Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Answer key
2
say the education system 3 probably not finished; in
stifles creativity). the second the focus is on
1 ever 2 yet/before 3 this the completion of the
2 Students’ own answers. week / for months 4 for activity.
(Students may be months / this week, so far
surprised that only 15% / yet 5 just 6 In the last 4 In the first option the
of respondents have five years / Lately / So far speaker still has the
shared their own camera; in the second
photographs, which may 4
they no longer have it.
be age-related. They may (Suggested answers)
also be surprised that 2 Patients have been 5 In the first option the
cooking doesn’t seem to waiting up to 14 weeks focus is on the activity; in
be considered as for a hospital the second the focus is on
creative.) appointment. what has been achieved.
3 A man has crossed the 6 In the first option the
4
Atlantic in a Canadian conversation is complete;
a sentences 3 & 6 canoe. in the second the
b sentences 1 & 2 4 Businesses have been suggestion is that the
c sentence 5 d sentence 4 told to be more conversation will
e sentence 2 transparent about (their) continue at some point.
special offers.
Answers to Grammar 5 Schoolchildren have
summary exercises been targeted by mobile 6
phone thieves. 1 Have you ever made 2
1
5 made 3 ’ve built 4 haven’t
1 played 2 listened, was done 5 did you have 6 has
driving 3 has had, 1 In the first option she is been going 7 told 8 Have
bought 4 has lived, has still alive / still writing; in you ever knitted 9 has
never been 5 gave, was the second she is either no knitted 10 ’s been
touring 6 has had 7 have longer alive or has retired experimenting
enjoyed 8 ’ve been trying from writing.
7
2 In the first option, the 1 ever 2 for six years 3 so
2 person is thanking their far 4 over the last ten
1 Have you been waiting host just after the event, years 5 just 6 yet 7 this
2 I’ve just been looking possibly on leaving it; in week 8 before 9 all my
3 Have you seen 4 I’ve the second the thanks are life 10 lately
sorted 5 I’ve been given some time after the
meaning 6 I haven’t had event. 8
7 I haven’t seen 8 I’ve 1 ever, so far, before
owned 9 I haven’t ridden 3 In the first option the
focus is on the duration or 2 for six years, over the
10 it has been raining last ten years, yet, all my
the activity, which is
3
life 3 just, this week, might be: not having the be able to compensate for
lately determination to put an erratic talent or even a
failures behind them and shortage of it.)
9 keep trying; being a fairly
introvert character who 3 c (… gradually you’ll
1 majority 2 proportion doesn’t like pushing expand the limits of what
3 handful 4 fraction themselves forward; not you’re able to do. Almost
5 negligible 6 small knowing where to go or imperceptibly you’ll
7 relatively 8 Hardly who to approach in order make the bar rise … the
9 every 10 in to realize their talent; not results will come.)
having any luck (i.e. 4 a (… even if he didn’t
Answers to Grammar being in the right place at write anything, he made
summary exercise the right time). sure he sat down at his
desk every single day and
5 2 Suggested answers
concentrated.)
1 vast 2 proportion focus, i.e. the ability to
3 amount 4 few concentrate your talents 4 Suggested answers
5 significant 6 hardly on whatever you’re doing
7 fraction 8 deal at a particular moment Murakami thinks that
talent alone is not enough
endurance, i.e. being able – we need to focus, work
10 Suggested answers to focus and work over hard and apply discipline
long periods of time in order to be successful.
The majority of people
surveyed feel that training, i.e. improving
creativity is key to focus and endurance Another possible answer
economic growth. through practice might be that a creative
job is just like any other
A significant proportion 3 in requiring hard work
say they are under and discipline.
pressure to be productive 1 b (talent … the person
rather than creative at involved can’t control its
work. amount or quality. … 5 Suggested answers
Talent has a mind of its
A tiny fraction have sung own and wells up when it 1 pre-requisite (line 5) =
solo or in a group. wants to, and once it dries something that must be in
up, that’s it.) place for something else
to happen. In the case of
2 b (the next most marriage this could be,
1.3 How talent thrives important quality … is e.g. respect for each
1 Suggested answers focus. Without that you other, similar beliefs and
can’t accomplish anything ambitions in life, a sense
Some reasons for people of value, while, if you can of humour.
not realizing their talent focus effectively, you’ll
4
2 well up (line 10) = 7 4
when an emotion
overwhelms us and comes 1 had 2 broke with 3 took I’m (really) in favour of /
to surface, expressed by up 4 come at 5 come up against … I (do/really)
tears, anger, etc. When an with like / love … It’s / That’s
emotion wells up we not (really) my (kind of)
1.4 It’s not really my thing … You’re a natural.
might suddenly burst into thing.
tears, shout, laugh, etc. I’m no good at … / I’m
1 Suggested answers not great at … I can’t …
3 erratic (line 22) = not to save my life.
steady, irregular or 1 If people feel bored or
unpredictable. It probably disengaged, then morale 5a Answers and
wouldn’t be fun to play is likely to be low, and transcript (with stress
tennis with someone that could result in lower underlined)
whose game was erratic productivity and lower 1 I do love a good
because you wouldn’t profits. musical.
know what to expect next. 2 The idea quite appeals
2 Students’ own answers
4 hands down (line 28) = (e.g. perks such as a to me, actually.
fully, completely, without company car or a canteen 3 I really have no talent
a doubt. If someone won with reduced prices, ways for playing music.
a game or match hands of relaxing 4 Classical music’s not
down, it means it was a really my thing.
at work, e.g. yoga or 5 I’m quite good at
comprehensive win.
pilates sessions in the singing, but I’m not keen
5 imperceptible (line 38) lunch break, more on performing.
= hardly noticeable. If involvement with
changes are decision making at a 5b
imperceptible, then it’s relevant level) The adverb quite can
likely that very little has mean different things
3
changed or that the according to whether it is
changes are minor. Who likes the idea? stressed or not. When it is
Speaker A (woman): not unstressed, it has the
6 a must (line 39) = an
sure meaning of fairly/rather,
essential ingredient/thing.
Speaker B (man): yes so I’m quite good at
Patience is a must in jobs
Who can sing? singing is a straight
that involve working with
Speaker A (woman): yes assessment with quite
children or animals, for
Speaker B (man): no strengthening good. If
example.
Who wants to however, it is stressed, as
6 participate? in 5 above, it weakens the
Speaker A (woman): yes adjective and means ‘not
1e2d3a4g5h6b7i Speaker B (man): yes very much’.
8c9f
5
6 Suggested answers 10a corporation tax / that
there should be a
Students could suggest 1 Employees responded reduction in corporation
sporting activities, which extremely positively to tax.
could take place after both initiatives.
work with teams from 2 94% of participants said 6 We have made a
different departments. they appreciated the commitment to the
Another possibility would theme days. improvement of working
be exercise such as yoga 3 A group has also been conditions in our
or pilates, which could formed to come up with factories.
take place in meeting ways we can improve the
rooms at lunchtime. More 7
office space.
creative activities could 4 We intend to organize a 1 have had ’ had 2 been
be suggested, such as contest involving various owing ’ owed 3 has it
growing plants (flowers physical activities. taken ’ did it take
or vegetables) in 4 since ’ for 5 quantity
convenient places in and ’ number 6 little ’ few
around the building, with Answers to Grammar
different departments summary exercises
taking responsibility for 10b
different areas. 6
1 It was an/our attempt to
1 Brazil has given encourage more
8 confirmation of its collaboration. / It was
participation in an/our attempt at
The initiatives had the
the talks. encouraging more
desired results (to make
collaboration.)
the workplace more
2 Not everyone agreed
stimulating and to hold 2 There has been a
with the report’s
monthly ‘theme days’.) significant increase in
recommendations / the
recommendations in the participation rates.
9 3 There was (some)
report.
resistance to the idea at
Paragraph 1 outlines the 3 Researchers published first.
purpose of the report. their findings after careful 4 We have no intention of
Paragraphs 2 and 3 analysis of the data. repeating this exercise.
summarize the two 5 A decision was taken to
different theme days that 4 There is opposition test the idea on a small
have taken place. from environmentalists to section of employees.
Paragraph 4 describes the the expansion of the UK’s 6 It was interesting to see
response to the theme airport capacity. the employees’ reaction
days. Paragraph 5 gives to the initiative.
5 There has been a
the next step.
demand from businesses
for the reduction of
6
UNIT 2 say, e.g. motato instead of 4
tomato, or miminum
1 rather than minimum. 1 smooth 2 singsong
3 medication 4 TV
1 She has won two ARIA 5 cheating 6 nice
3b
Awards; her 2010 album 7 understood 8 fluent
went platinum. 1 nose 2 dream 3 space
10
3 8 insulated = treated to scenario would be that the
avoid heat escaping; the toothache is just
1 an unpleasant measure could include sensitivity and can be
2 liberation 3 frightening double glazing, cavity remedied by changing
situations 4 less afraid in wall insulation, loft your toothpaste.)
other situations 5 build insulation, draught
understanding within proofing 2 Scenario planning
communities 6 break out means being prepared for
of their own small worlds 6 all possible situations and
outcomes. It is used in all
1 get 2 dashed 3 pinned situations, e.g. by
4 Suggested answers
4 give 5 sky 6 feet travellers and travel
1 overwhelming 7 nerves 8 plucked 9 companies, in business, in
consensus = almost total butterflies 10 dark medical situations such as
agreement amongst all the the operating theatre.
parties involved in a 7 Suggested answers
decision; roughly 90% or 2
more would have to be in 1 become hopeful about
agreement something 2 have your allow plenty of time
hope removed 3 focus
2 drift = general hopes on one thing 4 stop carry a map (You could
meaning/direction; they hoping for something also carry a first aid kit,
would be asking if you 5 there is no limit 6 lose particularly if you travel
understand their point courage 7 extremely by car.)
anxious about something confirm your booking
3 ‘which’ refers to 8 try to overcome fears
‘challenging situations’ and act 9 feel very get jabs (jabs is quite
4 overcome = beat, get on nervous 10 an action with colloquial, though very
top of, e.g. problems, no idea of the common; vaccinations is
anxiety, urges, resistance, consequences the neutral term)
an addiction hang on to receipts (hang
5 adrenaline junkie = on to is quite colloquial;
someone who seeks 2.4 Worst-case scenario keep is the neutral term)
excitement from pack a first aid kit
1 Suggested answers
dangerous situations, e.g.
bungee jumping, base 1 A worst-case scenario is read up on local
jumping, motor racing, the worst thing that can laws/customs
extreme mountain biking happen in a particular
take out insurance
situation. (In the dentist
6 mundane = everyday example above, a wear a money belt
7 inmate = prisoners (in probable-case scenario
this context) would be that a filling is
needed; a best-case
11
3 For your own peace of 10a
mind, …
Scenario 1 I was supposed to be
…-ing … is also back in London for my
1 Natural disaster – being advisable / a good idea. sister’s wedding the
stranded by bad weather Opt for … / Choose … following day.
2 Be aware of weather over …
I thought it would be
conditions – check the Avoid …-ing more relaxing to stick to
weather reports before my original schedule.
you travel. Check that I’d (strongly) advise
your flight operator or against … -ing … no flights would be
travel insurance company taking off until the
covers you. Avoid using The best thing is to … following morning …
low-cost operators. Consider …-ing … how I was going to
3 Sit tight and wait for the The chances are that … get back in time for the
weather to pass. Try to wedding
find someone else in the It may be helpful if/when
same situation. Find an …-ing .… a taxi that could take
executive airport lounge me to Ostrava.
That way, you’ll / you
and pay the fee to use it. … a taxi would be
won’t …
coming in half an hour.
Scenario 2
That will ensure that …
1 Leaving valuables in a Not only was I going to
8 get home in time, …
local taxi
The writer found a flight … but I would have
2 Take your time when
going from an airport that company on the journey
getting out of a taxi and
wasn’t affected by the too.
check you have
snow, and the hotel
everything before you get Answers to Grammar
organized a taxi to take
out. Use official taxis. summary exercises
him there, shared with
Take the taxi company’s
two other people. He
business card so you have 5
followed the advice of
their number. Label your
finding other people in 1 was going to stay
belongings. Tip your
the same situation. 2 were going to arrive /
driver well.
were supposed to arrive
9 3 were going to get
3 Call the company
immediately. Obviously (paragraph 2, married / were supposed
line 3), Luckily to get married
4 4 was to make / was
(paragraph 2, line 9),
Be aware that … / Be amazingly (paragraph 2, going to make
aware of … line 11), Better still 5 wouldn’t last / wasn’t
(paragraph 3, line 4) going to last
12
6 was going to report and get on with each 4
other.
