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2720 Slides4 PDF
2720 Slides4 PDF
Networks
David Tipper
Associate Professor
Graduate Program in Telecommunications
and Networking
University of Pittsburgh
Slides 4
Telcom 2720
Cellular Concept
Proposed by Bell Labs 1971
Geographic Service divided into
smaller “cells”
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Cellular Concept
• Why not a large radio tower and large service area?
– Number of simultaneous users would be very limited
(to total number of traffic channels T)
– Mobile handset would have greater power
requirement
• Cellular concept - small cells with frequency reuse
– Advantages
• lower power handsets
• Increases system capacity with frequency reuse
– Drawbacks:
• Cost of cells
• Handoffs between cells must be supported
• Need to track user to route incoming call/message
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Cellular Concept (cont)
• Let T = total number of duplex channels
K cells = size of cell cluster (typically 4, 7,12, 21)
N = T/K = number of channels per cell
• For a specific geographic area, if clusters are
replicated M times, then total number of
channels
– system capacity = M x T
– Choice of K determines distance between cells using
the same frequencies – termed co-channel cells
– K depends on how much interference can be
tolerated by mobile stations and path loss
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Cluster Size
1
From geometry of grid of hexagons only 1
certain values of K are possible if replicating 1
cluster with out gaps 1 2
K = i2 + ij + j2 where i and j are non-negative 1 3 4 5
integers
12 6 7 1
4 6 1
5 9 5
10 8 10 8 K = 7 (i =2, j =1)
11 2 11
3 7 3 7
12 1 12
4 6 4 6 4
9 5 9 3 1
10 8 K = 4 (i =2, j=0) 2 4
11 K = 12 (i=2, j=2) 1 3 1
4 2
3 1
2
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Cellular Concepts
• To find co-channel neighbors of a cell, move i cells along any
chain of hexagons, turn 60 degrees counterclockwise, and move j
cells (example: i=2, j=2, K=12)
K = i2 + ij + j2
r = cell radius
Area of hexagon = 2.61 r2
d = distance to co-
channel cell
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Cellular Concepts
• From hexagonal geometry d = r 3 K
• The quantity d/r is called the co-channel reuse ratio d / r = 3K
K = i2 + ij + j2
r = cell radius
Area of hexagon = 2.61 r2
d = distance to co-channel
cell
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Frequency Reuse
RSSI, dBm SITE A SITE B
-60
-90
C/I
-120
Distance
d
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Frequency Reuse
Relate cluster size to carrier to co-
channel interference ratio C/I at the
B
B
edge of a cell A
A
propagation model of the form
B
Pr = Pt Ld-α B
B
L = constant depending on frequency, A
A
d = distance in meters, A
α = path loss coefficient,
Then at edge of a cell in center of B
B
network the C/I is given by A
−α −α A
C Pt Lr 1 ⎛ r ⎞
= = ⎜ ⎟
6
6⎝d ⎠
∑
I −α
Pt Ld
j=i
K = 19
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Frequency Reuse
Solving for d/r results in Example: Consider cellular
system with a C/I requirement
1 /α of C/I = 18 dB and a suburban
d ⎛ 6C ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ propagation environment with
r ⎝ I ⎠ α = 4 , determine the minimum
cluster size.
18 dB => 63.0957,
Remember d / r = 3K ,
which results in
K = 1/3 x (6 x 63.0957)0.5 =
2 /α 6.4857 ,
1 ⎛ 6C ⎞
K = ⎜ ⎟
3⎝ I ⎠ Since K must be an integer
round up to nearest feasible
cluster size => K = 7
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Frequency Reuse
I 6⎝d ⎠
20
C ⎛r⎞
db = −7.7815−10α log10⎜ ⎟
S r in dB
⎝d ⎠
15
I
10
• Remember d /r = 3K
5
db = 1 . 76 + 5α log 10 (K )
C 0
3 4 7 12 13 19
I cluster size N
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Frequency Planning
f1 f2
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Frequency Assignment
• Typical C/I values used in Example: You are operating a cellular
network with 25KHz NMT traffic
practice are 13-18 dB.
channels 1 through 12. Labeling the
• Once the frequency reuse traffic channels as {f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7,
cluster size and frequency f8, f9, f10, f11, f12}
allocation determined Place the traffic channels in the cells
frequencies must be assigned to below such that a frequency reuse
cells cluster size of 4 is used and adjacent
channel interference is minimized
• Must maintain C/I pattern
between clusters.
