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Chapter One Class 9th
Chapter One Class 9th
Least count
The smallest digit on the main scale divided by the total numbers on the
Vernier scale is called least count of Vernier calipers. It is denoted by
"L.C". Mathematically
1mm
L.C 0 1mm Or 0 01cm
10
Working
Consider we want to measure the diameter of a small solid cylinder;
First note the least count of Vernier calipers.
Close the jaws of the Vernier calipers and check the zero error.
Fix the solid cylinder in between the jaws of the Vernier calipers and tight
the screw.
Note the reading on the Main scale (MSR).
Find out the coincide division of the Vernier with the Main scale.
Multiply the coincide division with the least count; this is called Vernier
scale reading (VSR).
Add MSR with VSR, this is the required diameter of the solid cylinder.
Construction
The construction of a screw gauge is shown in the figure below.
Least count
The pitch of the screw divided by the total number of divisions on the
circular scale is called least count of the screw gauge. Mathematically
1mm
LC 0 01mm Or 0 001cm
100
Working
Consider we want to measure the diameter of a small sphere;
Note the least count of the screw gauge.
Check zero error in the screw gauge by closing it.
Place the sphere between the spindle and anvil and close it.
Physics Notes PCS System
Conceptual Questions
1. Give some examples of applications of work done by physists.
Ans. Work done by some common physists are as under.
Alberuni determined the circumference of the earth.
Bu Ali Sena introduce the laws of reflection of light.
Yaqub kindi express musical nodes in terms of scientific method.
Dr. Abdussalam proposed the grand unification theory in physics.
2. Name the convenient unit you will use to measure
a. Width of a book b. length of a room c. diameter of a wire
Ans. The most convenient unit of
(a) Width of a book is centimeter.
(b) Length of a room is meter.
(c) Diameter of a wire is millimeter.
3. Name the most convenient unit of mass you will use to measure
a. mass of a candy b. bag of a sugar c. mass of a cricket ball
Ans. The most convenient unit of
(a) mass of a candy is milligram (mg).
Physics Notes PCS System
2 Mass m Kilogram Kg
3 Time t Second S
5 Temperature T Kelvin K
8. Give the names and symbols of the prefixes used to represent the
following values;
a. 10-3 b. 10-6 c.10-9 d. 10-12
Ans. The names and symbols of the above prefixes are;
Prefixes Names symbol
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro µ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
9. How much water in units of liter can fill a water tank of 1m3 capacity?
Explain
Ans. We know that
1m = 100cm
So
(1m) 3 = (100cm) 3
1m3 = 1000000cm3
We also know that
1000cm3 = 1liter
1000000
1m 3 liters
1000
1m3 = 1000liters
11. If the zero of circular scale is above the datum line then explains how
we can correct our reading?
Ans. If the zero of circular scale is above the datum line then the error is called
negative zero error. We can correct our reading by adding the error with
the final value.
12. How can we find the volume of a small pebble with the help of
measuring cylinder?
Ans. To find the volume of a small pebble water is poured in measuring cylinder
and noted the volume of water. Then put the pebble in the cylinder gently.
When the pebble is completely immersed the volume of water is read
Physics Notes PCS System
again. The volume of the pebble is found by subtracting the first reading
from the second.
Numerical Questions
1. Express the following in terms of powers of 10.
a) 7 nanometer b) 96 megawatt c) 2 gigabite
d) 43 Pico farad e) 2 millimeter
Solution
9
a) 7 nanometer = 7 10 meter
b) 96 megawatt = 96 106 watt
c) 2 gigabite = 2 10 9 bites
d) 43 Pico farad = 43 10 12 farad
e) 2 millimeter = 2 10 3 meter
2. For each of these values, identify the number of significant figures and
rewrite it in the standard scientific notation
a) 706 5 g b) 0 067800S
Solution
a) 706 5 g
There are four significant figures in 706 5 g.
706 5 g = 7 065 102 g
b) 0 067800S
There are five significant figures in 0 067800S .
0 067800S = 6 78 10-2 s
1ml = 1cm3
Volume in cm3 is
V = 200ml
V = 200 (1cm3)
V = 200 cm3 (Answer)
Volume in m3
V = 200cm3
V = 200 x (10-2m)3
V = 200 x 10-6m3
V = 2 x 10-4 m3
V = 0 0002m3 (Answer)