1 has been 2 over 3 in
6
3 It ensures that the 4 proportion 5 were 6 to
1 call ’ ’ll call 2 ’m company’s financial date 7 used 8 was being
talking ’ ’ll talk 3 ’ll be recovery is possible if a 9 few 10 vast
staying ’ stay 4 they’re particular project should
getting ’ they’ll be fail. 5
getting 5 that they will
4 It has large communal 1 likelihood 2 bound 3 is
notice ’ to notice 6 ’re
spaces where people can to 4 will be producing
going to perform ’ were
exchange ideas. 5 may well 6 is going to
going to perform
produce 7 will 8 about to
5 It means that you
10b
become inward-looking – 6
1 was going to come just looking at what you
2 was supposed to take do as a company (and A 1 up 2 angle 3 with
off 3 would be / was possibly always doing 4 the sky’s 5 dark
going to be 4 would be things the same way), B 1 pinned 2 devoted
waiting 5 was supposed to rather than looking at how 3 dashed 4 up 5 flash
be things work outside, and
how you can bring ideas 10 Suggested answers
from the outside into your 1
The last summer Last
10c company.
summer we booked a
1 the following day 2 two-week holiday in
2 on the Thursday Greece through a travel
3 the morning after on the back of = i) agent. 2 In the first place
4 that evening following on from Initially, we were going
to book our flights and
1e2d3g4j5b6i7a8
hotel directly, 3 like as we
f 9 c 10 h
usually do, 4 but my
REVIEW 1 3 husband thought using a
package holiday operator
1 1 take a back seat 2 ’s laid would be easier and 5
1 Pixar is owned by back 3 got their own back with the addition also / in
Disney, but is still an 4 turn back the clock addition cheaper. How
independent 5 gone back on their wrong he was! 6 Even
word, turned their back Even though / Although
‘entity’, i.e. it retains on them 6 go back to the the flight itself wasn’t
control over its creativity. drawing board 7 went luxurious, 7 (nevertheless)
behind my back it was reasonably
2 Having a community of
comfortable and, 8 with
‘good people’ who trust
good luck
13
fortunately/luckily, it 3 Students’ own answers, a music, surf / ocean
arrived on time. 9 but for a) sound could waves, birdsong
However, from this affect productivity
moment from that negatively, although some b traffic noise, alarm
moment/point, things sounds, such as music, clock, jackhammer, office
went downhill. 10 Once might lift the workers’ noise
When the plane arrived at mood. For b) how noisy a c classical music, techno
two in the morning, there shop is, both in terms of music, Beatles song, Jaws
was no bus waiting to music and other sounds theme
transfer us. It had broken might affect how long
down and we had to wait people stay there and 2
two hours for a relief bus. whether or not they
11 1 surf / ocean waves
When it finally / purchase anything.
2 Psychologically
eventually arrived 12 at
2 3 affects our emotional
the end, I refused to get
state 4 birdsong 5 small
on it, 13 because of 1b 2d 3e 4c 5a 6 amount of ‘bandwidth’
because it looked so f for processing auditory
ancient and unsafe. 14
input 6 office noise
Instead, we waited until 3c
7 techno music
the car hire firm opened
1 He’s going to 8 jackhammer/drill
at 8.00 a.m. and 15 after
‘transform’ the audience’s
then we booked our own
relationship with sound. 3
transport.
2 Most of the sounds are 1 inappropriate, hostile
accidental and unpleasant. 2 dramatic 3 dreadful
UNIT 3 4 powerful, fast
1 4
3.1 The 4 ways sound
1 He is the chair of the affects us 1 guidelines 2 the power
Sound Agency, an author of sound to be instantly
1
and blogger. He has associated with a brand /
worked in various Sounds: traffic noise, an effective sound 3 the
businesses and set up his alarm clock, surf / ocean company’s visual
own publishing group. He waves, classical music, communication
understands business and, birdsong, office noise, 4 appropriate, valuable
in particular, marketing. techno music, 5 because sound is
He was also a drummer, jackhammer, guitar chord complex and there are
which adds to his / Beatles song, many opposing/different
understanding of sound. introductory chords from influences 6 It’s good for
the film Jaws, Intel ad health and productivity.
2 It means anything to do
jingle, Nokia ringtone
with hearing.
14
5 8 I recommend at least perhaps turning off the
five minutes a day, but sound on tablets and other
1c2a3c4b5c6c7a there is no maximum mobile devices when it
8a dose. isn’t actually needed.
6 Answers and transcript 7 Possible answers 12
1 Well, this habit of 1 Students’ own answers Julian Treasure had a very
suppressing sound has strong beginning as he
meant that our 2 … a jackhammer started illustrated with traffic
relationship with sound up outside the theatre. / noise how difficult it is to
has become largely the leading actor forgot hear over unwanted
unconscious. his lines. / the realistic sound.
war scene came on.
2 There is a deep He created a need to
resonance with being at 3 … the general election. listen by saying that
rest. We also associate it / the interview I did sound affects us all and
with being stress-free and yesterday. / the national that he was going to raise
on holiday. lottery. our consciousness of the
3 This is guaranteed to 4 … improve the four ways in which it
make most of you feel company’s image. / affects us.
pretty sad if I leave it on. increase sales. / make In the first clip, he
people laugh. signposts the route by
4 For people who can’t
get away from noise like 9 mentioning the four ways
that, it’s extremely in which sound affects us.
damaging for their health. 1 Julian Treasure
achieved his aim of He ended with a summary
5 Or start at the bottom, making Stefan more and the important
and say what outcomes do aware of sound, but Julia message that we can
we want, and then design was already very aware of control how sound affects
a soundscape to have a the impact of sound in her us and improve our health
desired effect. working life. Stefan felt and productivity. He also
that there wasn’t enough left with the audience
6 1.8 billion times a day, advice on how to control with a recommendation
that tune is played. And it sound in everyday life. (to listen to birdsong
cost Nokia absolutely every day).
nothing. 2 Students’ own answers,
but they may mention the 3.2 Judging by
7 Just leave you with four use of headphones in a appearances
golden rules, for those of noisy office, as Julian
you who run businesses, 2
Treasure advised; they
for commercial sound. could mention turning off According to the
the TV when they aren’t infographic, what we look
actually watching it, or like and how we speak is
15
more important than what Answers to Grammar 3
we say; making eye summary exercises
contact and listening to 1 1 ’m tasting 2 tastes
the other person are also 1
2 1 looked / were looking
important. 1 1 deserves 2 did you 2 felt / was feeling
Other points that students have 3 contained 4 3 seemed
might add are smiling, promise
agreeing and whether the 3 1 sounds 2 seems
person seems interested in 2 1 didn’t want 2 don’t
think 3 was being 4 didn’t 4
us.
feel / wasn’t feeling 1 a Are you (permanent
3 quality, i.e. a judgemental
3 1 Are you enjoying / person) / Are you being (a
a depend, mean, own (but Have you been enjoying
you can talk about temporary state at the
2 ’m learning / ’ve time in question) b I
someone ‘owning up’ to learned / ’ve been
something, or ‘owning an don’t think c all do d
learning 3 involves like
idea’), be, seem, need 4 Do you mind 5 mean
b think: in the simple 6 depends 2 a wondered (indefinite
form this refers to general time in the past) / been
opinion and is similar to 4 1 was having 2 see wondering (over a period
believe; in the continuous 3 thought 4 was just of time in the past to
it suggests a calling present) b appears c
process/action happening means d are
at the moment, and is 5 discussed / were
3 a were already making
similar to consider; mean: discussing
b wanted c I don’t own
in the simple form this d I suppose
means signify; in the
2
continuous it conveys 4 a always come
intention (over a period of 1 ’m loving* 2 (both (statement of fact –
time). possible) 3 He’s owning regular activity) / are
4 (both possible) 5 isn’t always coming (habit
c The simple form (are) really mattering 6 isn’t
would express a general which can be annoying)
surprising b have c live (focus on
truth, in this case a quality 7 weren’t believing
of the person; in the general fact) / are living
8 (both possible) 9 is (focus on temporary
continuous (are being) it deserving
expresses an action or nature of age) d is
*‘I’m loving’ is used in a becoming
behaviour at a particular very informal manner,
point in time. particularly by younger
d annoyance/irritation, people.
e.g. with a habit
16
5 2 Planning the details of impression on everyone at
your trip in advance does the meeting.
1 sounds (seems is also have its advantages, but it
possible) 2 looks/seems also has some drawbacks. 3 What is amazing is (the
3 seemed/sounded 4 feel / / Planning the details of fact) that he can switch so
’m feeling 5 ’m just your trip in advance has easily from one language
tasting its advantages, but it does to another.
19
player pushes them to adverb expressing opinion 6
greater efforts. (personally) the presence
of the pronoun I and the 1 is belonging ’ belongs
Student B: Listening to use of verbs expressing 2 am promising ’
sad songs can actually beliefs or opinions, i.e. promise
make us appreciate that suspect, prefer, imagine. 3 is just ’ is just being
our situation isn’t so bad; 4 wasn’t feeling ’ didn’t
also, music can help clear Students should circle: feel
our minds of what is Studies show that, as far 5 what ’ that
bothering us, allowing our as social relations are 6 economically ’
imagination to take over concerned, open economic
and to become more environments are a
creative. positive thing inasmuch 9b
as they facilitate more
8 interaction between 1 From a health
1 The writer isn’t people. This is objective perspective, putting a lot
convinced about the because it is introduced of people in close
benefits of by the reference to proximity with each other
studies. is risky.
open-plan offices. He/She 2 In terms of individual
states that a small-scale 9a productivity, people who
experiment should be Personally, … work in offices only do
introduced first, and 4–5 hours of efficient
introduced for as far as social relations work per day, anyway.
management as well as are concerned … 3 Practically speaking,
staff. you can’t beat an open-
from the point of view of
plan office for space
2 Students should good labour relations …
efficiency.
underline: Personally,
Answers to Grammar 4 Psychologically
however, I am far from
summary exercises (speaking) / From a
convinced that its benefits
psychological point of
outweigh these savings. / 5 view, seeing everyone
I suspect that the same
around you working hard
results could be attained 1 Personally (adverb)
can boost your
just as easily by providing 2 Practically (adverb)
motivation.
a few extra communal 3 Health (noun)
5 Statistically speaking,
spaces … / I would prefer 4 political (adjective)
there are distinct
it if the company first 5 Financially (adverb)
advantages to working in
experimented with some 6 smokers (noun)
a quiet concentrated
smaller-scale measures … Note that other answers
manner.
/ I imagine it would be are possible, but they
very damaging for morale should be the part of
… These are subjective speech given.
because of the use of an
20
UNIT 4 2 sounds like: wanna Minister was unfriendly /
assyou to ri_now not willing to shake hands
1 3 sounds like: sorda with the police officer.
1 She is a professor and makin
3 We consider how other
researcher in social people’s body language
psychology, studying 3b Answers and
influences us and how our
nonverbal behaviour in transcript
body language influences
particular and how it 4 So I want you to pay them. We forget to think
affects people in different attention to what you’re about how our own body
situations. This has doing right now. (I language influences
relevance to future wanyou to pay attention ourselves.
business people as to wap you’re doin ri
nonverbal behaviour now) 4 She was teaching in a
affects your performance competitive business
in business as well as 5 We’re going to come school.
social situations – how back to that in a few
customers and partners minutes. 2
perceive you, how you (We’re gonna come back 1 They make themselves
get your message across, to tha in a few minutes) big, stretch out, take up
how well you can manage space, opening up, make a
a team, etc. star shape.
4.1 Your body language
2 The main aspects of shapes who you are 2 Raising both hands up
nonverbal behaviour are in the air in a V-shape and
body language, i.e. eye 1
the chin is slightly lifted.
contact, facial expressions 1 She asks her audience
(e.g. smiling), posture and to ‘do an audit of their 3 We close up, make
gesture, and also tone and body’, i.e. to pay attention ourselves small.
pitch of the voice. It is to what they’re doing 4 We complement the
commonly said that 55% with their body (making other person’s nonverbal,
of communication is body themselves smaller, i.e. do the opposite, so if
language and 38% tone of hunching, etc.). She does one person is
voice, leaving only 7% this to make the audience demonstrating power, the
for actual verbal content. aware of their own body other makes themselves
3 Students’ own answers language. smaller.
2 President Obama shook 5 Confident students take
2
hands with the police up space when they sit
1a2f3b4d5c6e officer, but then the down, leaning back, and
(British) Prime Minister when they raise their
3a didn’t shake hands with hands, they put them high
1 sounds like: So_w_I him. It gave the in the air. They also
wanna starp by impression that the Prime participate more. Less
21
confident students sit 4 She realized that she 6 They have no idea
hunched over the desk didn’t feel like she wasn’t who’s been posing in
and when they raise their supposed to be there any what pose, and they end
hands, it is a slight more and that her student up looking at these sets of
movement from the was supposed to be there. tapes, …
elbow only. They don’t
participate much. 5 ‘Fake it till you become 7 So I really struggled
it.’ with this, and I have to
3 say, having your identity
7 taken from you, your core
1 Women, participation identity …
2 fake, make 3 smile, 1c2b3c4b5a6a7b
happy 4 bodies, hormones 8c 8 … she came in totally
8 defeated, and she said,
4 ‘I’m not supposed to be
1 And we make sweeping here.’
1 two 2 saliva/spit judgements and
3 gamble 4 86 inferences from body 9 Possible answers
5 60 6 20 7 increase language.
