includes literature that reveals gaps or affirmations which would
establish the need for the study.
o METHODOLOGY
 includes the research design, respondents, sampling techniques and the description of
how the study was conducted.
o RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 This explains the results of the study. It also includes interpretation and in- depth analysis
of the results and their implication.
o CONCLUSION
 is a statement of generalization based on the results of the study. Conclusions have to
be concise and explicit.
o REFERENCE
  This is where you will indicate the books, journals, and other online references that you
have read in the conduct of the research.
o THE APA CITATION GUIDE
o Basic format for books
Murray, D.M. (2005). Write to Learn. 8th Edition. Boston, Massachusetts: Thomson Wadsworth
o Article in a magazine
Bremmer,I. (2015,June 1). What does America Stand For? Time 16-21.
o Article in a Newspaper
Calica,A. (2015,June 7). Noy willing to study Cha-cha proposal. The Philippine Star, pp. A -1, A-
10.
o Article from an online periodical
Weisman, J. (2015, June 12). Obama’s Trade Bills Face Tough Battle Against House Democrats.
The New York Times. Retrieved from http://

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PROJECT PROPOSAL

I. Project Background

Explain what needs/problems you are trying to solve, and why these needs/ problems
are worth solving. You may provide a brief history behind the project.
II. Project Objectives
State explicitly what goals / outcomes the project is aiming to achieve.
III. Project Methodology

Indicate the plans on how the project objectives will be achieved. You may start with
a description of the overall approach then the details of how anticipated problems will be
managed.

A. The Project Approach Summary

Indicate how the project team will be organized, what development and
collaboration tools will be used, and how the plan will be updated along the
way.
B. Work Breakdown and Task Time Estimates

Make a list of tasks that will be performed for this project. You may want to
include a milestone chart in this section.
C. Project Deliverables

Make a list of project “deliverables.” (These are the products, information,

reports, etc. that will be delivered to the client at the end and throughout the
duration of the project.)
IV. Project Cost
Indicate the financial requirement of the project.
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