Edited by Eli Hinkel *« Sandra Fotos s Ey i) = Cn cH g ro F=] = > a a OoPresident/CEO: Executive Vice-President, Marketing: Senior Vice-President, Book Production: Director, Editorial: Director, Sales and Marketing Director, Customer Relations: Senior Acquisitions Editor: ‘Textbook Marketing Manager: Assistant Editor: Cover Design: Textbook Production Manager: Full-Service & Composition: Text and Cover Printer: Lawrence Erlbaum Joseph Petrowski Art Lizza Lane Akers Robert Sidor Naney Seitz Naomi Silverman Marisol Kozlovski Lori Hawver Kathryn Houghtaling Lacey Paul Smolenski Black Dot Group/An AGT Company Hamilton Printing Company This book was typeset in 10/12 pt. Baskerville, Bold, and Italic. The heads were typeset in Baskerville, Baskerville Bold, and Baskerville Bold Italic. Copyright © 2002 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the baok may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microform, retrieval system, or any other means, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc,, Publishers 10 Industrial Avenue Mahwah, New Jersey 07430 Library of Congress Cataloging in-Publication Data New perspectives on grammar teaching in second language classrooms / Sandra Fotos (eds.) i Hinkel and p. cm. (ESL and applied linguistics professional series) Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents! Introduction From theory to practice ‘a teacher s view The place of grammar instruction in the second/foreign language curriculum / Rad Ellis Accuracy and fluency revisited / Jack C. Richards Ten criteria for a spoken grammar / Michael McCarthy and Ronald Carter Grammar and communication ; new directions in theory and practice / Martha Pennington The grammar of choice / Diane Larsen-Freeman, Why it makes sense to teach grammar in context and through discourse / Marianne Celce-Murcia Structure-based interactive tasks for the EFL grammar learner / Sandra Fotas Methodological options in grammar teaching materials / Rod Ellis Teaching grammar In writing classes ; tenses and cohesion / Eli Hinkel Relative clause reduction in technical research articles / Peter Master Why English passive is difficult to teach {and learn) / Eli Hinkel. ISBN 0-8058-3955-0 (alk. paper) 1. Language and languages Study and teaching. 2. Grammar, Comparative and general Study and teaching. I. Hinkel, Eli. If, Fotos. Sandra. II. 8 P53.412.N48 2001 4189.0071 dc21 2001023175 Books published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates are printed on aciel-free paper, and their bindings are chosen for strength and durability. Printed in the United States of America, woe TES 4 Copyrighted MaterialFrom Theory to Practice: A Teacher’s View Eli Hinkel Seattle University, Washington Sandra Fotos Senshu University, Tokyo, Japan ‘To appreciate the need for flexibility in grammar teaching/learning, this introduction first examines the changes over time regarding what consti- tutes effective grammar pedagogy. There may be no single best approach to grammar teaching that would apply in all situations to the diverse types of learners a teacher can encounter. However, teachers’ familiarity with dif- ferent approaches to grammar instruction and language learning can allow them to apply to their particular situation the most effective blend of fea- tures that each has to offer, In addition, familiarity with a variety of views and approaches can lead to recognition that many approaches share com- mon features and appreciation of an eclectic view of teaching grammar, TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR INSTRUCTION As many grammarians have noted (e.g., Herron, 1976; Howatt, 1984; Rutherford, 1987), for more than 2,000 years, studying a second language primarily consisted of grammatical analysis and translation of written forms. Developed for analysis of Greek and Latin, this method divided the target language into eight parts of speech: nouns, verbs, participles, arti- cles, pronouns, prepositions, adverbs, and conjunctions. Learning the lan- guage required study of the eight categories in written text and the devel- opment of rules for their use in translation, Copyrighted Material