8 stress/stressed 1 … your point. /
2 And those judgements argument. / main ideas. /
can predict really message.
5
meaningful life outcomes 2 … think about me. / do
1 before 2 neutral 3 didn’t like who we hire or
know 4 high power in their spare time. / say.
promote, who we ask out
5 frauds on a date. 3 … review my own body
language. / reconsider my
3 So when they cross the past failed interviews.
6 finish line and they’ve
1 She was in a really bad won, it doesn’t matter if 4 … your posture, you
car accident. She was told they’ve never seen can improve a lot of back
that her IQ had dropped, anyone do it. problems. / your daily
and that she had been schedule, you can often
4 You have other people get a lot more done.
withdrawn from college. who are virtually
She felt powerless. collapsing when they 10
2 She worked really hard come in.
1 The oversimplification
and she eventually 5 We then ask them, is that body language is
graduated from college. ‘How powerful do you also important in that it
3 You’re not quitting; feel?’ on a series of items, can influence how we feel
you’re going to fake it. and then we give them an about ourselves.
Yes, it worked. opportunity to gamble,
… 2 The oversimplification
is that power posing and
22
faking confidence can through examples of the messenger (e.g. on
actually make us feel effect of body language foot/horseback, messages
more confident and a practical anecdote by boat)
permanently, as well as of how important it is.
temporarily. 2 Communication would
13 have been slower with
11 Suggested answer more opportunity for
Students’ own answers, messages to get lost or
Perhaps Ella has but one alternative might changed. Human
oversimplified a little: be to elicit from the interactions would also
Amy Cuddy says people audience what they are have been more limited as
assume high-power expecting to hear at the it was more difficult to
positions to make beginning of the talk and travel and took longer.
themselves feel more structure accordingly – However, it could be
confident, not to show this would take a lot of argued that people took
their own power. confidence on the part of more time over the
the speaker though. Point interactions they did have
William has made an out that different speakers
analogy which is very and so their interactions
are likely to structure were deeper and more
close to Amy Cuddy’s talks differently according
idea. In the same way a meaningful.
to their personality and
method actor wants to the content of the talk. 2
‘become’ the character
they are portraying, Amy 14 1 The speaker mentions:
Cuddy wants people to cave paintings
‘become it’ rather than She brings the story full (drawings), pictograms,
just fake it temporarily. circle, i.e. she brings the writing on papyrus,
story round to a story carrier pigeons, the first
12 Suggested answer about her student, who postal service, (invention
was in the same situation of) the printing press.
In her final section, Amy as Cuddy was at the
Cuddy took us on a beginning of the clip. 2 cave paintings:
journey of her own indicated growing human
experiences, from her intelligence
accident aged 19 through
to the end, where she 4.2 How we pictograms: an important
talked about a student communicate step towards the
who was in a similar 1 Suggested answers development of an
position to herself after alphabet
her accident. The journey 1 2,500 years ago: by
through the whole talk is messenger (e.g. on foot or carrier pigeons: messages
somewhat different in that horseback), papyrus could be sent more
she takes the audience on script, smoke signals, quickly
a journey of discovery of cave paintings 250 years
their own body language ago: letters (post), by
23
first postal service: could play happily 12 managed Answers to Grammar
cover greater distances to catch summary exercises
25
shake your head: This is innocent people. It should 4
the gesture of negation, be Stop arresting
i.e. it means ‘No’; we do innocent people. 1 a hand 2 quick word 3
it if we are refusing or not available 4 fancy
rejecting something. I put my name and popping 5 at all 6 shall we
address on the backside = 7 the way 8 get you 9 Bad
shrug your shoulders: In English backside refers news 10 drop you
This means ‘I don’t to the bottom, so this
know’; we might do it if suggests the name address 8
someone has asked us were written on 1 Dear Bill / Thank you
something and we don’t someone’s bottom. It for … (Note that here the
know the answer. It can should be on the back or sentence thanking the
also suggest ‘I don’t on the reverse. recipient for their email is
care.’ really part of the greeting,
Kate and Jake love
tap your foot: This can themselves very much = although in some
express impatience (as Kate loves Kate and Jake circumstances it could
with drum your fingers), loves Jake. It should be form part of establishing
but it’s is more likely that Kate and Jake love each the purpose.)
we are listening to music other very much. 2 Here is an update of
and tapping our feet along where we are with it …
with the beat. Give a ring to me
sometime = Give me a 3 The letter contains three
8 ring to wear on my finger. bullet points.
It should be Give me a
a5b2c4d1e6f3 ring sometime. 4 The bullet points give
clear and concise details
9 Suggested answers It’s very good for you to about the situation.
The most likely responses help me = It’s beneficial
would be, e.g. grinning to for you to help me, i.e. 5 The venue, time and
show pleasure at the you benefit from it. It date of the supplier event
proposal, looking should be It’s very good are given in bold.
disappointed, perhaps of you to help me.
6 our supplier event /
shrugging shoulders. please do not hesitate to
3
contact me 7 thank you
1 of 2 her a ring 3 in once again for your
4.4 Is that what you person 4 mind 5 pay for comments
meant? 6 suits 7 shouldn’t 8 out
9 I’m really sorry to hear 9
2 that 10 on
Bill and Michael are
Stop to arrest innocent business colleagues: Bill
people = Stop what you is invited to a supplier
are doing and arrest event, so we know that
26
he’s a supplier; Michael REVIEW 2 that other European cities
works in the company have copied the idea.
which uses Bill’s 1
services. The tone is 5 The thing that’s
1 guides 2 fully shocking is that so many
formal, but the use of first 3 everyday 4 unemployed
names in the letter visually-impaired people
5 listening 6 spill are without regular work.
suggests they know each 7 seat/table 8 slowly
other and have worked 6 Not only was it a great
together before. 2 experience, but the food
10 was also very tasty / very
1 hand 2 tongue 3 tooth tasty too.
1 closing line: I very 4 thumb 5 chest 6 head
much look forward to 7 back 8 finger 9 nose 7 Only in Switzerland
hearing from you. (error 10 heart would you find this kind
of word order) of practical solution to a
problem.
3
2 next step: I will wait to
hear what the outcome of 1 I don’t think 2 I’m 8 It is the friendliness of
these negotiations is. being 3 I’ve had 4 don’t the waiters that I will
(grammar error – noun– go 5 want 6 are remember most.
verb agreement) wondering 7 don’t see 8 5
got / were getting 9 were
3 establishing the reason 10 really felt 11 is always 1 clenched, scowled 2
for writing or greeting: looking 12 definitely rolled, yawned 3 gaped,
Thank you for taking the recommend shrugged 4 raised,
time to write to me. sneered
(grammar error – article) 4
6
4 establishing the reason 1 Only when you lose one
for writing: This is a brief of your senses do you 1 unsettling 2 off-putting,
reminder of the upcoming realize how important compelling 3 infuriating,
sales event. (vocabulary they are. reassuring 4 enticing
error – wrong word, or
2 What most people don’t 7 Suggested answers
grammar error – wrong
preposition) think about is how
Students might suggest,
dependent we are on our
for example, going to the
5 action point: Any sight.
cinema and watching a
suggestions for discussion
3 No sooner had we film without sound, an
topics must be / ought to
arrived than we were experience which could
be sent to … (grammar
shown to our table. help them understand
error – modal verb)
how people saw movies
4 Such has been the in their early days.
popularity of Blindekuh Another possibility might
27
be concerts entirely in the From a financially development, presenting
dark so that listeners financial perspective, job- data
aren’t distracted by the sharing could also in
performers. some cases be beneficial 2 a special piece of
to the company. software he developed
You could also talk about
experiences which use the However, in this case we 3 household appliances,
senses differently, for are not convinced that it e.g. vacuum cleaners,
example, parks which should would make dishwashers, food mixers,
don’t allow shoes so that practical sense. coffee grinders,
you have to experience all cookers/stoves, kettles,
the different textures Louise, with whom you microwave ovens;
underfoot. are proposing to combine computers and other
roles, has already a very information technology
9 heavy workload already devices; boilers (for
and could not be expected heating water); shower
(Each sentence has been to take on more work. and water systems;
put on a separate line electric/gas fires; electric
here.) Having said all this, we tools, e.g. electric drills,
recognize that the screwdrivers, hedge
Thank you for the company needs to do
proposal which you sent trimmers, lawn mowers;
something to take in agricultural machinery,
me last week and I account into account /
apologize for not e.g. tractors, combine
account of your family harvesters
answering to you situation.
answering you /
2
responding to you sooner. Accordingly, David has
suggested to meet 1b2a3f4c5d6e
I needed to consult David meeting / that we meet on
Williams before sending Thursday at 2 pm in his Suggested answers
you my thinking thoughts office to discuss possible
about it. 1 Students’ own answers
solutions.
In principal principle, the 2 This varies according to
Please inform me that let where someone lives and
company is open to the me know if this suits you.
idea of job-sharing. is usually higher in
(Or confirm that this suits developed countries. The
This is particularly true you.) UK government defines it
when it allows female as under 60% of the
employees with children national median income.
to make have / find a UNIT 5 Other definitions look at
better balance between deprivation – what poorer
their work life and home 1 Suggested answers people can’t afford that is
life. 1 (international/global) available to most of
health, economic society.
28
3 Economic data, like 3b water with firewood to
most statistics, can be wash the clothes.
presented in different 1 Yes, he does. He says
ways in order to support ‘Throughout her [his 2 The richest spend more
particular points. grandmother’s] life, she than $80 a day while the
had been heating water poorest live on less than
4 Coal releases the most with firewood, and she $2 a day.
carbon dioxide so could had hand washed laundry
be considered the most for seven children. And 3 below the poverty line
polluting. now she was going to (‘the fire people’), those
watch electricity do that with electricity but not
5 Pneumonia is work.’ i.e. it would washing machines (‘the
responsible for 15% of significantly change bulb people’), those with
deaths in children under domestic life. washing machines (‘the
five years, and malaria is wash people’) and those
responsible for 7%. Over 2 Students’ own answers above the air line (‘the air
25% of deaths are caused people’). They are
from premature birth or separated by poverty line,
by complications during 5.1 3 The magic washing the wash line and the air
or just after birth. machine line.
Developing countries
have far greater problems 1 4 five billion
with child mortality than 5 hard work, time-
1 The washing machine
developed countries, consuming labour, which
makes it easier to wash
including deaths from women have to do for
things, means that less
childhood diseases and hours each week
time is spent on laundry
conditions such as
(particularly for women 6 Some of them don’t use
diarrhoea that no longer
with big families), so a car, but all of them have
constitute a threat in
there is more time to do a washing machine.
developed countries.
other things.
6 The word favela is used 3
2 Economic growth
for the slums bordering
leading to access to 1 7/seven billion
urban areas in Brazil.
electricity. 2 12/twelve 3 1/one
3a Suggested answers billion 4 6/six 5 half
3 green energy (not fossil 6 2/two 7 1/one 8 2/two
wash, laundry, fuel energy) 9 2050 10 many
load/unload, by hand, 11 double 12 22
2
washing powder,
conditioner, electricity, 1 She had to wash the 4
water, dry clothes by hand / hand
wash the clothes. This 1 F (… until they have the
included heating the same energy consumption
29
per person, they shouldn’t they have to do for hours fuels will become much
give advice to others …) every week. more expensive.
2 T (… her minister of
energy that provided 4 But when I lecture to 8
electricity to everyone …) environmentally-
concerned students, they He implies 1, because
3 T (… so happy that she technology frees our time
even voted for her. And tell me, ‘No, everybody in
the world cannot have for better pursuits, and 2,
she became Dilma because he sees
Rousseff, the president- cars and washing
machines.’ technology as progress
elect of one of the biggest and energy consumption
democracies in the 5 Because the risk, the is needed for
world.) high probability of technological
4 T (She managed to climate change is real. development. He doesn’t
study English and learn suggest anything about
that as a foreign 6 Of course they must be overpopulation.
language.) more energy-efficient.
5 T (And what we said, They must change 9 Suggested answers
my mother and me, behaviour in some way.
Hannah’s comment:
‘Thank you
7 Possible answers Students are likely to
industrialization. Thank
agree – we shouldn’t
you steel mill. Thank you 1 … try to stop judge people who want a
power station. And thank developers building washing machine – this is
you chemical processing houses because it what people in the
industry that gave us time involves cutting down developed world wanted
to read books.’) trees. / refuse to use cars. two generations ago.
5 2 … speak better English Rama’s comment:
than me. / participate Students are likely to
1a2a3b4b5b6a more in class than me. / agree that Hans Rosling
have lived in English- says that technological
6 Answers and transcript
speaking countries. progress and education
1 … when they want to are strongly linked.
