2.

019 Design of Ocean Systems

Lecture 2

February 11, 2011

 Typical Offshore Structures

Platforms:
– Fixed platform
– FPSO
– SPAR
– Semi-Submersible
– TLP (Tension Leg
Platform)

Key Components:
– Platform on
surface (with
production facility,
gas/oil storage)
– Risers
– Mooring
– Subsea system
– Pipelines or
transport tankers

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 Semi‐Submersible Platform
Photo courtesy of Erik Christensen, CC-BY.

Tension‐Leg Platform (TLP) Gravity‐Based Platform

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 FPSO (Floating, Production, Storage, Offloading)

ƒ Movable
ƒ Versatile for use in smaller reservoirs
ƒ Relatively cheap in cost

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– Topside
– Hull
– Mooring/riser system
Courtesy of Linde AG. Used with permission.
 Design of FPSO vs. Tankers/Ships

Tankers/ships: FPSO:

ƒStorage ƒStorage
ƒStability ƒStability
ƒSpeed ƒNo Speed requirement
ƒMotion (seakeeping) ƒMotion (seakeeping)
ƒCost – Limited riser top-end displacement
– Production
– Offloading
– Equipment installation
ƒFreeboard
– Green water
– Bow impact
ƒMooring/risers
– Drift motion
– slowly-varying motion
ƒReliability
 Basic Design Requirements of FPSO

ƒ Requirement for a turret mooring to allow the FPSO to weathervane and

minimize environmental loads on the mooring system

ƒ Selection of suitable hull size and form with good motion characteristics

ƒ Freeboard

ƒ Production facilities design to minimize motion downtime

ƒ Hull size to provide adequate buffer storage to minimize shuttle tanker

offloading downtime

ƒ Hull structure design (strength and fatigue)

ƒ Human safety
 Hull Size and Form
Major requirements:
ƒ Crude oil storage
ƒ Deck space
ƒ Sea-Keeping performance
ƒ Availability of tanker hulls for conversion

Typically,
ƒ Weight of lightship (i.e. steel): 13-16% of displacement
ƒ Weight of topside: 7-8% of displacement
ƒ Cargo deadweight (i.e. oil storage): ~ 75% of displacement
ƒ Weight of risers/moorings: depending on type and number of riser/mooring lines

In general,
ƒ Hull steel weight: Length/depth ratio of hull and hull size
ƒ Deck space: Length X breadth
ƒ Mooring loads: Breadth/length
ƒ Stability: Breadth/depth
ƒ Sea-keeping (primarily pitch): Length
ƒ Green water on deck: Freeboard
ƒ Bottom slamming forward: Ballast capacity
ƒ Bow wave impact: Bow fineness
 Structure Configuration

Double sides /bottom:

ƒMinimize risk of oil spilling due to collision

ƒSingle or double bottoms are OK for FPSO
ƒ2m width of wing tank for trading tankers

Bulkhead spacing:

ƒMinimize free surface effects due to partial-filled tanks

ƒLimits on maximum tank size to keep oil spillage below a certain volume
in the event of tank rupture
ƒStructure support of production/utility system
ƒMore tanks to allow safe inspection and maintenance while not
interrupting operation

Typically, the cargo tank region is subdivided by a centre-line bulked and

four or more transverse bulkheads.
 Ballast System

The capacity and location of ballast tanks should be designed

to ensure that with crude oil storage tanks empty or part-fill, the
FPSO draft and trim meets requirements on:

ƒ stability
ƒ maximum trim for production equipment operation
ƒ minimum draft forward to prevent bottom slamming.
 Turret Mooring/Riser System

Internal Turret:
ƒSmaller riser head displacement
due to pitch motion
ƒEasy for maintenance
ƒLarge deck space
ƒLonger ship length

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External Turret:
ƒNo effect on ship hull length and
deck area
ƒInconvenient for maintenance
ƒLarger riser head displacement
due to pitch motion

Courtesy of Linde AG. Used with permission.

 Estimate of Heave and Pitch Natural Periods

For a barge, length L, width B, draft T

Heave:
s s
m + ma CB T
Tnh = 2π = 2π (1 + 0.4B/T )
K Cw g

CB = ∇/(LBT ): block coefficient; Cw = S/(LB): waterplane coefficient

Pitch: q r
12T
m(R2 +Ra 2) R2 + B
L2 4
Tnp = 2π ρg ∇ H ≈ 2π g

H: metacentric height in longitudinal direction

R: radius of gyration

Ra : radius of gyration of pitch added mass

 Stability Requirements

Intact stability
Damage stability

Hull Structure and Deflection

Shear requirement
Sagging/hogging moment requirements
Deflection requirement
 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces

z x

Wetted Surface S dS
Normal Vector n

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Z Z Z
Fz = ρg dV olume
Hydrostatic Pressure: p=pa − ρgz = ρg × submerged volume
Fx = 0
RR
Force: F~ = − S ρgz~ndS Fy = 0
Z Z Z
RR Mx = ρg ydV olume
Moment: M ~=− ρgz(~x × ~n)dS
S Z Z ZV
My = ρg xdV olume
V
Mz = 0
 Hydrostatic Stability — Fully Submerged Body

