819 Set boone roe 8288-068-008 10 woo jeqori tay mum soyhyou 59g 02m 0209 21 3660°S911019°701 9911019 26s0'eay019ze60'isvi0.9.e1 | EBLE) o1ss ‘se a ahespa oye age joséave9 ms ee ——_gony oe 3 “uoupmie sie seueSunou O60 Wek case § Rumrioqiepeigan sey» O62 tat azz ° ape” ope ome oat eo 2m Da ho noqeue tek ae nee a ov 1 we sane ae einy ge ta ue 9 “swupiamg tet tee oer 5 rt prune ssurguemagaoeds 2 grap Se tot , ‘ones laspuunyfinedue et © pert ele aot é reuanoy aur puso vans Oe weet ane pegeatue rejoin snwicun, —— t ca epniemoi sips cep) te wee 2 Repmapoimusuonquesgp OO wor 5 so agewopsegsbamy 2 feet 7 SN et cect € oon aot t aati ‘a ai ee 505 one i NTH oa 20 >vzHos (omouy 3 swat we Sek | eae me) ea Wor sien twee sar | a a we Swee % 5 sure) eae eset [ee sol_| sare | nk | oti even ty spi | vee | eee ot east | eser ear 7 eet oct) 5 freee vk 5 sont 968 + out 1561 hs € sar | ore as vee vee | Lert oot 1 aie tact 5 or suet | rat 5 su wat a , ini earl ior sats asta een sai Senet eat | S00) it] se Le QOD ==>) se: ff) sec ff wes Aumtpnpuod S>vI %LS KOlY L9L-LOL9 405 sesodury syuewebuewuy weg sng wnui tunjy 4ejn6ueysey jo Buney queuing S40}2npuo)> sng AVSwiser (Calculating ine Short-Circut Heong Ot Busters | EP Short-Circuit Effects Like all electrical circuits, busbars need to be protected against the effects of short-circuit currents. The o: construction of busbars incteases the risk of faults, c.g. by the ingress of foreign bodies into air gaps, and the of consequent damage is high due to their high normal operating currents and the amount of energy available Very high currents lead to rapid and extreme overheating of the bars with consequent softening of the and damage to the support structure, At the same time, the glccizomagnetic forces generated will distort the softened conductors which may break free from their supports. Resonance effects may make the situation worse. Heating Caused By Short-Circuit The maximum potential short-circuit current depends on the source impedance of the supply and reduces ab the length of the bar as the impedance increases. For the purpose of ensuring the safety and integrity of the she short circuit curtent should be initially calculated close to the feed end of the bar, making no allowance = impedance, to establish the worst case When a fault occurs, the short-circuit current will be many times the normal operating current and flow until the protective device operates. Because the time duration is small ~ a few seconds at most ~ it is usual to assume adiabatic heating, in other words, that, over the time seale of interest, there is no significant cooling effect and that all the heat gen by the current flow is retained in the bar. ‘Therefore it is assumed that the temperature rise of the bar is simply linear — this simplifies the calculati significantly and yields a conservative result (A similar simplification is made in determining cable behaviour fault conditions.) ‘The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of material by one degree Ce is called the specific heat. For copper, at room temperature, the value is 385 Joule/kg/K. Knowing the mass of the bar and the energy produced by the shore circuit current, the temperature rise can calculated: where: O=Smt, o + Qs the amount of heat added to the bar (Joule) Q = Sis the specific heat of the bar material (J/kg/K) Sm + mis the mass of the bar (ke) + ty is the temperature rise. ‘The amount of energy dissipated in the bar is: where Q=PT * P is che power dissipated in the bar (W) + Tis the time for which the power is dissipated (seconds). ‘Therefore,CO ———==—<$<——SSSSS (Calcuaong the shor Cireut Heatng Ut Husbars | LEP ere At, is the rate of temperature rise in degrees C per second, The power dissipated in the bar wven by: where: PRor + Ris the resistance of the bar (2) P PI « ris the resistivity of the bar material (Qm) | is the length of the bar (m) A * Ais the cross-sectional area of the bar (m?). and M gives: where: 4) © Dis density (kg/m3). . ‘Two of the physical constants, specific heat and resistivity, vary considerably with temperature so it is not obvious which values should increases’ with temperature (by a factor of 1.6 from 20°C to 300°C) so increasing the energy enperature increases, while specific heat falls by around 8% over the same range. rature values, and adjusting to use convenient units, gives the initial rate of where: © Tis current in kA * A’is the cross-sectional area in mm?, At higher temperatures — in other words, as the fault current continues to flow until the erates — the rate of temperature rise will increase as the resistance of the bar increases. «¢ of rise at the feed end of the bar is approximately: st circuit is at some distance from the feed end, the fault current magnitude will be lower due E the bar and will reduce further as the bar temperature rises. ti pemicaeslatien tha shots itcheainn chars wa