3 Comparing prices in
travel, they use flying However, he doesn’t
different supermarkets …
machines that can take imply that we often use
/ Decorating a whole
them to remote the time we gain on less
house … / Making clothes
destinations. productive activities.
by hand …
2 There are two billion 12
4 … it will be a cold
fellow human beings
winter. / the Chinese Hans Rosling used
who live on less than two
economy will grow larger infographics with icons
dollar a day.
than that of the US. / and images and he used
3 It’s a hard, time- energy based on fossil dynamic visuals to
consuming labour, which
30
indicate economic change 5.2 Energy-hungry also energy efficiency
and growth. world isn’t a priority.
36
3 houses for export, a Note that in British
restaurant, a bridge English got me building
1 wild grass (1) would be expressed as
3 Unprotected bamboo got me into building, i.e.
2 unproductive land such weathers (is affected by
as deep ravines; needs get someone into
the weather) and something.
just rainwater, spring untreated bamboo gets
water, sunlight eaten (by insects). 7 Answers and transcript
3 1,450 Most people, especially in 1 The living room
4 one metre in three days Asia, don’t think bamboo overlooks the valley from
(three years to replace) is worth building with. the fourth floor.
(They think that ‘you
5 18 metres couldn’t be poor enough 2 And when I first saw
or rural enough to these structures under
6 as strong as steel and construction about six
actually want to live in a
concrete (‘tensile strength years ago, I just thought,
bamboo house’.)
of steel, compressive this makes perfect sense.
strength of concrete’) 4 They found a safe
treatment solution using 3 This is a traditional
7 very light: one person Sumbanese home that we
natural salts so the
can lift a lot of bamboo replicated, right down to
bamboo could last a
poles the details and textiles.
lifetime. They built
8 elegant extraordinary buildings 4 And so we thought,
with bamboo in order to what will it take to
9 earthquake resistant inspire people. change their minds, to
Why does it make such a 5 Respect it, design for its convince people that
useful building material? strengths, protect it from bamboo is worth building
It’s abundant (so probably water and make the most with.
cheap), flexible, strong, of its curves. 5 Treat it properly,
practical and it looks
design it carefully, and a
good. 5
bamboo structure can last
4 1 model 2 blueprint a lifetime.
3 detail 4 ceiling 5 Weave
1 Ibuku is a team of 6 canvas 7 countertops 6 To reap the selective
artisans, architects and 8 boulder 9 floor benefits and work within
designers. The 10 pins 11 grow the constraints of this
organization works with a material, we have really
new way of building / had to push ourselves.
builds unique structures. 6
7 This floor is made of
2 houses, classrooms in 1b2c3a4b5c6a7b glossy and durable
the ‘Green School’, small 8c bamboo skin. You can
37
feel the texture under 12 actually are, and are
bare feet. perhaps attempting jobs
Students’ own answers they shouldn’t, e.g. only
8 And we’ve got a really 7% say they are bad at
long way to go, there’s a Other possible techniques
might be: using pronouns DIY, but DIY mistakes
lot left to learn. cost UK households £3
to express solidarity and billion a year. Also, DIY
8 Possible answers
interaction with the can be dangerous: 2.5
1 … (into) playing the audience million people get an
piano / (into) speaking electric shock each year
English / respecting the (i.e. we for solidarity and
and 41,000 go to hospital
value of the environment you for interaction);
with ladder-related
… tailoring language to suit
injuries, which suggests
the audience, e.g. using
people try to do jobs in
2 … growers and informal vocabulary with
the house that they
consumers of goods. / a younger audience; using
shouldn’t.
developing countries and gestures to emphasize
developed countries. your message, e.g. 3
making a chopping
3 … using traditional motion with the hand to 1 T (… he fell off the
materials. / not building emphasize each point ladder he was standing
too high. / keeping the made. on.)
appearance sympathetic
to the area. 13 2 T (… have his fingers
stitched.)
4 … the back garden. / Elora Hardy uses emotive
the street. / another block words and phrases: 3 F (Not the sort of job
of flats. extraordinary, inspire that you would get an
people; she uses electrician in for.)
9 Suggested answers rhetorical questions: Why 4 F (… such a small room
How long will the hasn’t this happened that it seems crazy to
bamboo last? / How long sooner, and what can we have a professional
is it since the first do with it next?; she uses decorator do it.)
structure was built? repetition: … he saw it as
a promise. It’s a promise 5 F (… when I have to
What evidence do you to the kids. put air in the tyres.)
have that the borax
treatment works?What is 6.2 Get someone else to 6 F (… he managed to get
its resistance to rain and do it the light fixed …)
other weathers?
2 4
Are the houses The general message is a A doctor/nurse will do
affordable? that people think they are the stitching, a decorator
better at DIY than they will do the repainting.
38
Yes, have and get are 2 I’ll get the flowers 8 She managed to get two
interchangeable in these delivered to her at work. walls decorated, but not
sentences. the others.
3 I would like my steak
b sentence 3: to + cooked medium rare. Sentences 1, 2, 3 and 5
infinitive, sentence 4: can use either get or have.
infinitive (without to) 4 You’ll never get me to
go on a motorbike. 6
c no (in sentence 5, you
can’t say ‘have the light 5 Who would like to get 1 got (had suggests an
… to work’ and in the meeting started? agent, i.e. someone else
sentence 6, you can’t say was involved, and may be
5 intentional, which doesn’t
‘had his fingers caught’)
1 We had our garden fit this context; got
d get suggests he fixed redesigned by a suggests an accident)
the light himself; have professional landscape
suggests he got someone 2 get (have is possible but
gardener. / We had a it means that someone
else to fix the light. professional landscape else did the preparation,
gardener redesign our which is unlikely given
garden. the second sentence)
Answers to Grammar
2 We’re getting the roof 3 get the key to fit (have
summary exercises
repaired next week. the key fit is not possible)
1
3 We need to get our 4 got (got suggests the
1 had it dyed 2 had/got it washing machine fixed. fact that the speaker’s
cut 3 got it stuck clothes are covered in oil
4 have/get it looked at 4 I couldn’t get the car
started / to start this was accidental; had
5 had/got it designed suggests an agent, which
6 have/get it done 7 get it morning.
is unlikely as the speaker
finished 8 get one wall 5 I think you should have is fixing the bike
painted your boiler looked at. / themselves)
You should have
2 someone look at your 5 had (had suggests the
boiler. speaker asked someone to
1 call 2 to do 3 thinking do it for him/her)
4 started 5 organize 6 I’m very proud that I
6 to open 7 dry cleaned got the vacuum cleaner to 8 Possible answer
8 pick work. / got the vacuum My glasses broke so I got
cleaner working. a man at the optician’s to
3
7 He got his head stuck fix them. But when he
1 You need to get your between the railings and was putting them back
eyes tested. we had to call the fire together he got one of the
brigade. lenses mixed up with
39
another pair and gave 3 Simple is good; keeping
them back to me with one the price low means far
lens for long-sight and It was the first ever mass- more sell; good ideas
one lens for short-sight. produced chair. It used come from a competitive
In the end I had to get very few pieces of wood. environment; it takes a
them to make me up a It was radically long time to develop the
new pair. innovative in its best ideas
construction. It was easy
9 to assemble and transport. 7
It gets softer and better
1 get 2 go 3 get with age. The company radically (2) and
was sustainable and amazingly (3) mean
Answers to Grammar ‘extremely’; precisely (1)
summary exercise socially-minded.
means ‘exactly’ and
4 4 reasonably (4) means
‘fairly’, so reasonably
1 went 2 went 3 got 4 get 1 beechwood from local priced means ‘a fair
5 went 6 going 7 got 8 got forests 2 screws and glue price’.
3 by using steam to bend
10 the wood 4 by flat- 8
packing the parts so they
1 going 2 get 3 going, 1 reasonably priced (P)
take up less space 5 it
went 4 going 5 get, go 6 2 shoddily put together
softens and improves with
get, get 7 getting 8 going (Neg) 3 highly original
age 6 yes, but new ones
are expensive; cheaper (P) 4 scientifically proven
11 Suggested answers
versions can be found at (P) 5 prohibitively
looking after your furniture stores and on e- expensive (Neg) 6 greatly
baby/child, washing the Bay admired (P) 7 widely used
car, cleaning the (Neu) 8 brightly coloured
windows, taking your 5 Suggested answers (Neu) 9 beautifully
photograph, painting and crafted (P) 10 perfectly
1 paintings, sculptures 2 a adequate (Neu)
decorating, cleaning your
factory worker and a
oven, doing your
member of the royal
accounts, painting your 9
family / a judge and a
nails, buying presents for
rubbish collector 3 no one 1 shoddily put together
your family or friends,
has ever improved (on) it 2 scientifically proven
having your ironing done
4 something gushing out 3 perfectly adequate
uncontrollably, e.g. 4 greatly admired
smoke from a chimney or 5 brightly coloured
6.3 Better by design water from a drain 5 high 6 widely used 7 highly
quality, expensive pieces original
2
8 prohibitively expensive
6 Suggested answers
1F2B3E4A5D6C
40
6.4 Common sense doesn’t solve the 6 difficult / various –
problem. antepenultimate stress in
1 words of three or more
6 syllables
1 ability to think on one’s
feet = you can come up Students should tick the
11
with ideas or make following.
decisions quickly 1 Stage 1: online
Interviewers: Do you find application form and
knowledge of the sector …?; When are you (most maths and verbal
or product = familiarity productive), would you reasoning test
with the industry or say?; How would you go
product you are going to about it / …-ing? Stage 2: a short telephone
be working in interview
Candidates: I couldn’t tell
common sense = the you really …; That’s a Stage 3: a day at the
ability to make sensible tricky question.; It assessment centre
and practical decisions depends …; I suppose I’d
…; Let me have a think Stage 4: role play with a
ability to get on with … fictional client
others = having a good
relationship with other 2 Stage 1: You can find
7
people and be able to examples online.
work with them (Stressed syllables
underlined.) Stage 2: You should read
individuality / standing the business news before
out from the crowd = 1 translation / situation – the interview to have
being different / having penultimate stress in some examples of
your own ideas words ending -ion business stories. Stage 3:
Don’t panic, ask for time
2 and 3 Students’ own 2 depend / suppose – to think, and use your
answers second syllable in two- common sense.
syllable verbs
5 Suggested answers Stage 4: Imagine that it’s
3 instinct / schedule – real.
The first candidate gives a first syllable in two-
vague and slightly syllable nouns 12a
facetious answer, which is
not really appropriate. 4 productive / effective – 1 ‘What do you think of
penultimate syllable in Apple’s announcement of
The second candidate words ending -ive record profits yesterday?’
gives a more considered
answer and shows some 5 basic / specific – 2 ‘What are the strengths
common sense, which is penultimate syllable in of the company, why do
good even though she words ending -ic you think its fortunes
have changed recently,
41
and how can its problems 4 what my father would 6 I had had an argument
be put right?’ have done if he had been the week before with a
in that situation. shop assistant who
3 ‘I need time to think.’ wouldn’t give me a
5 if I was busy just then. refund.
4 ‘You will have a
meeting with the client in 6 I thought / should think
fifteen minutes.’ hard before I made such a
big decision REVIEW 3
5 ‘I’ve worked with you
before and I wasn’t 7 why I hadn’t asked for 1
entirely satisfied.’ help two days ago/before
1 office/commercial
6 ‘What guarantees can 6 2 residential/domestic
you give me that things 3 57/fifty-seven
will be different this 1 understanding ’ to 4 built/constructed
time?’ understand 2 think ’ to 5 earthquakes
think 3 to be renewed ’ 6 environmentally
renewed 4 cut my hair ’ 7 expensive
have/get my hair cut 5 is 8 prefabricated/modular
Answers to Grammar having ’ was having 6
summary exercises 9 insulated
were they arriving ’ they 10 pollution
5 were arriving
12b 2
1 if/whether I had seen
that face somewhere 1 if it was the only job I -proof = protecting
before. was applying for at against, -free = without
46
6 The, the (don’t delay) 2 quieter ’ more quietly reaches a critical point,
3 longer ’ as long 4 can the negatives start to
7 So, so (things are going the meeting start ’ the outweigh the positives:
well so far) meeting can start choice is no longer
7 liberating, it is
5 more it is difficult ’ debilitating.’ – para 2)
1 I’d sooner + object + the more difficult it is
past simple verb 2 para 1: he talks about
6 we leave ’ leave / we buying jeans; para 2: he
2 I’d rather + object + left also mentions salad
past simple verb dressing; para 3: he talks
about biscuits and college
3 prefer + -ing form 7.3 Why more is less courses
4 I’d just as soon + (not)
1 3 We should be
infinitive without to
satisficers. / We should
It means that doing less
5 I’d much rather + object make do with less, think
can have a bigger impact.
