Commented [SS1]: Style is named Capstone Project Title.

The
Approved Project Title font is Times New Roman, 16 pt, Bold, centered.

Submitted By Commented [SS2]: The font is Times New Roman, 12 pt, Italic,
centered.

Name of the Student & ID Commented [SS3]: Name and ID of the student. The font is
Times New Roman, 20 pt, Bold, centered.

Under Supervision of
Commented [SS4]: Style is named Capstone Project Title. The
Supervisor(s) Name(s) font is Times New Roman, 20 pt, Bold, centered.

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Commented [SS5]: The font is Times New Roman, Italic 14 pt,
centered.
Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) (Telecommunications & Commented [SS6]: The font is Times New Roman, 14 pt, Bold,
Networking), Italic, centered.
to

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING,
FIJI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, FIJI ISLAND Commented [SS7]: The font is Times New Roman, 14 pt, all
caps, Bold, centered.

April 5, 2019

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 Commented [SS8]: The font is Times New Roman, 16 pt, Bold,
Table of Contents centered. Leave two blank lines after thetable of content,
If you use this template correctly the table of contents should come
out numbered as shown here. If you have problems, the important
thing to remember is that ultimately the sections MUST be
1. Introduction numbered as shown here.
2. Literaure Review
2.1. Challenge and opportunity in speaker recognition
2.2.
2.3.
3. Equations
3.1.
3.1.1.
4. Figures
5. Tables
6. References

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1. INTRODUCTION Commented [SS9]: The font is Times New Roman, 12 pt, Bold,
aligned Text left
Speaker recognition, like face recognition, is a peculiar classification task in which the
number of classes is usually large (possibly an open set), and the number of samples per class is
often small. Thus, in most state–of the– art systems, speaker recognition is formulated as the
solution of a classification problem where a pair of patterns each representing a unknown
speaker utterance - is scored to verify the hypothesis that the two utterances belong to the same
speaker. Probabilistic Linear Discriminant Analysis (PLDA) [1], [2], in combination with i–
vectors [3], a compact representation of a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) supervector [4], is
the current reference for thisspeaker recognition paradigm. A successful alternative to the
generative PLDA model has been recently presented in [5], [6]: a new discriminative SVM
model, where a single pairwise SVM (PSVM) is trained to classify a trial – composed of two i–
vectors – as belonging to the “same speaker”, or to the “different speaker” class. This is in
contrast with the usual “one-versus-all” framework, where an SVM model is created for each
enrolled speaker, using as samples of the impostor class the i–vectors of a background cohort of
speakers. The PSVM approach avoids the major weakness of “one-versus-all” SVM training,
namely the scarcity of available samples for the target speaker, which can easily reduce to just
one.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
For example, like other biometric systems, iris, finger, face, and hand [4], the human
voice is also a demonstration of the biometric system. The identity of the narrator is naturally
embedded and specifically how a dialect is spoken for a person, not necessarily what is being
said. This increases the possibility of speech signals with the degree of variability.

2.1. Challenge and opportunity

Technology is more to focus the initial efforts in speaker recognition, which includes
telecommunications sector, where the communications channel and telephone handset variation
was the main concern. Smartphone dominate the telecom industry, the variety of telephony
landscape has expanded significantly. Speaker option available with all smartphone makes the
user interact at a distance from the microphone, and this initiated a broad range of variability in
the channel.

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3. EQUATIONS
Equations (formulae) should follow the generalequation editor specifications; however,
they should be set apart from the body of the text and centered in the column. For example,
equation 1 below shows a familiar equation properly formatted:

𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2 (1)

Use one line spaces to separate equations from text. Equations should be numbered
consecutively, using Arabic numerals enclosed in parentheses and positioned to the right along
the final baseline of the equation. Do not include any ellipses (dots) from the equation to the
equation number or any punctuation at the end of the equation itself. Use Equation Editor, rather
than using carets (^) and underscores (_) to make a more readable equation.

4. FIGURES/PHOTOS
All figures photographs, graphs and/or line drawings should be numbered consecutively
and captioned. The caption, a title or description of the figure, should be 12 pt. Times Roman,
bold and centered below the figure. It should be styled in either title case (upper and lower case
letters) or sentence case (first word capitalized, balance lower case letters

Figure 1: School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

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5. TABLES
All tables should be numbered consecutively and captioned. The caption, a title or
description of the table, should be 12 pt Times Roman, bold and centered above the table. Table
1 below illustrates the proper captioning and positioning of a table.

Table 1: Number of Students in Doing Capstone Design Project I

Term Number of students in SB&C Number of students in Number of students in
SEEE SME
Semester I 75 5 7
Semester II 75 5 7

Tables should be positioned within the body of your report (as close to the first text
reference as possible) or landscaped on the next page if they are very large. If the tables are
placed within the text of the paper, it is preferable to position them at the top of the page. If
positioned within the text, there should be a minimum of two (2) line spaces between the table
end and the text.

All tables should be properly sized to fit the dimensions of the text page. Do not allow
your tables to split across two pages – place them on a separate page if necessary to avoid this.
Extensive tables, raw data, and supplementary information can be placed in an appendix,
however the tables must still be labeled and referred to in the text.

REFERENCES
The following section discusses how to refer to outside sources of information in the text,
as well as how to properly format the reference information in the formal reference section.

Sample References

[1] S. Cumani and P. Laface, “Training pairwise Support Vector Machines with large scale
datasets,” in ICASSP 2014, 2014.
[2] S. J. D. Prince and J. H. Elder, “Probabilistic Linear Discriminant Analysis for inferences
about identity,” in Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Computer Vision, 2007,
pp. 1–8.

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[3] P. Kenny, “Bayesian speaker verification with Heavy–Tailed Priors,” in Keynote
presentation, Odyssey 2010, The Speaker and Language Recognition Workshop, 2010,
Available at http://www.crim.ca/perso/patrick.kenny/kenny Odyssey2010.pdf.
[4] N. Dehak, P. Kenny, R. Dehak, P. Dumouchel, and P. Ouellet, “Front–end factor analysis
for speaker verification,” IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing,
vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 788–798, 2011.
[5] D. A. Reynolds, T. F. Quatieri, and R. B. Dunn, “Speaker verification using adapted
Gaussian Mixture Models,” Digital Signal Processing, vol. 10, no. 1-3, pp. 31–44, 2000.
[6] S. Cumani, N. Br¨ummer, L. Burget, P. Laface, O. Plchot, and V. Vasilakakis, “Pairwise
Discriminative Speaker Verification in the I-Vector Space,” IEEE Transactions on Audio,
Speech, and Language Processing, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1217–1227, 2013.