𝜋 = 𝑈−𝑤

𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒:

𝑈 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔í𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎

𝑤 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔í𝑎 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑗𝑜

1
𝑈 = 𝜗𝜀
2

1
𝑈 = ∫ 𝜗𝜀𝑑𝑣
2 𝑉

1
𝑈 = ∫ 𝜗𝜀𝐴𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥

𝑤 = 𝑤𝑓 + 𝑤𝑇 + 𝑤𝑝

𝑤 = 𝑢𝑓 + 𝑢 𝑇 + 𝑢𝑝

𝑤 = ∫ 𝑢𝑓 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑢 𝑇 𝑑𝑠 + ∑ 𝑢𝑃𝑖
𝑣 𝑠

𝑤 = ∫ 𝑢𝑓 𝐴𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑢 𝑇 𝑑𝑥 + ∑ 𝑢𝑃𝑖
𝑒 𝑒

𝜋 =𝑈−𝑤

1
𝜋 = ∫ 𝜗𝜀𝐴𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑢𝑓 𝐴𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑢 𝑇 𝑑𝑥 − ∑ 𝑢𝑃𝑖
2 𝑥 𝑒 𝑒

𝑙𝑓 − 𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑢
𝜀= = 𝜀= (𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 − 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜)
𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑥

𝜗 = 𝐸𝜀 (𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑧𝑜 − 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛)

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝜉
𝜀= ∗
𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝑥

𝐴𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
= ∗
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦

𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢; 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥; 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝜉
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝜉
= ∗
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝑥

2(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝜉= −1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

𝑑𝜉 𝑑 2𝑥 𝑑 2𝑥1 𝑑
= ( )− ( )− 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝜉 2
=( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜉
2

𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑢1 + 𝑁2 𝑢2

1−𝜉 1+𝜉
𝑢= 𝑢1 + 𝑢2
2 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑢1 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑢2
= ( 𝑢 ) − ( 𝜉) + ( 𝑢2 ) + ( 𝜉)
𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝜉 2 1 𝑑𝜉 2 𝑑𝜉 2 𝑑𝜉 2

𝑑𝑢 𝑢1 𝑢2
=− +
𝑑𝜉 2 2

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝜉
𝜀= ∗
𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝑥

𝑢1 𝑢2 2
𝜀 = (− + )( )
2 2 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

1
𝜀= (−𝑢1 + 𝑢2 )
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

1 𝑢
𝜀= [−1 1] [𝑢1 ]
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2

𝜀 =𝐵∗𝑈

1
𝑈 = ∫ 𝜗𝜀𝐴𝑑𝑥
2 𝑒

1
𝑈 = ∫ 𝐸𝜀 𝑇 𝜀𝐴𝑑𝑥
2 𝑒

1
𝑈 = ∫ 𝐸𝐵𝑇 𝑈 𝑇 𝐵𝑈𝐴𝑑𝑥
2 𝑒

1
𝑈 = ∫ 𝑈 𝑇 (𝐸𝐵𝑇 𝐵𝐴𝑑𝑥)𝑈
2 𝑒
 1 1 −1 1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑈 = ∫ 𝑈 𝑇 (𝐸 [ ] [−1 1] 𝐴 𝑑𝜉) 𝑈
2 𝑒 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2

1 1 1
𝑈 = ∫ 𝑈 𝑇 (𝐸 [ 1 −1] 𝐴 𝑑𝜉 ) 𝑈
2 𝑒 𝐿 −1 1 2

1 𝐸 1 1
𝑈 = 𝑈 𝑇 ( [ 1 −1] 𝐴 ∫ 𝑑𝜉 ) 𝑈
2 𝐿 −1 1 2 −1

1 𝐸 1
𝑈 = 𝑈 𝑇 ( [ 1 −1] 𝐴 ∗ 2) 𝑈
2 𝐿 −1 1 2

1 𝐸𝐴 1 −1
𝑈 = 𝑈𝑇 ( [ ]) 𝑈
2 𝐿 −1 1

1
𝑈 = 𝑈𝑇 ∗ 𝑘 ∗ 𝑈
2
1 1
𝑈 = 𝑥 ∗ 𝑘 ∗ 𝑥 ≈ 𝑘𝑥 2
2 2
𝐸𝐴 1 −1
𝑘= [ ]
𝐿 −1 1

𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
−
𝑘=[ 𝐿 𝐿]
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
−
𝐿 𝐿