+ past simple verb about what’s really
For example, if you visit
important (‘be more
6 It’d be better + to + fewer museums, you can
judicious in what we
infinitive appreciate their contents
attach importance to’) and
better than if you visit a
realize you can’t always
We use the past simple lot. Another example
get what you want.
with would rather / would would be perfume or
sooner to say what we after-shave. If you put a Note: satisficers =
would prefer another little on, it smells nice; if /sætjsfajsYz/
person to do. you put a lot on, it can be
overpowering. 3
2 1 c (lines 6–9: … a
Answers to Grammar dizzying array of options
summary exercises 1 Sometimes, when you … The permutations are
have too many choices, so endless that you retreat
5
it’s harder to make a reeling …)
1 1 go 2 me to cook 3 not decision – and sometimes
you end up not making a 2 b (lines 22–24: The
have
decision at all. (‘The explosion in choice, he
2 1 snowboarding 2 permutations are so says, is linked to
skiing 3 spend endless that you retreat, economic progress. When
reeling, from the shop to people relied on
3 1 to call 2 did 3 to wait subsistence agriculture,
regroup and consider how
6 better to approach this the question did not arise
seemingly simple task.’ – …)
1 most ’ the most para 1. ‘… when the
number of choices
47
3 c (lines 35–38: Often something. The flu is and the likelihood that
we ignore empirical more debilitating. each option will fulfil it
evidence … in favour of
anecdotal evidence …) 4 subsistence (line 22) = 4 because Schwartz has
what is necessary to already talked about ‘the
4 a (lines 41–45: A survive. A subsistence psychological damage
maximizer is a person wage would be just that we inflict on
who wants to get every enough live on (i.e. cover ourselves if we are a
choice … absolutely living and food costs maximizer in today’s
right. The only way they only). consumer society’, so this
can do this is to make piece of advice is
sure they have all possible 5 efficacy (line 37) = how obvious.
options arrayed before efficient something is /
them …) how well it works. 7
Students’ own answers.
5 b (lines 57–58: … he take the line of least
also advises us to be more 6 plague us (line 54) = resistance (lines 46–47) =
judicious in what we something that annoys or do the easiest thing / the
attach importance to …) worries us over a period thing that causes the
of time. Students’ own fewest problems
4 answers.
be spoilt for choice (line
1 permutation (line 9) = 5 Suggested answers 52) = have a lot of choice
the number of ways of / too many choices
arranging different 1 having so many available; not know what
options. There are six different options/choices to choose because there
ways of throwing a total 2 It is debilitating is used are so many options that
of seven with two dice: 1 for stylistic reasons. It is you can choose from
and 6, 2 and 5, 3 and 4, 4 an example of
and 3, 5 and 2, 6 and 1. 1 devil 2 fence
‘grammatical parallelism’ 3 judgement 4 brainer
2 regroup (line 10) = (see Teaching tip: 5 bets 6 plunge 7 cherry
come together as a group Rhetorical devices, Unit 8 evils
to consider options 6.1, page 89), i.e. the
(though we can use it of clauses ending liberating
an individual too). The and debilitating follow
army/group would the same grammatical 7.4 Having said that ...
regroup when it has had a form (it + be + -ing
adjective); they also 2
setback and needs to
rethink. rhyme. 1 that sales of eBooks
3 the process of goal- would overtake those of
3 debilitating (line 21) = printed books
making you physically setting and decision-
weak and unable to do making: evaluating the 2 Sales of printed books
importance of each goal rose in the US by 2.4 per
48
cent last year while sales 7 Suggested answer 9
of eBooks faded.
Combined sales of books, (Discussion topic b) 1 For graph 1: the average
both digital and print, number of books read
It is generally thought that peaks in 2nd grade, then
rose. Printed books sold people these days spend
particularly strongly to decreases steadily through
too much time recording to 12th grade. For graph
teenagers and young their experiences on
adults. 2: the average number of
digital and social media, words read a year
for example, increases from 1st grade
4
photographing everything to a peak in 6th grade (for
Speaker 1: On the whole they see on a holiday and boys) and 8th grade for
eBooks are having a sending it to their friends. girls, then decreases after
positive effect on the At least, this view is that. The number of
reading habits of younger usually given of young words read increases
people as they tend to people. As a result of this, along the same trajectory
read more, but children they don’t appreciate their for boys and girls until
retain less of the experiences while they 4th grade, after which
information they read on are actually happening. girls read more than boys,
screen than on paper. What’s more, they spoil even when the number
the enjoyment of people starts to fall for both.
Speaker 2: E-readers are a with them or around them
convenience tool – good by always having their 2 Possible reasons:
for travelling but not for phone in front of their younger children read
every situation. However, face, or sticking it in front shorter picture-based
they make you read faster of other people. Broadly books, so more books
(perhaps because you can speaking, I agree with this with fewer words, while
adjust the text size to the view, but having said that, older pupils read longer
most comfortable for your there may be an argument texts, so fewer books but
eyes). for this, in that it allows more words. The number
5 for more enjoyment of the of words read may
experience afterwards. decline as students get
Students should tick the While individuals may older as they study more
following: not live the experience subjects and have to
fully in the moment, they spend more time writing
a Broadly speaking, on
are able to relive it again homework than reading.
the whole, by and large
and again with friends Perhaps girls read more
b while, whereas afterwards, which, words than boys because
arguably, provides as their leisure time includes
c but a word of caution, much enjoyment or even reading, while for boys it
Having said that more. may be more sport-
oriented.
49
11 Suggested answers 2 It means who/what The first fish he loved
really influences how and was a beautiful fish. For
Paragraph 1: Reading what we eat, i.e. the big the past fifty years, we’ve
trends of schoolchildren business players in the been fishing the seas too
in the US food and farming much so there’s nothing
Paragraph 2: Reasons for industry. left, which means that
the decline in number of fish farming is going to
3 Students’ own answers be part of our future.
books read per child
2 Fish farms are inefficient,
Paragraph 3: Areas for
concern 1d2a3e4c5b6f for example, they have a
feed conversion ratio of
12 4a fifteen to one. (That
means it takes fifteen
1 illustrate, show, 1 company /ÈkŒmpnj/,
pounds of wild fish to get
describe 2 What we environmental
you one pound of farmed
observe overall …, What /jnvajrYnÈment(Y)l/,
fish.)
is perhaps more conscience /ÈkRnƒYns/,
significant …, It is also purchased /p\ :§jst/ Dan Barber agreed to do a
worth noting that … promotional talk for the
3 while, compared to, 2 tuna /ȧu:nY, Ètu:nY/,
company which supplied
relative to 4 declines halibut /ÈhæljbYt/,
the fish he loved. So he
(decrease), rises salmon/ÈsæmYn/,
called the company for
(increase), falls away swordfish /ÈsT:(r)dfjƒ/
details. The company is
(decrease) 5 steadily, 4b Answers and famous for farming so far
sharply transcript out to sea they don’t
pollute. He also asked
‘Fish? I didn’t know what they were feeding
anything about fish. I’m the fish and got the
UNIT 8 an expert in answer ‘sustainable
relationships.’ And then protein’.
1
he’s off, 1launching into
1 He cares about food and more talk about 2rare He didn’t know what this
cooking, knowing where birds and 3algaes and meant so he asked around
strange aquatic plants. the company, and no one
the food you eat comes And don’t get me 4wrong, knew apart from the head
from, sustainable cooking I was really 5fascinated, biologist. It turned out
and farming, you know, … that the farm was actually
environmental feeding the fish 30%
responsibility. He’s won chicken. Dan Barber then
an award for America’s fell out of love with the
Most Outstanding Chef 8.1 How I fell in love
fish because he said it
and has written on US with a fish
tasted like chicken from
agricultural policies. 1 Suggested answer then on.
50
2 3 How can we feed more 8 Possible answers
people more cheaply?
1 southern Spain 4 we are eroding our 1 … finding sustainable
2 overcooked natural resources 5 poor ways of feeding the
3 (shimmering) white quality growing population. /
4 delicious studying hard for your
5 beef/cattle farm exams. / keeping an eye
6
6 drained it on elderly neighbours.
7 it didn’t work 1c2b3a4b5c6a
2 … they had a cash flow
8 reversed the flow of
7 Answers and transcript problem. / their creditors
water / flooded the canals
demanded immediate
9 rich marshland 1 No one could give me a payment. / it became
10 worked in the Mikumi straight answer until, cheaper to import the
National Park in Africa / finally, I got on the phone products they produced.
worked in Africa with the head biologist.
11 relationships 3 … her best friend. / a
2 They reversed the flow totally unsuitable partner.
3 of water. They literally / someone much older
flipped the switch. than me.
1 He pointed at the algae.
3 You stare out at a 4 … go to a fast-food
2 He said that it’s such a
horizon that is a million restaurant. / eat meat. / eat
rich system that the fish
miles away, and all you Grandma’s undercooked
are eating what they’d be
see are flooded canals … chicken again!
eating in the wild. / There
is no feed. 4 And don’t get me
9
wrong, I was really
3 He showed Barber the
fascinated, you know, the 1 He uses the evidence of
flamingos – highlighting
biotic community fifteen to one here, i.e.
how pink they were.
unplugged, kind of thing. that it takes fifteen
4 He shook his head and pounds of wild fish to get
5 I said, ‘Miguel, isn’t a one pound of farmed fish.
said that they farm
thriving bird population He also mentions that
extensively, not
like the last thing you they pollute, but doesn’t
intensively.
want on a fish farm? provide evidence.
4
6 He shook his head. 2 He starts by talking
1 feed 2 predators 3 brood ‘No,’ he said … about the sustainable fish
4 bird 5 impurities 6 farm off the coast from
7 A drop in the ocean, I
healthy 7 purification which he got the first fish
know, but I’ll take it, and
so should you … he fell in love with. He
5
says he wanted to support
1 realistic 2 food is 8 One billion people will it.
distributed unequally go hungry today.
51
3 He gives examples of a point/question; he 2
farmers’ markets, small sometimes uses pauses
family farms, local food, for dramatic effect, and in Conversation 1: 1 can’t /
organic food. order to allow the isn’t able to go
audience to laugh. He 2 might/may/could have
4 He says that one billion slows down when giving 3 would be 4 should /
people in the world will facts and figures. ought to take 5 can/could
go hungry today, but we come
produce enough calories
to feed everyone. Conversation 2: 1 won’t
8.2 Mind what you eat accept 2
10 may/might/could/must be
3
1 Patricia questioned the trying 3 should have read
evidence about the farm a 1 will have to, should 4 can/could/might happen
acting as a water 2 don’t have to 3 need to
4 needn’t have 5 could Conversation 3: 1 can’t
purification system. have forgotten 2 could
have, be able to 6 must
2 Mikael questioned 7 could have she forget / have forgotten
whether there was enough 3 had/needed to stop
land available to practise b must and can don’t have 4 ’ll/should be
extensive food farming. a future or infinitive form,
e.g. will must, to can, so Conversation 4: 1 must /
11 Suggested answers we use a ‘phrasal modal’ should / have to / need to
(have to, be able to) eat 2 shouldn’t/needn’t
Dangers: if you speak too instead. have done
quickly, the audience may
not be able to keep up and 3
you may come across as 1 should (would) 2 may
nervous. If you speak too Answers to Grammar
summary exercises (could) 3 wouldn’t 4 can
slowly, the audience 5 could 6 needn’t
might get bored and/or 1 (shouldn’t)
think you are patronizing
them. 1 couldn’t have been 4
2 won’t do 3 should have
Pace can be used to good scored 4 You must be 1 should ’ would 2 don’t
effect to ‘dramatize’, to 5 may well be forced have to ’
allow time for ideas to be 6 You don’t have to mustn’t/shouldn’t 3 must
digested, to signal that a 7 should 8 needed to get to ’ must 4 won’t can ’
new point is about to be 9 should have known won’t be able to / can’t
given, etc. 10 didn’t need to bring 5 needn’t have gone ’
11 can appreciate didn’t need to go 6 had ’
13
12 I would prefer have
He uses pauses to give the
audience time to consider
52
4 6 8 Suggested answers
53
says Yes, you might as with meat from horses, 1
well give it a try. not cows.
1 possible to continue for
7 You spent a lot of B Food items usually a long time (= I can’t
money getting tickets for made with milk, e.g. continue with that
a musical for your yogurt, are often classed schedule for a long time.)
brother’s/sister’s birthday, low fat if they’re made
only to discover they with skimmed milk, as 2 environmentally
went to see it a few weeks this is considered friendly (= office paper
ago. You say I needn’t healthier than full fat which doesn’t harm the
have bothered. milk. However, these environment / exhaust
products often contain natural resources is from
8 You have had an more sugar, which in a sustainable source, i.e.
interview for a job that itself may be unhealthy. one which can be
you really want, but you replaced)
feel the interview didn’t C Foods such as potatoes,
go well. A friend is trying rice, grains are likely to 2
to cheer you up and says double in price by 2030, a3b2c1
that you’re probably just causing problems in areas
being over-critical and it where poorer people rely 3
will all be fine. You say I on the staple foods.
1 a (Green energy is
wouldn’t bet on it.
D Insects could be a new almost always more
9 A person on the train foodstuff but people don’t expensive. Buying from
sitting next to you starts a like the idea of eating fair-trade certified
conversation by saying them, which is preventing suppliers significantly
Looks like rain later the possible new trend. increases costs.)
today. You reply with
E Nicotine (in cigarettes) 2 b (Companies shouldn’t
You may well be right.
is highly addictive, i.e. be asking ‘How can we
10 Your sister calls you to once people start using it, make more profit from
say that her daughter has it’s very difficult to stop, parading our sustainable
been invited to audition but sugar could be even credentials?’)
for a film. Your niece was more addictive.