• Within a cluster – seek to
minimize adjacent channel
interference
• Adjacent channel interference is
interference from frequency
adjacent in the spectrum
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Sectoring
1
• Sectoring 2
3 1
2
• used to improve the C/I ratio 3
• make cluster size K smaller
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Sectoring
1
2
3 1
2
3
5
5
120 sectoring 7
5 2 6
5
3 1 5
4
5
5
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• Example: Allocate
frequencies for a GSM
operator in U.S. PCS B-
block who uses a 7 cell
frequency reuse pattern with
3 sectors per cell
• Use a Frequency Chart –
available from FCC web site
• Groups frequencies into 21
categories Cells A-G and
sectors 1-3 in each cell
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Sectored Frequency Planning
• Example: Allocate frequencies for a AMPS operator in cellular
B-block who uses a 7 cell frequency reuse pattern with 3 sectors
per cell
• Use a Frequency Chart – available from FCC web site
– Groups frequencies into 21 categories Cells 1-7 and sectors A-B in
each cell
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Traffic Engineering
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Traffic Engineering
Traffic Engineering
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Erlang B Model M/M/C/C queue
λe = λ (1 − Pb )
λ λe
λ Pb
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M/M/C/C
λ λ λ λ λ
μ 2μ 3μ (C − 1) μ Cμ
λπ 0 = μπ 1 j=0
(λ + jμ )π j = λπ j −1 + ( j + 1) μπ j +1 1≤ j < C
(Cμ )π c = λπ c −1 j=C
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M/M/C/C
Probability of a customer being blocked B(c,a) = πi
ac
c!
B (c, a ) = π c = ⇐ Valid for M/G/c/c queue
c
an
∑ n!
n=0
a ⋅ B ( c − 1, a )
B (c, a ) =
c + a ⋅ B ( c − 1, a )
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Traffic Engineering
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Traffic Engineering Erlang B Table
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M/M/C/C
1
Average delay in the system W =
μ
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Traffic Engineering Example
• Consider a single analog cell tower with 56 traffic channels, when all
channels are busy calls are blocked. Calls arrive according to a
Poisson process at a rate of 1 call per active user an hour. During the
busy hour 3/4 the users are active. The call holding time is
exponentially distributed with a mean of 120 seconds.
• (a) What is the maximum load the cell can support while providing 2%
call blocking?
From the Erlang B table with c= 56 channels and 2% call blocking the
maximum load = 45.9 Erlangs
• (b) What is the maximum number of users supported by the cell during
the busy hour?
Load per active user = 1 call x 120 sec/call x 1/3600 sec = 33.3 mErlangs
Number active users = 45.9/(0.0333) = 1377
Total number users = 4/3 number active users = 1836
• Determine the utilization of the cell tower ρ
ρ = α/c = 45.9/56 = 81.96%
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λ λ
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M/M/C
λ
a=
μ
The stability requirement
a
ρ = <1 ⇒ a<C
C
With traffic intensity a Erlangs, C is the minimum number of servers requirement.
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M/M/C
Let πi denote the steady state probability of i customers in the
system, then the state transition diagram for n(t) is given by
λ λ λ λ λ λ
μ 2μ 3μ (C − 1) μ Cμ Cμ
λπ 0 = μπ 1 j=0
(λ + jμ )π j = λπ j −1 + ( j + 1) μπ j +1 1≤ j < C
(λ + Cμ )π j = λπ j −1 + Cμπ j +1 j≥C
λ
πj= π j −1 j<C
kμ
λ j≥C
π j = π j −1
Cμ
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M/M/C (5)
1
π0 = C −1 n
a ac
∑ n! ( c − 1)! ( c − a )
+
n=0
ai
πi = π0 ; 1≤ i < C
i!
ai
πi = π0 ; i≥C
c! c i − c
Telcom 2720 37
M/M/C (6)
Probability of a customer being delayed C(c,a)
ac
∞
( c − 1)! ( c − a )
C (c, a ) = ∑π j = c −1 n
a ac
j=c
∑ +
n! ( c − 1)! ( c − a )
n=0
c ⋅ B (c, a )
C (c, a ) =
c − a ⋅ (1 − B ( c , a ))
Telcom 2720 38
M/M/C (7)
⎛ a ⎞
Lq = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ C (c, a )
⎝c− a⎠
L = Lq + a
1
C (c, a )
Lq μ
Wq = =
λ c− a
1
W = Wq +
μ
Telcom 2720 39
M/M/C (8)
Distribution of the waiting time in the queue
{ }
P wq ≤ t = 1 − C (c , a ) ⋅ e − cμ (1− ρ )t
⎛ 1− p ⎞
− ln ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
tp = ⎝ C (c, a ) ⎠
c μ (1 − ρ )
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Fix Channel Assignment Scheme
Number of Subscribers
Market Study Demographics
Per cell
Assume
Calls/subs during
Peak one hour with
Average holding time
Erlangs/cell
Assume GOS
( % call blocking
< 2 %)
Apply:
Erlang B
Cell Spitting
Expensive!
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Frequency Reuse Partitioning
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Summary
• Cellular Concept
• Sectoring
• Frequency Planning
• Traffic Engineering
• Frequency Reuse Partitioning
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