Waterline

Force: ρg Volume

Center of buoyancy B
G
Weight

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Moment Equilibrium: G and B are in a vertical line

Restoring moment Mr = −ρg∇ × GB sin θ under a rotation θ

Stable: G is under B (i.e. GB > 0)

Unstable: G is above B (i.e. GB < 0 )
 Hydrostatic Restoring Moment — Surface Piercing Body

No change in
submerged volume Total restoring moments:
Upward force from
submerged wedge
Mrx = (−ρgIt − GBρg∇)θx
It
B
= −ρg∇( + GB)θx
∇
G
= −ρg∇ × GM × θx
Downward force
from emerged wedge

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

For equal displacement volume, the waterline

contribution to restoring moments: Metacentric height for transverse

rotation:

Mrx = −ρgIt θx (heel)

It
GM = ∇ + GB
Mry = −ρgIl θy (trim)

Moments of inertia of waterplane area: • Stable if GM > 0

RR RR • Compared to the submerged
It = Aw
y 2 dA , Il = Aw
x2 dA
bodies, the presence of free
Center
R R of
flotation (COF): RR surface increases the restoring
xdA = 0 , ydA = 0 moment.
Aw Aw
 Righting Arm

Heel angle
Metacentre

GZ: righting arm

Centre of gravity

Centre of
buoyancy Centre of
before heel buoyancy
after heel

Righting arm GZ: Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

righting moment
GZ = − = GM × sin θx ≈ GM θx
displacement
 GZ Curve

GM at 1 Radian Heel

Righting arm (m)

2.0

1.0

0.0
20 40 60 80
Heel angle (deg)

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

A floating structure is STABLE for heel and trim respectively when:

GMt > 0(heel)

GMl > 0(trim)
 Wind Overturning Moment

P
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Fwind = 1
2 ρ air C s C H V 2
10 A Mwind = Fwind × h
Cs: shape coefficient, Cs=1.0 for large flat surface

CH: height coefficient, CH=1.0 for FPSO

V10: wind velocity at 10m above sea surface

A: Project area of the exposed surfaces in the vertical or the heeled condition
h: vertical distance between center of wind force and center of resistance (by
mooring lines, etc)
 Evaluation of Large Angle Hydrostatic Stability

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Wind heeling arm = (wind moment) / displacement

Safety Criterion: Mmax ≥ Mw

Mmax: maximum righting arm
Mw: wind moment
Dynamic Stability Criterion:

Area B
Righting arm
Downflooding angle

Area A
Second
intercept

Heel angle

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Erighting−moment ≥ 1.3(or1.4)Ewind
Eright−moment = Area B

Ewind = Area A

 Hydrostatic Stability Analysis of Ships and FPSOs

Intact stability analysis:
6

Ballasted
• Compute GZ curves for various

loading conditions
4

Righting arm
• Compute heeling moments by

Loaded
wind, etc

• Compare righting lever, GZ, to

2
heeling lever

Slack

Damaged stability analysis: 0

0 20 40 60 80
Heel angle
• Both wind loading and a degree

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

of flooding are assumed

• Flooding due to waterline

GZ curve for a FPSO
damage and/or flooding due to

burst ballast

• Evaluate the stability as in intact

stability analysis

• Typical rule requirements: 50

knot wind and side or bottom

damage

 ABS MODU (Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit) Stability Regulations

Intact Stability:
• Design wind speed: 100 knots
• The angle of inclination should be no greater than 25 degree
• Dynamic stability criterion:
Erighting−moment ≥ 1.3(or1.4)Ewind

Damage Stability:
• Design wind speed: 50 knots
• The angle of inclination should be no
Minimum extent of watertight
integrity provided.
greater than 25 degree
_ Overturning moment, θD >
Righting moment (> _ θ1)

• Horizontal penetration should be at

First Intercept
least 1.5m

• Longitudinal damage extent should

Moment

be (1/3) L2/3 or 14.5m, whichever is

less
Overturning moment Angle of
downflooding
• Damaged compartments are

completely filled
Inclination about
θ2 θ1 θD
the critical axis
• Downflooding angle must be larger

than the first intersection of the

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

righting moment and heeling moment

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2.019 Design of Ocean Systems

Spring 2011

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