3 b (But there is another
a talented actor at school
F Nearly half the sense that has gained
so you say I can well
population are eating too traction … Often these
believe it.
much without even being two definitions get mixed
9 aware of it. together or blurred, which
is not necessarily a bad
1 2 Students’ own answers thing.)
A The cheap beefburger 4 c (A good example [of
ranges found in shops are the two definitions] is the
actually made mainly 8.3 A contradiction in
Same Café in Denver …
terms
54
fits the original definition 3 workable (thinkable = 3
of ‘sustainable’, but its can be thought of, doable
real aim – to build a = can be done) Speaker 1: conservative
healthy community – attitude; he mentions
goes beyond that.) 4 credible (defensible = seafood, herbs, wild
can be defended, mushrooms and olive oil
5 b (… you still have to acceptable = accepted by
use electricity to produce many) Speaker 2: quite
them. And if you take adventurous – ‘happy to
your business 5 agreeable (reasonable = give most things a go’; he
international, you’re sensible, persuadable mentions a sheep’s
going to have to ship the would be expressed as stomach stuffed with
toys by road and air. It’s ‘persuaded of’) goat’s curds and animals’
never straightforward.) intestines
6 doable (or manageable)
6 a (That waste, albeit (tenable relates more to Speaker 3: adventurous –
organic, would otherwise ideas) prefers to ‘try things out
have been thrown into the that I haven’t sampled
7 achievable (quantifiable before’; she mentions
bin and not put to any = can be
good use at all. Small Chinese takeaways and
counted/quantified) avocado ice cream
acts, as they say, can
change the world.) 8 irreversible
4
(irretrievable is used of
4 situations, inevitable = 1 used to eating,
1 conflict with / go cannot be avoided) experiment with 2 give, a
against 2 are sensitive to / go, uneasy 3 try out, ’m
9 insignificant used
are aware of 3 what they (measurable = can be
do to take the measured, manageable = 5
environment into account can be managed)
4 publically showing how The following sounds are
environmentally friendly elided:
they are 5 has become
8.4 I’ll try anything once 1 used to 2 most things
more widespread 6 is
3 ask before 4 understand
more than [that] / adds to 1 people 5 good quality
[that] 7 don’t
misunderstand me 8 even Warhol liked traditional
9
though it is organic and simple American
food such as hot dogs and The writer uses a system
5 cookies; today’s ‘foodies’ of numbering the key
are more adventurous, points, but also putting
2 inevitable (foreseeable
always looking for bold headings.
= can be predicted,
something different.
unalterable = can’t be
changed)
55
10a 3 F (WD stands for Water 1 sardines 2 cake 3 cheese
Displacement.) 4 bacon 5 salt 6 potato
3 The sentence would 7 nut 8 plate 9 butter
need completely 4 T (Some of the 10 grapes
rewriting: Traditional company’s employees
English beer, which then took the product and 3
generally comes in used it for general,
measures of a pint or half domestic purposes …) 1 the better you can focus
a pint, is served … on each one
5 T ( … to develop sales
4 as food from the Indian through word of mouth 2 I would much rather
sub-continent is Britain’s recommendation. They have a bigger range
most popular foreign give out free samples so 3 The more products you
cuisine people can test it out and have, the more choice
see how effective it is, there is for customers.
5 which people usually and then tell their
call ‘dinner’, but which friends.) 4 A company is far less
may also be called ‘tea’ likely to go out of
or ‘supper’ 6 T (But there are lots of business
others users who buy it
6 as the latter is regularly and in large 5 they would just as soon
considered (to be) quantities – like garage stick to what they know
particularly off-putting mechanics, tradesmen of
6 your product is the best
10b various types:
of its kind available
electricians, builders …)
1 usually consisting 4
2 After having finished / 7 F (It’s pretty dangerous
After finishing 3 this to put all your eggs in one 1 have/need
being 4 found 5 being basket.) 2 must/should
relatively abundant 3 would
8 T ( … they’re
6 formerly having been 4 may/could/might
constantly looking to
5 will / should / ought to
prevent any potential bad
6 have/need
publicity.)
7 can’t
REVIEW 4
2 8should/would/could/
1 might/may
put all your eggs in one
1 F (Its main markets are basket = to rely on one 5
the USA and UK.) thing/product/person
2h3a4b5g6e7d8f
rather than spreading risk
2 F ( … it was originally
developed as a lubricant 6
go pear-shaped = go
…) wrong 1 devil 2 spoilt 3 brainer
4 judgement 5 bets 6
plunge
56
7 Suggested answers illustrates the average living. 2 parodies, tributes
time taken how long it and reply videos
1 It’s difficult to find takes people on average
truly single-product to purchase for a pair of 3 Students’ own answers
companies, but a couple jeans. (but see Background
that haven’t diversified information)
very much are Tempur, We can see from the
who make mattresses and graphs diagrams/data that 2
pillows, and have moved while people take on 1d2e3b4f5a6c
into bed design; and average six days to make
Gorilla Glue, who make a a purchasing decision on 3b
strong type of glue, but a washing machine, they
An entire remix
they have also produced take only twenty minutes 1
community 2sprouted up
DIY guides, based on to make a purchasing
that 3brought it from
using the glue. decision on do the same
being just a stupid joke to
with / do so with a pair of
2 An obvious example of something that we can
jeans. We can also see 4
a successful company that all actually be a 5part of.
notice/observe that the
has diversified hugely is time taken by men is on
Amazon, starting from average shorter than the
selling books online, but time that taken by 9.1 Why videos go viral
now selling just about women. So the graphs
everything online. 1
clearly illustrate indicate
3 Students’ own answers that people take longer 1 Bear Vasquez: the video
choosing some products is a fairly static view of a
9 than other products double rainbow in the
others, but perhaps sky, with Bear Vasquez’s
1 Dear 2 do 3 will
another conclusion we voice in the background
4 in/within 5 will/should
can draw is that people exclaiming and laughing.
6 on 7 let 8 Yours
take longer choosing It was viewed 23 million
8 Suggested answer spend more time when times in 2010.
selecting / do so with a
The two graphs illustrate high-priced item 2 Rebecca Black: the
the average time taken by compared to a low-priced video shows a group of
customers, men and item one. five young people in a car
women, to make singing the song It’s
purchasing decisions with Friday. Nearly 200
different products. The million views this year.
UNIT 9
first graph illustrates
3 Nyan cat: a looped
shows the average time 1
animation of a cat moving
taken to purchase buy a
1 Because he watches against a coloured
washing machine and the
YouTube videos for a background. Nearly fifty
second graph one
million views this year.
57
4 Casey Niestat: Casey 5 A tastemaker, Jimmy 3 But he didn’t actually
cycling along talking to Kimmel, posted a tweet to set out to make a viral
camera, protesting about a friend saying it was video, Bear. He just
being fined for not possibly the funniest wanted to share a
keeping to the cycle lane, video he’d seen, which rainbow.
when the cycle lane has propelled the video to go
obstacles. He then viral / brought it to a 4 But what’s important is
proceeds to crash into larger audience. that an individual or a
several obstacles falling group of tastemakers took
off his bike each time. 4 a point of view …
Five million views. 1 tastemakers 2 parodies 5 An entire remix
3 three-hour 4 creative community sprouted up
2
that brought it from being
1 c Bear Vasquez: sharing 5 just a stupid joke to
a personal moment 2 a 1 uniqueness and something that we can all
Rebecca Black: unexpectedness 2 a fine actually be a part of.
commercial for riding his bicycle out 6 In a world where over
3 b Nyan Cat: of the bicycle lane 3 two days of video get
entertainment surprise, humour 4 No uploaded every minute,
one has to green-light only that which is truly
4 d Casey Niestat: social your idea. You put it out unique and unexpected
or political commentary there and the audience can stand out in the way
decides. 5 we feel some that these things have.
3 ownership in it
1 He says that we all want 7 I mean, as mentioned
6 earlier, one of the biggest
to be stars (celebrities,
singers, comedians). 1a2c3b4b5c6a stars in the world right
now, Justin Bieber, got
2 Over 48 hours of video 7 his start on YouTube.
was being uploaded to
YouTube every minute, 1 … only a tiny 8 And these are not
but only a tiny percentage percentage ever goes viral characteristics of old
goes viral. and gets tons of views media, and they’re barely
and becomes a cultural true of the media of today
3 tastemakers, moment. …
communities of
participation and 2 Jimmy Kimmel posted 8 Possible answers
unexpectedness this tweet that would
eventually propel the 1 … a lot of really normal
4 Yosemite Mountain video to be as popular as people write software. / in
Bear it had become. fact, software developers
are often really sociable
people.
58
2 … adverts / shopping Allocca is just clarifying that it helps consumers
opportunities / very exactly what he means by and has transformed
strange websites … ‘goes viral’. He also communications.
exemplifies what he
3 Students’ own answers means by stars b Most of what he says
(celebrities, singers, supports the information
9 Suggested answers in the infographic, but he
comedians), but again,
1 He assumed that they this is clarifying rather suggests that the figures
would all be interested in than repeating. about job creation aren’t
both watching videos on correct.
the Internet but also in 9.2 Completely lost
without it 4
putting videos on it
themselves. a gradable adjectives:
1
limited, modest, prone,
2 Students’ own answers Students’ own answers, new, integrated;
10 but the most likely ungradable adjectives:
answers are that the unequal, certain
Jean-Philippe seems not Internet is good for
to confirm the society in that it makes b extremely, very,
assumptions as his use of communication easier and completely, absolutely,
the term vacuous about faster, it makes deeply
the Nyan cat video knowledge easily c fairly, rather
suggests he isn’t available to everyone and
interested in YouTube it allows everyone a say d quite qualifies another
videos. Estelle confirms in their society. It is bad adverb in 8, an adverb of
the assumptions and for society in that it tends frequency (often) and
Marco does to a certain to be an isolating factor, totally qualifies a verb in
extent, although he i.e. people spend more sentence 9.
suggests that he’s cynical time at home online, and
about the motivations of e extremely, very and
it might encourage crime.
the tastemakers. completely are
3 interchangeable; rather
13 Suggested answers and fairly are
1 unequal 2 modest interchangeable (also with
He does keep to the point 3 losses 4 deals quite in one of its
and there is little 5 transformed meanings)
repetition at all in this
short section of the talk. a The commentator is Answers to Grammar
Students may mention fairly neutral: much of summary exercises
some repetition by what he mentions is
paraphrase, e.g. goes viral negative, such as job 1
and gets tons of views and losses caused by the
1 U 2 G 3 G 4 B* 5 U 6 G
becomes a cultural Internet, but he does
7 B 8 G 9 G 10 U 11 U
moment, but here Kevin finish on the positive note
59
12 B 13 G 14 G 2 The meaning is Answers to Grammar
different: in a) quite summary exercises
* original has two means ‘absolutely’ but in
meanings: unique, where b) it has the meaning of 4
it is ungradable, and ‘fairly’.
fresh, new, where it is 1 astronomically /
gradable. 3 The meaning is ridiculously, heavily
different: in a) simply 2 well, ridiculously
2 means ‘absolutely’ but in 3 greatly, strictly 4 widely
1 1 quite 2 very 3 pretty 4 b) simply refers to the (believed), vitally
reasonably 5 really style, i.e. ‘designed in a 5 bitterly 6 highly,
simple way’. distinctly
2 1 completely 2 really 3
rather 4 extremely 4 The meaning is the
same but rather in a) 5
3 1 a bit 2 incredibly 3 means ‘fairly’ but in b) it
absolutely 4 fairly has the meaning of ‘very’, 1 absolutely ’
i.e. to a large degree, and very/really/utterly/totally/
4 1 really 2 fairly 3 rather extremely
is understating. (It could
4 absolutely 5 utterly
also be introducing a
2 have quite ’ haven’t
3 surprising fact.)
quite / have almost
Students should cross out: 5 The meaning is the (nearly)
same. Note that dead is
1 incredibly 2 quite 3 very ’ really / (an)
ungradable, whereas
3 absolutely 4 extremely absolutely 4 a quite ’
booked is gradable (i.e.
5 somewhat 6 fairly quite a / a fairly
the restaurant can be
7 entirely 8 really (rather/very) 5 like really
partially booked).
’ really like / like & a
5 Suggested answers 6 The meaning is lot 6 totally ’
different: in a) badly really/extremely
1 quite/somewhat (though
quite is the only possible means ‘very’, ‘a lot’ but
8
option for 8) 2 incredibly in b) it refers to the
3 absolutely 4 totally/quite writing, i.e. written in a 1 desperately 2 severely
5 entirely 6 virtually bad way. 3 fully 4 readily 5 highly
7 utterly 8 quite 6 painfully 7 distinctly
7
6 8 deeply 9 extraordinarily
1 wildly 2 widely 10 sincerely
1 The meaning is the
same but absolutely is 9.3 Same old
stronger than very, so it is
a difference of degree. 1
If you find the title of the 3 He’s not content with 5 The company is keen
book off-putting, you performing well; he wants that employees should
might be even more to win. (The preposition have had experience in
sceptical to read about with already has a fairly the voluntary sector.
reading the contents weak vowel sound – /j/ –
when you see chapter so it isn’t reduced any
headings like ‘Six ways to further.)
66
7 She was adamant about 5 problems, e.g. AIDS,
being included in the energy crisis
meeting. 1 in doing ’ at doing
2 of to go ’ of going (or Generation Y: strong and
8 They were surprised to just ‘to go’) 3 to smoke sustained economic
be asked / at being asked ’ smoking 4 to be lazy growth, development of
to pay for food that they ’ of being lazy 5 to learn the Internet and digital
hadn’t eaten. ’ in learning 6 visiting technologies
’ to visit
9 I was delighted b Family life
with/at/by their decision
to co-operate with us on Baby boomers: stable
the project. 10.3 What generations family backgrounds, stay-
want at-home mums
10 I feel ashamed about /
at having to ask you to 2 Suggested answers Generation X: smaller
contribute more when you families, children spent
1 They have to manage less time with their
have already given so and motivate the
much. parents
workforce of the present
and prepare the ground Generation Y: more
Answers to Grammar
for the workforce of the consultative approach to
summary exercises
future. parenting
4
2 Students’ own answers c Working habits
1 She felt certain that she
would win / she was 3 Baby boomers: long
going to win. hours, aimed to be experts
There seem to be few in their field, ambitious
2 I was unaware that they similarities between the
were uncomfortable with generations. Perhaps the Generation X: emphasis
the idea. Baby boomers and on career education, more
3 He was convinced that Generation Y are both focused on hard work and
he was in the right. less interested in money earning money
4 I’m angry that they than Generation X.
wasted so much of my Generation Y: more
time. a Characteristics of the balanced than their
5 Her parents were age parents, success often
delighted that they had measured on a smaller
Baby boomers: social and scale
finally met her fiancé,
economic change, youth
Adriano.
was celebrated, d Attitude to life in
6 People are amazed that
questioned authority general
he rose to fame so
rapidly/quickly / his rise Generation X: ‘lost Baby boomers:
to fame was so rapid. generation’, world was conservative attitudes,
less certain, more global
67
self-exploration and 2 Self-exploration and 10.4 How did you get
personal growth personal growth: on?
exploring your spirituality
Generation X: not as and striving for personal 2
happy-go-lucky as baby- fulfilment and happiness,
boomers, peer pressure to 1 She put in a speculative
which could be indicated application, i.e. she sent
conform by rising divorce rates her CV to the company.
Generation Y: more (not staying in unhappy
outward-looking, believe relationships) and visiting 2 She has first-hand
in negotiation and counsellors. experience to develop
collaboration; high designs, i.e. she uses her
3 A (more) pragmatic own experience to
expectations and often approach to life:
demand instant develop things elderly
accepting the inevitable, people need.
gratification; expect the e.g. making the most of a
companies they work for job that comes their way 3 Students’ own answers,
and the projects they as long as it pays good but they may suggest
work on to be ethical, money, rather than endings such as ‘… you
socially inclusive following their ideals. work and do things only
because you want to / you
4 4 Everything is available can take chances because
1 strives (for) (line 1) on demand: being able to it doesn’t matter if you
2 norms (line 2) 3 with go shopping 24/7 online, get it wrong / everyone
some justification (line being able to watch TV respects your experience.
17) 4 came to the fore programmes when they
(line 27) 5 happy-go- want rather than as 3
lucky (line 31) 6 peer timetabled.
Speaker 1 had some
pressure (lines 32–33) 5 Issues in and outside the success. She enquired
7 on demand (line 38) home: problems at school about a part-time job (as a
8 downside (line 43) 9 put and issues of discipline in greeter at Asda), got an
a premium on (lines 45– the home, for example. interview on the spot and
46) 10 like-minded (line is waiting to hear, but
48) 6 Contribution to the thinks she’ll get the job.
community: working for a
5 Suggested answers company that provides a Speaker 2 didn’t have any
room for community use; success. He enquired at a
1 Conservative attitudes: volunteering in the few temp agencies but
in relation to the family community, e.g. helping drew a blank.
this might be that the elderly people.
husband goes out to work 4
while the wife stays at 7
Did you have any luck?
home and looks after the
1b2d3d4a5c6d7a (You know what? I did.)
children.
8 e 9 c 10 b
68
How did it go? (It all 2 Breakdown of is not taken from the
seemed to go pretty figures/data/findings donors.
smoothly.)
3 Summary of initial 3 They benefit from
Did you get anywhere findings and possible personal satisfaction, i.e.
with Hayley Hire? (Not causes; addressing the the knowledge that they
really – they took my first research point of age have backed something
details and asked me to of employees worthwhile, and they may
call in again next week.) also benefit in some more
4 More detail about the concrete and commercial
How did you get on with findings; addressing the way.
the job hunt today? (I second research point of
rang quite a few temp positions held by age 4 They take a five per
agencies, but I drew a group cent fee on the total
blank there.) amount of money raised.
5 Acknowledgements /
Did you manage to thanks 5 They depend on trust,
discuss the details with but if they suspect people
them: pay and hours and 10a are dishonest, they can
stuff? (They said the a in progress b on behalf suspend a project.
starting salary was £8.50 of c in line with d at the
an hour, but it could rise 6 They get their funding
time of writing e in if successful and also
over time.) relation to f in acquire a loyal
comparison with g at the community of followers.
5a
request of h to some
1 /djY/, /jesT:l/ 2 /djt/, extent i subject to 2
/jkŠdY/ 3 /djY/,
/kŠdYnfajnd/ 10b get off the ground =
become a reality, start
1 on behalf of, subject to
8
2 to some extent, In line 1 to a flying start 2 on the
In comparison with the with / In comparison ground 3 up in the air 4
rest of the insurance with (with slightly by the seat 5 in the face 6
sector, AFT has a different meanings) 3 At with flying colours 7 by-
relatively young the time of, in progress night 8 to earth
workforce. This may be a
side-effect of a high 3
turnover of staff, or it REVIEW 5 1 pretty 2 fairly
may have other causes. It 3 extremely 4 quite
isn’t policy. 1 5 totally 6 really 7 deeply
1 members of the public 8 incredibly 9 utterly
9
10 immensely
1 Introduction 2 The funds are not
collected, i.e. the money 4
69
1 with/by getting 2 to the actions will actually how to browse. So I said,
draw 3 to proofread, save you money. I have “Well, 1that’s impossible,
2
getting 4 receiving, of advised many local because, you know –
3
hearing, with new and companies, some big and How is it 4possible?
interesting information some small, and there are They 5don’t know
5 in doing, in testimonials of my work anything.”’
competitions 6 for getting on this link. One thing
you will find is that Suggested rewriting: So I
5 companies not only feel said: ‘That’s impossible,
better about themselves because there is no way
1 thrown 2 heart 3 blown that it could be possible,’
(missed possible but not when they start being
more considerate of the / ‘It can’t be possible
covered in Unit 10) 4 it 5 because they don’t know
up 6 on 7 ambition 8 environment, they also
improve their reputation anything.’
dropped
with their customers. I get
6 huge satisfaction from my
job, helping people and 11.1 Build a school in
1 blog 2 podcast 3 selfie 4
raising awareness about the cloud
meme 5 troll 6 browse
environmental issues too.
1
9 Suggested answer
1 It came about from the
I worked at Northampton British Empire, when
UNIT 11
County Council, where I people were educated to
was Environmental 1 Suggested answers the same standard to
Officer, which I left to set become administrative
up my own consultancy 1 The children in the
slums of New Delhi had clerks.
business, advising local
companies on ways to no experience of using 2 They created a global
reduce their computers. computer made up of
environmental impact. I 2 a prompting question, a people, called the
started the business with a little encouragement and bureaucratic
friend, using a computer administrative machine.
crowdfunding, and it’s
been a great success. 3 Students’ own answers 3 They needed to have
Everyone wants to do good handwriting, to be
their bit for the 2 able to read and to be able
environment. Although to do multiplication,
1c2e3b4d5a6f division, addition and
you probably don’t
realize it, there are lots of 3b subtraction in their head.
simple actions which can 4 robust
‘About eight hours later,
make a real difference,
we found them browsing 5 They aren’t needed
and they needn’t cost you
and teaching each other because the ‘machine’ no
a fortune. In fact a lot of
70
longer exists (the Empire language will reach the 4 future, wonder
is gone). same standard as an office
secretary in the West. 7
6 They need to be able to
read. 1a2c3c4b5a6a
4
75
d a trainee GP – the details, the final UNIT 12
advantages: will be very section provides the
careful, i.e. looking things closing sentence and sign- 1 Suggested answers
up and spending time off. 1 Jugaad means finding
with patients; risks: could solutions to problems
miss symptoms of a Register: the register of
the letter is fairly formal, using limited resources.
serious illness
shown by the opening and 2 It means that the
e a sales assistant in a closing greetings; the use practice of frugal
department store – of I look forward to in the innovation, using limited
advantages: would closing sentence (rather resources to find
probably be very natural than just Looking forward solutions, is necessary in
with customers, would to); the use of participle developing countries /
learn very quickly; risks: clauses; the distancing emerging economies: they
not many, may not know use of the modals could, have few resources, but
prices or where things are might and would; the lack want the same things as
and lose a sale or two of contractions western nations, so they
throughout and some of have to practise Jugaad.
8 the lexis, e.g. represent,
Format: sender’s address initiatives. 3 Students’ own answers
top right (or often centre (but see Background
9a information)
if a letterhead), recipient’s
address to the left of the 1 After seeing your recent 2
page under the sender’s talk … (participle clause
address, date of sending of time) 1d2f3b4a5c6e
underneath recipient’s
2 With so many larger 3a
address. The letter should
start with Dear + name companies raising their
The discourse markers are
(or Dear Sir/Madam if the profiles … (participle
For me (introduces an
name is unknown) and clause of reason)
opinion), and In other
end with Yours sincerely 3 … by learning more words (introduces an
(or Yours faithfully when about their experiences … explanation).
the recipient’s name is not
known). (participle clause of 3b Answers and
means) transcript
Structure: the first
paragraph introduces the 9b 1 idea = an example to
letter and gives a reason support the idea of getting
1 Without knowing your value from limited
for writing at this time,
area of expertise … resources and finding
the second paragraph
2 On arriving, ... creative ways to reuse
presents the
3 By signing the form, … what you already have
request/invitation, the
4 … before meeting.
third paragraph provides
76
words = Take Mansukh have to ‘go within by 30% and radiation
Prajapati, a potter in themselves’. dosage by up to 60%. It
India. He has created a was intended for China
fridge made entirely of 4 They ‘magically’ but is now also selling in
clay that consumes no transform adversity into the US and Europe.
electricity. opportunity, i.e. they turn
something of less value 5
2 idea = a contradiction, into something of high
i.e. he will say what the value. 1 coming together 2 jams
building actually is 3 Japan 4 cameras 5 SMS
5 It creates more messages 6 twenty
words = It’s a small economic and social
manufacturing plant set value, using fewer 6
up by Grameen Danone. resources. It’s ‘the art of Principles
doing more with less.’ 1 Keep it simple. 2 Do
12.1 Creative problem-
not reinvent the wheel.
solving in the face of 3
extreme limits 3 Think and act
1 cities 2 qualified
3 villages 4 senior horizontally.
1
5 resources 6 complex Meanings
1 India: a fridge made of 7 more 8 money 9 water
clay, it doesn’t consume 1 This means that it is
10 needs unnecessary to complicate
any electricity
things just to make
2 Africa: a cell phone 4 something bigger and
battery recharger, Grameen Danone factory: better than other products.
powered by a bicycle joint venture to make (Don’t create solutions to
high-quality yogurt in impress customers. Make
3 Peru: an advertising them easy enough to use
billboard, absorbs air Bangladesh, 10% the size
of existing Danone and widely accessible.)
humidity and converts it
into purified water factories, cost much less 2 This means that you
to build, relies on manual should look at what’s
2 processes to generate available and re-use
jobs. Danone are planning whatever ideas are useful.
1 Many of them didn’t go
to roll it out in other parts (Try to leverage existing
to school, and they don’t
of the world as well. resources and assets that
invent things in big R&D
labs; the street is their lab. Siemens CT scanner: can are widely available …)
be used by less qualified 3 This means that it’s
2 capital, energy,
health workers, scans better to have lots of
healthcare and education
more patients every day smaller operations than
3 They have to rely on than other scanners, one large one, e.g. several
human ingenuity; they consumes less energy, distribution centres rather
reduces cost of treatment than one huge one. (… if
77
you want to be agile and 3 In other words, they 10 Suggested answer
deal with immense mastered the art of doing
customer diversity, you more with less, which is Frugal innovation is a
need to scale out the essence of frugal term to describe how to
horizontally using a innovation. solve problems using
distributed supply chain limited resources. It is
with smaller 4 China desperately highly relevant for the
manufacturing and needs these frugal developing – and
distribution units …) medical solutions because increasingly the
by 2050 it will be home to developed – world where
7 over a half billion senior we need to find creative
citizens. ways to provide low-cost
1c2a3b4c5b6b7a solutions.
8c 5 Frugal innovation is
diametrically opposed to 11
Note that 1 out of thin air the way we innovate in
usually means ‘from the North. Steve: We need frugal
nothing’, but here could innovation so that we can
also mean ‘with limited 6 This device can scan optimize our limited
resources’. more patients on a daily resources.
basis, and yet consumes
Alchemists (2) were less energy. Erin: … we should be
people through the ages focusing our ingenuity on
up to eighteenth century 7 The question is, how do how to deal best with
who tried to produce gold you go about adopting people’s basic needs and
from ordinary metals. frugal innovation? problems.
Alchemy only started to
decline with the advance 8 The South pioneered Qasim: Learn to do more
of modern science. frugal innovation out of with less …
sheer necessity.
8 Answers and transcript 13
9 Possible answers
1 Let’s go to Lima in The three types of
Peru, a region with high 1 … two or three changes examples are: real-life
humidity and receives of clothes. / one small examples of the theory in
only one inch of rainfall rucksack. / a change of action, stories or
each year. clothes and my laptop. anecdotes from your own
experience and the
2 An engineering college 2 The newest iPhones / testimony of other people.
in Lima designed a giant Electric bikes /
advertising billboard that Scandinavian jumpers … testimony means
absorbs air humidity and ‘evidence’ or something
3 … simplicity. / that it spoken/written that
converts it into purified fulfils a need. / that it’s
water. someone else has said to
accessible to all. be true.
78
14 to the number of patent daily basis 6 barely,
applications. straight
1 It’s a real-life example
of an idea in action. 3 2
1 4 He looked at me
2 It could be that inquisitively.
It could be copied and innovators in Korea
sold by someone else. pursue projects only 5 I thought the idea was
when they ... (at this quite preposterous.
2 If a patent is pending, it
time), It could be that
means an application for a 6 They made the case
only innovators in Korea
patent has been made to passionately for a new
pursue projects ... (no one
the patent office, but the organization. / They made
else). Note that only is an
licence hasn’t been the case for a new
example of a focus
granted yet. If a patent is organization passionately.
adverb, i.e. one that can
granted, it means that the
change position in the 7 I sometimes wonder if it
licence is given to the
clause to change was the right decision. /
applicant and they can
meaning; we can position Sometimes, I wonder if it
make and sell the product.
these adverbs in front of was the right decision.
2 the element they qualify.
8 I completely understand
1 first is Japan, followed 3 manner, place, time your concerns. / I
by the USA understand your concerns
Answers to Grammar
completely.
2 most productive is summary exercises
South Korea, followed by 3
1
Japan
1 Frankly, I don’t think
1 beautifully, incredibly 2
3 South Korea: because the plan will work very
hardly 3 in a friendly
they grant the most well.
manner/way 4 late, very
patents and spend the
hard 5 well, daily / on a
least on research relative
79
2 They have just rented 4 8 It’s probably not the
an apartment in New right time to ask.
York for the summer. / 1 They even have fresh
They have rented an coffee. 5
apartment in New York 2 I only found out 1 I often get my best ideas
just for the summer. yesterday. / I found out in the shower in the
3 I am regularly asked only yesterday. morning.
that question at meetings. 3 He is old enough to 2 She doesn’t usually give
4 He casually mentioned look after himself. interviews. However, on
it to me in the canteen last this occasion she was
4 It was extraordinarily persuaded to.
week. / He mentioned it kind of her.
to me casually in the 3 He’s clearly already
canteen last week. / He 5 The warning is clearly made up his mind to work
mentioned it casually to stated on the label. / The on the idea with only a
me in the canteen last warning is stated clearly few of his closest friends.
week. on the label. / Clearly, he’s already
5 His appointment was 4 made up his mind to work
officially announced in on the idea with only a
1 I will hopefully go there few of his closest friends.
the newspapers yesterday.
tomorrow. / Hopefully, I (… with a few of his
/ announced officially
will go there tomorrow. closest friends only.)
6 Apparently, they
2 I don’t even like new 4 He still remembers his
completely refurbished
gadgets. early days as a young
their house last year. /
They completely research scientist at Bath
3 He finally agreed to
refurbished their house University fondly. / He
manufacture the product. /
last year, apparently. / still fondly remembers his
Finally, he agreed to
They refurbished their early days as a young
manufacture the product.
house completely … research scientist at Bath
4 She is seldom without a University.
7 Unfortunately, I camera. / Seldom is she
probably won’t be home 5 She’s a highly talented
without a camera.
in time for dinner tonight. inventor who never refers
/ I probably won’t be 5 I saw them in London in to her achievements
home in time for dinner July. boastfully. / She’s a
tonight, unfortunately. highly talented inventor
6 I clearly need to who never boastfully
8 We’re working hard on practise more. / Clearly, I refers to her
the new business at the need to practise more. achievements.
moment. / At the moment,
7 He’s just told me the 6 They officially
we’re working hard on
news. launched their new
the new business.
80
invention at the Berlin 5 Meanwhile strong ’ not strong
Expo last summer. / They enough 5 We will go
launched their new 7 there hopefully tomorrow
invention officially at the 1 Consequently – In view ’ Hopefully, we will go
Berlin Expo last summer. of this / Hence 2 Besides there tomorrow. / We will
– In any case 3 Rather – go there tomorrow,
7 Can I (just) show you hopefully. / We will
my new phone quickly? Instead 4 Accordingly –
In view of this / Hence hopefully go there
Unfortunately, it (just) tomorrow. 6 In the whole
doesn’t seem to be 5 Conversely – By direct
contrast 6 Thereafter – ’ On the whole
working properly. / It
(just) doesn’t seem to be Subsequently
10 Suggested answers
working properly, 8
unfortunately. Speed bump warning
1 To his 2 In her 3 By 4 system: the car probably
8 Interestingly, they Contrary to 5 Curiously 6 has sensors directed at a
didn’t like the original To be 7 To my 8 To put 9 certain angle that would
design enough. In 10 On the 11 On 12 sense speed bumps of a
Nevertheless, they kindly With 13 Out of 14 Off certain height from a
invited us to submit other certain distance and emit
ideas. / Interestingly, Note that for 9, with is a warning in the car for
they didn’t like the also possible, i.e. With the driver to slow down a
original design enough. hindsight, but this does little if necessary, or the
They kindly invited us to not work if students have sensor would
submit other ideas, used a different phrase in automatically slow the car
nevertheless. (They each sentence. down.
nevertheless kindly
invited us to submit other Mobile phone airbag
ideas.) case: a case for a mobile
Answers to Grammar
phone that contains air
summary exercises
6 and that inflates on
6 impact in order to protect
1 Consequently 2 Besides the phone, in the same
3 Rather 4 Accordingly 1 In/With, in, By 2 By, way that airbags in cars
5 Conversely 6 Thereafter out of 3 to, To 4 Off inflate on impact to
Answers to Grammar protect the driver and
7
summary exercise passengers. The phone
1 hid quickly the present would be protected if
5 ’ hid the present quickly dropped.
81
glows in the dark, 3 4
ensuring that the bike can
be seen regardless of 1 The path which each 1 the final point, but not
whether it has lights. invention must take … is the least important one
never easy. Standing in
USB cup warmer: a small the way is the scepticism 2 discovered a new way
pad that uses energy from of the research to use/express his skill of
a computer to create heat, community, the claims of inventing
so that a cup can be other inventors and last, 3 looked as though it
placed on it, keeping but not least, the might work / be
tea/coffee hot for longer. protectiveness of the successful / yield results
inventor himself. (lines 1–
5) 4 more than they could
imagine
12.3 The inventor’s 2 Ward was a tinkerer by
trials nature. (line 9) 5 find the
formula/constituents from
2 3 … a material that would analysing the finished
a Ward had problems resist temperatures of product itself, and then
getting funds, but only 2,500 degrees Celsius, not re-create the material
because he refused to give off toxic fumes and
accept less than a 51% 6 be able to share
still remain cool enough
share of the product in to be touched. (lines 30– 6
any deal. 32)
1 took off (line 19)
b He didn’t have 4 The possibilities were 2 trying out (line 25) 3 hit
problems protecting the endless. (line 39) on (line 29) 4 give off
idea from imitators, as he (line 31)
was so secretive that he 5 Naturally, Ward kept
never released samples. the formula a secret. (line 7
49) He refused to apply
c He found plenty of for a patent, since that 1 forward, up with 2 out,
companies ready to would involve revealing off 3 off, up 4 around, out
believe in and fund the its composition. (lines 5 on, about 6 out, down to
product – ICI, Boeing, 51–53) 7 up against, on 8 up, out
BAe, NASA. 9 off, up 10 out, up for
6 It would be incorrect to
d His main problem was say that he took his secret Note that the phrasal
his inability to let go of to the grave because some verbs try sth on and hit off
his invention and let of the family still know it are almost always used in
others take it forward to … (lines 62–64) the expressions try it on
become an innovation. and hit it off.
82
8 Suggested answers 3 hold it properly 4 be 6 Suggested answers
taking professional photos
1 progress, think of 2 5 get camera shake kitchen / cooking tips: put
started with the aim of, 6 zoom in closer peeled starchy vegetables
were rewarded 3 be such as potato in
successful, accept 5 acidulated water (with
4 solved, experiments lemon juice) to prevent
5 discovering, cause 1 The usual pronunciation from going brown; make
6 understand, turned her of the ending is the weak ice cubes from left-over
attention to 7 meet, /§Y/, but in immature it is wine, then they can be
deceive someone pronounced /§ŠY/, added to casseroles.
8 arranged, withdrew because the stress is
9 liked each other, raised placed on the last syllable laundry tips: use a
10 pay, compensate for here. teaspoon of salt in the
wash to stop clothes
2 The usual pronunciation fading; clean your
of the ending is the weak washing machine by
12.4 To get the best
/j¤ /, but in massage it is running an empty wash
results ...
pronounced /Q:’ /, partly with half a cup of
3 because of the stress on mouthwash in it.
the last syllable and also
1 Make use of the using the French final computing tips: use the
different program settings sound. Ctrl key and + to enlarge
for different types of the text on your screen;
photo. 3 The usual pronunciation use Ctrl + Z to undo
is either of the weak almost any action on the
2 Use ‘spot focus’ to forms /Ys/or /js/, but in
focus the camera before computer, e.g. if you
disgrace the stress is on delete something by
taking a picture. the last syllable and the mistake.
3 Find the best way for ending is pronounced
them to hold the camera /ejs/. travel tips: always pack a
steadily. large thin scarf – useful to
4 The usual pronunciation cover up, protect from the
4 Use the (optical) zoom of the ending is the weak sun, as an eye mask, as a
feature to zoom in to the /jt/, but in sachet the towel …; use traveller
subject rather than having ending has the more review websites before
a small subject with lots French pronunciation /ej/. you book somewhere.
of space around it. 5 The usual pronunciation
8
4 of the ending is the weak
form /Yns/, but in finance 1 Minecraft is about
1 just stick to basic auto the stress is on the last building things with
mode 2 landscape mode syllable and it is cubes: it’s a kind of
pronounced /aens/. computerized Lego.
83
2 But it’s also a game e (+ object + preposition firms b) online business
about survival, discovery, + -ing / noun) discourage, networks like LinkedIn
creativity and community. congratulate, praise
2
3 Minecraft also has a 10b
multi-player capability … creative spark = someone
/ As you become more 1 on having, waiting (you or something that sets off
adept at building, your wait is also possible but creative ideas
world opens out … not one of the patterns
given) 2 to deliver, to 1 set the world alight
4 The graphics … are give 3 them for trying, to 2 have money to burn
quite basic and retro. paying 4 to getting / 3 My ears were burning.
having got, me to play 4 having too many irons
5 … that makes it so in the fire 5 kindle their
addictive to children and interest 6 a moth to a
adults alike. flame 7 fuel the fire
REVIEW 6 8 creative spark
6 I recommend trying it
out 1 3
1 a) ideas for new 1 OneLeap firmly
9
products or services b) the believes its method of
I’m assuming most way they go about doing helping businesses is the
readers have heard of things right one.
Minecraft …
2 a) creativity and 2 They claim that their
… if you’re someone who innovation from within method builds companies’
gets easily frightened, I’d (by creating the right revenue faster and more
advise you to use this working conditions) b) cheaply.
facility … business consultants
3 To their credit, they
… just make sure you 3 a) the (whole) staff give eighty per cent of the
have built your first hut b) management to think in fees they collect to
before sunset! a more creative and charity. / They give
daring way eighty per cent of the fees
10a
4 a) the entrepreneurs a they collect to charity, to
a (+ infinitive) offer small fee to join the their credit.
85